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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of providing 100% O2, compared with the provision of 21% O2 (equivalent to room air), in mechanically ventilated, sevoflurane-anesthetized green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). ANIMALS Eleven juvenile green sea turtles. PROCEDURES In a randomized, blinded, cross-over study (1-week interval between treatments), turtles were anesthetized with propofol (5 mg/kg, IV), orotracheally intubated, mechanically ventilated with 3.5% sevoflurane diluted in 100% O2 or 21% O2 for 90 minutes. Sevoflurane delivery immediately ceased and animals remained under mechanical ventilation with the assigned fraction of inspired oxygen until extubation. Recovery times, cardiorespiratory variables, venous blood gases, and lactate values were evaluated. RESULTS Cloacal temperature, heart rate, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and blood gases were unremarkable between treatments. The SpO2 was higher with the provision of 100% O2 than 21% O2 during both anesthesia and recovery (P < .01). Time to bite the bite block was longer in 100% O2 (51 [39–58] minutes) than in 21% O2 (44 [31–53] minutes; P = .03), while time to first muscle movement, attempt to extubate, and extubation were comparable between treatments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Blood oxygenation appears to be lower during sevoflurane anesthesia in room air than in 100% O2, though both fractions of inspired oxygen were able to supply the aerobic metabolism of turtles based on acid-base profiles. In relation to room air, the provision of 100% O2 did not produce meaningful effects on the time to recovery in mechanically ventilated green turtles submitted to sevoflurane anesthesia.

Objectives This study aimed to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine on the propofol-based anesthesia of cats subjected to ovariohysterectomy. Methods Twenty-eight cats were randomly allocated to four groups (seven cats in each) and premedicated with either 5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (groups Dex 1, Dex 3 and Dex 5) or 0.05 ml saline (Prop group) intramuscularly. After the induction of anesthesia with propofol, total intravenous anesthesia was initiated with 300 µg/kg/min propofol plus 3 ml/kg/h NaCl 0.9% (Prop), or 200 µg/kg/min propofol plus dexmedetomidine at the rates of 1 µg/kg/h (Dex 1), 3 µg/kg/h (Dex 3) or 5 µg/kg/h (Dex 5). Cardiorespiratory variables were assessed 5 mins after induction and every 10 mins thereafter, until the end of anesthesia. The propofol infusion rate was adjusted every 10 mins (± 50 µg/kg/min) to maintain anesthetic depth. The times to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery were recorded. Pain scoring was performed 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after the end of anesthesia. Results Dexmedetomidine produced a propofol-sparing effect of 72.8%, 71.1% and 74.6% in the Dex 1, Dex 3 and Dex 5 groups, respectively. Cats in the Prop group maintained higher heart rate values than the other groups, and the mean arterial pressure remained higher in the Dex 3 and Dex 5 groups. Rescue intraoperative analgesia (fentanyl bolus) was most frequent in the Prop group. There was no significant difference in the time of extubation. Cats in the Dex 1 and Dex 3 groups had a faster anesthetic recovery, with shorter times to achieving sternal recumbency, regaining ambulation and reaching full recovery. Cats in the Dex 1 and Dex 5 groups presented the best recovery quality scores, with 4 (range 4–5) and 4 (range 3–5), respectively, while the Prop group scored 1 (range 1–3), the worst anesthetic recovery score among the groups. Conclusions and relevance The use of dexmedetomidine as a total intravenous anesthesia adjuvant, especially at doses of 1 and 3 µg/kg/h, reduces propofol consumption and improves cardiorespiratory stability and intraoperative analgesia, while promoting a better and quicker recovery from anesthesia.

Nasal respiration influences brain dynamics by phase-entraining neural oscillations at the same frequency as the breathing rate and by phase-modulating the activity of faster gamma rhythms. Despite being widely reported, we still do not understand the functional roles of respiration-entrained oscillations. A common hypothesis is that these rhythms aid long-range communication and provide a privileged window for synchronization. Here we tested this hypothesis by analyzing electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in mice, rats, and cats during the different sleep-wake states. We found that the respiration phase modulates the amplitude of cortical gamma oscillations in the three species, although the modulated gamma frequency bands differed with faster oscillations (90-130 Hz) in mice, intermediate frequencies (60-100 Hz) in rats, and slower activity (30-60 Hz) in cats. In addition, our results also show that respiration modulates olfactory bulb-frontal cortex synchronization in the gamma range, in which each breathing cycle evokes (following a delay) a transient time window of increased gamma synchrony. Long-range gamma synchrony modulation occurs during quiet and active wake states but decreases during sleep. Thus, our results suggest that respiration-entrained brain rhythms orchestrate communication in awake mammals.

[3] The northernmost cosmetid (albolineatus) Only five years after Simon had named Cynorta sayi, Sørensen (1884) baptized a third American cosmetid – Cosmetus albolineatus Sørensen, 1884 from New Orleans, Louisiana. Sørensen’s lengthy Latin description is enough to allow recognition of this species (Fig. 2d). By then, the recognition of three USA species was clear enough, so that Weed (1893) also transferred albolineatus to Cynorta and easily summarized the distinction of the three American species of Cynorta. Weed offered redescriptions of those Cynorta, providing some additional records – in the case of C. sayi he also mentioned a distinct morph (see [7]) with a “yellow marking on dorso-meson behind eye eminence, and a transverse line near posterior margin of abdominal scutum.” In the case of C. albolineata, he also provided illustrations which match precisely Sørensen’s description and also considerably expanded the known distribution of the species. As for C. ornata, Weed described the variation of the “canary-yellow” markings and noted it as “exceedingly abundant in the pine woods under logs.”, Published as part of Kury, Adriano B. & Medrano, Miguel, 2023, Once upon a time in America: recognition of the species of Libitioides from USA, with comments on other American Cosmetidae (Opiliones, Laniatores), pp. 101-141 in European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2143, http://zenodo.org/record/8064424, {"references":["Sorensen W. E. 1884. Opiliones Laniatores (Gonyleptides W. S. Olim) Musei Hauniensis. Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift (Series 3) 14 (3): 555 - 646.","Weed C. M. 1893. The Cosmetidae of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 20 (4): 293 - 296."]}

Kury, Adriano B., Medrano, Miguel (2023): Once upon a time in America: recognition of the species of Libitioides from USA, with comments on other American Cosmetidae (Opiliones, Laniatores). European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1): 101-141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2143, URL: http://zoobank.org/651af19c-971c-4deb-b272-a733c7d50f76

[1] The first cosmetid (ornatus) There were already 54 species of harvestmen described in the world, when William Kirby (1819) described the first three Laniatores Thorell, 1876 (two from Brazil, one from Uruguay), placing them in the new genus Gonyleptes Kirby, 1819. In the very next paper in the taxonomic story of Opiliones Sundevall, 1833, Thomas Say (1821) described the first laniator from the USA, Gonyleptes ornatum Say, 1821. This was also the first species described of what we now know as Cosmetidae. Say was, therefore, the first to conceive what would later become the Laniatores (as we consider today), by recognizing the intimate relationship between what are now gonyleptids and cosmetids. Soon later, other researchers (Perty 1833; Hope 1836) proposed a different hypothesis (today refuted), by joining the cosmetids with what are now the Eupnoi Hansen & Sørensen, 1904. Say described the new species Gonyleptes ornatum Say, 1821 (incidentally getting the grammatical inflection incorrectly, in what should have been ornatus, masculine instead of neuter gender) from Cumberland Island, Georgia and East Florida. Say’s description is detailed and accurate enough to allow this species to be recognized without mistake (Fig. 2a). The name ‘ornatus’ (‘decorated’), as applied to a cosmetid, is adequate enough, but it has exceedingly low discriminatory value, and indeed, it was later used to name several unrelated species. This species was first combined with Cosmetus Perty, 1833 only 50 years later by Butler (1873)., Published as part of Kury, Adriano B. & Medrano, Miguel, 2023, Once upon a time in America: recognition of the species of Libitioides from USA, with comments on other American Cosmetidae (Opiliones, Laniatores), pp. 101-141 in European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2143, http://zenodo.org/record/8064424, {"references":["Kirby W. 1819. A century of insects, including several new genera described from his Cabinet. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 12 (27) [\" 1818 \"]: 375 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1817. tb 00239. x","Say, T. 1821. An account of the Arachnides of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2 (1): 59 - 82.","Perty J. A. M. 1833. Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII- MDCCCXX [1817 - 1820] jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Vol. 3. [\" 1830 - 1834 \"]. Friedrich Fleischer, Monachii [= Munchen]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 158694","Hope F. W. 1836. On a new Arachnide, uniting the genera Gonyleptes and Phalangium. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17 [\" 1837 \"]: 397 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1834. tb 00031. x","Butler A. G. 1873. A monographic list of the species of the genus Gonyleptes, with descriptions of three remarkable new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) 11 (62): 112 - 117, pl. 3. [Issued 1 February 1873, fide Evenhuis 2003]. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937308696775"]}

Libitioides modesta (Banks, 1909) comb. nov., nom. rest. Fig. 3 Vonones modestus Banks, 1909: 171 [senior subjective synonym of Libitioides ornata Roewer 1912 by Roewer (1912: 15), with inverted precedence]. Platycynorta secunda Roewer, 1947: 8, pl. 1 fig. 2. Syn. nov. Diagnosis Libitioides modesta is strongly similar to L. albolineata, only differing from it by the two paramedian granules in area IV of abdomen (a row of granules in L albolineata). Type data Types of Vonones modestus CUBA • Habana, Santiago de las Vegas; Baker leg.; USNM (not examined). Holotype of Platycynorta secunda CUBA • &male;; without further locality data; SMF RII 130 /6a–b (examined by photo). Paratype of Platycynorta secunda CUBA • 1 &female;; without further locality data; SMF RII 130 /6a–b (examined by photo). Distribution (Fig. 13) Only known from the type locality. WWF Terrestrial Ecoregion: Cuban dry forests (NT0213)., Published as part of Kury, Adriano B. & Medrano, Miguel, 2023, Once upon a time in America: recognition of the species of Libitioides from USA, with comments on other American Cosmetidae (Opiliones, Laniatores), pp. 101-141 in European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1) on page 128, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2143, http://zenodo.org/record/8064424, {"references":["Banks N. 1909. Arachnida of Cuba. Estacion central agronomica de Cuba, Second Report Part 2: 150 - 174, pl. 45.","Roewer C. F. 1912. Die Familie der Cosmetiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte Abt. A, Original-Arbeiten 78 (10): 1 - 122.","Roewer C. F. 1947. Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten der Opiliones Laniatores (Arachn.) aus C. F. Roewer's Sammlung im Senckenberg-Museum. 1. Cosmetidae. [Weitere Weberknechte XII]. Senckenbergiana 28 (1 / 3): 7 - 57."]}

Genus Holovonones Roewer, 1912 Holovonones Roewer, 1912: 21 [junior subjective synonym of Vonones Simon, 1879 by Goodnight & Goodnight (1953a); synonymy rejected by Kury (2003: 64)]. Type species by original designation: Paravonones compressus Pickard-Cambridge, 1904. Calicynorta Goodnight & Goodnight, 1943: 643 [junior subjective synonym of Vonones Simon, 1879 by Goodnight & Goodnight (1953a: 60); synonymy rejected by Kury (2003: 38)]. Type species by original designation: Cynorta bimaculata Banks, 1893. Syn. nov. Vononesta Roewer, 1947: 10 [junior subjective synonym of Vonones Simon, 1879 by Goodnight & Goodnight (1953a); synonymy rejected by Kury (2003: 86)]. Type species by original designation: Vononesta biangulata Roewer, 1947. Syn. nov. Diagnosis Scutum outline alpha-type, scutum flattened in lateral view, lateral border in posterior view following the general body curvature. Protoglyph guards are triangular. Mesotergal grooves are shallow, straight. Scutal areas I–IV are each armed with a pair of small flat tubercles which are white, sharply contrasting with the brown background, area V with a transverse row of a few such tubercles. Cheliceral hand is somewhat swollen in male, and the basichelicerite of male is clearly stouter, with a coarsely tuberculate posterior rim. Coxa IV with oblique orientation. Femur IV sexually dimorphic, clavate in males, in female thinner and curved proximally. Basitarsus I thickened in male. Tarsal counts: 5(3)/8–9(3)/6–7/7. Male genitalia: VP subrectangular. Wattle is complete. MS D1 is clearly smaller than C. Two long lateral patches of microsetae T4 without midfield. Etymology Holovonones from Greek ‘ὅλο&sigmav;’ (‘whole’, ‘entire’, ‘complete’) + pre-existing genus Vonones. Gender masculine. Calicynorta from ‘ cali -’, truncation of California (in spite of the type-species not actually occurring there) + pre-existing genus Cynorta. Gender feminine. Vononesta from pre-existing genus Vonones + Latin suffix ‘- esta ’. Gender feminine. Placement Originally in Cosmetinae, transferred to Cynortinae by Medrano et al. (2021). Included species Holovonones biangulatus (Roewer, 1947) comb. nov., Holovonones bimaculatus (Banks, 1893) comb. nov. nomen inquirendum and Holovonones compressus (Pickard-Cambridge, 1904). Combined distribution SE Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, with an isolated occurrence in Costa Rica., Published as part of Kury, Adriano B. & Medrano, Miguel, 2023, Once upon a time in America: recognition of the species of Libitioides from USA, with comments on other American Cosmetidae (Opiliones, Laniatores), pp. 101-141 in European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1) on pages 119-121, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2143, http://zenodo.org/record/8064424, {"references":["Roewer C. F. 1912. Die Familie der Cosmetiden der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte Abt. A, Original-Arbeiten 78 (10): 1 - 122.","Simon, E. 1879. Essai d'une classification des Opiliones Mecostethi. Remarques synonymiques et descriptions d'especes nouvelles. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 22: 183 - 241.","Goodnight C. J. & Goodnight M. L. 1953 a. The opilionid fauna of Chiapas, Mexico, and adjacent areas (Arachnoidea, Opiliones). American Museum Novitates 1610: 1 - 81. Available from http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 4944 [accessed 4 May 2023].","Kury A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico 1: 1 - 337.","Pickard-Cambridge F. O. 1904. Order Opiliones [1 st part]. In: Godman F. D. & Salvin O. (eds) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Vol. 2. Arachnida. Araneidea and Opiliones: 545 - 560, pl. 52. R. H. Porter / Dulau & Co., London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 730","Goodnight C. J. & Goodnight M. L. 1943. New and little known phalangids from the United States. The American Midland Naturalist 29 (3): 643 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421154","Banks N. 1893. The Phalangida Mecostethi of the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 20 (2): 149 - 152.","Roewer C. F. 1947. Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten der Opiliones Laniatores (Arachn.) aus C. F. Roewer's Sammlung im Senckenberg-Museum. 1. Cosmetidae. [Weitere Weberknechte XII]. Senckenbergiana 28 (1 / 3): 7 - 57.","Mello-Leitao C. F. de 1943. Aracnidos recogidos en el Ecuador y el Peru por la Senora H. E. Frizell Don. Comunicaciones zoologicas del Museo de Historia natural de Montevideo 1 (5): 1 - 8.","Goodnight C. J. & Goodnight M. L. 1942. Phalangids from Central America and the West Indies. American Museum Novitates 1184: 1 - 23. Available from http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 4770 [accessed 4 May 2023].","Medrano M., Kury A. B. & Cruz-Mendes A. 2021. Morphology-based cladistics splinters the centuryold dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (2): 585 - 672. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlab 043"]}

Denticynorta interlude Roewer (1947) created the new genus Denticynorta Roewer, 1947 for Metacynorta denticus, inflecting it as dentica, which later was proven incorrect (Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga 2011). Cokendolpher & Jones (1991) combined it into Vonones Simon, 1879, following the Goodnight’s paradigm (see below). Kury (2003) revalidated Denticynorta without further comments., Published as part of Kury, Adriano B. & Medrano, Miguel, 2023, Once upon a time in America: recognition of the species of Libitioides from USA, with comments on other American Cosmetidae (Opiliones, Laniatores), pp. 101-141 in European Journal of Taxonomy 875 (1) on page 106, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2143, http://zenodo.org/record/8064424, {"references":["Roewer C. F. 1947. Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten der Opiliones Laniatores (Arachn.) aus C. F. Roewer's Sammlung im Senckenberg-Museum. 1. Cosmetidae. [Weitere Weberknechte XII]. Senckenbergiana 28 (1 / 3): 7 - 57.","Kury A. B. & Alonso-Zarazaga M. - A. 2011. Addenda and corrigenda to the \" Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones) \". Zootaxa 3034: 47 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3034.1.3","Cokendolpher J. C. & Jones S. R. 1991. Karyotype and notes on the male reproductive system and natural history of the harvestman Vonones sayi (Simon) (Opiliones, Cosmetidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 93 (1): 86 - 91.","Simon, E. 1879. Essai d'une classification des Opiliones Mecostethi. Remarques synonymiques et descriptions d'especes nouvelles. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 22: 183 - 241.","Kury A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico 1: 1 - 337."]}