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The analysis of variance showed significant difference among the parents and hybrids of snakegourd for most of the characters except days to first female flower, days to first fruit setting and node number of first fruit setting. The hybrid SG-18 x SG-01 produced the highest number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant followed by SG-04 x SG-26. The hybrid SG-04 x SG-26 took minimum 81-83 days to produce female flower. Both positive and negative mid parent and better parent heterosis was obtained for different characters of hybrids of which few hybrids showed desirable and significant values. The highest mid parent heterosis in negative direction (-9.66%) was found for days to first male flower in hybrid SG-06 x SG-18 and for days to first female flower opening in hybrid SG-04 x SG-26 (-9.30%). The hybrids SG-01 x SG-18, SG-04 x SG-26, SG-06 x SG-18, SG-06 x SG-25, SG-18 x SG-01 and SG-18 x SG-25 showed significant desirable mid parent heterosis for number of fruits per plant, and SG-04x SG-26, SG-06 x SG-18, SG-06 x SG-25, and SG-18 x SG-25 showed better parent heterosis. Four hybrids (SG-04 x SG-26, SG-06 x SG-18, SG-06 x SG-25 and SG-18 x SG-25) exhibited significant and desirable level of both mid and better parent heterosis for number of fruits per plant. The hybrids SG-04 x SG-26, SG-06 x SG-18, SG-06 x SG-25 and SG-18 x SG-25 could be identified as promising combination for commercial cultivation. Further investigation should be carried out to confirm the heterosis exhibited by the hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilateral submandibular duct transposition is one of several surgical methods described to control sialorrhoea in the paediatric patient. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of submandibular duct repositioning surgery on the quality of life of children using the Glasgow Benefit Inventory outcome measure. Consecutive children who underwent submandibular duct repositioning surgery were invited to participate in the study. The parents or guardians of children who gave consent were interviewed. The carer's opinion of the change in salivation, responses to the items in the Glasgow Benefit Inventory score and report of the complications were recorded. Nine children aged two and a half to 16 years were studied. The mean follow-up time was four years. The mean Glasgow Benefit Inventory score of +33 related to the procedure demonstrates that submandibular duct repositioning leads to a substantial measurable improvement in the quality of life (QoL) of the drooling child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine if patients who have had multiple previous nasal fractures and who undergo manipulation of fractured nasal bones under general anaesthetic (MUA) are as likely to be satisfied with their post-operative nasal cosmesis as patients who have only sustained a single injury. DESIGN: Telephone survey. SETTING: District general hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients who had undergone MUA over the preceding three years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient satisfaction with nasal cosmesis and nasal airway and willingness to consider corrective surgery. RESULTS: One hundred and two patients were contacted. Overall patient satisfaction with cosmesis and nasal airway was 82 and 77 per cent, respectively, with 15 per cent willing to consider a procedure to improve their nasal cosmesis and 12 per cent willing to consider a procedure to improve nasal airway. Twenty-three (22.5 per cent) gave a history of one or more nasal bone fractures, either treated or untreated, prior to the most recently treated injury. Patient satisfaction with cosmesis in this group was 65 per cent, compared with 87 per cent satisfaction in the single injury group (p = 0.03). No statistically significant differences were demonstrated when comparing these groups for: satisfaction with nasal airway (70 vs 80 per cent, p = 0.46); willingness to consider a procedure to improve cosmesis (26 vs 11 per cent, p = 0.16); and willingness to consider a procedure to improve nasal airway (17 vs 10 per cent, p = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS: A history of multiple previous nasal fractures does appear to alter patient satisfaction with the cosmetic outcome of nasal manipulation. These patients should be informed that they have a decreased chance of attaining a cosmetically acceptable result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:We report a case of multinodular goitre arising in thyroid tissue within the trachea. This tissue appears to have been implanted at the time of an earlier subtotal thyroidectomy.Case report:A 79-year-old woman presented with a 12-month history of dyspnoea. Forty years earlier, she had been treated for a follicular adenoma with subtotal thyroidectomy. Investigation revealed tumour in the region of the right lobe of the thyroid, extending into and narrowing the trachea. A biopsy was performed, and the patient underwent excision of the right thyroid lobe tumour and cricotracheal resection with anastomosis. Histopathological findings were consistent with a multinodular goitre arising in thyroid tissue within the tracheal lumen.Conclusion:Intra-operative thyroid tissue implantation in the trachea and subsequent goitre development has not previously been described. This case illustrates the need for careful resection of the thyroid in order to maintain the integrity of normal anatomical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcomas (IDCSs) are extremely uncommon tumours that arise predominantly in lymphoid tissue. We report a case of an IDCS arising in the parotid gland of a 73-year-old man. Clinically, a primary salivary gland tumour was suspected but fine needle aspiration cytology suggested a soft tissue tumour. A diagnosis of IDCS was made on histopathological examination of the resection specimen, with subsequent confirmation by electron microscopy. Given the extreme rarity of this tumour at this site, it is unlikely to be a common diagnostic problem, but the importance of multiple diagnostic modalities is emphasized. The findings of cytology, histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy have not previously been described together in a single case report of this tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was analysis of in-vitro probiotic properties and antibiotic resistance in lactobacilli isolated from commercial probiotic products from Pakistan. Lactobacilli were identified by biochemical testing and genus specific polymerase chain reaction. Probiotic properties including tolerance to low pH and bile salts, auto-aggregation, co-aggregation and antimicrobial activity, and antibiotic resistance pattern of all isolates was determined. A total of 14 lactobacilli isolates were recovered from nine products while three products had no lactobacilli. All isolates except AB6 were tolerant to acidic condition(pH: 2). All isolates except AB13 showed growth in presence of bile salts(0.5%). Lactobacilli showed variable auto-aggregation(01-97%) and co-aggregation with E. coli and S. enteritidis(37.5±7.7-92.4±7.3 and 31.6±6.4-95.8±4.0, respectively). Nine isolates showed activity against S. enteritidis while six isolates had activity against E. coli. Lactobacilli showed higher level of resistance to meropenem(100%), imipenem(92.85%), polymyxin B(92.85%), kanamycin(92.85%) and aztreonam(78.75%), intermediate level of resistance to vancomycin(64.2%), gentamycin(57.14%) and ciprofloxacin(42.85%), low level of resistance to ampicillin(35.71%), bacitracin(35.71%), penicillin(28.5%) and tetracycline(28.50%), and no resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol. It was concluded that transferable antibiotic resistance is present in commercial probiotics which may pose a threat to public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephropathy and nephrotoxicity are significant causes of renal impairment, with both conditions contributing to a substantial global healthcare burden. Nephropathy encompasses a range of kidney diseases, including glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, and polycystic kidney disease, each with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations. Nephrotoxicity, often induced by environmental toxins or medications, can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) if not properly managed. Understanding the underlying processes and risk factors for kidney damage is crucial to preventing and treating these conditions effectively. However, while considerable research exists on each of these topics, there remains a gap in integrated knowledge regarding the diverse pathophysiological pathways, the role of early detection, and the optimal management strategies for nephropathy and nephrotoxicity. While substantial research has been conducted on nephropathy and nephrotoxicity, there remains a year gap in fully understanding the diverse mechanisms of kidney damage across different etiologies and their long-term implications for renal health. This work aimed to fill this gap by synthesizing current research on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches for both nephropathy and nephrotoxicity. Major findings highlight the importance of early detection through biomarkers, the need for vigilant monitoring of renal function, and the role of avoiding nephrotoxic agents in both medical and environmental contexts. The paper also emphasizes the critical role of individualized treatment approaches, including the careful use of medications to prevent drug-induced nephropathy., (© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Luffa acutangula ( L. acutangula ), commonly known as sponge gourd or ridge gourd, is a perennial plant found in various regions worldwide and has importance in traditional Indian medicine because of its wide-ranging pharmacological properties. This review examines the phytochemical composition of L. acutangula and its therapeutic potential. Phytochemical analysis has identified numerous bioactive compounds, including terpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids, responsible for its diverse pharmacological activities. The review offers a comprehensive overview of L. acutangula , detailing its phytochemistry and pharmacological effects, which enhance our understanding of its therapeutic applications and inspire further research in natural medicine. However, additional research is required to elucidate the mechanisms involved, refine dosage schedules, and explore potential synergistic interactions with standard treatments. The findings presented here underscore the phytoconstituent and therapeutic potential of this plant, highlighting the need for ongoing research and development in the field of natural medicine.

Introduction: Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. Molecules linked to natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cells, including granulysin (GNLY), MHC class I-related chain A (MICA), and perforin (PRF1) support immune surveillance, though their roles in endometriosis remain unclear. This study investigates the association of these molecules with clinical parameters in infertile women with endometriosis., Methods: Eighty-seven infertile women undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy were included: 44 with endometriosis and 43 with benign gynecologic disorders. Serum and peritoneal molecules were measured using ELISA. Statistical analyses compared groups and correlated immune markers with clinical parameters., Results: Endometriosis patients displayed significantly higher PRF1 levels in serum ( p = .038) and peritoneal fluid ( p = .002), particularly in late-stage disease. Serum and peritoneal PRF1 levels correlated positively with the rASRM adhesion scores. Elevated serum PRF1 was observed in ovarian endometrioma ( p = .021). Peritoneal MICA was higher in late-stage endometriosis ( p = .013). Serum MICA was elevated in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase ( p = .008)., Conclusion: Elevated PRF1 and MICA levels were associated with endometriosis severity, indicating their potential as biomarkers. Future studies should validate this finding and explore its therapeutic role in endometriosis.

d-limonene is a type of colorless liquid hydrocarbon that falls under the category of cyclic monoterpene. It is the component found in the oil extracted from fruit peels. Isoproterenol, a synthetic β-adrenergic agonist, was administered to rats to induce myocardial injury by increasing heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand, leading to ischemia and oxidative stress. This study aims to investigate the properties of d limonene, against myocardial infarction induced by isoprenaline (ISO) in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with d-limonene (200 & 400 mg/kg, p.o) daily for 28 days and administered ISO (85 mg/kg, s.c) on the 29th and 30th days at an interval of 24 hr to induce myocardial injury. Morphological and antioxidant parameters, biochemical markers, lipid profile, troponin-I, cardiac ATPase, heart mitochondrial, and lysosomal enzymes were assayed followed by histopathological screening. Rats treated with isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, s.c), administered twice at an interval of 24 h on 29th and 30th day showed a significant change in morphological and antioxidant parameters, biochemical markers, lipid profile, troponin-I, cardiac ATPase, heart mitochondrial, lysosomal enzymes activities and transcription factor (TNF-α/IL-6/NF-kB) expression. Pretreatment with d-limonene (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) for 28 days followed by ISO administration on 29 th and 30 th day significantly reversed the effects of isoproterenol-induced ischemic changes. Moreover, the biochemical results were validated by histopathological findings. The research indicates that d-limonene demonstrates cardioprotective potential against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. This is attributed to its antioxidant properties, stabilization of myocardial membranes, improved scavenging of free radicals, and inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation., Competing Interests: Compliance with Ethical Standards. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Consent for Publication: All author have given their concern for the publication of this manuscript. Ethics Approval: Ethical approval for the project was granted by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, with the approval number IU/IAEC/21/31., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Currently, there is no protocol for growing and culturing primary pulmonary arterial cells (PACs) available from the Pulmonary Hypertension Breakthrough Initiative (PHBI). Here, we present a protocol for cultivating and maintaining three major PACs collected from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): endothelial (PAH-ECs), smooth muscle (PAH-SMCs), and adventitial cells (PAH-ADCs). We describe steps for obtaining PACs from PHBI, evaluating the growth of cells labeled with quantum dots (QDs), and staining endothelial cell (EC) markers for immunofluorescence imaging. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Al-Hilal et al. 1 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests F.A. discloses partial ownership of Medluidics LLC, located in Elk Grove, California. M.I. discloses partial ownership of Oncovask Therapeutics LLC in Sacramento, California., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Anogeissus latifolia, commonly known as Axlewood, Indian Gum Tree, or Gum Ghatti, belongs to the Combretaceae family and is native to India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. It thrives in most tropical and subtropical regions of India. Different parts of the plant contain various proteins, carbohydrates, sugars (arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid), minerals (magnesium and calcium salts of ghattic acid), and a wide range of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, sterols, saponins, tannins, coumarins, quinine, and ellagic acid. Studies have indicated the potential of Anogeissus latifolia in managing various health conditions, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, wound healing, and hypolipidemic effects. However, like many medicinal plants, Anogeissus latifolia demonstrates a dose-dependent toxicity profile, particularly when administered intraperitoneally. Research efforts have been directed towards elucidating its safety profile, and findings suggest that it can be considered safe when administered within prescribed dosages. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review encompassing the ethnobotanical significance, morphological characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacological actions, and toxicological aspects of Anogeissus latifolia. Additionally, it explores future research perspectives in the field of Anogeissus latifolia pharmacology and therapeutics., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Objective: To investigate the association between soluble adhesion molecules (sE-cadherin, sE-selectin, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) in serum and peritoneal fluid and pelvic pain in infertile women with endometriosis., Methods: This observational study included 86 infertile women undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy, 43 of whom were diagnosed with endometriosis. Pain intensity was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS). Levels of soluble adhesion molecules in serum and peritoneal fluid were quantified using ELISA. Statistical analysis included the Mann-Whitney U test for group comparisons, Spearman's rank correlation for associations with VAS scores, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for diagnostic performance., Results: Serum sE-selectin levels were significantly higher in women with pelvic pain (P = 0.022) and correlated with VAS scores (r = 0.271, P = 0.012). Peritoneal sE-selectin and sICAM-1 levels were elevated in women with pelvic pain (P = 0.044 and P = 0.029, respectively) and showed positive correlations with VAS scores (r = 0.246, P = 0.022 and r = 0.310, P = 0.004, respectively). Comparing endometriosis and control groups, peritoneal sE-selectin and sICAM-1 levels were significantly higher in endometriosis cases with pelvic pain (P = 0.003 and P < 0.001, respectively). ROC analysis revealed the potential diagnostic value of serum sE-selectin (AUC = 0.698, P = 0.002), serum sICAM-1 (AUC = 0.721, P < 0.001), and serum sVCAM-1 (AUC = 0.750, P < 0.001) in distinguishing endometriosis from non-endometriosis cases., Conclusion: Elevated levels of sE-selectin and sICAM-1 in serum and peritoneal fluid are associated with pelvic pain in women with endometriosis, suggesting their role in pain pathogenesis and potential as biomarkers for pain severity and disease diagnosis. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and validate these findings in larger cohorts., (© 2024 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)

Bioflavonoids, are a diverse group of phytonutrients that are widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, grains, teas, and certain medicinal herbs. They are characterized by their antioxidant properties and play essential roles in plant biology, such as providing color to fruits and flowers, protecting plants from environmental stresses. Daidzein, a bioflavonoid classified under natural products, is sourced from plants like soybeans and legumes. It exists in forms such as glycosides and aglycones, with equol and trihydroxy isoflavone being key metabolites formed by gut bacteria. Known for its wide-ranging therapeutic potential, daidzein has shown effects on cardiovascular health, cancer, diabetes, skin conditions, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Its mechanisms include interaction with estrogen receptors, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and modulation of apoptosis and cell cycles. Recent advances in formulation technologies aimed at enhancing daidzein's bioavailability and efficacy are critically evaluated, including nanoparticle-based delivery systems and encapsulation strategies. Researchers have developed advanced formulations like nanoparticles and liposomes to enhance daidzein's solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. Considered a promising nutraceutical, daidzein warrants further exploration into its molecular actions and safety profile to fully realize its clinical potential. This review offers a succinct overview encompassing therapeutic benefits, chemical characteristics, historical uses, toxicology insights, recent advancements in delivery systems, and future directions for daidzein research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no possible conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authors, and/or publication of this article., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Migraine is highly prevalent among medical students but has been understudied in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to determine migraine prevalence, characteristics, academic impacts, and coping strategies in medical students., Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 352 medical students. Migraine was identified using ID-Migraine (38.8% prevalence) and International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition (ICHD-3) criteria (36.8% prevalence). Analyses focused on the 130 students meeting ICHD-3 criteria., Results: The mean monthly migraine frequency was 3.5 days. Average pain severity was moderate at 6.4/10. Mean duration was 9.3 h. Exams triggered migraines for 66% and increased headache frequency/severity for most students. Headaches limited productivity ≥1 day for 86% and caused missed exams and grade point average (GPA) declines. Rest (77.7%), trigger avoidance (57.7%), and medications (56.9%) were the most common coping strategies., Conclusion: Migraine prevalence exceeded general population estimates, frequently disrupted academics, and was exacerbated by exam stressors. Support services and education on coping strategies tailored to academically triggered migraines could better equip students to manage headaches., (© 2024 The Author(s). Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Inhalable particulate drug carriers-nano- and micro-particles, liposomes, and micelles-should be designed to promote drug deposition in the lung and engineered to exhibit the desired drug release property. To deposit at the desired site of action, inhaled particles must evade various lines of lung defense, including mucociliary clearance, entrapment by mucus layer, and phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages. Various physiological, mechanical, and chemical barriers of the respiratory system reduce particle residence time in the lungs, prevent particle deposition in the deep lung, remove drug-filled particles from the lung, and thus diminish the therapeutic efficacy of inhaled drugs. To develop inhalable drug carriers with efficient deposition properties and optimal retention in the lungs, particle engineers should have a thorough understanding of the barriers that particles confront and appreciate the lung defenses that remove the particles from the respiratory system. Thus, this section summarizes the mechanical, chemical, and immunological barriers of the lungs that inhaled particles must overcome and discusses the influence of these barriers on the fate of inhaled particles.

Farmers are using municipal wastewater either treated or untreated for irrigation because of limited fresh water resources. Wastewater extensively used for irrigation purposes is enriched with many nutrients. The reuse of wastewater is imposing a negative impact on human health and the ecosystem. It is a need of the day to identify and assess issues of the reuse of wastewater. In the current experiment, impact of organic/inorganic amendments was studied to mitigate the toxic effects of pollutants present in wastewater. Soil was brought from the site having consistent use of wastewater and different treatments were applied as per plan. The experiment has 28 treatments with 04 replications. Nine different amendments were used at 3 varying levels. Incubation time of 30 days was given after the addition of all treatments. The results of the study showed the application of FYM @ 5.0% w/w soil reduced soil pH (7.44), EC (2.16 dS m -1 ), SAR (8.14), lead (8.48 mg kg -1 ), cadmium (1.14 mg kg -1 ), nickel (10.55 mg kg -1 ) and arsenic (2.03 mg kg -1 ) when compared with control and other treatments. Usage of compost and horse waste followed FYM. On the basis of this study, it is recommended that wastewater can be used for irrigation purpose after treating with FYM preferably and compost in general., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

We have developed a bladder cancer-on-a-chip model which supports the 3D growth of cells and can be used to assess and quantify bladder cancer cell invasiveness in a physiologically appropriate environment. Three bladder cancer cell lines (T24, J82, and RT4) were resuspended in 50% Matrigel ® and grown within a multi-channel organ-on-a-chip system. The ability of live cells to invade across into an adjacent 50% Matrigel ® -only channel was assessed over a 2-day period. Cell lines isolated from patients with high-grade bladder cancer (T24 and J82) invaded across into the Matrigel ® -only channel at a much higher frequency compared to cells isolated from a patient with low-grade cancer (RT4) ( p < 0.001). The T24 and J82 cells also invaded further distances into the Matrigel ® -only channel compared to the RT4 cells ( p < 0.001). The cell phenotype within the model was maintained as assessed by cell morphology and immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin. Treatment with ATN-161, an α5β1 integrin inhibitor and well-known migrastatic drug, caused a dose-dependent decrease in the invasiveness of the J82 cells ( p < 0.01). The combined data demonstrate that our bladder cancer-on-a-chip model supports the retention of the bladder cancer cell phenotype and can be used to reproducibly assess and quantify the invasiveness of live bladder cancer cells.

Background: There is increasing emphasis on restoring the efficacy of existing antibiotics instead of developing new ones., Objectives: This study aimed to determine the role of Cremophor EL and Cremophor RH40 in the inhibition of efflux pumps in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains., Methods: Efflux pump-active MDR strains of P. aeruginosa were identified and confirmed by flow cytometry. The identified efflux-active strains were further subjected to determination of the MIC of ciprofloxacin and the synergistic role of non-ionic surfactants (Cremophor EL and Cremophor RH40) along with ciprofloxacin., Results: Out of 30 samples, 6 strains displayed high efflux pump activity. Both Cremophor EL and Cremophor RH40 showed efflux pump inhibitory roles. A 4-fold reduction in the MIC values of ciprofloxacin was observed when Cremophor EL was used along with ciprofloxacin, while a 6-fold reduction was observed when Cremophor RH40 was used along with ciprofloxacin. Both compounds showed synergistic effects with ciprofloxacin, ticarcillin and meropenem when used in a 24-well plate efflux pump inhibitory assay., Conclusion: The inhibition of the efflux pump of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa by non-ionic surfactants, namely, Cremophor RH40 and Cremophor EL, provided the best strategy to restore the efficacy of ciprofloxacin., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Pregnenolone is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of many steroid hormones and neuroprotective steroids. Sulfotransferase family cytosolic 2B member 1 (SULT2B1a) has been reported to be highly selective to sulfate pregnenolone. This study aimed to clarify the effect of missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the human SULT2B1 gene on the sulfating activity of coded SULT2B1a allozymes toward Pregnenolone. To investigate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the SULT2B1 gene on the sulfation of pregnenolone by SULT2B1a allozymes, 13 recombinant SULT2B1a allozymes were generated, expressed, and purified using established procedures. Human SULT2B1a SNPs were identified by a comprehensive database search. 13 SULT2B1a nonsynonymous missense coding SNPs (cSNPs) were selected, and site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate the corresponding cDNAs, packaged in pGEX-2TK expression vector, encoding these 13 SULT2B1a allozymes, which were bacterially expressed in BL21 E. coli cells and purified by glutathione-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Purified SULT2B1a allozymes were analyzed for sulfating activities towards pregnenolone. In comparison with the wild-type SULT2B1a, of the 13 allozymes, 11 showed reduced activity toward pregnenolone at 0.1 µM. Specifically, P134L and R259Q allozymes, reported to be involved in autosomal-recessive congenital ichthyosis, displayed low activity (1-10%) toward pregnenolone. The findings of this study may demonstrate the impact of genetic polymorphism on the sulfation of pregnenolone in individuals with different SULT2B1 genotypes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

TMC- anti and TMC- syn, the two topological isomers of [Fe IV (O)(TMC)(CH 3 CN)] 2+ (TMC = 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, or Me 4 cyclam), differ in the orientations of their Fe IV =O units relative to the four methyl groups of the TMC ligand framework. The Fe IV =O unit of TMC- anti points away from the four methyl groups, while that of TMC- syn is surrounded by the methyl groups, resulting in differences in their oxidative reactivities. TMC- syn reacts with HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) substrates at 1.3- to 3-fold faster rates than TMC- anti , but the reactivity difference increases dramatically in oxygen-atom transfer reactions. R 2 S substrates are oxidized into R 2 S=O products at rates 2-to-3 orders of magnitude faster by TMC- syn than TMC- anti . Even more remarkably, TMC- syn epoxidizes all the olefin substrates in this study, while TMC- anti reacts only with cis -cyclooctene but at a 100-fold slower rate. Comprehensive quantum chemical calculations have uncovered the key factors governing such reactivity differences found between these two topological isomers., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Olmesartan, originally known for its antihypertensive properties, exhibits promising potential in addressing inflammation-mediated diseases. As an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), Olmesartan influences pivotal pathways, including reactive oxygen species, cytokines, NF-κB, TNF-α, and MAPK. This suggests a viable opportunity for repurposing the drug in conditions such as ulcerative colitis, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cancer, as supported by multiple preclinical studies. Ongoing clinical trials, particularly in cardiomyopathy and nephropathy, suggest a broader therapeutic scope for Olmesartan. Repurposing efforts would entail comprehensive investigations using disease-specific preclinical models and dedicated clinical studies. The drug's established safety profile, wide availability, and well-understood ARB mechanism of action offer distinct advantages that could facilitate a streamlined repurposing process. In summary, Olmesartan's versatile impact on inflammation-related pathways positions it as a promising candidate for repurposing across various diseases. Ongoing clinical trials and the drug's favorable attributes enhance its appeal for further exploration and potential application in diverse medical contexts., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Glipizide is an oral glucose-lowering medication that is beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This study compiles exhaustively all accessible information on glipizide, from preclinical to clinical studies. Glipizide may be used in concert with TRAIL to treat cancer cells; in vitro studies have shown that it suppresses angiogenesis and vasculogenesis while shielding cells from glycation-induced damage. Anticonvulsant effects and modifications in the pharmacokinetics of other medications, such as Divalproex Sodium, were seen in glipizide in vivo experiments. Propranolol amplifies glipizide's hypoglycemic effect briefly in normal animals but consistently enhances it in diabetic ones. In the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative poly(Q) illnesses, glipizide has demonstrated to offer potential therapeutic advantages. It is ineffective in preventing DENA-induced liver cancer and may cause DNA damage over time. The way glipizide interacts with genetic variants may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Combining Syzygium cumini and ARBE to glipizide may enhance glycemic and lipid control in type 2 diabetes. Individuals with coronary artery disease who take glipizide or glyburide have an increased risk of death. The risk of muscular responses and acute pancreatitis is minimal when glipizide and dulaglutide are combined. In conclusion, glipizide has shown promising therapeutic efficacy across a variety of disorders., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The geometric, electronic and nonlinear optical properties of neutral and polaron based oligofurans are studied comparatively. We have reported the role of polaron to trigger the nonlinear optical response of oligofurans (nFu). The polaron based oligomers show excellent opto-electronic properties. The effect of polaron on nFu* chains is measured by electronic properties i.e (ionization energy, electron affinity, band gap) and global reactivity descriptors like softness, hardness and chemical potential than their neutral counterpart. An interesting trends of reactivity descriptors have been observed. Lower band gaps (E H-L  = 4.66 and 4.41 eV) are observed for polaronic systems as compared to their neutral counterpart. On the other hand, the TD-DFT study further demonstrated that, as the size of chain increases, the absorption maxima (λ max ) also increases with significant reduction in excitation energies (ΔE). Furthermore, the nonlinear optical response is confirmed through the linear polarizability (α o ), static first order hyperpolarizability (β o ) and dynamic (frequency denepndent) hyperpolarizability. Electric filed induced second harmonic generation (EFISHG) and electro-optic pockle effect (EOPE) at 532 nm and 1064 nm, commonly used lasers frequencies have also been employed. Our results showed that the maximum hyperpolarizabilities are observed for polaron based 7Fu* and 9Fu* i.e 1.3 × 10 4 , and 3.1 × 10 4 au. This study concluded that these polaron based organic polymers (nFu*) are useful as an efficient NLO material with vast applications in different fields., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nanotechnology is a great choice for medical research, and the green synthesis approach is a novel and better way to synthesize nanoparticles. Biological sources are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and allow large-scale production of nanoparticles. Naturally obtained 3 β-hydroxy-urs- 12-en-28-oic acids reported for neuroprotective and dendritic structure are reported as solubility enhancers. Plants are free from toxic substances and act as natural capping agents. In this review, the pharmacological properties of ursolic acid (UA) and the structural properties of the dendritic structure are discussed. UA acid appears to have negligible toxicity and immunogenicity, as well as favorable biodistribution, according to the current study, and the dendritic structure improves drug solubility, prevents drug degradation, increases circulation time, and potentially targets by using different pathways with different routes of administration. Nanotechnology is a field in which materials are synthesized at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology could be the next frontier of humankind's technological advancement. Richard Feynman first used the term 'Nanotechnology' in his lecture, "There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom", on 29th December, 1959, and since then, interest has increased in the research on nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is capable of helping humanity by solving major challenges, particularly in neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent type, which may account for 60-70% of cases. Other significant forms of dementia include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies (abnormal protein aggregates that form inside nerve cells), and a number of illnesses that exacerbate frontotemporal dementia. Dementia is an acquired loss of cognition in several cognitive domains that are severe enough to interfere with social or professional functioning. However, dementia frequently co-occurs with other neuropathologies, typically AD with cerebrovascular dysfunction. Clinical presentations show that neurodegenerative diseases are often incurable because patients permanently lose some neurons. A growing body of research suggests that they also advance our knowledge of the processes that are probably crucial for maintaining the health and functionality of the brain. Serious neurological impairment and neuronal death are the main features of neurodegenerative illnesses, which are also extremely crippling ailments. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders cause cognitive impairment and dementia, and as average life expectancy rises globally, their effects become more noticeable., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Empagliflozin is a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that has gained significant attention in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Understanding its chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology is crucial for the safe and effective use of this medication., Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of empagliflozin, synthesizing the available literature to present a concise summary of its properties and implications for clinical practice., Methods: A systematic search of relevant databases was conducted to identify studies and articles related to the chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of empagliflozin. Data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as post-marketing surveillance reports, were reviewed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic., Results: Empagliflozin is a selective SGLT2 inhibitor that works by constraining glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, causing increased urinary glucose elimination. Its unique mechanism of action provides glycemic control, weight reduction, and blood pressure reduction. The drug's chemistry is characterized by its chemical structure, solubility, and stability. Pharmacologically, empagliflozin exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic properties with rapid absorption, extensive protein binding, and renal elimination. Clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy in improving glycemic control, reducing cardiovascular risks, and preserving renal function. However, adverse effects, for instance, urinary tract infections, genital infections, and diabetic ketoacidosis have been reported. Toxicological studies indicate low potential for organ toxicity, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity., Conclusion: Empagliflozin is a promising SGLT2 inhibitor that offers an innovative approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its unique action mechanism and favorable pharmacokinetic profile contribute to its efficacy in improving glycemic control and reducing cardiovascular risks. While the drug's safety profile is generally favorable, clinicians should be aware of potential adverse effects and monitor patients closely. More study is required to determine the longterm safety and explore potential benefits in other patient populations. Overall, empagliflozin represents a valuable addition to the armamentarium of antidiabetic medications, offering significant benefits to patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study covers all aspects of empagliflozin, including its history, chemistry, pharmacology, and various clinical studies, case reports, and case series., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prion disease, are characterized by the conversion of normally soluble proteins or peptides into aggregated amyloidal fibrils. These diseases result in the permanent loss of specific types of neurons, making them incurable and devastating. Research on animal models of memory problems mentioned in this article contributes to our knowledge of brain health and functionality. Neurodegenerative disorders, which often lead to cognitive impairment and dementia, are becoming more prevalent as global life expectancy increases. These diseases cause severe neurological impairment and neuronal death, making them highly debilitating. Exploring and understanding these complex diseases offer significant insights into the fundamental processes essential for maintaining brain health. Exploring the intricate mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases not only holds promise for potential treatments but also enhances our understanding of fundamental brain health and functionality. By unraveling the complexities of these disorders, researchers can pave the way for advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and ultimately, improving the lives of individuals affected by neurodegenerative diseases., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Drug repurposing involves investigating new indications or uses for drugs that have already been approved for clinical use. Empagliflozin is a C-glycosyl compound characterized by the presence of a beta-glucosyl residue. It functions as a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor and is utilized to enhance glycemic control in adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, it is indicated for the reduction of cardiovascular mortality risk in adult patients who have both type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-existing cardiovascular disease., Objective: The study's objective revolves around exploring the repurposing potential of a novel SGLT2 inhibitor acting as an antidiabetic drug named Empagliflozin through computational methods, with a specific focus on its interaction with cardioprotective key target proteins., Methods: The study was performed by docking the empagliflozin with different target proteins (NHE1- CHP1, BIRC5, GLUT1, and XIAP) by using Autodock, and different values were recorded. The docked files were analysed by the BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer. The in silico analysis conducted in this study examines the binding free energy values of Empagliflozin with key target proteins., Results: Results revealed that NHE1-CHP1 exhibits the lowest binding free energy, followed by BIRC5, GLUT1, and XIAP, with the highest value. This descending order of binding energies suggests varying degrees of effectiveness in binding molecules, with lower energies indicative of more potent biological activity. The analysis underscores the importance of intermolecular interactions, particularly hydrogen bond formations facilitated by oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl groups in compound structures. Notably, NHE1-CHP1 demonstrates superior binding interactions with Empagliflozin compared to the other target proteins, highlighting its potential as a cardioprotective agent., Conclusion: These findings offer valuable insights into the therapeutic possibilities of Empagliflozin in cardioprotection, indicating promising avenues for further research and development in this domain., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Objectives: Myeloid cell-derived factors contribute to the immunopathology of endometriosis. Soluble CD14 (sCD14), CD163 (sCD163), and MIF serve as in vivo markers of myeloid function. However, these soluble molecules are largely unexplored in women with endometriosis-related infertility cases. We investigated three soluble markers, namely sCD14, sCD163, and MIF, in cases of infertility associated with endometriosis and correlated its level to the stage of endometriosis., Design: Eighty-seven women newly diagnosed with endometriosis or other benign gynecologic control cases linked to infertility were prospectively recruited and underwent diagnostic laparoscopy., Participants: Forty-four patients with endometriosis were included in this study, comprising 19 patients with early-endometriosis (stages I and II) and 25 late-endometriosis (stages III and IV) based on the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) classification. The remaining 43 patients constituted a control group with infertility due to other causes., Methods: The levels of sCD14, sCD163, and MIF in serum and peritoneal fluid were assessed using ELISA., Results: Endometriosis women exhibited significantly higher serum levels of sCD163 and MIF levels compared to the control group. Both sCD163 and MIF levels displayed a positive correlation with the rASRM adhesion score. Moreover, the MIF level in serum had a positive correlation with the rASRM endometriosis score. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, serum sCD163 and MIF could significantly discriminate endometriosis and non-endometriosis in infertility cases., Limitations: Some limitations of the current study deserve to be underlined. First, the sensitive ELISA method was the sole-validated tool for detecting the markers in patient samples. Second, healthy or fertile women were not involved as the control group., Conclusions: The elevated systemic levels of sCD163 and MIF correlated with the severity of endometriosis. These soluble molecules have a potential diagnostic capacity as a non-invasive biomarker. Furthermore, our data warrants future studies on the underlying mechanism of sCD163 and MIF in endometriosis-related infertility., (© 2024 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

This study examined the therapeutic potential of a combination therapy using fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, and DETA NONOate (DN), a nitric oxide donor, delivered as a lipid admixture modified with a cyclic homing peptide known as CAR (CAR-lipid mixture) for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). CAR-lipid mixtures were initially prepared via a thin-film hydration method and then combined with fasudil, DN, or a mixture of both. The therapeutic efficacy of this drug-laden lipid mixture was evaluated in a Sugen/Hypoxia (Su/Hx) rat model of PAH by measuring RV systolic pressure (RVSP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), Fulton indices, and assessing right ventricular (RV) functions, as well as evaluating pulmonary vascular morphology. Rats that received no treatment exhibited increases in RVSP, mPAP, Fulton indices, and changes in RV functional parameters. However, the treatment with the CAR-lipid mixture containing either fasudil or DN or a combination of both led to a decline in mPAP, RVSP, and Fulton indices compared to saline-treated rats. Similarly, rats that received these treatments showed concurrent improvement in various echocardiographic parameters such as pulmonary acceleration time (PAT), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and ventricular free wall thickness (RVFWT). A significant decrease in the wall thickness of pulmonary arteries larger than 100 µm was observed with the combination therapy. The findings reveal that fasudil, DN, and their combination in a CAR-modified lipid mixture improved pulmonary hemodynamics, RV functions, and pathological alterations in the pulmonary vasculature. This study underscores the potential of combination therapy and targeted drug delivery in PAH treatment, laying the groundwork for future investigations into the optimization of these treatments, their long-term safety and efficacy, and the underlying mechanism of action of the proposed therapy.

Objective: To evaluate interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12p70 levels in serum and peritoneal fluid in women related to infertility and pelvic pain., Methods: Eighty-seven women were diagnosed with endometriosis or cases related to infertility. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12p70 levels in serum and peritoneal fluid were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pain assessment was evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score., Results: Serum IL-6 and IL-12p70 levels increased in women with endometriosis compared to the control group. Serum and peritoneal IL-8 and IL-12p70 levels correlated with VAS scores in infertile women. A positive correlation was also found between peritoneal IL-1β and IL-6 with VAS score. A significant difference in peritoneal IL-1β levels was associated with menstrual pelvic pain, while peritoneal IL-8 levels were related to dyspareunia, menstrual, and post-menstrual pelvic pain in infertile women., Conclusions: An association of IL-8 and IL-12p70 levels were related to pain in endometriosis, as well as a relationship between cytokine expression and VAS score. Further studies should be addressed to investigate the precise mechanism of cytokine-related pain in endometriosis., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Pain Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The reaction of [(Me/BnTPEN)Ru II (NCCH 3 )] 2+ (BnTPEN = N 1 -benzyl- N 1 , N 2 , N 2 -tris(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine and MeTPEN = N 1 -methyl- N 1 , N 2 , N 2 -tris(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine) with m CPBA in the presence of chloride ions in CH 3 CN : H 2 O generated a novel (Me/BnTPEN)Ru III -OCl species at room temperature. This hypochlorite adduct could also be obtained by the direct reaction of NaOCl and HClO 4 with (L)Ru II complexes. The current study mimics the synthesis of a metal hypochlorite adduct in a similar fashion as in the heme-dependent haloperoxidase enzyme. As an electrophilic oxidant, the ruthenium hypochlorite adduct catalyzes hydrogen atom abstraction reactions of phenols and their derivatives.