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A novel endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain EGI 6500139 T , was isolated from the surface-sterilized roots of Anabasis aphylla L., collected from Xinjiang, northwest PR China, and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Strain EGI 6500139 T formed sparse aerial mycelium with rod-like spores. Whole-cell hydrolysates of the isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid, glucose as major sugar, and mannose, galactose, xylose and ribose as minor sugars. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unidentified glycolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified polar lipids. The major fatty acids identified were anteiso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The predominant menaquinones detected were MK-11 and MK-11(H2). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain EGI 6500139 T was 70.4 mol%. Strain EGI 6500139 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Glycomyces lacisalsi XHU 5089 T (96.3 %). Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain EGI 6500139 T fell within the clade of the genus Glycomyces, and formed a clade with G. lacisalsi XHU 5089 T and G. albus CCTCC AA 2013004 T . Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain EGI 6500139 T represents a novel species of the genus Glycomyces, for which the name Glycomyces anabasis sp. nov. (type strain EGI 6500139 T =JCM 30088 T =KCTC 29495 T ) is proposed.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and short-rod-shaped actinobacterium, designated strain 1T4Z-3 T , was isolated from a piece of surface-sterilized branch of Aegiceras corniculatum collected from the Cotai Ecological Zones in Macao, China. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 1T4Z-3 T was clearly affiliated to the genus Amnibacterium and exhibited 97.9 % gene sequence similarity to Amnibacterium kyonggiense JCM 16463 T , 97.3 % gene sequence similarity to Amnibacterium soli JCM 19015 T and less than 96.4 % gene sequence similarities to other genera of the family Microbacteriaceae. Strain 1T4Z-3 T had L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid as the diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid. The major fatty acids (>10 % of total fatty acids) were iso-C16 : 0 (46.6 %) and anteiso-C15 : 0 (27.3 %). The predominant menaquinones of strain 1T4Z-3 T were MK-11 (81.4 %) and MK-12 (14.1 %). The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, six unidentified glycolipids, four unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain 1T4Z-3 T was 71.4 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features, strain 1T4Z-3 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Amnibacterium, for which the name Amnibacterium endophyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Amnibacterium endophyticum is 1T4Z-3 T (=KCTC 39983 T =CGMCC 1.16066 T ).

Pseudonocardia spp. are receiving increasing attention due to their ability to biodegrade recalcitrant cyclic ether pollutants (e.g., 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran), as well as for their distinctive ecological niches (e.g., symbiosis with ants/plants and production of antibiotics). Isolating and characterizing Pseudonocardia spp. is thus important to discern their metabolic and physiological idiosyncrasies and advance their potential applications. However, slow growth, low cell yield, and dissimilar colony morphology hinder efficient isolation of Pseudonocardia using conventional plating methods. Here, we develop the first fluorescent probe (Pse631) targeting the 16S rRNA of Pseudonocardia members. In combination with flow cytometry and cell sorting, in situ hybridization with this probe enables sensitive and specific detection of Pseudonocardia cells in mixed cultures and enriched environmental samples without significant false positives, using Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Mycobacterium spp. as negative controls. Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans CB1190 cells labeled with Pse631 as a positive control were detected when their relative abundance in the total bacterial community was as low as 0.1%. Effective separation of Pseudonocardia cells from the mixed consortium was confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis of sorted cells. This study provides a culture-independent high-throughput molecular approach enabling effective separation of Pseudonocardia populations from complex microbial communities. This approach will not only facilitate subsequent molecular analyses including species identification and quantification, but also advance understanding of their catabolic capacities and functional molecular diversity.

An aerobic actinobacterium, strain AN130378 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected in Korea and subjected to taxonomic investigation using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data showed that strain AN130378 T is a member of the genus Stackebrandtia, with sequence similarities of 97.3 % to Stackebrandtia albiflava YIM 45751 T and 97.1 % to Stackebrandtia endophytica YIM 64602 T . The whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and galactose, glucose and xylose. The major menaquinones were MK-11(H4), MK-10(H4) and MK-11(H6), while the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). The polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, four unidentified glycolipids, three unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 67.7 mol%. All chemotaxonomic and genotypic data indicated that the strain belongs to the genus Stackebrandtia. On the basis of morphological, chemotaxonomic data and phylogenetic analysis, strain AN130378 T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Stackebrandtia, for which the name Stackebrandtia soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AN130378 T (=DSM 103573 T =KCTC 39809 T ).

A cultivation-based study of the microbial diversity of cellular phone screens led to the isolation of a Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-endospore-forming bacterium, designated S2T63 T , exhibiting phenotypic and genotypic characteristics unique to the type strains of closely related species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain is a member of Microbacterium, and most closely related to Microbacterium aurantiacum IFO 15234 T and Microbacterium kitamiense Kitami C2 T . The DNA-DNA relatedness values of the strain S2T63 T to M. aurantiacum KACC 20510 T , M. kitamiense KACC 20514 T and Microbacterium laevaniformans KACC 14463 T were 65 % (±4), 29.5 % (±3) and 55.9 % (±4), respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 71.8 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified polar lipids. The peptidoglycan contained the amino acids glycine, lysine, alanine and glutamic acid, with substantial amounts of hydroxy glutamic acid detected, which is characteristic of peptidoglycan type B1α. The predominant menaquinones were MK-12 and MK-13. Rhamnose, fucose and galactose were the whole-cell sugars detected. The strain also showed biofilm production, estimated by using crystal violet assay. Based on the results of the phenotypic and genotypic characterizations, it was concluded that the new strain represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacteriumtelephonicum is proposed, with S2T63T (=MCC 2967 T =KACC 18715 T =LMG 29293 T ) as the type strain.

A novel, non-motile, coccoid, Gram-stain-positive actinobacterium, designated BMG 862 T , was isolated from a marble sample collected from the Bulla Regia monument, Northern Tunisia. Its taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic approach. Results from chemotaxonomic analyses showed MK-9(H4), MK-8(H4) and MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquinones. The major polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, glycophosphatidylinositol, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified phospholipids. The fatty acids consisted of significant amounts (≥10 %) of iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that strain BMG 862 T belongs to the genus Blastococcus, being most closely related to Blastococcus saxobsidens (=DSM 44509 T ) (99.5 %) and Blastococcus capsensis (=DSM 46835 T =CECT 8876 T ) (99.3 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of the organism was 74.7 mol%. Results of DNA-DNA hybridization and physiological tests allowed differentiation of strain BMG 862 T from related species. The strain was also characterized by its ability to hydrolyse xanthine. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular characteristics, strain BMG 862 T (=DSM 46842 T =CECT 8884 T ) represents the type strain of a novel species of the genus Blastococcus, for which the name Blastococcus xanthinilyticus sp. nov. is proposed.

A psychrophilic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain Hh31 T , was isolated from Xinjiang No. 1 Glacier in China. Strain Hh31 T was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and able to grow at between 0-18 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Hh31 T belonged to the genus Cryobacterium and was most closely related to the type strains of Cryobacterium levicorallinum, Cryobacterium luteum and Cryobacterium flavum. DNA-DNA hybridization, calculation of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that strain Hh31 T was distinct from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. The major cellular fatty acids of strain Hh31 T were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 1, iso-C15:0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The predominant menaquinones of strain Hh31 T were MK-9 and MK-10. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified glycolipid and another unidentified lipid. Physiological tests such as carbon source utilization, showed phenotypic differentiation of strain Hh31 T from the closest related phylogenetic neighbours. Based on a polyphasic approach, a novel species, Cryobacterium aureum sp. nov., is proposed, with Hh31 T (=NBRC 107882 T =CGMCC 1.11213 T ) as the type strain.

Strain SYSU D8004 T was isolated from a sample collected from an arid area in Saudi Arabia. The isolate was Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic and non-spore-forming. It could grow at 4-45 °C, at pH 6.0-10.0 and in the presence of up to 17 % (w/v) NaCl. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D8004 T shared highest sequence similarity with Georgenia halophila YIM 93316 T (96.5 %). Menaquinone MK-8(H4) was detected as the respiratory quinone. The polar lipid profile of strain SYSU D8004 T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified glycolipid. Strain SYSU D8004 T contained anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C14 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids (>10 %). Galactose, glucose and rhamnose were detected as whole-cell sugars. Based on analyses of the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, it was determined that strain SYSU D8004 T could be differentiated from other closely related members of the genus Georgenia. Strain SYSU D8004 T is therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Georgenia, for which the name Georgenia deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D8004 T (=CGMCC 1.15793 T =KCTC 39987 T ).

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated N237 T , was isolated from sediment soil of wetlands at Meonmulkkak, Dongbaek-Dongsan, the lava forest, Gotjawal, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain N237 T were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile rods and formed pale yellow colonies on ten-fold diluted Reasoner's 2A agar. Strain N237 T contained iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω8c as the major fatty acids, MK-9(H4) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and meso-DAP as the diamino acid in the peptidoglycan. It contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol polymannosides, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified glycophospholipids, three unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified lipids as polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 68.1 mol%. Strain N237 T formed a separate lineage in the genus Jatrophihabitans, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing. It was most closely related to Jatrophihabitans soli KIS75-12 T (95.6 % sequence similarity). The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics supported the conclusion that strain N237 T represents a novel species in the genus Jatrophihabitans, for which the name Jatrophihabitans telluris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N237 T (=KCTC 39922 T =NRRL B-65477 T ).

Mastitis, which is generally described as an inflammation of breast tissue, is a common and debilitating disease which frequently results in the cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and affects up to 33% of lactating women. The condition is a primary cause of decreased milk production and results in organoleptic and nutritional alterations in milk quality. Recent studies employing culture-independent techniques, including metagenomic sequencing, have revealed a loss of bacterial diversity in the microbiome of mastitic milk samples compared to healthy milk samples. In those infected, the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and members of corynebacteria have been identified as the predominant etiological agents in acute, subacute and granulomatous mastitis, respectively. The increased incidence of antibiotic resistance in the causative species is also a key cause of concern for treatment of the disease, thus leading to the need to develop novel therapies. In this respect, probiotics and bacteriocins have revealed potential as alternative treatments.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile and short-rod-shaped actinobacterium, designated THG-T121 T , was isolated from forest soil. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum 28-30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum 7) and at 0-4 % NaCl (optimum 1 %). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain THG-T121 T were identified as Actinotalea ferrariae KCTC 29134 T (97.9 %), Actinotalea fermentans KCTC 3251 T (97.3 %), Cellulomonas carbonis KCTC 19824 T (97.2 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities among strain THG-T121 T and other recognized species were lower than 97.0 %. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides, one unidentified phospholipid, three unidentified glycolipids and one unidentified lipid. The isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone (MK-10(H4)). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 1 A, C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The whole-cell sugars of strain THG-T121 T were rhamnose, ribose, mannose and glucose. The peptidoglycan type of strain THG-T121 T is A4β, containing l-Orn-D-Ser-L-Asp. The DNA G+C content of strain THG-T121 T was 72.4 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain THG-T121 T and A. ferrariae KCTC 29134 T , A. fermentans KCTC 3251 T and C. carbonis KCTC 19824 T were 30.2 % (27.3 %, reciprocal analysis), 28.4 %, (17.3 %) and 16.9 %, (9.3 %), respectively. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain THG-T121 T represents a novel species of the genus Actinotalea, for which the name Actinotaleasolisilvae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-T121 T (=KACC 19191 T =CGMCC 4.7389 T ).

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated EPI-7 T , was isolated on R2A agar from human skin (keratinocytes) and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain EPI-7 T showed a Gram-positive reaction, was non-motile, non-spore-forming, and cells had a rod-shape. Colonies were round, convex and pale yellow. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel isolate formed a cluster with several uncultured bacterial clones and with cultured members of the genera Modestobacter and Sporichthya. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with respect to the type strains of recognized species from the above genera and other phylogenetic neighbours ranged from 92.6 to 93.4 %. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.9 mol%. The only isoprenoid quinone was MK-9(H4), and the major fatty acids detected were C17 : 1ω8c, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3. The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, three unidentified phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified amino lipids and three unidentified lipids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid and alanine. Whole-cell sugars present included rhamnose, glucose and galactose. The combination of the genotypic and phenotypic data allowed differentiation of strain EPI-7 T from its closest phylogenetic neighbours and provided evidence that strain EPI-7 T represents a novel genus and species in the family Sporichthyaceae. The name Epidermidibacterium keratini gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain being EPI-7 T (=KCCM 90264 T =JCM 31644 T ).

Three bacterial strains, HKU63 T , HKU64 and HKU65 T , were isolated from the conjunctival swabs of three patients with conjunctivitis in Hong Kong. The three strains were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, non-sporulating and non-motile bacilli and exhibited unique biochemical profiles distinguishable from closely related Tsukamurella species. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the three strains shared identical sequences with each other, being most closely related to Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens and Tsukamurella pulmonis, sharing 99.9 % sequence identity. Sequence analysis of three additional housekeeping genes, groEL, secA and rpoB, revealed 100 % nucleotide sequence identity between HKU63 T and HKU64, 94.2-97.0 % nucleotide sequence identities between HKU63 T /HKU64 and HKU65 T and the three strains shared 82.9-98.9 % sequence identities with other currently recognized Tsukamurella species. DNA-DNA hybridization confirmed that they were distinct from other known species of the genus Tsukamurella(23.0±4.2 to 50.7±3.7 % DNA-DNA relatedness), of which HKU63 T and HKU64 represented the same species (≥95.2±4.8 % DNA-DNA relatedness) while HKU65 T represented another species. Fatty acid, mycolic acid, cell-wall sugar and peptidoglycan analyses showed that they were typical of members of Tsukamurella. The G+C content of strains HKU63 T , HKU64 and HKU65 T were 71.3±1.9, 71.3±2.0 and 71.2±2.3 mol% (mean±sd; n=3), respectively. A novel species, Tsukamurella ocularis sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate strains HKU63 T and HKU64, with HKU63 T (=JCM 31969 T =DSM 105034 T ) designated as the type strain whilst another novel species, Tsukamurella hominis sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate the third strain, HKU65 T , which is designated as the type strain (=JCM 31971 T =DSM 105036 T ).

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from an infectious bacterial disease. Poor diagnostic tools to detect active disease plague TB control programs and affect patient care. Accurate detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, could improve TB diagnosis and patient treatment. We report that mycobacteria and other corynebacteria can be specifically detected with a fluorogenic trehalose analog. We designed a 4- N,N -dimethylamino-1,8-naphthalimide-conjugated trehalose (DMN-Tre) probe that undergoes >700-fold increase in fluorescence intensity when transitioned from aqueous to hydrophobic environments. This enhancement occurs upon metabolic conversion of DMN-Tre to trehalose monomycolate and incorporation into the mycomembrane of Actinobacteria. DMN-Tre labeling enabled the rapid, no-wash visualization of mycobacterial and corynebacterial species without nonspecific labeling of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. DMN-Tre labeling was detected within minutes and was inhibited by heat killing of mycobacteria. Furthermore, DMN-Tre labeling was reduced by treatment with TB drugs, unlike the clinically used auramine stain. Lastly, DMN-Tre labeled Mtb in TB-positive human sputum samples comparably to auramine staining, suggesting that this operationally simple method may be deployable for TB diagnosis., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.)

A novel thermophilic actinomycete, designated strain 3-12X T , was isolated from mushroom compost in Guangxi University, Nanning, China. The novel isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and the whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6). The polar phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, ninhydrin-positive phosphoglycolipids and glycolipids. Major fatty acids were so-C16 : 0 and C17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 74.6 %. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the closest phylogenetic neighbour of strain 3-12X T was Thermomonospora chromogena ATCC 43196 T (97.0 %), other closely related strains all belonged to the family Streptosporangiaceae and showed more than 6 % divergence. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain 3-12X T were significantly different from Thermomonospora chromogena ATCC 43196 T and DNA-DNA hybridization showed low relatedness (48.6-55.6 %) between them, so they should be different species. Thermomonospora chromogena was removed from the genus Thermomonospora by Zhang et al. 1998 on the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic evidence, but its taxonomic position remains uncertain. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain 3-12X T represents a novel species in a new genus in the family Streptosporangiaceae. The name Thermostaphylospora griseoalba gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Thermostaphylospora grisealba is 3-12X T (=DSM 46781 T =CGMCC 4.7160 T ). We also propose transferring Thermomonospora chromogenaZhang et al. 1998 to Thermostaphylospora chromogena comb. nov. (type strain ATCC 43196 T =JCM 6244 T ).

Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis (PDRP) is a commonly encountered complication in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Establishing the causative organism in PDRP allows for targeted antibiotic selection, helps to guide duration of therapy, and determines the need for catheter removal. Microbacterium is a genus of aerobic gram-positive bacilli found in the environment. Its detection in clinical isolates has increased owing to improved microbiology diagnostics. We present a case of PDRP due to M. paraoxydans and review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and available evidence for treatment of this organism. The high rate of recurrent infection and limited data regarding antimicrobial susceptibility testing pose significant challenges in the management of PDRP caused by Microbacterium species., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis.)

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain, designated JW-1 T , was isolated from activated sludge collected from the outlet of an aeration tank in a prometryn-manufacturing plant, located in Binzhou City, Shandong province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicated that strain JW-1 T belongs to the genus Leucobacter and its closest neighbours are 'Leucobacter kyeonggiensis' F3-P9 (98.95 % similarity), Leucobacter celer subsp. astrifaciens CBX151 T (98.62 %), Leucobacter celer subsp. celer NAL101 T (98.53 %), Leucobacter chromiiresistens JG31 T (97.86 %) and Leucobacter chironomi DSM 19883 T (97.37 %). DNA-DNA hybridization values with the above strains were <55 %. The DNA G+C content of strain JW-1 T was 72.6 mol%. The major fatty acids of strain JW-1 T were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-11. The cell wall amino acids were 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine and threonine. Based on the molecular and chemotaxonomic data, as well as the physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain JW-1 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Leucobacter, for which the name Leucobacter triazinivorans is proposed. The type strain is JW-1 T (=DSM 105188 T =LMG 30083 T ).

A Gram-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped aerobic bacterial strain FLL521 T was isolated from iron mine soil. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain FLL521 T belonged to genus Nocardioides in family Nocardioidaceae, with the highest sequence identity to Nocardioides panacisoli GSoil 346 T (96.3 %). The DNA G+C content of strain FLL521 T was 70.3 mol%. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid. The major respiratory quinone was MK-8(H4), and the predominant fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C17 : 1ω8c. The polar lipids of strain FLL521 T were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and three unidentified phospholipids. Strain FLL521 T showed physiological and biochemical differences with the related strains in the Voges-Proskauer test, hydrolysis of l-arginine, utilization of d-mannose, inositol, phenylalanine and acid production from l-arabinose. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain FLL521 T represents a novel species of Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides immobilis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FLL521 T (=KCTC 39931 T =CCTCC AB 2017083 T ).

Ratoon stunt (RS) caused by bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx) results in substantial yield losses in sugarcane (Saccharum sp. L. hybrid). Since RS does not produce reliable symptoms in the field, laboratory-based techniques are necessary for detection. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay overcomes the limitations of laboratory-based techniques which are costly, time consuming and cannot be used for near-field detection. A sensitive LAMP assay was developed to detect Lxx at 65°C in 30 min. However, carry-over contamination affected the reliability of the assay. In the present study, contaminants were successfully eliminated by incorporation of uracil nucleoside glycosylase (1 U μl -1 ) into the LAMP assay and incubation for 10 min at 37°C. To avoid the use of colorimetric reagents, lateral flow devices were successfully used for the detection of LAMP products and were equally sensitive to detection by agarose gel electrophoresis. The use of exudate from leaf sheath discs as an alternate template for the LAMP assay was found to be less sensitive than xylem sap. The preprepared master mix could be stored for up to 4 months at -20°C without any reduction in performance. These changes make the assay suitable for near-field detection in laboratories with basic facilities., Significance and Impact of the Study: This study presents a modified loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli. Modifications include incorporation of uracil nucleoside glycosylase to eliminate carry-over contamination and substitution of colorimetric detection for the use of lateral flow devices. LAMP master mix was preprepared and was stably stored up to 4 months at -20°C. Sugarcane leaf sheaths worked well as a substitute to xylem sap as template, although the sensitivity was lower. These modifications allow the assay to be conducted without contamination concerns and reduction in set up time, making it ideal for near-field diagnosis., (© 2017 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-BB2C19 T , was isolated from the root of black soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain was an aerobic, Gram-stain-positive actinomycete that formed extensively branched substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H0). The major cellular fatty acid profile consisted of iso-C16 : 0, 10-methyl C17 : 0 and 10-methyl C18 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 68.2±0.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-BB2C19 T should be assigned to the genus Nonomuraea and formed a distinct branch with its closest neighbour Nonomuraea guangzhouensis NEAU-ZJ3 T (98.75 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain were also consistent with those of members of the genus Nonomuraea. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-BB2C19 T could be clearly differentiated from its closest phylogenetic relative. Thus, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea glycinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-BB2C19 T (=CGMCC 4.7430 T =DSM 104838 T ).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-A2 T , was isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-A2 T should be assigned to the genus Lechevalieria and forms a distinct branch with its closest neighbour Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes DSM 40034 T (99.0 %). Moreover, key morphological and chemotaxonomic properties also confirmed the affiliation of strain NEAU-A2 T to the genus Lechevalieria. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell hydrolysates were galactose, mannose, rhamnose, glucose and ribose. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositolmannoside and two glycolipids. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6). The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and anteiso-C17 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 68.2 mol%. The combination of the DNA-DNA hybridization result and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-A2 T could be distinguished from its closest relative. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-A2 T represents a novel species of the genus Lechevalieria, for which the name Lechevalieriarhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-A2 T (=CGMCC 4.7405 T =DSM 104541 T ).

A non-Streptomyces actinomycete, designated as strain S265 T , was isolated from rhizosphere collected under an elephant ear plant (Colocasia esculenta) in Bangkok, Thailand. The taxonomic position of this strain was determined by a polyphasic approach. Strain S265 T formed single globose spores on long, branching, aerial hyphae. It produced abundant aerial mycelium with green colour. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and diagnostic whole-cell sugars were arabinose and galactose. Phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol were detected predominantly as polar lipids, whereas mycolic acids were not found. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4), and principal cellular fatty acids were C15 : 1 B, iso-C16 : 1 H, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C15 : 0 2-OH. The DNA G+C content was 69 mol%. According to phylogenetic analysis, strain S265 T was clustered with Saccharomonospora glauca K62 T (98.1 %) and Saccharomonosporaviridis DSM 43017 T (97.1 %) despite its 16S rRNA gene sequence showing the highest similarity value to that of Saccharomonosporaazurea NA-128 T (98.6 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain S265 T and the closely related strains were in the range of 7-50 %, thus strengthening the evidence derived from the polyphasic study that strain S265 T represents a novel species within the genus Saccharomonospora, for which the name Saccharomonosporacolocasiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S265 T (=TBRC 7235 T =NBRC 112945 T ).

Two novel actinobacteria, designated YIM 121936 T and YIM 121940 T , were isolated from alkaline sediment in Yuanjiang, China. The cells of the novel strains were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming and coccus-shaped. The two strains both contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars were arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The polar lipid profile of both strains comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unknown phosphoglycolipid and five unknown phospholipids. The predominant fatty acids of both strains were anteiso-C15 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains YIM 121936 T and YIM 121940 T were 74.7 and 75.2 %, respectively. Strain YIM 121936 T was closely related to Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268 T (97.19 %), Kineococcus gypseus YIM 121300 T (97.00 %) and Kineococcus mangrovi NBRC 110933 T (97.00 %). Strain YIM 121940 T was closely related to K. aurantiacus IFO 15268 T (97.41 %), Kineococcus endophytica KLBMP 1274 T (97.18 %), Kineococcus rhizosphaerae RP-B16 T (97.09 %), Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS 30216 T (97.09 %), K. gypseus YIM 121300 T (97.00 %) and K. mangrovi NBRC 110933 T (97.00 %). Strain YIM 121936 T shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99 %) with YIM 121940 T . Similarities of two strains with other species of the genus Kineococcus were <97 %. The DNA-DNA hybridization values were below 70 % among all the strains studied. YIM 121936 T and YIM 121940 T are representatives of two new species in the genus Kineococcus, for which names Kineococcus terreus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 121936 T =KCTC 39738 T =DSM 102155 T ) and Kineococcus aureolus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 121940 T =KCTC 39739 T =DSM 102158 T ) are proposed, respectively.

A novel endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain 8BXZ-J1 T , was isolated from surface-sterilized branches of Thespesia populnea collected from Beilun Estuary Mangrove Forest National Nature Reserve in Guangxi, China, and examined by a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. Cells of the isolate were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile and short rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that strain 8BXZ-J1 T belonged to the genus Marmoricola, sharing highest similarity with Marmoricola solisilvae DSM 27140 T (96.9 %). The isolate grew at 10-35 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-5.0 %). The organism contained ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan, MK-8(H4) as the major menaquinone, and a polar lipid profile including diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and two unknown lipids. The major fatty acids of strain 8BXZ-J1 T were C18 : 0 10-methyl, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.7 mol%. These data demonstrate that strain 8BXZ-J1 T is representative of a novel species of the genus Marmoricola, for which the name Marmoricola endophyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 8BXZ-J1 T (=KCTC 39789 T =CGMCC 1.16067 T ).

A Gram-positive bacterium originating from the surface-sterilized leaf of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.) was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The isolate formed yellow, smooth, circular colonies on nutrient agar with 0.2 % starch (NSA). Cells were non-motile, non-sporulating, irregular rods or cocci. Strain CPCC 203535 T had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strain of Ornithinimicrobium kibberense (96.9 %) and formed the deepest branch in the genus Ornithinimicrobium in the neighbour-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The major menaquinones of strain CPCC 203535 T were MK-8(H4), MK-8(H2) and MK-8. The peptidoglycan contained ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and unknown lipid (UL). The major fatty acids iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 were consistent with the fatty acid patterns reported for members of the genus Ornithinimicrobium. The DNA G+C composition is 71.4 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain CPCC 203535 T from its closest phylogenetic species in the genus Ornithinimicrobium. Strain CPCC 203535 T represents a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium flavum sp. nov. is proposed, with CPCC 203535 T (=NBRC 109452 T =KCTC 29164 T ) as the type strain.

A novel actinomycete strain, designated XHU 5301 T , was isolated from a hypersaline habitat, China. The strain was aerobic, Gram-stain positive and the optimum NaCl concentration for growth was 7-9% (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on an almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain XHU 5301 T showed that the organism was most closely related to Glycomyces halotolerans TRM 40137 T (96.0%). The whole-cell sugar pattern consisted of glucose and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-10(H 4 ), MK-10(H 2 ), and MK-9(H 4 ). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15: 0 , iso-C 15: 0 , iso-C 16: 0, and methyl-C 19: 0 . The polar lipids consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and one unknown phospholipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.5 mol %. The novel species Glycomyces xinjiangensis sp. nov. was proposed, with strain XHU 5301 T (=CCTCC AA 2016043 T  =KCTC 39689 T ) as the type strain of Glycomyces xinjiangensis.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic bacterium, designated strain DHS C021 T , was isolated from a limestone sample collected from the Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station of Guizhou Province, southwest China. This strain developed branched vegetative mycelia, and its aerial mycelia fragmented into rod-shaped spores. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugars comprised galactose, ribose and mannose. The respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone MK-9(H4). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The phospholipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyl-phosphatidyethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphotidylinositolmannosides and one unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol% and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strain belonged to the genus Lentzea and shared highest sequence similarity with Lentzeaalbida CGMCC 4.1727 T (98.8 %) and Lentzea waywayandensis CGMCC 4.1646 T (98.5 %). However, it could be distinguished from these reference strains based on the low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness (54.5±2.7 and 41.7±3.2 %, respectively). On the basis of morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain DHS C021 T represents a novel species of the genus Lentzea, for which the name Lentzeapudingi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DHS C021 T (=CGMCC 4.7319 T =KCTC 39694 T ).

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated SYSU K10005 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Xingyi county, Guizhou province, south-west China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were aerobic and Gram-stain-positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain SYSU K10005 T was most closely related to the type strains of the genus Nonomuraea, and shared highest sequence similarity of 98.4 % with Nonomuraea candida HMC10 T . DNA-DNA hybridization values between the two strains were less than 70 %. The whole-cell hydrolysates of strain SYSU K10005 T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid (diagnostic diamino acid), and arabinose, madurose and rhamnose (whole-cell sugars). The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-9(H4), while the major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, 10-methyl C17 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and C17 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, an unidentified lipid, two unidentified ninhydrin-positive phosphoglycolipids and two unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SYSU K10005 T was 64.2 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SYSU K10005 T can be characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU K10005 T (=KCTC 39805 T =CGMCC 4.7368 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming actinobacterial strain, designated CPCC 204077 T , was isolated from the surface-sterilized root of a medicinal plant Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) collected from Sichuan Province, south-west China. The peptidoglycan type of strain CPCC 204077 T was detected as A4α with an l-Lys-l-Ser-d-Asp interpeptide bridge. Galactose, glucose, rhamnose and ribose were the sugar compositions in the whole-cell hydrolysates. MK-8(H4) was the only menaquinone. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, one unidentified phospholipid and one unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acid was iso-C16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content was 71.0 mol%. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CPCC 204077 T stood for a distinct lineage within the family Dermacoccaceaealongside the genera Branchiibius, Demetria and Barrientosiimonas, with the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Branchiibius hedensis Mer 29717 T (95.0 %), Calidifontibacter indicus PC IW02 T (95.0 %), Barrientosiimonas humi 39 T (94.9 %) and Demetria terragena HKI 0089 T (94.7 %), and less than 94.7 % sequence similarities to all other species. Signature nucleotides in the 16S rRNA sequence showed that the strain contained the Dermacoccaceaefamily-specific 16S rRNA signature nucleotides and a genus-specific diagnostic nucleotide signature pattern. Combining the genotypic and phenotypic analyses, we propose that strain CPCC 204077 T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Dermacoccaceae with the name Allobranchiibius huperziae gen. nov., sp. nov. Strain CPCC 204077 T (=NBRC 110719 T =DSM 29531 T ) is the type strain of the type species.

Psoas abscess is commonly regarded as an unusual cause for back pains and usually associated with significant risk factors or co-morbidities. We describe the clinical presentation and findings of a young male Caucasian with bilateral psoas abscesses caused by an unusual organism, Janibacter terrae (an environmental organism) not previously described in literature and the challenges faced in managing this infection. There are very few case reports of this organism causing opportunistic infections, all reported bacteraemia mainly in patients with significant co-morbidities. This case highlights the importance of psoas abscess as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with back pain and the potential for this organism to cause abscesses in healthy individuals which was difficult to identify using conventional laboratory methods. Management of this infection was challenging and there is limited experience with antimicrobial treatment for this organism.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, atrichous and short rod-shaped endophytic actinomycete, designated strain BGMRC 2075 T , was isolated from the leaves of Kandelia candel, and was subjected to polyphasic characterization to unravel its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BGMRC 2075 T belongs to the genus Nocardioides ,showing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nocardioides aestuarii JC2056 T (96.1 %), Nocardioides agariphilus MSL-28 T (95.1 %) andNocardioides islandiensis MSL-26 T (95.1 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain BGMRC 2075 T were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and C17 : 0. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant cell-wall sugars were composed of ribose and glucose. The polar lipid pattern contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, five unknown phospholipids, one phospholipid of unknown structure containing glucosamine, and an unknown polar lipid. The DNA G+C content was 70.8 mol%. All these data support the allocation of the novel strain to the genus Nocardioides. The results of physiological and biochemical characterization allow the phenotypic differentiation of strain BGMRC 2075 T from N. aestuarii JC2056 T , N. agariphilus MSL-28 T and N. islandiensis MSL-26 T . Strain BGMRC 2075 T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which we propose the name Nocardioides kandeliae sp. nov. The type strain is BGMRC 2075 T (=KCTC 39886 T =DSM 104480 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-GS50 T , was isolated from soil collected from Mount Song and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the organism should be assigned to the genus Promicromonospora and that it forms a monophyletic clade with its closest relatives Promicromonospora umidemergens JCM 17975 T (98.94 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Promicromonospora alba 1C-HV12 T (98.82 %) and Promicromonospora kermanensis DSM45485 T (98.68 %). Similarly, chemotaxonomic data including major menaquinones, fatty acid compositions and polar lipid profiles, also supported the placement of strain NEAU-GS50 T in the genus Promicromonospora. However, DNA-DNA relatedness, physiological and biochemical data showed that strain NEAU-GS50 T could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, strain NEAU-GS50 T represents a novel species of the genus Promicromonospora, for which the name Promicromonospora soli sp. nov. is proposed, with strain NEAU-GS50 T (CGMCC4.7398 T =DSM 104515 T ) as the type strain.

A novel Gram-strain-positive, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated SKC1-2 T , was isolated from volcanic rock of the scoria cone of Seobjikoji, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells were aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, motile and cocci. Colonies of cells were dark orange-coloured, circular, smooth and convex. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate was related to members of the genus Pseudokineococcus. Phylogenetic neighbours were P. marinus KCCM 42250 T (98.2 %, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and P. lusitanus DSM 23768 T (98.0 %). The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-9(H2). The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-9(H2) and the major fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0. The polar lipid profile included major amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified phosphoglycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 74.9 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain SKC1-2 T and P. lusitanus DSM 23768 T or P. marinus KCCM 42250 T were 37.5-38.1 % or 45.4-46.4 %, respectively. On the basis of the phenotypic differences and DNA-DNA relatedness data, the isolate represents a new species of the genus Pseudokineococcus, for which the name Pseudokineococcus basanitobsidens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SKC1-2 T (=DSM 103726 T =KCCM 43221 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated as x-2 T , was isolated from lakeside soil of Sayram in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain x-2 T belongs to the genus Nocardioides in the family Nocardioidaceae, being most closely related to Nocardioides panacisoli Gsoil 346 T (97.36 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Strain x-2 T was characterized chemotaxonomically and found to have ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids and another three unknown phospholipids as the major polar lipids, MK-8(H4) as the predominant menaquinone and C18 : 1ω9c, iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 71.1 mol%. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain x-2 T and N. panacisoli KCTC 19470 T (=Gsoil 346 T ) was 29.8 %. These chemotaxonomic characters support the position of strain x-2 T within the genus Nocardioides. The results of physiological and biochemical tests, as well as phylogenetic analysis, suggest that strain x-2 T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides litorisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is x-2 T (=KCTC 39845 T =CCTCCAB 2016255 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-positive bacterium, designated djl-8 T , was isolated from farmland soil in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, PR China. Cells of strain djl-8 T were aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. The organism grew at 25-37 °C, pH 5.5-8.0 and 0.5-4.0 % NaCl (w/v). The DNA G+C content was 69.3 mol%. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was LL-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, 10-Me C17 : 0 and C17 : 1ω8c. The respiratory quinone was MK-8 (H4) and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol and unknown phospholipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain djl-8 T is a member of the genus Nocardioides and shared the highest similarity with Nocardioides ginkgobilobae SYP-A7303 T (97.1 %), followed by Nocardioides soli mbc-2 T (96.9 %), Nocardioide spyridinolyticus OS4 T (96.6 %) and Nocardioides maradonensis RP-B30 T (96.6 %). Strain djl-8 T exhibited low DNA-DNA relatedness with Nocardioides ginkgobilobae SYP-A7303 T (26.9±2.1 %). On the basis of the morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics presented in this study, strain djl-8 T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides agrisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is djl-8 T (=KCTC 39844 T =CCTCC AB 2017058 T ).

A novel strain designated Aerobe-19 T was isolated from a soil sample collected from a lawn located in Seoul National University in Korea. The cells were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, and coccus-shaped. Colonies were circular with entire edges, convex, opaque and pale yellow. The strain grew at 15-30 ˚C (optimum, 30 ˚C), pH 5.0-7.0 (optimum, 6.0) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetically, the strain was found to be closely related to members of the genus Oryzihumus and showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 96.4 and 96.3 % with Oryzihumus leptocrescens NRRL B-24347 T and Oryzihumus terrae KACC 16543 T , respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8 (H4). The polar lipids profile revealed the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids, unknown amino-glycophospholipid, unknown phospholipid and unknown lipids. The peptidoglycan type was A1γ. The DNA G+C content of this stain was 73.9 mol%. On the basis of data presented, strain Aerobe-19 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Oryzihumus, for which the name Oryzihumus soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Aerobe-19 T (=KACC 18485 T =KCTC 39705 T =NBRC 111450 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, short-rod shaped actinobacterium, designated THG-T2.14T, was isolated from soil sampled from the rhizosphere of mugunghwa. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum 7.0) and at 0-7.0 % NaCl (optimum 3.0 %). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain THG-T2.14T were identified as Microbacterium yannicii DSM 23203T (98.8 %), Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum DSM 8608T (98.8 %), Microbacterium arthrosphaerae DSM 22421T (98.7 %) and Microbacterium jejuense KACC 17124T (98.4 %). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified phosphoglycolipids. The menaquinones were MK-12, and MK-13. The major polyamine was spermidine. The peptidoglycan contained ornithine, alanine, glycine, homoserine and glutamic acid. The diagnostic diamino acid was ornithine. The acyl type of the muramic acid was glycolyl. The whole-cell sugars were rhamnose, ribose, galactose, arabinose, xylose and glucose. The DNA G+C content of strain THG-T2.14T was 71.2 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain THG-T2.14T and its closest reference strains were significantly lower than the threshold value of 70 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain THG-T2.14T represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium hibisci sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-T2.14T (=KACC 18931T=CCTCC AB 2016180T).

A crude-oil-degrading, Gram-stain-positive actinobacterial strain, RIPIT, was isolated from a soil sample collected from an oil-contaminated mud pit in Khangiran oil and gas field, in the north-east of Iran. RIPIT was strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive. The strain grew with 0-12.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3-5 %), at 25-55 °C (optimum 45 °C) and at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0). The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparative analysis indicated that RIPIT represents a member of the genus Prauserella, with high phylogenetic similarity to Prauserella coralliicola SCSIO 11529T (97.5 %), Prauserella endophytica SP28S-3T (97.5 %) and Prauserella marina MS498T (97.2 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values between the novel strain and P. coralliicola DSM 45821T, P. endophytica DSM 46655T and P. marina DSM 45268T were 28 , 19 and 23 %, respectively. The cell wall peptidoglycan of RIPIT contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid and the whole-cell sugars are galactose and arabinose. The polar lipids pattern contained phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two unknown phospholipids. Its cellular fatty acids pattern consisted of C17 : 1ω6c, iso-C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), and the major respiratory quinone was MK-9(H4). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic data we propose that RIPIT represents a novel species of the genus Prauserella, for which the name Prauserella oleivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Prauserellaoleivorans is RIPIT (=IBRC-M 10906T=LMG 28389T).

A new strain of the genus Promicromonospora, CAP94T, was isolated from the surface sterilized root of Callitrispreissii (Australian native pine tree). This strain was a Gram-stain-positive, aerobic actinobacterium with hyphae breaking up into fragments which were non-motile, rod-like, coccoid elements. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed this isolate as a member of the family Promicromonospora ceae, and most closely to Promicromonospora sukumoe NBRC 14650T (99.4 %), Promicromonospora kroppenstedtii DSM 19349T (99.2 %) and Promicromonosporaaerolata V54AT (99.1 %). Chemotaxonomic data including cell-wall components, major menaquinone and major fatty acids confirmed the affiliation of strain CAP94T to the genus Promicromonospora. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, including physiological and biochemical studies in combination with DNA-DNA hybridization, allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain CAP94T and the closest species with validly published names. The name proposed for the new species is Promicromonospora callitridis sp. nov. The type strain is CAP94T (=DSM 103339T=TBRC 6025T).

Little is known on members of the genus Amycolatopsis inhabiting acidic habitats. In this study, a moderately acidophilic Amycolatopsis strain, designated 2-5T, was isolated from coal mine soil, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain was most closely related to the type strain of Amycolatopsis bartoniae, sharing 99.30 % similarity, while similarity to all other Amycolatopsis species was less than 97 %. The DNA-DNA relatedness between the new isolate and the type strain of A. bartoniae was 56.5±0.7 %. The optimal pH range of the isolate for growth was 5.5-6.0, but growth also occurred at pH 4.5 and 7.5. The isolate tolerated up to 6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %), and the temperature range for growth was 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C). The isolate was able to utilize most substrates tested for sole carbon sources, showing its metabolic versatility. The isolate exhibited antimicrobial activity against Serratia marcescens and weak antifungal activity against Fusarium proliferatum. The chemotaxonomic profiles of strain 2-5T included polar lipids containing phosphatidylethanolamine, phsphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol dimannosides, fatty acids containing C17 : 1ω6c and iso-C16 : 0 as the major components, MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone, and meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinose, galactose, glucose and ribose as the diagnostic diamino acid and sugars in the cell wall. The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses clearly indicated that the isolate merits recognition as represnting a novel species of Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis acidiphila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2-5T (=KCTC 39523T=JCM 30562T).

Gram-reaction-positive, strictly aerobic, motile coccoid- to rod-shaped actinobacteria, designated strains YC2-20T and YC2-19 were isolated from pieces of stalactites collected at the Yongcheon Cave in Jeju, Republic of Korea. The cells of orange-coloured colonies grew at 20-37 °C, pH 6-10 and in the absence of NaCl. In the neighbour-joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the novel isolates formed a distant sublineage at the base of the radiation of the genus Angustibacter. The novel isolates shared identical 16S rRNA gene sequences to each other and revealed a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.6 % to the closest relative, Angustibacter aerolatus and <95 % to other members of the family Kineosporiaceae. Albeit with a low similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences and a distinct phylogenetic position, most of the chemotaxonomic characteristics were in agreement with those of the genus Angustibacter: meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall; MK-9(H4) as the major menaquinone; polar lipids including diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside; and a DNA G+C content of 73.1 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic and phylogenetic distinctiveness, the novel isolates are considered to represent members of a novel species of the genus Angustibacter, for which the name Angustibacter speluncae sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain YC2-20T (=KCTC 39842T=DSM 103769T).

A novel Gram-stain-positive actinobacterium, designated HT7-17T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the estuary of the Tama River, Japan, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain HT7-17T was closely related to members of the genus Lysinimicrobium, with a similarity range of 97.1-98.2 %. The peptidoglycan type of strain HT7-17T was A4α, the predominant menaquinone was demethylmenaquinone DMK-9(H4) and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 69.9 mol%. These chemotaxonomic features corresponded to those of the genus Lysinimicrobium. Meanwhile, the differences in some phenotypic characteristics, along with the result of DNA-DNA hybridization, indicated that strain HT7-17T should be distinguished from the recognized species of the genus Lysinimicrobium. Therefore, strain HT7-17T represents a novel species of the genus Lysinimicrobium, for which the name Lysinimicrobium sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HT7-17T (=NBRC 112286T=TBRC 7037T).

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated X17T, was isolated from the sediment of Taihu Lake in China and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. The isolate formed milky-white colonies comprising aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the organism belonged to the genus Nocardioides and consistently formed a distinct cluster with Nocardioides agariphilus JCM 16020T and Nocardioides islandensis MSL 26T, sharing 95.5 and 94.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.9 mol%. Chemotaxonomically, the isolate contained ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, MK-8 (H4) as the predominant menaquinone, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as the polar lipids found in the cell wall. The major fatty acids were 18 : 1 ω9c (38.6 %), 16 : 0 iso (20.3 %), 15 : 0 iso (6.8 %) and 18 : 0 (5.8 %). Based on its physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides taihuensis sp. nov. (type strain X17T=CGMCC 4.7318T=NBRC 112321T) is proposed.

A novel Gram-stain-positive actinobacterium, designated HIs16-32T, was isolated from a sand sample collected from a mangrove tidal flat in Japan and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The cells of strain HIs16-32T were Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-endospore-forming. Strain HIs16-32T contained glutamic acid, glycine and lysine in the peptidoglycan; however, alanine was absent. Galactose and mannose were detected as cell-wall sugars. The isoprenoid quinones were identified as MK-11, MK-12 and MK-10, and the major fatty acids as anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 72.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain HIs16-32T was related to members of the family Microbacteriaceae but did not form a reliable cluster with any known members of the family. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values were obtained with species of the genera Herbiconiux(96.1-96.8 %), Plantibacter(96.5-96.7 %) and Schumannella (96.7 %). However, strain HIs16-32T was distinguishable from the phylogenetically related genera in terms of chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. Therefore, strain HIs16-32T is concluded to represent a novel genus and species of the family Microbacteriaceae, for which the name Arenivirga flava gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. flava is HIs16-32T (=NBRC 112289T=TBRC 7038T).

A Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, non-sporulating, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated YC2-25T, was isolated from pieces of stalactites collected from a lava cave in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Colonies were circular, smooth, convex and cream to light yellow in colour. A neighbour-joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the organism belonged to the genus Conexibacter with the closest relatives being Conexibacter woesei (99.0 % sequence similarity) and Conexibacter arvalis (98.8 %). Meso-Diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7(H4). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two phospholipids and four lipids. The predominant fatty acid was C18 : 1ω9c. The DNA G+C content was 70.3 %. On the basis of distant phenotypic characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain YC2-25T (=KCTC 39840T=DSM 103719T) represents a novel species of the genus Conexibacter, for which the name Conexibacter stalactiti sp. nov. is proposed.

A cold-tolerant, translucent, yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria was isolated from snow of the Zadang Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, PR China. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that the isolate was closely related to Conyzicola lurida KCTC 29231T and Leifsonia psychrotolerans DSM 22824T at a level of 97.72 and 97.49 %, respectively. Other close relatives had a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of less than 97 %. The major cell-wall amino acid was 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The cell-wall sugars were rhamnose, ribose, glucose, galactose and mannose. The major menaquinones were MK-9, MK-10 and MK-11. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, strain ZD5-4T shared 43.6 and 34.2 % relatedness with C. lurida KCTC 29231T and L. psychrotolerans DSM 22824T, respectively. Based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain ZD5-4T was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Conyzicola, for which the name Conyzicola nivalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZD5-4T (=JCM 30076T=CGMCC 1.12813T). Emended descriptions of the genus Conyzicola and Conyzicola lurida are also provided.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated NCCP-696T, was isolated from the Thal desert in Punjab, Pakistan, and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NCCP-696T belongs to the genus Nocardioides and showed the highest level of sequence similarity with respect to Nocardioides panacisoliGsoil 346T (98.2 %) and less than 96.4 % to the strains of other species of the genus Nocardioides. Cells of strain NCCP-696T were Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile rods and formed cream-coloured colonies. The strain was positive for oxidase and catalase. Growth occurred at 20-42 °C (optimum 30-37 °C) at pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-4 % NaCl (optimum 0-2 %, w/v). Strain NCCP-696T contained Iso-C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, C17 : 1ω8c and C17 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids and was found to have LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and one unknown phospholipid. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4) (98.7 %) while a minor amount (1.3 %) of MK-9(H2) was also detected. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71.6 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value of the isolate against the closely related type strain Nocardioides panacisoliGsoil 346T was 56.3±1.4. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference, chemotaxonomic characteristics and phenotypic data, strain NCCP-696T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Nocardioides thalensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NCCP-696T (=DSM 103833T=CCTCC AB 2016296T).

A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic non-spore-forming and short-rod-shaped endophytic actinomycete was isolated from a branch of Sonneratia apetala, designated strain BGMRC0092T and investigated in detail data to determine its taxonomic position. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the results of the phylogenetic analyses indicated that BGMRC0092T was most closely related to Nocardioides alpinus Cr7-14T (96.9 %), Nocardioides oleivorans DSM16090T (96.4 %) and Nocardiodes exalbidus RC825T (96.3 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids of BGMRC0092T were iso-C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω8c. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant cell-wall sugars were composed of galactose, mannose, rhamnose and xylose. The polar lipid pattern contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, one unknown phospholipid and three unknown polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 69.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and the results of phylogenetic analysis, BGMRC0092T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides sonneratiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Nocardioides sonneratiae BGMRC0092T (=KCTC 39565T=NBRC 110251 T=DSM 100390T).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain EURKPP3H10T, was isolated from surface-sterilized roots of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., collected from Kamphaengphet Silvicultural Research Station, Kamphaengphet province, Thailand. The taxonomic position of strain EURKPP3H10T was studied using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain EURKPP3H10T belongs to the genus Cryptosporangium, with the highest sequence similarity to Cryptosporangium cibodasense LIPI11-2-Ac046T (99.2 %). Colonies of strain EURKPP3H10T were orange yellow. Spherical sporangia with motile spores were observed. The strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and acofriose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and ribose in whole-cell hydrolysates. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H6). The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c, C18 : 1ω9c and C17 : 0. The polar lipids of the strain were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71.5 mol%. Based on comparative analysis of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data, including DNA-DNA hybridization, strain EURKPP3H10T represents a novel species of the genus Cryptosporangium, for which the name Cryptosporangium eucalypti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EURKPP3H10T (=BCC 77605T=NBRC 111482T).

One strain, designated 63MJ-1T, was isolated from fresh faeces of broad-winged katydids collected in Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, the Republic of Korea. The organism stained Gram-positive and was an aerobic, non-flagellated and short-rod-shaped bacterium. The organism grew in the range of 4-35 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and in the presence of 5 % NaCl (w/v), but not in media containing 7 % NaCl. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 63MJ-1T showed the highest sequence similarities with Nakamurella panacisegetis P4-7T (95.9 %), Nakamurella endophytica 2Q3S-4-2T (95.8 %) and Nakamurella multipartita DSM 44233T (95.7 %). Phylogenetic trees also indicated that strain 63MJ-1T formed one robust cluster with members of the genusNakamurella. The predominant quinone of strain 63MJ-1T was MK-8(H4). Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The peptidoglycan type was A1γ with meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid. The DNA G+C content was 64.6 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, it was demonstrated that strain 63MJ-1T represents a novel species of the genus Nakamurella, for which the name Nakamurella intestinalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 63MJ-1T (=KACC 18662T=NBRC 111844T).