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Salvage excavations along the right of way of a 2 km stretch of proposed highway crossing the northern part of the Postclassic city of Tula, Hidalgo utilized a multi-phase investigation strategy, featuring pedestrian survey and exploratory test-pitting. This fieldwork led to extensive excavation in five localities, which uncovered significant portions of both elite and non-elite residential compounds, a possible administrative structure, and two temples, one of which is the earliest example of a twin temple pyramid in western Mesoamerica. The diversity of structures and corresponding functions encountered in excavation are comparable to those found in previous excavations that suggest the city was organized into barrios, each with its own political, religious, social, and other institutions that mimic those of the larger urban polity. While these investigations confirm previous evidence of considerable destruction of the ancient city in recent decades, they also demonstrate that significant portions are still intact.

The administrative structure of the Roman Empire is still not fully understood. Some questions remain unanswered due to the unique nature of historical sources. A number of notions are mentioned only once or in a very unclear context. For example, the notion of “New Arabia” (ἡ νέα (ἐπαρχεία) Ἀραβία) is raised in a several papyri of the 2nd and 4th century AD. The explanation for the earlier documents is clear: the newly created province of Arabia is mentioned there. A letter P. Oxy 50. 3574 (beginning of the 4th century AD) is a much more complicated example of such denomination. Scholars believe that it refers to a province although Roman sources do not mention any province called “Arabia”, except for the one created in 106 AD under Trajan. In fact, “New Arabia” in P. Oxy 50. 3574 does not allude to a newly created province (ἐπαρχία) around Eleutheropolis instead of the former nomos Arabia in Egypt or in Idumaea, as is assumed in contemporary studies. “New Arabia” in this document most likely refers to τοπαρχία (“district”, normally, a part of a nomos). The borders of this τοπαρχία had changed several times, and it moved from Lower to Upper Egypt. The enigmatic notion of “ἀπὸ ὁρίων Ἐλευθεροπόλεως τῆς Νέας Ἀραβείας” maybe interpreted that the “New Arabia” did not refer to the city of Eleutheropolis but rather to its borders: “…from the Eleutheropolis — the border of New Arabia”. Whether Eleutheropolis lay inside or outside this border, remains an open question. “New Arabia” cannot be connected with information of Laterculus Veronensis or Tabula Peutingeriana either.

With the weakening of the Anatolian Seljuk State, Balikesir, which was the center of the Karesi Principality for a period, came under the domination of the Ottoman Empire during the time of Orhan Bey. Balikesir, which had an important place in the Ottoman economy in terms of underground riches, especially weaving, leather industry and forests, became the center of the Karesi Sanjak, which was connected to the province of Anatolia first and then to the Hudavendigar Province in the Ottoman administrative organization. Vital Cuinet, who served as the General Secretary of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration from 1880 to 1892, visited Anatolia during this duty and examined the socio-economic, demographic and administrative structure of the Ottoman Empire. He had compiled the impressions and data it obtained into a book. The work was published in Paris in 1892 with the name "La Turque D'Asie, Geographie Administrative Statistique Descritive et Raisonnee De L'asie-Mineure" in four volumes. The information obtained by Cuinet, who visited Balikesir city in 1891, is included in the fourth volume of the work. In this study, the socio-economic structure of the city at the end of the XIXth century has been revealed based on the information of Cuinet about Balikesir.

espanolTras la victoria del ejercito sublevado en la Guerra Civil, es perentorio dotarse de medios de transporte y comunicacion para reconstruir la estructura administrativa y la organizacion territorial del Estado. Una de las primeras grandes operaciones constructivas del franquismo sera la edificacion del Parque Movil de Ministerios Civiles en 1940, destinado a la recoleccion, el desguace y posterior remontaje del parque automovilistico del Estado. El sistema de organizacion del trabajo es una mezcla entre macro-taller de reparacion artesana y fabrica de automoviles autosuficiente. La produccion de la fuerza de trabajo que requiere este sistema mixto de organizacion genera una burbuja-comunidad industrial en el centro de Madrid que abarca la gestion integrada del espacio productivo y reproductivo, asi como la coexistencia de modos diversos de disciplina y organizacion del trabajo. EnglishAfter Franco’s victory in the Civil War, it is imperative to equip oneself with means of transport and communication to rebuild the administrative structure and territorial organization of the State. One of the first major construction operations of the Franco regime will be the construction of the Mobile Park of Civil Ministries since 1940, destined for the collection, scrapping and subsequent reassembly of the State automobile park. The work organization system is a mix between a macro-artisan repair shop and a self-sufficient automobile factory. The production of the workforce that this mixed system of organization requires generates an industrial bubble-community in the center of Madrid that encompasses the integrated management of the productive and reproductive space, as well as the coexistence of diverse modes of discipline and work organization

In 1999, the administrative structure in Poland, similar to that existing until 1975, was restored in the territorial dimension, but in the organizational dimension the competences of individual le...

الملخص باللغة العربية: يهدف البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على الإطار المفهومى للثقة التنظيمية بالمعاهد الأزهرية بمحافظة الدقهلية، ودراسة أبعادها المختلفة (الثقة فى الزملاء- الثقة فى الرئيس المباشر- الثقة فى الإدارة العليا) وتوضيح دورها فى مواجهة بعض مشکلات إدارة المعاهد الأزهرية بمحافظة الدقهلية، ولتحقيق ذلک اتبع البحث المنهج الوصفى حيث قام الباحث باعداد استبانة مکونة من (68) عبارة موزعة على محورين هما المحور الأول: واقع الثقة التنظيمية بالمعاهد الأزهرية، والمحور الثانى: أهم مشکلات إدارة المعاهد الأزهرية بمحافظة الدقهلية، وبعد التحقق من صدق الأداة وثباتها تم تطبيقها على أفراد عينة الدراسة والبالغ عددهم (800) مبحوث من القيادات التربوية والمعلمين بالمعاهد الأزهرية بمحافظة الدقهلية ثم تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام برنامج الحزم الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS). وتوصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج منها: ارتفاع مستوى الثقة التنظيمية فى بعدها الأول الثقة بين الزملاء حيث جاءت استجابات أفراد عينة الدراسة لصالح البديل تتحقق بدرجة کبيرة، وجاء مستوى الثقة التنظيمية فى البعدين الأخرين (الثقة فى الرئيس المباشر والثقة فى الإدارة العليا) بدرجة متوسطة حيث جاءت استجابات أفراد عينة الدراسة لصالح البديل تتحقق بدرجة متوسطة، وجاءت مشکلة کثرة الأعباء الإدارية لشيخ المعهد کأهم مشکلات الهيکل الإدارى فى حين جاءت مشکلة زيادة أنصبة المعلمين والعمل فى أکثر من معهد کأهم مشکلات المعلمين، وجاءت مشکلة غياب الحوافز وعدم المشارکة فى الأنشطة الطلابية کأهم مشکلات المتعلمين فى حين جاءت مشکلة عدم متابعة أولياء الأمور لأبناهم کأهم مشکلات أولياء الأمور ثم جات مشکلة نقص التمويل کأهم مشکلات استخدام وسائل التکنولوجيا الحديثة فى التعلم. وفى ضوء هذه النتائج تم وضع تصور مقترح يسهم فى التغلب على هذه المشکلات من خلال رفع مستوى الثقة التنظيمية بأبعادها المختلفة فى المعاهد الأزهرية بمحافظة الدقهلية. الملخص باللغة الإنجليزية: The present search aims to identify the conceptual framework for organizational trust in Al-Azhar institutes in the Dakahlia Governorate, and to study its various dimensions (trust in colleagues - trust in the direct manager - trust in senior management) and to clarify its role in facing some of the problems of managing Al-Azhar institutes in Dakahlia Governorate, to achieve this, the study followed the descriptive approach, whereby the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (68) statements distributed on two axes: the first axis: the reality of organizational trust in Al-Azhar institutes, and the second axis: the most important problems of managing Al-Azhar institutes in Dakahlia Governorate, and after verifying the validity and reliability of the tool, it was applied to The study sample, numbering (800) respondents from educational leaders and teachers in Al-Azhar institutes in Dakahlia Governorate, and then the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. The search reached a set of results, including: the high level of organizational trust in the first dimension, trust among colleagues, where the responses of the study sample individuals in favor of the alternative were largely achieved, and the level of organizational trust in the other two dimensions (trust in the direct manager and confidence in senior management) was of a moderate degree. The responses of the study sample individuals in favor of the alternative were achieved in a moderate degree. The problem of excessive administrative burdens for the Sheikh of the institute came as the most important problems of the administrative structure, while the problem of increasing the shares of teachers and working in more than one institute came as the most important problems of teachers. Parents then came to the problem of lack of funding as the most important problem of using modern technology in learning. In light of these results, a proposed scenario was developed that would contribute to overcoming these problems by raising the level of organizational confidence in its various dimensions in Al-Azhar institutes in Dakahlia Governorate

This article reports on the administrative structure and collaborative activities of faculty and librarians within Vietnamese universities to evaluate their impact on teaching and research, as well as their collaborative benefits, advantages and disadvantages. The authors used a qualitative method to determine the current status of collaboration between faculty and librarians, and conducted 29 in-depth interviews with key participants at Vietnamese universities. The findings indicated that such collaboration was often based on the collaborators’ personal circumstances and that librarian liaison partnerships primarily related to the faculty’s profession, personality and attitudes at different units. Further, universities focused on collaborative activities to support teaching and research – designing syllabi, research support activities and collection development. The results of this study will be useful for stakeholders at universities in reviewing the effectiveness and limitations of collaborative relationships.

The article deals with the concept of transforming the system of governance in the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics according to 5-100 Project. The authors’ concept puts forward a new approach to the administrative structure, which is determined by strategy of university development. The authors consider reasonable to build the original organizational structure of governance on the basis of education and research centers (ERC), which will provide training of highly qualified specialists, research work and commercialization. They substantiate three principle lines in transforming the system of governance: to give divisions operative and economic independence; to organize interaction between ERC, departments and faculties (to transfer methodological work with education products - key education programs of training from faculties to ERC); to provide conditions for reorganizing faculties into profile mobile directions of education programs with contingents of students and learners. Graduate departments should have project groups of key education programs of training, including people from divisions, such as departments, faculties, academic schools and ERC laboratories engaged in this work. System and creative solutions in step-by-step selection and development of students’ talents will give the Russian Plekhanov University of Economics an opportunity to stand out among competitors and contribute to the university leading positions on labour market.

This article examines the administrative structure of Chapter 7 bankruptcy to better understand the neoliberal welfare state. Studying the administrative workings of the bankruptcy system offers a ...

This article examines the efforts of American state election offices to address election emergency preparedness including contingency planning and cybersecurity planning. The election infrastructur...

مع تزايد المنافسة بين الدول، أصبح السعي وراء التميز وإنشاء جامعات عالميةWorld Class universities جزءا من الأجندة الوطنية في اليابان. وبناء على ذلک، اعتمدت الحکومة اليابانية سياسات ومبادرات التميز مثل [COE 21 و GCOE و WPI] والتي من خلالها يتم تقديم برامج دعم مالي للجامعات البحثية من أجل تعزيز بيئة التعليم والتعلم وتحديث الهيکل الإداري وتدعيم أنشطة التدويل. کذلک تهتم الحکومة اليابانية بالإصلاح الإداري لهذه الجامعات من خلال بناء هياکل تنظيمية جديدة ومبتکرة تتناسب مع مبادئ الإدارة العامة الحديثة. وبناء على تلک المبادرات وممارسات الإصلاح الإداري تطورت الجامعات اليابانية وتصدرت التصنيفات العالمية. وفى ضوء خبرة اليابان توصلت الدراسة الحالية الى تصور مقترح يمکن أن يسهم في تطوير نموذج الجامعات البحثية بمصر للوصول الى المستوى العالمي والمنافسة في التصنيفات العالمية ومن ثم زيادة القدرة التنافسية لمصر ، وقد اعتمدت الدراسة في تحقيق هدفها على الإجابة على التساؤلات البحثية التالية: ما تأثير مبادرات التميز على الجامعات اليابانية؟ وما العوامل التي أدت الى وصول الجامعات اليابانية إلى مکانة عالمية المستوى؟ وکيف تعامل الإصلاح الإداري لهذه الجامعات في حل النزاع ما بين ممارسات الاستقلالية والمحاسبية في سياق سياسة الليبرالية الجديدة؟ کيف يمکن لمصر الاستفادة من تجربة اليابان في السعي لتحقيق جامعة عالمية المستوى؟ وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أنه من خلال الاستفادة من تجربة الجامعات اليابانية، اتضح أن برامج التمويل التي توفرها مبادرات التميز إلى جانب الاعتماد على هياکل إدارية مبتکرة تضمن الاکتفاء الذاتي للجامعة، قد يکون هو المسار المستدام للجامعات المصرية لأداء جيد في التصنيف الدولي وتعزيز قدرتها التنافسية العالمية. Excellence Initiatives and Management Reform: The Case of World-Class Research Universities in Japan And Possibility Of Making Use Of Them In Egypt Abstract With increased competition between countries, the pursuit of excellence and the creation of world-class universities, world class universities, has become part of the national agenda in Japan. Accordingly, the Japanese government has adapted excellence polices and initiatives such as [COE 21, GCOE and WPI] that would provide finacial programs for research universities to enhance the teaching and learning environment, modernize the administrative structure, and support internationalization activities. The Japanese government is also concerned in the administrative reform of these universities by building new and innovative organizational structures that are in line with the principles of modern public administration. Based on those initiatives and management reform practices, Japanese universities have been developed and have highly ranked positions in the global rankings. In light of Japan's experience, the current study came up with a proposed vision that could contribute to develop the model of research universities in Egypt to reach the global level and compete internationally, which would lead to increase the competitiveness of Egypt, to achieve this goal the study tried to answer the following research questions: What is the effect of the excellence initiatives on the Japanese universities? How did the administrative reform of these universities deal with the conflict between Autonomy and accountability practices in the context of the new liberal policy? How can Egypt benefit from the Japanese experience in pursuing a world-class university? The study concluded that, by getting benefit from the experience of the Japanese universities, it became clear that the excellence initiatives and the management reform would guarantee the university's self-sufficiency, and it would be the sustainable pathway for Egyptian universities to perform well in the international competition and enhance their global competitiveness of Egypt.

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo principal determinar y analizar las etapas que marcaron los momentos de definición de la labor de la Universidad Popular José Martí, desde que fue fundada en La Habana en 1923 hasta su definitiva clausura por el gobierno de Gerardo Machado en 1927, así como valorar el alcance de sus objetivos y resultados. El texto se adentra en las actividades docentes y políticas de la Universidad Popular, concebidas en sus vínculos con el proceso de reforma universitaria, así como en la estructura administrativa, el diseño curricular de extensión y el significado de sus propuestas culturales y educativas contrahegemónicas. Estos problemas permiten comprender la estrategia política trazada por su artífice, el líder estudiantil Julio Antonio Mella. Abstract The main purpose of this article is to determine and analyze the stages indicating the definition moments of the role of People's University José Martí, from the time it was founded in Havana in 1923 until its final closure by Gerardo Machado government in 1927, as well as to consider the extent of its objectives and results. The text explores the teaching and political activities of this university, thought up in associations with the university reform process, as well as the administrative structure, the extension curricular design, and the meaning of its cultural and counter-hegemonic educational proposals. These problems allow the authors to understand the political strategy drawn up by its creator, the student leader Julio Antonio Mella. Resumo O objetivo principal do artigo é determinar e analisar as etapas que marcaram os momentos de definição do trabalho da Universidade Popular José Martí, desde sua fundação em 1923 até seu encerramento definitivo pelo governo de Gerardo Machado em 1927, e analisar os objetivos e as conquistas da instituição. O texto explora as atividades pedagógicas e políticas da universidade, analisadas em seus vínculos com o processo de reforma universitária, bem como na estrutura administrativa no desenho curricular da extensão universitária e no significado de suas propostas culturais e educativas contra-hegemônicas. Estes problemas permitem compreender a estratégia política elaborada por seu inventor, o líder estudantil Julio Antonio Mella. Résumé L'objectif principal de cet article est celui de déterminer et analyser les étapes qui ont marqué les moments décisifs du travail de l'Université Populaire José Martí, fondée à La Havane en 1923, jusqu'à la fermeture définitive par le gouvernement de Gerardo Machado en 1927, et aussi d'évaluer la portée de ses objectifs et ses résultats. Le texte explore les activités pédagogiques et politiques de l'Université Populaire, conçues dans ses liens avec le processus de réforme universitaire, ainsi que dans la structure administrative, la conception curriculaire de l'extension universitaire et la signification de ses propositions culturelles et éducatives contre-hégémoniques. Ces problèmes permettent de comprendre la stratégie politique élaborée par son architecte, le leader étudiant Julio Antonio Mella.

Journal of Family Business and Management Studies, 14, 1, 31-60

Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Çağ tarihi, pek çok savaşa ve bu savaşlara bağlı olarak insan hareketliliklerine sahne olmuştur. Haçlı Seferleri de bu dönemin en önemli hareketlerinden biri olarak tarih sayfasındaki yerini almıştır. Seferler süresince Batı’dan Doğu’ya gelen toplulukların bir kısmı Levant’a yerleşmiş ve burada bir yaşam kurma çabası içine girmişlerdir. 1099 yılında Kudüs’ün Haçlılar tarafından alınması ile başlayan ve 1187’de Müslümanlarca yeniden fethi sonucunda Krallık merkezinin Akkâ’ya taşınmasına kadar geçen süreç Birinci Krallık dönemi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu dönem içerisinde Krallığın geliştirdiği idâri, sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel yapı çalışmamızın ana konusunu oluşturmuştur. Bu çerçevede, Kudüs’te kurulan Haçlı Krallığı’nın idâri ve sosyo-ekonomik sistemlerinin oluşumu ve halkların bu uygulamalara adaptasyonları incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak sürecin, Krallığın yeni bir idâri yapı kurma ve gelişme dönemi olduğu görülmüş ve toplulukların karşı kültür ve yaşam şeklini tanıyıp kısmen uyum sağladığı anlaşılmıştır., Numerous battles and wars took place in the Middle Ages and those incidents caused social mobilities. The crusades were engraved in people’s mind as one of the most notable events of the period. Throughout the expeditions, some of the crusaders that came from the West to the East settled in the Levant and made an effort to establish a new life there. The period that started with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 and passed until the transfer of the centre of the Kingdom to Acre as a result of the conquest of Jerusalem by the Muslims in 1187 is called the First Kingdom period. The administrative, socioeconomic, and cultural structure developed by the Latin Kingdom during this period constituted the main subject of our study. In this context, the formation of the administrative and socio-economic systems of the Crusader Kingdom established in Jerusalem and the adaptations of the peoples to these practices were examined. In conclusion, it was seen that the process was a period of establishing a new administrative structure and development of the Latin Kingdom, and it was understood that the communities recognized and partially adapted to the counterculture and lifestyle.

В научной статье анализируются особенности депортации народов Северного Кавказа, в частности, чеченцев и ингушей. Рассматривается законодательство, с учетом которого были депортированы данные народы, а затем происходил процесс восстановления их в правах. Будет рассмотрен процесс правового восстановления депортированных народов Северного Кавказа прошлого века, в особенности из современной Чеченской Республики и Республики Ингушетии. Особое внимание акцентируется на роли в восстановлении юридической справедливости принятого на тот момент Закона РСФСР от 26 апреля 1991 г. «О реабилитации репрессированных народов»., The scientific article analyzes the features of the deportation of the peoples of the North Caucasus, in particular, Chechens and Ingush. The legislation is being considered, taking into account which these peoples were deported, and then the process of restoring their rights took place. The process of legal restoration of the deported peoples of the North Caucasus of the last century, especially from the modern Chechen Republic and the Republic of Ingushetia, will be considered. Special attention is focused on the role in the restoration of legal justice of the Law of the RSFSR adopted at that time on April 26, 1991. «On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples».

Resumen El objetivo del presente artículo fue analizar la perspectiva actual de las pymes ante la crisis de la COVID-19, así como analizar la asociación e incidencia de la resiliencia organizacional en su desempeño durante este periodo crítico. Para probar las hipótesis, se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 112 responsables de pymes en dos países de América Latina (México y Chile). Los métodos utilizados fueron análisis descriptivo de datos, correlación bivariada y redes neuronales artificiales. Los resultados descriptivos demuestran el impacto de la crisis de la COVID-19; además, los resultados prueban la relación e incidencia positiva de la resiliencia en el desempeño de las pymes. Clasificación JEL: M1; M10. Abstract This article aimed to analyze the current perspective of SMEs facing the COVID-19 crisis, as well as to analyze the impact of organizational resilience on their performance during the critical phase. To test the hypotheses, a cross-sectional study was performed through a sample of 112 SMEs attendants in two Latin American countries (Mexico and Chile). The methods performed were descriptive data analysis, bivariate correlation, and artificial neural network. The results show the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on companies; furthermore, the results support the positive relationship and impact of resilience on SMEs performance. Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a perspectiva atual das PMEs enfrentando à crise do COVID-19, bem como analisar a associação e incidência da resiliência organizacional no seu desempenho durante este período crítico. Para testar as hipóteses, foi realizado um estudo transversal com uma amostra de 112 gestores de PMEs em dois países da América Latina (México e Chile). Os métodos utilizados foram análise descritiva de dados, correlação bivariada e redes neurais artificiais. Os resultados descritivos demonstram o impacto da crise do COVID-19; além disso, os resultados comprovam a relação e o impacto positivo da resiliência no desempenho das PMEs.

Each country has its own history in which the events and ups and downs of that country are recorded. But countries also have parts of history that they have in common. An international incident or a transnational incident in the past caused countries to have common ground in parts of the history. The Silk Road and trade at that time are common points of history between Iran and Kazakhstan. The Silk Road, which started in the east of China, went west, and divided into two major international routes, one passing through Iran and the other passing through Kazakhstan. The Silk Road in Iran and Kazakhstan had structures that facilitate the passage of caravans, including caravanserais. Iranian cities had an acceptable performance in this particular case. One of the most important tools needed to create an efficient administrative structure and oversee the country's affairs has been to build communication channels. The royal road is an example of this communication route that was created in the Achaemenid period to connect different parts of the country.

The Kingdom of Belgium is a Federation in terms of its territorial and administrative structure. Federalism in Belgium has a number of specific features, since it is based on the principles of division not only on the national and administrative principle, but also on linguistic. The main contradictions within the nation-state are related to the interaction of Walloon (French-speaking) and Flemish (speaking Dutch and its dialects) communities. The current situation in the country has developed as a result of a number of state reforms carried out in the second half of the XX — early XXI century. At present, the crisis in Belgium remains unresolved, primarily due to the imbalance in the economic development of the regions and the growing conflicts in this regard and the special status of bilingual Brussels. The situation is complicated by the presence of a German-speaking community in the state. The article assesses the prospects for the development of the situation in Belgium in terms of the transformation of the system of federalism in the country.

Reforms introduced in 1839 (known as the Tanzimat) which were intended to modernize the Ottoman political and administrative structure, led inevitably to movements which introduced new literary ide...

Orta Asya Türk toplulukları içerisinde en önemli topluluklardan birisi olan Kazaklar’ın etnik açıdan Özbeklerin devamı oldukları ve zaman içerisinde Özbek kontrolünden çıkarak müstakil bir hanlık haline geldikleri görülmektedir. Kazaklarla Özbekler arasında etnik açıdan ortaklığın yanı sıra askeri ve idari yapılanmada da önemli benzerlikler bulunmaktadır. Kazakların hâkim olduğu coğrafyanın genişliği Kazakların idari yapılanmasında bölünmeyi gerekli kılmış olmakla birlikte bu bölünme zaman içerisinde bir ayrışmaya doğru gitmiş ve bu durum Kazak cüzlerinin Ruslar tarafından işgalini kolaylaştırmıştır. Çalışmada Kazakların Özbeklerden ayrıldıktan sonra kendi içlerinde cüzlere ayrılma süreci ve idari yapılanması incelenmiştir.

In the Ottoman Empire, the 1864 provincial regulations reorganized the administrative structure. With this arrangement, district governors began to be appointed as administrators to city. The district governers made efforts to develop the places they were appointed and to establish new institutions in there. One of them was the Governor of Bayburt Mehmed Husnu Bey. Mehmed Husnu Bey, who was appointed to Bayburt at January 1987, prepared a statistic report about the general situation of Bayburt city for 1314 (1898-1899) in 1315 Rumi. This report included some information about administrative, finance, public works, education, juidiciary, communications and municipilaty. In this study, which was established within the framework of this statistics, administrative structure and institutions of the city at the end of the 19th century, city population and its quality, income-expenditure status of the finance, agriculture-livestock and property sales, the financial status of public works (particularly Ziraat Bank), modern educational institutions in the city and the situation of the municipality were evaluated. In addition, annuals of the period were also used significantly in order to support the information in the statistics and to detail some issues. The aim of this study was to reveal the general situation of the Bayburt city at the end of the 19th century.

The 19th century has been a century of change for the Ottoman State primarily in the administrative area and development in military, economic and political terms. Instead of the classical Ottoman administrative structure, which is the state system, the center has begun to work on behalf of empowerment. These transformations, which the Ottoman State has experienced in the administrative area, are all Ottoman in general; Armenian and Kurds have been influenced in many ways by the subject to be examined. In this study, firstly the information about the administrative structure of the Ottoman State will be given and explained how this structure is affected from the change. With this in mind, we will examine how the Armenians and Kurds are influenced by the change in the Ottoman administrative structure and how this effect is reflected in their relations. The Ottomans, following the traditional practice of the Islamic states, have classified communities living in their own countries under the structure of the nation. Even the records of the population in the Ottoman State were kept according to the religion, not the ethnic structure or language group. Armenians were non-Muslims who differed in terms of ethnicity, language and religion. The Kurds, like the Turks, are a Muslim but a group that is different in terms of ethnicity and language. This study will be conducted through five basic points on which communication between these two groups in the Ottoman State is based. These; The influence of the Armenians and the Kurds on the missionary activities carried out in the Ottoman State; establish communities; to be involved in press-publication activities; Activities in the Ottoman State and land problems including village, pasture and plateau problems.

espanolEl presente articulo propone la reconstruccion de las redes socioeconomicas establecidas por el Alferez Real don Antonio de la Fuente a traves de los puestos que desempeno en la estructura administrativa de la Corona y de los vinculos que creo durante su vida. Estas son parte del sistema de redes sociales que en la epoca colonial la elite cartaginesa utilizo como medio para fortalecer sus lazos sociales por la via matrimonial; los economicos –valiendose de las fianzas y cartas poder tanto otorgadas como recibidas–, y del prestigio que le confirieron los puestos administrativos y de justicia que desempeno. EnglishThis article proposes the reconstruction of the socioeconomic networks established by Real Ensign Don Antonio de la Fuente through the positions he held in the administrative structure of the Crown and the links he created during his life. As part of the social network system that during the colonial era the elite of Cartago used as a means to strengthen their social bonds via marriage, the economic ones using the bonds and letters of power –both granted and received–, and the prestige that gave him the positions in administrative and justice issues.

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en un estudio realizado entre finales del 2015 y principios del 2017 sobre el estado del patrimonio de Canarias digitalizado y accesible a través de Internet, de cara a plantear una futura biblioteca digital regional en el ámbito de las tecnologías de la web semántica. Se analizan los 87 proyectos existentes. La mayoría de ellos están liderados por instituciones públicas, pero con una clara desconexión entre ellas. Se están llevando a cabo muchas iniciativas, pero este trabajo pone de manifiesto las carencias que existen. Estas provocan una falta clara de interoperabilidad que impide a muchos de los proyectos participar en plataformas colectivas mayores como Hispana o Europeana. Se observa que cada administración camina, a nivel general, en su propia dirección y con sus propios objetivos y planteamientos, pareciendo que la difusión digital de su patrimonio debiera ser más un reflejo de su propia estructura administrativa que de la propia idiosincrasia del patrimonio que se publica en la red. Se proponen soluciones para paliar estas deficiencias y poder hacer realidad una biblioteca digital regional de Canarias adaptada a otros usos nacionales e internacionales. The results obtained in a study carried out between the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2017 on the state of the heritage of the Canary Islands digitized and accessible through the Internet are presented, with a view to proposing a future regional digital library in the field of semantic web technologies. The 87 existing projects are analyzed. Most of them are led by public institutions, but with a clear disconnection between them. Many initiatives are being carried out, but this work highlights the shortcomings that exist. These lead to a clear lack of interoperability between the different initiatives, which prevents many of the projects from participating in major collective platforms such as Hispana or Europeana. It is observed that each administration walks, at a general level, in its own direction and with its own objectives and approaches, it seems that the digital dissemination of its heritage should be more a reflection of its own administrative structure than of the very idiosyncrasy of the heritage published on the network. Solutions are proposed to alleviate these deficiencies and to make a regional digital library of the Canary Islands adapted to other national and international uses a reality.

Introduction. Russia needs to reform the stepwise model for delivering medical aid to children with surgical diseases and traumas mobilizing patients and those injured at specialized Interregional Centers (IRC). Purpose. To substantiate profiles and dislocation of IRC providing surgical aid to children in Russia. Material and methods. 103 specialists from 85 territorial entities of the Russian Federation presented their expert reviews concerning profiles and dislocation of IRC that provide surgical aid to children in accordance with the nomenclature of professions and administrative structure of the country. The expert reviews were analyzed using the methods of descriptive statistics to rate IRC profiles, their territorial dislocation, and focus on interaction of those surveyed with certain medical organizations. Consistency of expert opinions was estimated using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. Results. Experts indicated 14 activity profiles of IRC providing surgical aid to children. According to rating results, more than a half of positive estimates belonged to five priority profiles including surgery of neonates, neurosurgery, oncology, thoracic surgery and combustiolgy. As far as IRC dislocation is concerned, experts mainly considered medical organizations within a federal district of territorial entities of the Russian Federation. Total number (287) of references (by priority profiles) to hospitals within territorial entities of Russia was 4 times more than the respective estimate (66) for federally governed healthcare providers. Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology that served as a base for potential IRC (oncology) was the most in-demand (19 requests) federal structure. Conclusion. Community of professionals has come to a consolidated opinion according to which buildup of IRC providing care in neonatal surgery, neurosurgery, oncology, thoracic surgery, and combustiology at children’s hospitals in territorial entities of the Russian Federation and 13 federally governed clinical research centers is a significant factor of providing affordable and qualitative medical aid.

The article explores the genealogy of Shevchenko’s mother Kateryna Boyko based on archival materials of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv, the State Archive of Kyiv Region and the State Archive of Cherkasy Region. The author investigated this family tree starting from the end of the 18th century and until 1859, when Shevchenko visited Ukraine for the last time. In particular, the history of the poet’s family in connection with his grandfather Omelian Boyko was analyzed. The assumption that family line of Shevchenko’s mother originates from Carpathian rebel and contemporary of Oleksa Dovbush Ivan Boyko was rejected. Some details about the closest relatives of T. Shevchenko, namely his uncle Pavlo, aunts Dariya, Yevdokiya and Anna, have been clarified. Information about two unknown writer’s aunts Varvara and Motria has been found. The assertion that the mother’s family line lacked descendants was refuted. The surnames in marriage of the five Shevchenko’s aunts, having maiden surname Boyko, have been determined. They were Varvara Kryvenko, Motria Zavaliy, Dariya Diachenko, Yevdokiya Diadenko, Hanna Shkurup. By now we have information about forty nine poet’s cousins, seventy four nephews and three great-grandchildren of his aunts. The comprehensive analysis of the archival materials allows the researcher to deny the existence of Ahafiya Yakymivna Boyko, the alleged poet’s mother according to some media reports. The article also refers to the administrative structure, nature and geography of the village Moryntsi in the first half of the 19th century. The life of Ukrainian peasants is discribed based on the story “Kniahynia” (“Princess”) by T. Shevchenko as well as archival documents and research works by V. Hrabovetskyi, V. Orlyk, L. Pohylevych, O. Stepanyshyna.

In Turkey, different contexts are recognized in terms of the settlement and administrative geography of the neighborhood concept. The multiplicity of the neighborhood (i.e., same name but different contexts), creates confusion. Thus, this study discusses the causes of neighborhood confusion by evaluating it in terms of settlement geography and administrative structure. The neighborhood, which generally creates a mental image of an urban location, is grouped into three types of equivalents. The first is located in multi-settled village administrative areas in provinces, where no metropolitan municipality organization exists. The second pertains to neighborhoods that were transformed from villages in metropolitan municipal provinces and those connected to these neighborhoods. The last type is those found in sections of towns and cities. The three types of equivalents of the concept of neighborhood create confusion. To resolve this issue, the study cited examples, evaluated the classification using the quantitative and qualitative research methods in the context of settlement and administrative geography, and presented recommendations. Lastly, the study developed scales for determining the boundaries and optimal sizes of the neighborhood.

The present research deals with the analysis Pakistani society’s Problems, causes and solutions in the Islamic Perspective. Pakistan is to take the right direction and transform itself into a civilized and responsible society for development and prosperity on both internal and external levels. We must look at a new role and concern. The system needs fundamental changes at many levels. The democratic path between revolution focuses on reform, and if we do not make it a part of our priorities in an extraordinary way, this process could further weaken the already weak state system. Certainly, the challenges at the state level will not be solved in a political isolation. For this, a great deal of consultation and consensus-based politics will have to be pursued. The problem is that our politics, democracy, governance, institutional processes and administrative structure see a change in the context of self-improvement. But to what extent are all parties ready for this change and what do they want to do on their own to make the existing flaws in the state system an improvement? One problem is including state understanding. The extent to which we are able to accurately diagnose our weakness at our own level. We know how to set our own priorities. It has become a major obstacle in solving problems in every domain, i.e, economic, social, political and moral.