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NMR and chromatography methods combined with mass spectrometry are the most important analytical techniques employed for plant metabolomics screening. Metabolomic analysis integrated to transcriptome screening add an important extra dimension to the information flow from DNA to RNA to protein. The most useful NMR experiment in metabolomics analysis is the proton spectra due the high receptivity of 1H and important structural information, through proton–proton scalar coupling. Routinely, databases have been used in identification of primary metabolites, however, there is currently no comparable data for identification of secondary metabolites, mainly, due to signal overlap in normal 1H NMR spectra and natural variation of plant. Related to spectra overlap, alternatively, better resolution can be find using 1H pure shift and 2D NMR pulse sequence in complex samples due to spreading the resonances in a second dimension. Thus, in data brief we provide a catalogue of metabolites and expression levels of genes identified in soy leaves and roots under flooding stress. Keywords: Soybean, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Primary metabolites, Secondary metabolites

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Expansion of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivated in Brazil to regions with low fertility soils gave rise to studies on the possibility of obtaining highly productive cultivars with high nutrient use efficiency. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to assess phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) by 13 soybean genotypes. The genotypes were grown in an Ustoxix Quartzipsamment with two P rates [0 (no P application) and 150 mg P kg(-1)], whose source was monoammonium phosphate (MAP, P2O5 44%). Shoot dry weight (SDW), grain yield (GY), grain harvest index (GHI), relative yield (RY), and physiological components (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, respiratory rate, and internal CO2 concentration) were influenced by soybean genotypes and P rates. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BRS 360RR, BRS 378RR, CD 219RR, DM 2302RR, TMG 7161RR, and Vtop RR were classified as non-efficient and non-responsive to P application, while BMX Potencia RR, Vmax RR, FPS Solar RR, NA 5909RR, TMG 1066RR, and M 6210 IPRO were classified as efficient and responsive. Phosphorus application increased the values of physiological components, which was not observed for N, K, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and grains. Soybean genotypes selection for increased P efficiency could help growers overcome the problem of soybean cultivation on new areas or degraded pastures. EMBRAPA, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Dept Plant Nutr, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo State, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Banana (Musa spp.) is widely cultivated in tropical regions because of their economic importance for the local market as the source of food for the regional population. In the Amazon region, the ba...

The response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to foliar N application during pod formation has been inconsistent. The objective of this study over three growing seasons was to evaluate the effects of foliar N sources and rates of application on yield, nutritional status, and yield components of soybean. The treatments consisted of five sources [NO₃NH₄, CaNO₃, KNO₃, urea-[CO(NH₂)₂], and (NH₄)₂SO₄], two N rates (5 and 10 kg N ha–¹), applied at the beginning pod growth stage, and a control (no-N fertilization). Foliar N generally increased the seed yield, irrespective of the N source and analysis pooled over three growing seasons showed an average seed yield increase of 5.0% (211 kg ha–¹) and 6.1% (259 kg ha–¹) for the 5 and 10 kg N ha–¹ over control, respectively. Neither N rate nor source affected seed size, protein, oil, and nutritional status of leaves or seed. Nitrogen rate affected N use efficiency, but results varied with N sources. These data suggest that foliar N application may increase yield of soybean under certain environmental conditions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES This Course Completion Work is composed of a report and a literary reading tutorial. This work aims to contribute to the teaching of literary reading, from a cultural perspective that recognizes the particularities of the identities of the work and the reader. In this sense, the work intends to expand the teaching of literature at school, allying it to multimodality, developing a practice that incorporates the precepts of digital literacy. This project was developed with ninth grade students from a municipal school, located in the urban area of Monte Santo - BA. As a corpus of the research, was selected the chapter The struggle, of Os sertões, for an approach of cultural and aesthetic reading, having as central proposal, to build a tutorial of literary reading that configure in an instrument that allows the reading of the literary text, contemplating the multimodality, present in the perspective of the multiletramentos of Roxane Rojo (2012) and the digital literacy of Freitas (2010). The tutorial was developed, mixing the narrative of Euclides da Cunha with the comic book, images and video options about the work. The analysis of the literary text will be based on the cultural model of reading by Carlos Gomes (2012) which privileges the training of a critical reader and his cultural heritage, and subjective reading by Annie Rouxel (2013) which deals with the importance of aesthetic experience in the training of the reader. The work brings in its composition literary workshops that are divided into three stages: memories that aim to discuss what minorities students have about the Canudos War; multiletramentos that intends to present other possibilities to work with the narrative of The Sertões; cultural model of reading that makes a re-reading of the representations of the Canudos War, from the intersection between the aesthetic and the political and promotes a critical reading of what led and maintained the fight in Canudos. Following is a tutorial that includes a reading script from the part The Struggle of the Work The Backlands and instructions for setting up a literary reading workshop that focuses on expeditions to Canudos. Este Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCF) está composto de um relatório e de um tutorial de leitura literária. O presente trabalho visa contribuir para o ensino de leitura literária, a partir de uma perspectiva cultural que reconheça as particularidades das identidades da obra e do leitor. Nesse sentido, o trabalho pretende ampliar o ensino de literatura na escola, aliando-o à multimodalidade, elaborando uma prática que incorpore os preceitos do letramento digital. Este projeto foi desenvolvido com alunos do nono ano do ensino fundamental, séries finais, de uma escola municipal, situada na zona urbana da cidade de Monte Santo – BA. Como corpus da pesquisa, foi selecionado o capítulo A luta, de Os sertões, para uma abordagem de leitura cultural e estética, tendo como proposta central, a de construir um tutorial de leitura literária que configure em um instrumento que permita a leitura do texto literário, contemplando a multimodalidade, presente na perspectiva dos multiletramentos de Roxane Rojo (2012) e o letramento digital de Freitas (2010). O tutorial foi desenvolvido, mesclando a narrativa de Euclides da Cunha com o HQ, imagens e opções de vídeo sobre a obra. A análise do texto literário será feita com base no modelo cultural de leitura de Carlos Gomes (2012) que privilegia a formação de um leitor crítico e suas heranças culturais, e de leitura subjetiva de Annie Rouxel (2013) que trata da importância da experiência estética na formação do leitor. O trabalho traz em sua composição oficinas literárias que estão dividas em três etapas: memórias que tem como objetivo discutir quais mémorias os alunos têm acerca da Guerra de Canudos; multiletramentos que pretende apresentar outras possibilidades de trabalhar com a narrativa de Os sertões; modelo cultural de leitura que faz uma releitura das representações da Guerra de Canudos, a partir da intersecção entre o estético e o político e promove uma leitura crítica do que levou e manteve o combate em Canudos. Em seguida temos um tutorial que traz um roteiro de leitura da parte A luta da obra Os sertões e instruções para a montagem de uma oficina de leitura literária que tem como enfoque as expedições a Canudos. Itabaiana, SE

Todos nós estamos quotidianamente dependentes da memória. Na escola, os alunos necessitam de reter e relembrar conteúdos que aprendem. Estudos acerca da memória humana demonstram que diversas estratégias podem ser empregues para uma memorização eficiente e duradoura. Com o objetivo de avaliar o impacte da utilização de estratégias de memória na capacidade de retenção de informações na memória de longo prazo, realizou-se um estudo com alunos do 9º ano de escolaridade. Foram aplicadas, simultaneamente, duas estratégias de memória - o método de loci e o método da história. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a retenção dos conteúdos pelos alunos aumentou, sendo um bom indicador do efeito positivo da utilização destas estratégias na sala de aula. Palavras-Chave: ensino básico, estratégias de memória, memória de longo prazo, método da história; método de loci. We all are dependent on our memory on a daily basis. At school, students need to retain and remember the contents they learn. Studies about human memory demonstrate that several strategies can be employed for efficient and long-term memorization. In order to evaluate the impact of the use of memory strategies on the ability to retain information in the long-term memory, a study was carried out with students from the 9th grade. At the same time, two memory strategies were used - the loci method and the history method. The results allowed to conclude that the content retention by the students increased, which is a good indicator of the positive effect of the use of these strategies in the classroom. Keywords: basic education, history method, loci method, long-term memory, memory strategies.

Rapid growth in global energy demand for low carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has driven the search for alternative sources that are renewable and have a lower environmental impact. This chapter explores the potential of sugarcane for fuel and energy production. Sugarcane is source of the first-generation as well as the second-generation biofuels that are derived from its lignocellulosic biomass. First-generation biofuels are produced through fermentation of sucrose. These biofuels have dominated the current biofuel production in the world; however, competition with sugar yield and the environmental and resources constraints have placed greater emphasis on second-generation technology as well. However, the lignocellulosic biomass conversion procedures still face major restrictions to complete commercial deployment, despite the great advancements in the use of this technology. Major routes to explore and the opportunities for bioenergy production from sucrose, lignocellulosic biomass, and other components of the sugarcane crop are discussed in this chapter.

Dissertação de mestrado em Estudos de Gestão, Esta dissertação analisa as práticas de Marketing Relacional da empresa Novadiesel, uma oficina Bosch Car Service localizada em Guimarães. A questão principal da pesquisa pretendeu identificar o impacto que as práticas de Marketing Relacional implementadas pela empresa têm na fidelização dos seus clientes. Devido à elevada concorrência que caracteriza o setor, a Novadiesel considerou pertinente apostar num conjunto de procedimentos que lhe conferem distinção perante os seus concorrentes e possibilitem desenvolver uma relação forte e estruturada a longo-prazo com os seus clientes. Esses fatores de distinção foram analisados e organizados em seis práticas de Marketing Relacional: cartão de cliente, livro de revisões, campanhas promocionais, redes sociais, atendimento personalizado, garantias e assistências pré e pós-venda. Assim sendo, procurou-se analisar cada uma destas práticas, percebendo a sua organização e funcionamento, e impacto sobre a fidelização dos clientes. Optou-se por um método qualitativo tendo sido recolhidos dados através de dez entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas a clientes da empresa de três segmentos distintos: particular, empresarial e mecânico. As entrevistas permitiram uma recolha de dados que traduz a opinião e visão de cada entrevistado, registando as suas experiências positivas e negativas vividas na relação com a empresa. Verificou-se a importância e a necessidade de cada uma das práticas de Marketing Relacional estudadas, concluindo-se que todas elas promovem a interação com os clientes e o desenvolvimento da fidelização destes com a empresa. Relativamente às campanhas promocionais e às redes sociais, não obstante a análise de dados ter verificado o seu potencial, constatou-se possuírem um impacto reduzido, sugerindo a necessidade da sua restruturação por parte da empresa., This dissertation analyzes the Relational Marketing practices of the company Novadiesel, a Bosch Car Service mechanical workshop located in Guimarães. The main question of the research was to identify the impact that the Relational Marketing practices implemented by the company have on the loyalty of its clients. Due to the high competition that characterizes the sector, Novadiesel considered it appropriate to invest in a set of strategies that distinguish it from its competitors and enable it to develop a strong and structured long-term relationship with its customers. These factors of distinction were analyzed and organized into six Relational Marketing practices: customer card, review book, promotional campaigns, social networks, personalized service, guarantees and pre and after sale assistance. Therefore, we tried to analyze each of these practices, perceiving their organization and functioning, and impact on customer loyalty. A qualitative method was chosen, and data were collected through ten semistructured interviews with the company's customers in three distinct segments: private, business and mechanical. The interviews allowed a data collection that reflects the opinion and vision of each interviewer, recording their positive and negative experiences lived in the relationship with the company. It was verified the importance of each Relationship Marketing practices studied, concluding that all of them promote interaction with clients and the development of loyalty of these with the company. Promotional campaigns and social networks, despite the fact that data analysis verified its potential, it was found to have a reduced impact, suggesting the need for its restructuring by the company.

One of the main challenges in sustainability discourse is its multifaceted nature often requiring that many different disciplines must cooperate in order to achieve progress. This issue also concerns sustainability education. In the article, we highlighted the experiences from the international cooperation of university teachers and researchers with highly diverse professional backgrounds who worked together on developing educational materials for university students in sustainability-oriented courses. The study is based on qualitative, participatory evaluation research, applying two rounds of open-ended questionnaires distributed to the same respondents (n = 18). For the analysis, we used the open-coding procedure for identifying the main categories. The results show some of the opportunities and barriers that emerged in the process of this cooperation. In particular, we discuss the issues related to the high heterogeneity of the group, such as the clashes of the different perspectives on the topics covered, group dynamics issues, trust, facilitation challenges, and also opportunities that such heterogeneity offers. We highlight the importance of open reflectivity in sustainability-oriented educational projects as the key to their successful implementation. Finally, we believe that results of this participatory study are useful in designing new projects aiming at further improvement of academic education in sustainability and sustainable development.

Submitted by Jagundo Delfina (fina@ese.ipp.pt) on 2020-03-10T11:13:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DM_Raquel Peixoto_2019.pdf: 9797491 bytes, checksum: c3cddc7dc749fd2668bbef28a0d2b413 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-10T11:17:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DM_Raquel Peixoto_2019.pdf: 9797491 bytes, checksum: c3cddc7dc749fd2668bbef28a0d2b413 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Manganese (Mn) deficiency in soybean has occurred mainly in soils with surface dolomite lime application, which increases pH and the magnesium (Mg) concentration in the surface layer. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Mg on the Mn uptake in four soybean cultivars with different nutritional requirements. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design, in 4 × 2 × 4 factorial scheme [four soybean cultivars, two Mg rates (0.1 and 1.0 mmol L−1) and four Mn rates (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 µmol L−1)], with four replicates. The cultivars used in the experiment were: IAC 17 and FT Estrela (for soils fertility or high nutritional demand) and IAC 15–1 and DM Nobre (for soils partially corrected or medium nutritional demand). The root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), SDW/RDW ratio, chlorophyll content, seed yield and foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Mg, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), Mn, and zinc (Z...

Fertilization of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants with amino-acids (AAs) near the beginning of flowering may increase productivity. This procedure is aimed to avoid waste and increase nutrient use efficiency at the end of the crop cycle, improving the leaf area in the translocation of these nutrients to the common bean. In order to test this hypothesis, a field experiment was conducted on a typic Eutrortox (Oxisol) in randomized block design, with three replicates. Four rates of a solution composed of amino-acids (6.8% glycine, 4.4% proline, 3.3% glutamic acid, 2.7% alanine, 1.9% arginine, 1.7% aspartic acid, 1.3% lysine, 1.3% histidine, and 1.0% leucine) applied 45 days after plant emergence were studied. There was no interaction between years of cultivation × amino-acids. However, the productivity of common bean was significantly influenced by the AAs rates, with the highest seed yield obtained at estimated concentration in 0.0094% of the product in foliar sprays. The increases in the rat...

The appropriate supply of magnesium (Mg) to the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) according to the requirements of each variety increases the productivity and nutritional value of grains. However, there are few studies on soil's ability to provide the adequate amount of the nutrient and on the reaction of plants with different Mg concentrations. The present study analyzed the response of the common bean plant to soil fertility, grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight (SDW) yield, nutritional status and the response of physiological components of the plant to the concentrations of Mg applied to the tropical soil. Thus, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with three replicates. The varieties BRS Estilo, IAPAR 81, BRS Ametista, IPR Campos Gerais (CG) and IPR Tangara were cultivated in an Ustoxix Quatzipsamment with five rates of Mg [0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg−1, source magnesium chloride (MgCl2)]. The common bean varieties and the Mg rates signif...

The continuous soybean-maize crop succession in the tropical region of Brazil has led to significant increases in the population size of root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica) and root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus brachyurus), which make soils unsuitable for soybean cropping. A greenhouse study was conducted to identify sunflower genotypes adapted to the tropical region of Brazil and that are resistant to M. incognita, M. javanica and/or P. brachyurus. Two experiments for each nematode were conducted in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Gall index was calculated from visual scores (0–5) of gall intensity on roots for the root-knot nematode. Initial and final population density and reproduction factor were also measured for each nematode. Sunflower genotypes varied in resistance to the nematodes. Sunflower hybrids BRS 321 and BRS 323 were resistant to M. javanica and P. brachyurus and exhibited low gall index for M. incognita. The cultivars are good alternatives to using in the succession of soybean in nematode-infested areas of the tropical regions of Brazil. No sunflower genotype was identified as resistant to M. incognita and thus sunflower cropping is not indicated in areas infested with this nematode.

Sulfur (S) is an essential nutrient in crop plants and one of the components of amino acids (AAs) and proteins. Studies about sulfur efficiency on soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L) Merril] adapted to the tropical and subtropical conditions are still incipient. In Brazil, one experiment under greenhouse conditions evaluated the S-efficiency from eight soybean cultivars. The plants cultivated in a Typic Quartzipsamment received two S rates (0 and 80 mg kg−1). The grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight (SDW), and the relative yield (RY) had influence from the S rates. The cultivars BRS 295RR and BRS 360RR were the most efficient in using the S application. The number of pods per plant (NPP), photosynthetic rate (A), nitrate reductase (N-NO2−), and chlorophyll significantly increased with de 80 mg kg−1 of S. By contrast, the internal concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) (Ci) was reduced. Similarly, there were increases in the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and N:S ratio i...

Soybeans are widely used both for human nutrition and animal feed, since they are an important source of protein, and they also provide components such as phytosterols, isoflavones, and amino acids. In this study, were determined the concentrations of the amino acids lysine, histidine, arginine, asparagine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine present in 14 samples of conventional soybeans and 6 transgenic, cultivated in two cities of the state of Paraná, Londrina and Ponta Grossa. The results were tabulated and presented to a self-organising map for segmentation according planting regions and conventional or transgenic varieties. A network with 7000 training epochs and a 10 × 10 topology was used, and it proved appropriate in the segmentation of the samples using the data analysed. The weight maps provided by the network, showed that all the amino acids were important in targeting the samples, especially isoleucine. Three clusters were formed, one with only Ponta Grossa samples (including transgenic (PGT) and common (PGC)), a second group with Londrina transgenic (LT) samples and the third with Londrina common (LC) samples.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:28:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-04-27 Glyphosate is a widely used nonselective herbicide for the control of agricultural weeds. It is being increasingly used in glyphosate resistant genetically modified plants. However, there are few studies on its effects on the nutritional status of soybean, particularly on the uptake of zinc (Zn). Two experiments were conducted under field conditions in a Typic Quartzipsamment and an Orthic Ferralsol to investigate the effect of glyphosate application × Zn interaction on soil fertility, yield components, seed yield (SY), shoot dry weight (SDW) yield, and nutritional status of soybean. The five Zn rates 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 kg ha−1 were used in two soybean varieties [BRS 133 (conventional—NGM) and its essentially derived transgenic line BRS 245RR (GM), which was divided into: with (+Gly) and without (–Gly) glyphosate application. Only the P (phosphorus) and Zn available concentrations in the soil were impacted by Zn rates. However, the available P concentration only decreased in the soil planted with GM soybean. Mehlich 1 and diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid–triethanolamine (DTPA–TEA), 7.3 extractants were effective to determine the available Zn. In the two crop sites, the number of pods per plant (NPP) and the SDW yield were affected by the interaction varieties × Zn. SY was influenced by the application of the herbicide, reducing a potential phytotoxic effect with the use of high rates. Regarding the nutrients, only the foliar calcium (Ca), boron (B), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) concentrations were negatively affected by glyphosate, and in the case of Zn, the difference occurred only between the varieties BRS 133 and BRS 245RR. Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition National Soybean Research Center Department of Agronomy Londrina State University Department of Animal Science São Paulo State University Department of Animal Science São Paulo State University

Application of glyphosate herbicide in genetically modified (GM) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in soils with low zinc (Zn) concentration may interfere in the uptake of this and other nutrients, with negative impact on productivity. Thus, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions on Ustoxix Quatzipsamment soil to investigate the effects of the interaction of glyphosate with Zn for the yield, photosynthesis, soil fertility and nutritional status of soybean. The treatments consisted of two soybean varieties [BRS 133 (conventional—NGM) and its essentially derived transgenic line BRS 245RR (GM) with and without glyphosate application] and five Zn rates (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg−1, source zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)), with four replicates. Except for the copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) concentrations, the introduction of the herbicide-resistant gene is the predominant factor reducing nutrient uptake, photosynthetic (A) rate, stomatal conductance (Gs), leaf chlorophyll and ureide concentrations. The ...

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Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development, and its deficiency in plants has been widely reported in many regions of the world. About 50% of soil used for agriculture contain a low level of plant-available Zn, which reduces not only yield but also nutritional quality of grains and derivatives. Under these conditions, the Zn utilization efficiency (ZnUE) of plants is essential for food crops and human health. Zn uptake and ZnUE by plants is complex, as each step, including root and foliar uptake, assimilation, translocation, and remobilization are governed by multiple interacting environmental and genetic factors. Zinc transportation from roots to shoots occurs through the xylem and is then easily retranslocated by phloem. The Zn uptake into cells and its permeability into and out of intracellular organelles require some of the specific chemicals generally known as transporter proteins. These proteins possess a quality to span the cell membranes that facilitate the movement of Zn. A number of metal transporters have been identified in plants, including the P1B-ATPase family, zinc-regulated transporter (ZRT), iron-regulated transporter (IRT)-like protein (ZIP), natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) family, and cation diffusion facilitator (CDF or MTP) family. This manuscript critically reviews about Zn transport pathway, molecular genetic driving the Zn uptake, and Zn utilization efficiency in several crop plants.

Submitted by Isabel Godinho (igodinho@esel.pt) on 2018-04-19T08:49:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Relatório de Estágio.pdf: 3396650 bytes, checksum: b62ab4c208c6e9a6be6226c8fada35ca (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T08:49:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Relatório de Estágio.pdf: 3396650 bytes, checksum: b62ab4c208c6e9a6be6226c8fada35ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018

O presente Relatório de Estágio pretende revelar o desenvolvimento de competências científicas, técnicas e humanas que decorreram dos estágios realizados no âmbito do 7º Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem na Área de Especialização em Enfermagem de Saúde Infantil e Pediatria. Esta aprendizagem experiencial, e consequente reflexão, realizaram-se nos seguintes serviços de saúde: urgência pediátrica; serviço de pediatria médica que integra a especialidade de nefrologia e unidade de hemodiálise pediátrica; serviço de nefrologia pediátrica que inclui hospital de dia; centro de saúde; e unidade de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. O enfoque está no cuidar da criança com insuficiência renal e sua família. O problema identificado focou-se nas experiências e dificuldades vivenciadas pela criança com insuficiência renal e da sua família, pois esta condiciona o desenvolvimento físico, psicológico, emocional e social da criança, impondo restrições e obrigando a mudanças no seu quotidiano. O objeto de estudo centrou se nas intervenções de enfermagem à criança com insuficiência renal, perspetivando a complexidade do cuidar holístico. A prestação de cuidados à criança foi fundamentada em conceções teóricas como o cuidar humano de Jean Watson, os cuidados centrados na família e os cuidados não traumáticos, articulados com o modelo teórico de enfermagem de Betty Neuman. Desta forma, os cuidados de enfermagem à criança com insuficiência renal, nos diferentes estádios e em diferentes contextos, visaram facilitar a vivência do processo da doença, de forma a contribuir para o equilíbrio e bem-estar da criança e sua família. O desenvolvimento de intervenções de enfermagem individualizadas e holísticas teve em conta as diferentes variáveis do sistema-cliente (fisiológica, psicológica, sociocultural, desenvolvimental e espiritual), permitindo concretizar os objetivos delineados, desenvolvendo competências comuns e específicas de enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de saúde da criança e do jovem, assim como competências especializadas de enfermagem na prestação de cuidados à criança com insuficiência renal.

The introduction of cultivars with earlier development and greater productivity has raised questions about the effect of management practices on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] yield in a no-till (NT) system. The objective of the study was to evaluate the interaction between N fertilization, row spacing, and plant density on photosynthetic index, yield components, yield, and nutritional status of soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropping. For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5-cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used. No significant effects of row spacing and plant density were detected. The yields for 0 and 40 kg N ha–¹ rates were similar, while applying 20 kg N ha–¹ reduced, on average, soybean yield by 14.5%. The planting densities, row spacing, and N rates did not affect wheat yield, or oil and protein content in soybean seeds. Soil temperature (ST), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) increased, while plant height, chlorophyll content (CC), and transpiration rate (Trmmol) decreased with increasing spacing of soybean. Plant density changed ST, Ci, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance (gs). Leaf tissue analysis indicated adequate nutrient levels in soybean and wheat. The current management practice with 50-cm row spacing, no N fertilization to complement biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and 333,000 plants ha–¹ is adequate for soybean cultivation, while N supplied from soil organic matter (SOM) and BNF is sufficient to meet requirements of associated wheat crops.

The use of cultivar with nutrient-use efficiency is an important strategy in the management of plant nutritional status, particularly potassium (K), because its high demand and the progressive impoverishment caused by the use of inadequate amounts cause frequent deficiency symptoms observed in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crops. This study was conducted in greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with four replicates in an Typic Quartzipsamment soil aimed to assess the effect of applying two rates of K (50 and 200 mg kg−1) on growth, shoot dry weight yield (SDWY) and seed yield (SY), nutritional status, yield components, and efficiency of K use in eleven cultivars of different characteristics and growth habits. The SDWY, SY, number of seeds per pod, number of pods, and estimated 100-seed weight showed significant interaction between cultivar and the K rates, with greater values at the rate 200 mg K kg−1. Similarly, the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, calcium (Ca), ma...

The magnesium (Mg) use efficiency in the selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties may contribute to increased nutritional status and grain yield. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess common bean varieties following the application of Mg regarding productivity (yield), soil fertility, physiological components, and nutritional status. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme with three replicates. Five common bean varieties [BRS Estilo, IPR Tangara, IPR Campos Gerais (CG), IAPAR 81, and BRS Ametista] supplemented with two Mg concentrations [low (0 mg kg−1) and high (100 mg kg−1)] using magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as a source in an Ustoxix Quatzipsamment were assessed. The yield of shoot dry weight (SDW) and grains varied significantly between varieties and Mg rates. The high Mg concentration has negatively affected the yield of SDW and grains of variety IPR Tangara, and the opposite was observed for the other varieties. The physiolog...

In agriculture there is a tendency to reduce spacing between plant rows, both for perennial and annual plants. Yield gains have been associated with the use of this technique. However, in the case of perennial plants, this technique was found to reduce productivity in older orchards because of the greater competition between plants caused by the increased volume of the crown and root system, resulting in lower photosynthetic efficiency, increased infestation with fungal diseases, and greater competition in nutrient uptake. In addition to yield, efficient management should consider soil fertility, nutritional status, and the growth of the guarana variety. The present study aimed to assess the effects of spacing and plant density on grain yield, soil fertility, and nutritional status of two guarana varieties (BRS Amazonas and BRS Maues). The plant density studied were 625 (4 m × 4 m), 833 (4 m × 3 m), 1,111 (3 m × 3 m), 1,666 (3 m × 2 m), 2,500 (2 m × 2 m), and 5,000 (2 m × 1 m) plants per hectare distribut...

Most tropical soils have high acidity and low natural fertility. The appropriate application of lime and cattle manure corrects acidity, improves physical and biological properties, increases soil fertility, and reduces the use of chemical and/or synthetic fertilizers by crops, such as soybean, the main agricultural export product of Brazil. This study aimed to assess the effects of the combination of the application of dolomite limestone (0, 5, and 10 Mg ha−1) and cattle manure (0, 40, and 80 Mg ha−1) on grain yield and the chemical properties of an Oxisol (Red Latosol) cultivated with soybean for two consecutive years. The maximum grain yield was obtained with the application of 10 Mg ha−1 of lime and 80 Mg ha−1 of cattle manure. Liming significantly increased pH index, the concentrations of calcium (Ca2+) and exchangeable magnesium (Mg2+), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil and reduced potential acidity (H+ + Al3+), while the application of cattle manure increased pH level; the concentrations o...

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os efeitos da substituição da floresta primária por seringal (Hevea spp.), quanto aos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico na Amazônia Central. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0,0?0,1 m, em área de floresta primária e em seringais de 2,0 ha com idades de plantio de 6, 16, 18, 19, 20 e 45 anos. O reflorestamento das áreas por seringais não minimiza os efeitos negativos da retirada da floresta primária, com aumento do quociente metabólico e redução nos teores de carbono orgânico, carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (NBM), porosidade, enzimas (arilsulfatase, β-glucosidase e β-galactosidase) e substâncias húmicas (ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos e humina) do solo. O CBM e o NBM variaram de 291,97 a 615,27 μg g-1 e de 65,76 a 98,58 μg g-1, e mostram-se como os atributos mais sensíveis às alterações decorrentes da substituição da floresta primária por seringais. ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to quantify the effects of primary forest conversion into rubber tree plantation (Hevea spp.), concerning the physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes of a Xanthic Oxisol in the Central Amazon. Soil samples were collected at the 0.0?0.1 m depth in areas of the primary forest and of adjacent rubber tree plantations covering an area of 2.0 ha, with plant ages of 6, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 45 years. The Reforestation with rubber tree plantation does not minimize the negative effects of the removal of the primary forest, with increased metabolic quotient and reduction of organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), porosity, enzymes (arilsulfatase, β-glucosidase, and β-galactosidase), and humic substances (humic and fulvic acids, and humin) in the soil. MBC and MBN ranged from 291.97 to 615.27 μg g-1 and from 65.76 to 98.58 μg g-1, respectively, and they are the most sensitive attributes to alterations resulting from the replacement of primary forest by rubber tree plantations.

As student diversity increases in many schools across the globe, teacher diversity may not be keeping pace with the ever changing student population. Along with this comes an increasing number of issues and queries around race and education. The ideas surrounding how race impacts the education of students have been shrouded in controversy given the sensitive nature of the topic and its troubled past in some countries. Countries across the world struggle to recruit a teacher workforce that matches that of the student population especially in pockets where there are a larger number of minorities students. Many education programs, policies, and interventions more recently have been reasserting the ways that addressing issues with race in schools can be a positive change, specifically seeking to diversify teacher recruitment and match teachers or mentors with groups of students based on race to serve as built- in role models. Indeed, our increased awareness of teacher recruitment practices and the need for a more diverse teaching force is based on some of those assumptions that student/teacher race matching is and can be a positive thing. This pilot study seeks to examine these assumptions by looking at how race may actually affect teacher student relationships. This study focuses on students and teachers in a low-income area of the United States to assess student perceptions of their teachers on several key attributes of quality teaching. The aim of the study is to see if classrooms of students with similar races to that of their teacher perceive their teachers differently. More directly, do students share more favorable perceptions of their teachers if they are of the same racial background? This study finds that students perceive that teachers of the same race are more effective and have more positive relationships with them. This finding is consistent for both white and black teachers. The paper concludes with a call for more research and a continued push to diversity the teacher workforce worldwide.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito A presente dissertação tem como ponto de partida o exercício do Princípio da Audição da Criança nos Processos de Promoção e Proteção das Comissões de Proteção de Crianças e Jovens na sua realidade prática. Depois das indispensáveis considerações sobre a evolução histórico-legal dos Direitos da Criança e do atual paradigma do estatuto da Criança, passaremos à análise sobre a orgânica, procedimentos e princípios pelos quais as Comissões de Proteção se regem.Sendo um exemplo de como a comunidade atua em parceria com o Estado sobre um problema social e jurídico, equivale-se aos processos administrativos de proteção de infância de outros países que o art. 12.º da Convenção dos Direitos da Criança abrange.Tendo como finalidade principal (assim como critério para deliberação da decisão do processo) o Superior Interesse da Criança, conduzir-nos-emos para a questão de como podemos alcançá-lo. Os instrumentos legais internacionais, europeus e nacionais apontam todos para a mesma resposta: através da concretização da Audição da Criança.A doutrina e jurisprudência também demonstram esta crescente uniformização: pelo direito das crianças serem ouvidas, pelo direito de participação e expressão da sua opinião de forma que seja relevante para a tomada da decisão do terceiro imparcial (no caso a Comissão de Proteção).No entanto a realidade prática mostra que apesar das recentes alterações legislativas, os profissionais das Comissões continuam com dificuldade a proceder à Audição. É neste sentido que nos propomos a dar uma resposta orientadora, para que por fim, se consiga defender o seu Superior Interesse em concreto, ouvindo quem por direito pode se pronunciar e participar: a criança. The present dissertation has as its starting point the exercise of the ‘Hearing’ of the Child in the Child Protection System (called Processes of Promotion and Protection of Child Protection Commissions) in their practical reality. After the indispensable considerations about the historical-legal evolution of the Children’s Rights and the current paradigm of the status of the Child, we will proceed to the analysis of the organization, procedures and principles by which the Protection Commissions are governed.It is an example of how the community acts in partnership with the State on a social and legal problem and it is equivalent to the administrative processes of child protection of other countries, that art. 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child refer.Having as main purpose (as well as criterion for deliberation of the decision of the process) the Child’s Best Interests, we will lead to the question of how we can reach it. The international, European and national legal instruments point to the same answer: listening what children have to say.The legal doctrine and jurisprudence also demonstrate this increasing standardization: for children's right to be heard, for the right to participate and express their opinion in a way that is relevant to the decision of the impartial third party (in this case, the Child Protection Commission).However, practical reality shows that despite the recent legislative changes, the professionals of the Commissions continue to have difficulty hearing the Children. That’s why we propose to give a guiding answer, to finally be possible defending the Best Interest in the particular case, hearing who by right can speak and participate: the Child.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-08-06 Due to the high levels of crude protein in the achene, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the main oilseeds grown worldwide, particularly for the oil and meal production for animal feed. Despite these advantages, there are few studies on nutrient use efficiency under tropical conditions, especially nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of N sources and rates on sunflower achene yield (AY), yield and physiological components, and nutritional status of sunflower. The five N sources (calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium nitrate (NO3NH4), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), and urea (CO(NH2)2)), and four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg−1) were studied. AY was reduced with the ammonia sources application from the 100 mg N kg−1. Plant height and capitulum dry weight (CDW), capitulum diameter, shoot dry weight (SDW), and chlorophyll content were significantly related with N sources and rates. Except for potassium (K), the N rates changed the N, P, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and N concentration in achene. In the comparison of sources, on the average of N rates, urea application was more effective than the other N fertilizers in the AY. Department of Plant Nutrition Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science State University of São Paulo–UNESP Department of Crop Science State University of Londrina–UEL Department of Crop Science State University of São Paulo–UNESP

Liming reduces acidity neutralizes aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn2+) toxicities and increases calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) concentrations in many acid soils of the world. However, it reduces the availability of other cationic micronutrients that are essential for plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions for assessing the effects of higher lime rates in foliar and grain boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations of 15 soybean genotypes [Glycine max (L) Merrill]. The lime rates were calculated to raise base saturation (V) to 40 and 70%. The soybean genotypes were classified as efficient and moderately efficient in lime-use, the most efficient cultivar was BRS 295RR, and the least efficient was TMG 7161RR and BMX Forca RR. The lime rates × genotypes interaction was significant for foliar Cu. The grain the interactions were significant for B, Cu, Fe, and Mn concentrations. Foliar and grain B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concent...

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 EMBRAPA(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria) Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] is the leading food crop worldwide, and selection of soybean genotypes for different levels of soil acidity may raise crop yield without the need to increase in planted area. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to determine the effects of two lime rates on soil chemical properties, grain yield (GY), yield components, nutritional status and physiological components of 15 soybean genotypes adapted to tropical and subtropical conditions. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BMX Potencia RR, BRS 295RR, BRS 359RR, FPS Solar IPRO and TMG 716 IRR were the least responsive to soil acidity reduction, and BMX Turbo RR and BRS 360RR were the most responsive. Number of pods per pot, shoot dry weight yield, GY, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and chlorophyll increased significantly with increase in lime rate. Cultivar FPS Solar IPRO showed the highest foliar P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in soybean, which was not observed in the grain, indicating the presence of genetic factors and the dilution effect on nutrient uptake. EMBRAPA, Dept Soil Sci & Mineral Plant Nutr, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Londrina, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soils & Environm Resources, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soils & Environm Resources, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is common among crops grown in the tropics in acid and weathered soils. In response, the use of amino-acids (AAs) to increase the uptake of this nutrient has been increasing dramatically in recent years. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of results reported on the effect of applying AAs and adequate quantities of Zn on alfalfa grown under tropical edaphoclimatic conditions. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block in a factorial scheme (4×2) of four Zn rates of 0, 4, 8, and 16 mg kg−1) with and without spraying of AAs during the sprouting phase, to study the effects on the shoot dry weight (SDW) yield, nutritional state, physiological parameters, and soil fertility. The harvests were repeated over time (three cuts). The SDW yield was significantly influenced up to a rate of 4.0 mg kg−1 of Zn, after which it stabilized. Independent of the Zn rate, the application of AAs did not influence the SDW yield. Based on the averages for the three cuts,...

The cultivation of rubber trees in the humid tropical Amazon region is only possible with the use of crown grafts with species of Hevea sp. that are resistant to South American leaf blight – (SALB) [Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.) v. Arx.]. However, it has been observed that plants with grafted crowns are not efficient in remobilizing magnesium from the crown to the latex. The experimental design was a randomized block, with three replicates. Five crown clones were studied (CPAA C 01, CPAA C 06, CPAA C 18, CPAA C 45, and CBA 2) with two magnesium (Mg) levels [source: magnesium sulfate(MgSO4): low-Mg (150 g plant−1 of MgSO4 × 7H2O] and high-Mg (450 g plant−1 of MgSO4 × 7H2O). The panel clone used for tapping was CNS AM 7905 (Hevea brasiliensis). The results showed that the Mg levels influenced the crown clones differently in relation to yield, efficiency index and leaf and soil Mg concentration. Clone CPAA C 01 with a high-Mg produced over 2.0 t ha−1 of dry rubber. Clones CPAA C 01 and CPAA C 45 were the most ...

Roots are important organs that supply water and nutrients to growing plants. Data related to root growth and nutrient uptake by tropical legume cover crops are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate root growth of tropical legume cover crops and nutrient uptake and use efficiency under different phosphorus (P) levels. The P levels used were 0 (low), 100 (medium), and 200 (high) mg kg−1 of soil, and five cover crops were evaluated. Root dry weight, maximum root length, and specific root length were significantly influenced by P and cover crop treatments. Maximum values of these root growth parameters were achieved with the addition of 100 mg P kg−1 soil. The P × cover crops interactions for all the macro- and micronutrients, except manganese (Mn), were significant, indicating variation in uptake pattern of these nutrients by cover crops with the variation in P rates. Overall, uptake pattern of macronutrients was in the order of nitrogen (N) > calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > P...

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients in upland rice production in Brazil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate N uptake and use efficiency as influenced by N sources. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol. The N sources were ammonium sulfate and urea, and N rates were 0, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 400 mg kg−1 of soil. Nitrogen concentrations in the root, shoot, and grain were significantly influenced by N sources. The N rate and N source significantly influenced the N uptake in root, shoot, and grain. Similarly, nitrogen rate by N source interaction was also significant for N uptake in the root, shoot, and grain, indicating N source has a significant influence on uptake of N. Overall, concentration (content per unit dry weight) of N was greater in the grain, followed by root and shoot. Agronomical efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, and utilization efficiency of N were significantly influenced b...

Soybean is one of the most important legume crops in the world. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of liming and gypsum application on yield and yield components of soybean and changes in soil chemical properties of an Oxisol. Lime rates used were 0, 0.71, 1.42, 2.14, 2.85, and 4.28 g kg−1 soil. Gypsum rates applied were 0, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 g kg−1 soil. Lime as well as gypsum significantly increased grain yield in a quadratic fashion. Maximum grain yield was achieved with the application of 1.57 g lime per kg soil, whereas the gypsum requirement for maximum grain yield was 1.43 g per kg of soil. Lime significantly improved soil pH, exchangeable soil calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents, base saturation, and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). However, lime application significantly decreased total acidity [hydrogen (H) + aluminum (Al)], zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) contents of the soil. The decrease in these soil properties was associated with incre...

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and vinasse on soil chemical properties and productivity and nutritional characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using a 3×5 factorial arrangement, with three vinasse rates (0, 150 and 300 m3 ha-1) and five phosphogypsum rates (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 Mg ha-1). The alfalfa chemical composition and shoot dry matter (SDW) and soil chemical properties (in the layers 0.0-0.2 and 0.21-0.4 m) were evaluated. The vinasse rates increased the soil potassium contents, while the phosphogypsum rates promoted linear increases in soil calcium and sulfur contents. The base saturation was increased and the magnesium content showed a quadratic response on the layer 0.21-0.4 m with the increase in phosphogypsum rates. The calcium, magnesium and phosphorus contents in the alfalfa leaves were lower with vinasse application. The phosphogypsum rates promoted linear increases in alfalfa SDW. Vinasse rated 150 m3 ha-1 was been enough to SDW increase. Calcium and magnesium contents in the leaves fitted a quadratic model, with maximum calcium content in the phosphogypsum rate of 9.5 Mg ha-1 and the minimum magnesium content in the phosphogypsum rate of 8.7 Mg ha-1. The leaf sulfur contents in all vinasse rates and leaf potassium contents in the highest vinasse rate showed maximum accumulation at near 9 Mg ha-1 of phosphogypsum. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de gesso e vinhaça na produção de matéria seca, nutrição e atributos químicos do solo cultivado com alfafa. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, com três doses de vinhaça, 0, 150 e 300 m3 ha-1 e cinco doses de gesso agrícola (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 Mg ha-1). Foram avaliados a composição química e matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e os atributos químicos do solo (0-0,2 e 0,21-0,4 m). As doses de vinhaça aumentaram os teores de potássio, enquanto as doses de gesso promoveram acréscimos lineares nos teores de cálcio e enxofre no solo. A saturação de bases foi crescente e o magnésio teve efeito quadrático na camada de 0,21-0,4 m em função das doses de gesso. Os teores de cálcio, magnésio e fósforo na folha da alfafa foram menores com a aplicação de vinhaça. As doses de gesso promoveram acréscimos lineares na MSPA da alfafa. A dose de 150 m3 ha-1 já foi suficiente para aumentar a MSPA. Os teores de cálcio e magnésio na folha tiveram ajuste quadrático, com máximo acúmulo de cálcio em 9,5 Mg ha-1 e o magnésio com ponto de mínimo na dose de 8,7 Mg ha-1 de gesso. Os teores foliares de enxofre sob doses de vinhaça e os de potássio na maior dose obtiveram máximo acumulo na presença de 9 Mg ha-1 de gesso.

The Portuguese proposal to CIAM X (Dubrovnik 1956) wasfocused on the issue of rural planning. A new village was established among a set of existing ones, working as a structural core. The vernacular influence was clearly present through the images of Trás-os-Montes (Survey on Portuguese Regional Architecture) used as a reference source for the new house typology. In addition to the vernacular, one can also identify modern references, in both Portugaland Spain, within the scope of internal colonization in the 20th century,regarding the settlement of the Portuguese agricultural colonies (1920smid1950s) and the pueblos in Spain (1940s-1971), which had significance for the contemporary countryside image. Considering “theevolutive house” of the Portuguese proposal in CIAM X, or the modularsolutions of the colonization settlements, one can find examples lyingbetween the trendy and those in rooted architectural culture. In this paper, we analysed the rural 20th century housing idea present in theinternal Iberian colonization settlements and in the ideological and political context under the dictatorial regimes. Using a comparative method, two case studies were examined in order to identify andabstract through cross-referencing main rural directions in the differentIberian contexts, and to frame common factors or different experiences,in the application of the planning schemes in both settlement and housing attributes.