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• Decreased cerebellar inhibition (CBI) suggests affection of the cerebellar efferent pathway in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). • The extent of CBI increases with disease severity. • The results suggest increase of the GABAergic tone in Purkinje cells with increasing severity of HE. Previous animal work reported that hyperammonemia leads to opposing changes of GABAergic neurotransmission in terms of increase in the cerebellum and decrease in the cerebral cortex. In this study, we investigate GABAergic tone in the cerebellum in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) at different stages of the disease and its relation to critical flicker frequency (CFF) and ataxia. Cerebellar inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation was investigated in 15 patients with different stages of HE and 15 healthy controls. All patients were assessed using CFF and the score for assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA). Decreased cerebellar inhibition (CBI) was observed in manifest HE at interstimulus interval from 5 to 7 ms. However, the degree of CBI at 7 ms correlated significantly with disease severity measured with SARA and with CFF by trend. Reduced CBI in HE patients indicates affection of the cerebellar efferent pathway. The disease severity dependent increase of CBI magnitude supports the notion of disease stage dependent increase of GABAergic neurotransmission in Purkinje cells. The results support previous animal experiments showing increase of GABA-ergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum and decrease in the motor cortex in HE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-stroke aphasia (PSA) is a disabling complication after stroke leading to impairment of quality of life. It was reported to develop in one third of patients with stroke and in two thirds of patients with right hemiplegia due to stroke. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the relative frequency, clinical types, and prognosis of vascular aphasia in patients with acute cerebrovascular stroke. Methods: The study was conducted on 1508 patients who were admitted with acute cerebrovascular stroke to the Neurology Department of Assiut University Hospital during the 6-month period. Among them, there were 107 patients presented with aphasia who were subjected to clinical assessment, Kasr El-Eini Arabic Aphasia test (KAAT), computerized tomography, and/or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Follow-up study of aphasic patients was done after 1 and 3 months with KAAT. Results: Relative frequency of vascular aphasia in the Neurology Department of Assiut University Hospital was 7.1% and more common among male patients (57.9%), with the most frequent type was global aphasia (66.4%). Better improvement in follow-up was for aphasia without repetitive disorder (p = 0.000) mainly for subcortical aphasia (p = 0.000), and better recovery was reported among younger age groups (p = 0.041), patients with cerebral hemorrhage (p = 0.019), and patients with small-sized lesions (p = 0.031). Conclusion: There were many prognostic factors which can predict rate of aphasia recovery like age of the patient, aphasia type, size, site, and pathology of the lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of damping high tumbling rates after deployment of spacecraft from a rocket using PCB-integrated (printed circuit board) embedded planar coils that acts as pseudo- 2D magnetorquers is explored for higher form factor small satellites (2 U and 4 U). The magnetorquers cannot generate the torque if their axes are lined up with the local geomagnetic field and generally the reaction wheels are actuated to generate this torque component. CubeSats are small satellites that have cube units of 10 cm along each axis and they are usually detumbled using magnetorquer rods bringing norm to the point where reaction wheels take over to reduce the body rates to zero. In this paper, the task of removing the initial angular velocities is undertaken by using the embedded planar coils without relying on the secondary actuators using an intelligent projection based form of the B-Dot control. The proposed reconfigurable planar coils can effectively detumble the higher form factor small satellites using application-specific optimal coil configuration. The performance parameters for various possible combinations of the coils are thermally evaluated to sustain a stable thermal profile as the planar coils are embedded inside the multilayered PCB in the form of copper traces. Lastly, the proposed coils are compared with the performance parameters of the commercial actuators in the formal studies. It is found that the suggested embedded planar magnetorquers outperforms the competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: A remarkable change in lattice parameters and bulk modulus is achieved by the suitable addition of Al (Al1-x Lax Sb) and In (Al1-x Inx Sb) atoms in the AlSb compound. Electronic responses like band structure, the total partial density of states, and the elemental density of states are thoroughly investigated. The computed values indicate that the binary compound AlSb is an indirect band gap and an optically inactive response. After increasing the doping concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75) of La and In in AlSb, the band gap changes from indirect to direct nature. Hence, Al1-0.75 La0.25 Sb, Al1-0.50 La0.50 Sb, Al1-0.75 In0.25Sb, and Al1-0.50 In0.50Sb become optically active. The illustrious roles of Al-3p and In-4d states on the band gap and nonlinear responses of these compounds are extensively explored by the comparison between the computed results of ultra-soft and norm converging pseudopotentials. The excess specific heat (CV), enthalpy of mixing (Hm), and phonon dispersion curves resulting from the concentrations "x" are estimated in order to investigate the thermodynamic stability responses of the pristine and doped AlSb. The obtained CV and thermal coefficient statistics for Al1-x Lax Sb and Al1-x Inx Sb may be useful for a good mapping of experimental results and examining these compounds' enharmonic responses. There is a valuable change in optical characteristics like dielectric functional, absorption, conductivity, and refractive index due to the addition of (La, In) impurities in AlSb. It is further observed that Al1-0.75 La0.25 Sb, Al1-0.50 La0.50 Sb, Al1-0.75 In0.25Sb, and Al1-0.50 In0.50Sb are significantly mechanically stable compared to pristine AlSb. The above results suggest that Al1-x Lax Sb and Al1-x Inx Sb are high-performance optical materials and can be promising potential candidates for optoelectronic applications. Methods: The structural, electronic, mechanical, vibrational, and optical responses of the pure and doped Al1-0.75 La0.25 Sb, Al1-0.50 La0.50 Sb, Al1-0.75 In0.25Sb, and Al1-0.50 In0.50Sb are investigated, using Heydscuseria-Ernzerhof screened hybrid functional (HSEO6) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with norm-converging and ultra-soft pseudopotential techniques in the density functional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carob is botanically called as Ceratonia siliqua and belongs to the Legumes family. The fruit is derived from hermaphrodite trees and hard in shape. The carob contains high sugar contents in pulp, fat in seed and minerals like potassium, calcium, and phosphorus are present in pods. Polyphenols and antioxidants are abundant in leaves and pods. It can be used for enhancing human health due to its high nutritional profile. Carob gum is used in the pharmaceutical industry in the form of pomades, anti‐celiac ingredients, pills, and dental paste. The clinical carob can aid as an anti‐cancer, anti‐reflux, anti‐diabetic, anti‐diarrheal, anti‐hyperlipidemia, anti‐bacterial, anti‐microbial, and anti‐fungal. Nowadays, carob seeds are being used as an alternative to cocoa powder in food items whereas the leaves, pods, and seeds of carob are also historically used as food for animal feed. However, these parts of carob are available in markets with reasonable prices. Carob production, though with a rising contribution, contributes to the local economy. In this sense, we can incorporate knowledge on the chemical properties and the biological effect of carob fruits on human health. In this study, the supportive and health‐promoting impacts of carob are discussed along with the clinical testing obtained from natural constituents of carob. In addition, further studies can be performed to extract and separate polyphenols and antioxidant potential for the development of functional that play a valuable role in pharmaceutical and food sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of the antidepressant drug nortriptyline hydrochloride (NOT) with the surface-active ionic liquid (SAIL), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C10mim][Cl], has been studied using multiple techniques, including conductometric titration, tensiometric, fluorometric, dynamic light scattering and UV-visible spectrophotometric measurements. There is a significant decrease in the cmc of SAIL on the addition of the drug NOT, indicating adsorption of drug molecules in the outer portion of the micelle. In the present study, the values of the packing parameter, P, lie in the range of 0-0.3, which suggests that the micelles formed are spherical in nature. More negative values of the standard Gibbs energy of adsorption, ΔGad∘, compared to ΔGm∘ support our contention that adsorption of SAIL on the air-solution interface is relatively more favorable than its micellization in the presence of NOT. Fluorescence and DLS studies indicate that the aggregation number, Nagg, and hydrodynamic radius of SAIL increase with increase in concentration of NOT. The UV-visible spectroscopic study confirms the formation of a new complex between SAIL and NOT; this is also supported by the negative Gibbs energy of complexation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical finite differential time domain (FDTD) tools were used in this study for predicting the optical characteristics through the nanostructure of composite silver-porous silicon (Ag-pSi) based periodical lattice. This is aimed at providing an interpretation of the optical spectra at known porosity in improvement of the light manipulating efficiency through a proposed structure. With boundary conditions correctly chosen, the numerical simulation was achieved using FDTD Lumerical solutions. This was used to investigate the effect of porosity and the number of layers on the reflection, transmission and absorption characteristics through a proposed structure in a visible wavelength range of 400–750 nm. The results revealed that the higher the number of layers, the lower the reflection. Also, the reflection increases with porosity increase. The transmission characteristics were the inverse to those found in the case of reflection spectra and optimum transmission was attained at high number of layers. Also, increase in porosity results in reduced transmission. Increase in porosity as well as in the number of layers led to an increase in absorption. Therefore, absorption into such structure can be enhanced by elevating the number of layers and the degree of porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural herbs are now receiving more attention due to the growing demand for their antioxidant properties. This study compared flaxseed and fennel seeds for their nutritional composition, bioactive moieties, and antioxidant activity—the study comprised two different phases. According to methods, phase I analyzed flaxseed and fennel seeds for proximate composition, mineral profile, dietary fiber, and amino acid content. In phase II, seeds were extracted using three different solvents, i.e., ethanol 80%, acetone 80%, and distilled water, to probe the total phenolic and flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH and a FRAP in the final phase. Current study revealed that flaxseed had higher protein (17.33 ± 0.02%), fat content (36.76 ± 0.02%), potassium (763.66 ± 4.04 mg/100 g), iron (5.13 ± 0.03 mg/100 g), phosphorus (581.46 ± 4.07 mg/100 g), magnesium (406.60 ± 5.12 mg/100 g), and zinc (3.30 ± 0.49 mg/100 g), respectively. In fennel seed, high dietary fiber (53.2 ± 0.01 g/100 mg), calcium, manganese, and sodium (588.93 ± 7.77, 20.30 ± 0.95, and 57.34 ± 0.33 mg/100 g, respectively) were found. Acetone showed better extraction efficiency than acetone, ethanol, and distilled water. Moreover, acetone flaxseed extract showed higher total phenolic content (84.13 ± 7.73 mgGAE/g), flavonoid content (5.11 ± 1.50 mgQE/g), and FRAP (5031 ± 15.92 μMFe2+/g) than fennel seed extract. This study showed that, among both herbs, flaxseed extract may have pharmacological potential in preventing illnesses and may be suggested for use in the food industry as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review was carried out on the industrial application of fig by-products and their role against chronic disorders. Fig is basically belonging to fruit and is botanically called Ficus carica. There are different parts of fig, including the leaves, fruits, seeds and latex. The fig parts are a rich source of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals including antioxidants, phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols and vitamins. These different parts of fig are used in different food industries such as the bakery, dairy and beverage industries. Fig by-products are used in extract or powder form to value the addition of different food products for the purpose of improving the nutritional value and enhancing the stability. Fig by-products are additive-based products which contain high phytochemicals fatty acids, polyphenols and antioxidants. Due to the high bioactive compounds, these products performed a vital role against various diseases including cancer, diabetes, constipation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Concussively, fig-based food products may be important for human beings and produce healthy food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of functional components containing agricultural foods is enhancing because these components aid the human body against different chronic diseases. Currently, chia seeds basically belong to the mint family and are edible seeds of Salvia hispanica. These seeds are composed of different functional components including fiber, polyphenols, antioxidants, omega‐3 fatty acid vitamins, minerals, and peptides. Besides, these seeds are also a good source of vegetable protein, unsaturated fat, carbohydrates, and ash. Chia seed components are helpful in cardiovascular disease (CVD) by reducing blood pressure, platelet aggregation, cholesterol, and oxidation. In GI‐tract‐related diseases like diabetes and constipation, chia fiber reduces the blood glucose level and provides bulk to stool. However, antioxidants and polyphenols are protected beta cells of the pancreas from inflammation. These components are protected from the cell damage of the different body parts, which can provide help in different types of cancer including breast, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic. Conclusively, some pervious studies approved that chia seed components are played important role in chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is one of the major prevailing and costly diseases in dairy cattle and buffaloes. This study describes the current prevalence of mastitis in lactating cattle, and buffaloes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during 2019-2020, to identify bacterial pathogens of mastitis, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance. A total of 1013 milk samples belonging to 726 cattle and 287 buffaloes were examined to detect clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM). Mastitic milk samples (n=541) were further used to investigate the prevalence of bacteria associated with mastitis and their antimicrobial susceptibilities by standard disc diffusion assay. The results showed that the prevalence of CM and SCM was 21.2% and 62.3% in cattle, while 17.8% and 68.9% in buffaloes, respectively. Additionally, it was noted that CM was higher in cattle, while SCM was higher in buffaloes. Amongst the bacterial isolates from mastitic milk the prevalence of Staphylococci spp. (24.6%) was at highest, which was followed by Escherichia coli (23.7%), then Streptococci spp. (8%) Salmonella spp. (5.9%), Klebsiella spp. (5.7%), Candida spp. (4.1%), and Proteus spp. (1.5%). The isolated bacteria were mostly resistant to ampicillin (96.5%), sulphamethoxazole (96.5%), streptomycin (95.1%), oxytetracycline (85%), and amoxicillin (78.1%). However, the isolates were highly susceptible to enrofloxacin (86.2%), gentamicin (83.5%), and florfenicol (82.6%). This study might be helpful to the clinicians and researchers associated with the dairy industry for designing prophylactic as well as therapeutic strategies for the control of bovine mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is one of the major prevailing and costly diseases in dairy cattle and buffaloes. This study describes the current prevalence of mastitis in lactating cattle, and buffaloes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during 2019-2020, to identify bacterial pathogens of mastitis, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance. A total of 1013 milk samples belonging to 726 cattle and 287 buffaloes were examined to detect clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM). Mastitic milk samples (n=541) were further used to investigate the prevalence of bacteria associated with mastitis and their antimicrobial susceptibilities by standard disc diffusion assay. The results showed that the prevalence of CM and SCM was 21.2% and 62.3% in cattle, while 17.8% and 68.9% in buffaloes, respectively. Additionally, it was noted that CM was higher in cattle, while SCM was higher in buffaloes. Amongst the bacterial isolates from mastitic milk the prevalence of Staphylococci spp. (24.6%) was at highest, which was followed by Escherichia coli (23.7%), then Streptococci spp. (8%) Salmonella spp. (5.9%), Klebsiella spp. (5.7%), Candida spp. (4.1%), and Proteus spp. (1.5%). The isolated bacteria were mostly resistant to ampicillin (96.5%), sulphamethoxazole (96.5%), streptomycin (95.1%), oxytetracycline (85%), and amoxicillin (78.1%). However, the isolates were highly susceptible to enrofloxacin (86.2%), gentamicin (83.5%), and florfenicol (82.6%). This study might be helpful to the clinicians and researchers associated with the dairy industry for designing prophylactic as well as therapeutic strategies for the control of bovine mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we discuss the advantages of vegetable sprouts in the development of food products as well as their beneficial effects on a variety of disorders. Sprouts are obtained from different types of plants and seeds and various types of leafy, root, and shoot vegetables. Vegetable sprouts are enriched in bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, antioxidants, and vitamins. Currently, different conventional methods and advanced technologies are used to extract bioactive compounds from vegetable sprouts. Due to some issues in traditional methods, increasingly, the trend is to use recent technologies because the results are better. Applications of phytonutrients extracted from sprouts are finding increased utility for food processing and shelf-life enhancement. Vegetable sprouts are being used in the preparation of different functional food products such as juices, bread, and biscuits. Previous research has shown that vegetable sprouts can help to fight a variety of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Furthermore, in the future, more research is needed that explores the extraordinary ways in which vegetable sprouts can be incorporated into green-food processing and preservation for the purpose of enhancing shelf-life and the formation of functional meat products and substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare genetic disorder of copper metabolism that results in dysfunction of copper excretion into bile leading to its accumulation in the liver, brain, cornea, and kidney. Only a few epidemiological studies about WD have been carried out, with limited available data about the disease. The most common liver disease in Egypt is viral hepatitis, which masks other liver diseases, especially in adults. This review describes the establishment of the first specialized WD clinic in the Assiut Liver Center, Upper Egypt. This multidisciplinary clinic comprises stakeholders working in WD management from different specialties, including hepatologists, pediatric hepatologists, neuropsychiatrists, dieticians, radiologists, pathologists, and ophthalmologists. Over 2 years since the launch of the WD clinic in February 2020, a total of 64 WD suspected cases were referred to our center. The WD clinic at the Assiut Liver Center is a step to provide an integrated service for neglected diseases like WD. Besides the provided integrated services for WD patients, a family screening program is applied with satisfying results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of ZnO-based dilute magnetic semiconductor nanostructures co-doped with rare-earth and transition metals has attracted substantial attention for spintronics application. In this work, Pr (1%) and Fe (1%, 3%, and 5%) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via co-precipitation method, and their structural, morphological, optical, photoluminescence, and magnetic properties were investigated. The single-phase wurtzite hexagonal crystal structure of all samples was detected via X-ray diffraction. Morphological analysis revealed spherical shape of the NPs with an average size in 20–50 nm range. The ultraviolet (UV)–visible measurements showed a redshift in the UV band and a slight change in the bandgap of the co-doped NPs. Fourier transform infrared analysis proved the existence of different functional groups in all synthesized NPs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that Pr and Fe ions incorporated in the host ZnO lattice exhibit Pr3+ and Fe3+ oxidation states, respectively. Photoluminescence analysis showed that incorporated ions induce characteristic emission bands and structural defects in the synthesized NPs. Magnetic characterization indicated that the ZnO NPs exhibit a diamagnetic nature. However, the (Pr, Fe) co-doped NPs exhibit ferromagnetism at room temperature because of the interactions between Pr3+ and Fe3+ ions and trapped electrons mediated by bound magnetic polarons. Excellent optical and magnetic properties of synthesized samples may render them promising candidates for spintronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apart from infecting a large number of people around the world and causing the death of many people, the COVID-19 pandemic seems to have changed the healthcare processes of other diseases by changing the allocation of health resources and changing people's access or intention to healthcare systems.Objective: To compare the incidence of endpoints marking delayed healthcare seeking in medical emergencies, before and during the pandemic.Methods: Based on a PICO model, medical emergency conditions that need timely intervention was selected to be evaluated as separate panels. In a systematic literature review, PubMed was quarried for each panel for studies comparing the incidence of various medical emergencies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Markers of failure/disruption of treatment due to delayed referral were included in the meta-analysis for each panel.Result: There was a statistically significant increased pooled median time of symptom onset to admission of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients; an increased rate of vasospasm of aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage; and perforation rate in acute appendicitis; diabetic ketoacidosis presentation rate among Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients; and rate of orchiectomy among testicular torsion patients in comparison of pre-COVID-19 with COVID-19 cohorts; while there were no significant changes in the event rate of ruptured ectopic pregnancy and median time of symptom onset to admission in the cerebrovascular accident (CVA) patients.Conclusions: COVID-19 has largely disrupted the referral of patients for emergency medical care and patient-related delayed care should be addressed as a major health threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background and Purpose The neurophysiological characteristics of motor cortex have been well characterized in patients with Huntington's disease. We present the first data on cortical excitability in patients with Sydenham's chorea. Methods Motor cortex excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation in 16 patients in the early clinical stages of Sydenham's chorea and in 17 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Investigations included resting and active motor threshold, motor evoked potential, input-output curves, contralateral silent period, and transcallosal inhibition. Results Resting and active motor threshold were significantly higher and motor evoked potentials were significantly smaller in patients in comparison with controls. The input-output curves were shallower in both hemispheres of patients with chorea compared with controls. No significant differences were seen in silent period or transcallosal inhibition duration. Conclusion Sydenham's chorea is characterized by reduced excitability of corticospinal output similar to that observed in Huntington's disease. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takotsubo syndrome is an increasingly recognized acute cardiac affliction which is characterized by severe regional left ventricular dysfunction that cannot be explained by one or more occlusive culprit lesions of a coronary artery. A preceding somatic and/or emotional stressor can be identified in a majority of these patients and older women are overrepresented among the afflicted. Catecholamine levels are elevated in patients with takotsubo and exogenous catecholamine administration may cause or exacerbate the condition. Hence, catecholamines appear implicated in the pathogenesis. However, beyond catecholamine the pathogenesis of the takotsubo syndrome is unclear. Five distinct hypotheses have been postulated which attempt to explain why specific regions within the left ventricle are affected in takotsubo. In this manuscript we critically review these hypotheses in light of the available data. We discuss how the different hypotheses may be complementary to each other and to which extent they are contradicting one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The densities, ρ, refractive indices, n, and ultrasonic speeds, u, of binary mixtures of acetonitrile (AN) with poly(ethylene glycol) 200 (PEG200), poly(ethylene glycol) 300 (PEG300) and poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG400) were measured over the entire composition range at temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, the excess molar volumes, $$ V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}} $$ , deviations in refractive indices, $$ \Delta n_{\text{D}} $$ , excess molar isentropic compressibility, $$ K_{{s , {\text{m}}}}^{\text{E}} $$ , excess intermolecular free length, $$ L_{\text{f}}^{\text{E}} $$ , and excess acoustic impedance, Z, have been evaluated. The partial molar volumes, $$ \overline{V}_{\text{m,1}} $$ and $$ \overline{V}_{\text{m,2}} $$ , partial molar isentropic compressibilities, $$ \overline{K}_{{s , {\text{m,1}}}} $$ and $$ \overline{K}_{{s , {\text{m,2}}}} $$ , and their excess values over whole composition range and at infinite dilution have also been calculated. The variations of these properties with composition and temperature are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. The results indicate the presence of specific interactions among the AN and PEG molecules, which follow the order PEG200 < PEG300 < PEG400. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Li 2 FeSiO 4 has emerged as a promising alternative cathode material for next-generation Li-ion-based batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. We used spin density functional to investigate the structural, electronic, and thermodynamic responses of the pure and doped Li 16 Fe 8 Si 8 O 32 system. In the Li-site is substituted by Li 61 Na 3 Fe 32 Si 32 O 128 , Li 59 Na 5 Fe 32 Si 32 O 128 , Li 56 Na 8 Fe 32 Si 32 O 128 , and in the Si-site, Li 64 Fe 32 Si 31 Sn 1 O 128 , Li 64 Fe 32 Si 30 Sn 2 O 128 , Li 64 Sn 4 Fe 32 Si 28 O 128 atoms, employing the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) with generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The introduction of dopants induces significant modifications in the lattice parameters and corresponding volumes, thereby affecting the overall structural characteristics. The computed band gaps of both systems experience a decrease in the presence of dopants, indicating an enhancement in electronic conductive responses. The calculated results show that the band gap of Na-doped can be changed from 2.66 eV to 1.94 eV, and Sn-doped can be changed from 2.66 eV to 0.89 eV, respectively. The element, partial, and total density of states investigations reveal impurity states created by the modified atoms extending to the conduction band maximum. Intriguingly, Na and Sn concentrations in the pure system contribute to modified electronic conductivity attributed to volumetric expansion, a narrowed band gap, and reduced ionic bonding. In this analysis, we have recognized four new thermodynamically stable systems within the Li–Si–Fe–O system, both pure and dopant systems complementing each other. The computational investigations presented here are expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the doping effects on Li 2 FeSiO 4 , facilitating further advancements in cathode material design for Li-ion batteries. • Li 2 FeSiO 4 is promising for next-gen Li-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. • Doping with Na and Sn alters lattice parameters, volumes, and electronic properties, enhancing electronic conductivity. • Na and Sn doping significantly reduce the band gap, with Na doping at 1.94 eV and Sn doping at 0.89 eV, thereby improving electronic conductivity. • Computational analysis reveals four new stable systems within the Li–Si–Fe–O system, including both pure and doped variants, advancing material design for Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review is informed about the effectiveness of plant-derived functional components that aids in the regulation and health of endocrine glands. The endocrine glands include the thyroid, adrenal, hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal, ovaries and testes that play vital functions in our body such as growth and development, metabolism, mood and reproduction controlled by hormones. The abnormalities in the functions of endocrine glands are formed various disorders, some major disorders are diabetes, goiter, kidney problem, brain-related diseases and PCOS. Different parts of plant-based foods (fruits, vegetables, cereals, beans, legumes, herbs and spices) are composed of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phenolic compounds that help support different body functions. It is concluded that plant-based foods are a rich source of functional components that play a valuable role in regulating the function of the endocrine glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 fatty acids are rich in marine animals and plant-based foods like grains and seeds. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are directly present in different fish types, whereas they are indirectly available in various seeds and grains. Plants seeds and grains contain omega 3-fatty acids in the form of ALA that is converted into EPA and DHA with the help of specific enzymes. DHA and EPA play an important role in developing brain and nerve cells. Several studies confirmed that children need these fatty acids at all stages, including pre-birth and after-birth. During pregnancy and lactation, the fetus fulfills its requirements by the mother's diet. During childhood, DHA and EPA demands are fulfilled from different food sources. Different Clinical studies suggested that n-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy, lactation and infants may play an important role in brain development, including neurodevelopment, nervous tissue, optimal visual and neuronal signaling. Animal and cell studies showed that DHA is a vital fatty acid with brain function for neuronal cell growth. Pharmacologically, these omega 3 fatty acids improve mental health and reduce the risk of brain-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, epilepsy, schizophrenia, stroke, Parkinson's disease and autism spectrum disorders. This review described the importance of fatty acids including EPA and DHA in supporting the optimum growth and development of brain. The conclusive statement, DHA and EPA are vital functional materials for forming babies' brain at different age periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat is the richest source of protein and according to meat sources, the protein is composed of different types of amino acids which are completely dependent upon the protein types. Myofibril is basically muscle protein that's widely present in different types of fish and low quantity is present in different meat (camel). Myofibril is made up of thick and thin myofilaments chemically. Actin, tropomyosin, troponin, and tropomyosin are thin myofilaments on the other hand myosin is only the thick myofilament. It is helpful in the formation of strong skeleton muscle and can also stronger and formation the cardiac layers (epicardium, myocardium and endocardium). Technologically, it can be used in the formation of different food products for the purpose of developing diet supplements. This review discussed different sources and chemical properties of myofibril protein and also its potential role toward the cardiac health. Myofibril's thick and thin filaments contribute in the construction of skeletal muscle and enhance the heart's protective coverings. The literature has been collected from Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Myofibrils are made up of thick and thin filaments that can help in different human body functions. In the future, more research is necessary that discuss the close relation between myofibril protein and cardiac layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For the first time, actual data regarding an evacuated tube SWH has been collected from an implemented system in Lebanon. The data collected was based on a number of sensors installed at various points in the system. The results indicated real hot water use of the household and operational temperatures throughout the year. The system provided more than 98% of the household needs indicating a clear over sizing of the system. Other findings include excessive heat generated in the summer, necessitating forced shadowing of the collectors. The system provided 3049 kWh/y and saved the family around $195. More significant savings are obtained by the electricity company since electricity in Lebanon is subsidized. This case study provides a reference point for the observed savings rather than estimated savings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The densities, ρ of binary mixtures of methyl acrylate with 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol and 1-decanol, including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range were measured at temperatures 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, the excess molar volume, V m E, partial molar volumes, V m,1 °∞ and V m,2 °∞ , and excess partial molar volumes, V m,1 °E,∞ and V m,2 °E, ∞ at infinite dilution were calculated. The V m E values were found positive over the whole composition range for all the mixtures and at each temperature studied, except for methyl acrylate+1-butanol which exhibit negative V m E values, indicating the presence of specific interactions between methyl acrylate and 1-alkanol molecules. The deviations in V m E values follow the order: 1-butanol<1-hexanol<1-octanol<1-decanol. It is observed that V m E values depend upon the length of alkyl chain in 1-alkanols and the interactions between methyl acrylate and 1-alkanols decrease with increase in alkyl chain length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The densities, ρ, of binary mixtures of butyl acrylate (BA) with benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and mesitylene, including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range were measured at the temperatures (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, the excess molar volumes, $${V_{\rm m}^{\rm E}}$$ were calculated. The $${V_{\rm m}^{\rm E}}$$ values were negative over the whole composition range for all the mixtures and at each temperature studied, except for BA + mesitylene which exhibit positive $${V_{\rm m}^{\rm E}}$$ values, indicating the presence of specific interactions between BA and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules. The deviations in $${V_{\rm m}^{\rm E}}$$ values follow the order: benzene

Abstract: The densities of binary mixtures of ethyl acrylate with 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol, including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range were measured at temperatures (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, the excess molar volume, V m E, partial molar volumes, V̅m,1° and V̅m,2° at infinite dilution, and excess partial molar volumes, V̅m,1°°E and V̅m,2°°E at infinite dilution were calculated. The variation of these parameters with composition and temperature of the mixtures have been discussed in terms of molecular interaction in these mixtures. The V m E values were found negative for all the mixtures and at each temperature studied, indicating the presence of specific interactions between ethyl acrylate and alkanol molecules. The extent of negative deviations in V m E values follows the order: 1-butanol<2-butanol<2-methyl-1-propanol<2-methyl-2-propanol. It is observed that the V m E values depend upon the positions of hydroxyl and methyl groups in these alkanol molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The densities, ρ of binary mixtures of methyl acrylate (MA) with benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and mesitylene, including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range were measured at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, the excess molar volume, V m E, partial molar volumes, V̅ m,1 ° and V̅ m,2 °, and excess partial molar volumes, V̅ m,1 °E and V̅ m,2 °E at infinite dilution were calculated. The V m E values were found negative over the whole composition range for all the mixtures and at each temperature studied, except for MA+mesitylene which exhibit positive V m E values, indicating the presence of specific interactions between MA and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules. The deviations in V m E values follow the order: benzene

We use the first-principle methods to systematically study the structural, electronic, magnetic and optical characteristics of the perfect and Co-X (X = B, C, N, O or F) codoped single-layer WS 2. The results show that firstly, all Co-X (X = B, C, N, O or F) codoped single-layer WS 2 are easier to form in S-rich environment than in W-rich environment. Second, although the perfect single-layer WS 2 is non-magnetic semiconductor (NM-SC), the Co-X (X = B, C, N or F) codoped single-layer WS 2 become to magnetic semiconductor (M − SC) with magnetic moments 2, 3, 2 or 2 μ B , while the Co–O codoped single-layer WS 2 transforms to magnetic half metal (M-HM) with magnetic moment 1 μ B. Thirdly, comparing with the perfect single-layer WS 2 , the Co-X (X = B, C, N, O or F) codoped single-layer WS 2 show not only the red-shifted absorption edges but also enhanced absorption rate in infrared and visible light region, implying the Co-X (X = B, C, N, O or F) codoped single-layer WS 2 have great application prospects in infrared and visible light detection. (a) Top and (b) left-side views of Co-X (X = B, C, N, O or F) codoped single-layer WS 2 with a 4 × 4 × 1 supercell. The gray, yellow, blue and red balls denote W, S, Co and X atoms, respectively. For clarity, the left-side view (b) is plotted after the left W–S zigzag chain is removed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Mn-S 6 doped monolayer WSe 2 under the W-rich condition is the most stable. • The Mn-S 6 , Mn-Cl 6 and Mn-Br 6 doped monolayer WSe 2 systems become magnetic half-metal. • The Mn-P 6 and Mn-Te 6 doped monolayer WSe 2 systems turn into magnetic semiconductor. • The Mn-X 6 doped monolayer WSe 2 systems exhibit red shift and enhanced absorption. We perform systematic first-principles calculations to clarify the effects of the cluster Mn-X 6 (X=P, S, Cl, Br or Te) doping on the structural, electronic, magnetic and optical properties of monolayer WSe 2. The smaller formation energy shows that all doping systems are more stable under W-rich condition than Se-rich condition. The cluster Mn-S 6 doped monolayer WSe 2 has the smallest formation energy may be due to S and Se elements having similar electronegativity, while the maximum formation energy of the cluster Mn-Te 6 doping may be due to the lowest electronegativity of the Te element. Although pure monolayer WSe 2 is a non-magnetic semiconductor, the Mn-P 6 and Mn-Te 6 doped monolayer WSe 2 become magnetic semiconductor, while the Mn-S 6 , Mn-Cl 6 and Mn-Br 6 doped monolayer WSe 2 turn into magnetic half-metal. Compared with the pure monolayer WSe 2 , the cluster Mn-X 6 doped monolayer WSe 2 have not only a red-shift phenomenon but also an enhanced absorption in infrared and far-ultraviolet region and thus a potential application in infrared and far-ultraviolet light detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• V 1Zr (V 1Zr+1Se) defected ZrSe 2 monolayer is magnetic metal with moment 1.756 (1.295) µ B. • V 1Se (V 1Zr+2Se) defected ZrSe 2 monolayer is nonmagnetic metal (semiconductor). • Cr- (Mo-) doped ZrSe 2 monolayer is magnetic metal with moment 2.482 (2.130) µ B. • Mn- (Tc-, Re-) doped ZrSe 2 monolayer is magnetic semiconductor with moment 3.000 (2.999, 2.999) µ B. • W-doped ZrSe 2 monolayer is magnetic half-metal with moment 2.000 µ B and useable in spintronics. Based on the first-principles under the framework of density functional theory, we report the studies of vacancy defects and substitution doping on the electronic and magnetic characteristics of ZrSe 2 monolayer (ZrSe 2 -ML). The results reveal that the non-magnetic semiconductor (SC) material ZrSe 2 has magnetic metal behavior by producing one Zr vacancy (V 1Zr) as well as one Zr and one Se di-vacancy (V 1Zr+1Se), the net moments are 1.756 and 1.295 μ B , and both originate from the Se atoms around the vacancies. The one Se vacancy (V 1Se) system exhibits the metal behavior, while the one Zr and two Se tri-vacancy (V 1Zr+2Se) system still maintains the characteristics of a non-magnetic SC. In addition, a transition metal (TM) atom X is used to replace one Zr atom in the non-magnetic SC material ZrSe 2 , which can also induce magnetism or has metallic behavior. The Cr-, Mn-, Mo-, Tc-, W- and Re-doped systems exhibit the magnetic behavior with moments are 2.482, 3.000, 2.130, 2.999, 2.000, 2.999 μ B , respectively. The moments are proportional to the number of unpaired electrons remaining on the d orbitals of TM atoms. These systems have metallic characteristic of Cr- and Mo-doped. The Mn-, Tc- and Re-doped systems still maintain SC characteristic. In particular, the W-doped ZrSe 2 -ML is half-metal. The calculated values show that under the condition of Se-rich, it is energetically favorable and relatively easy to dope TM atom into ZrSe 2 -ML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica accounts for significant morbidity in the non-human primates (NHP) at the Singapore Zoo. This includes the animals in the collection as well as a sizeable free-roaming wild crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) population. The disease is of great concern because of its zoonotic potential. Passive surveillance, both ante and post-mortem, of NHP displaying clinical symptoms and active surveillance of NHP assessed to be at a higher risk of infection were carried out via fecal real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for 4 years. Treatment of the disease with 25 mg/kg metronidazole BID for 10 days followed by 15 mg/kg paromomycin BID for 7 days achieved good clinical resolution in most cases that tested positive. Three diseased NHP with severe clinical signs of weight loss, lethargy, and diarrhea were anesthetized for veterinary diagnostic investigation. Mesenteric lymphadenopathy was consistently seen on ultrasound examination in these severe cases of entamoebiasis. Two animals eventually died of severe chronic enteritis due to the disease. The eradication of entamoebiasis in the NHP at the Singapore Zoo may be complicated by the maintenance of a disease reservoir in wildlife, but a combination of timely treatment and efforts at maintaining biosecurity can help manage the disease in the collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐care enables patients in improving quality of life and reducing hospital admissions. Research explored the experiences of patients about breathlessness, sleep problems and complication management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the self‐care experiences and the role of the family in self‐care are underexplored. This study aimed to understand the self‐care experiences of patients with COPD and explore the role of the family in self‐care. An interpretive phenomenological inquiry was used, and 13 patients were interviewed in 2019 from two hospitals in Pakistan. The inclusion criteria were patients above 30 years of age at any stage of COPD, who received a confirmed diagnosis of COPD and were receiving the treatment, and engaged in self‐care at their homes or communities. The interviews lasted for 35–60 min. Ricoeur's interpretation theory was used for data analysis comprising steps explanation, naive understanding and in‐depth understanding. Self‐care emerged as a complex individual and familial endeavour affected by personal, social and economic factors. Poverty was one of the core determinants of self‐care. Patients emphasised the spiritual, cultural and traditional approaches to self‐care. Future research is warranted to develop better understanding of spiritual and cultural self‐care and how these dimensions of self‐care affect patients' self‐care behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic characterization of carbonate reservoir is a challenging undertaking for geo-scientists due to their complex depositional settings, internal structure, and pervasive diagenetic history. Results from post-stack deterministic inversion are band limited due to missing low and high frequencies in the wavelet, which generally poorly resolve thin beds which are of prime interest in reservoir characterization of a mature gas field and help locate prolific infill drilling locations. In this paper, we employed and compare performance of Post-stack Global Geostatistical Acoustic Inversion (PGGAI) with the Post-stack deterministic inversion to better characterize thin beds and maximize reservoir potential of Eocene (S1) carbonate reservoir from a mature gas field lying in the Middle Indus Basin, onshore Pakistan. We discovered that both the inversion methods derive a broad-band acoustic impedance from the band-limited post-stack seismic data. The results show that PGGAI produced high resolution (thin bedding) p-impedance attribute and mapped spatial distribution variations along with uncertainty quantification hitherto not possible from standard deterministic inversion approach and therefore result in possible increasing confidence in the interpretation. Furthermore, high resolution p-impedance attribute from PGGAI served as input for porosity prediction using probabilistic neural networking (PNN). Stepwise validation of PNN provided high precision porosity estimation which showed significant amount of correlation between the input attribute property. In addition, high resolution volumes offered optimistic scenarios of the distribution of impedance and porosity lateral extent and helpful in determining perspective zones and proved useful in designing the subsequent reservoir management plan and proposing future infill drilling locations. Post-stack Global Geostatistical Acoustic Inversion (PGGAI) results are studied in comparison with the conventional Post-stack deterministic inversion to characterize in Eocene limestone (S1 formation) reservoir from a mature gas field from Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan. PGGAI workflow is colligated effectively in a stratigraphic grid using geology, well log information and 3D seismic data. PGGAI accurately produced highly detailed, unbiased and geological plausible spatial distribution of carbonate reservoir stacks. Furthermore, PGGAI output attribute (P-impedance) is used for porosity estimation using probabilistic neural networking (PNN). High precision and reliable spatial distribution of the elastic property (p-impedance) and petrophysical property (porosity) attributes showed that the PGGAI approach could help in designing the subsequent reservoir management plan and proposing future infill wells development plan. [Display omitted] • Characterization of Eocene carbonate reservoir onshore Pakistan. • Post-stack Global Geostatistical Acoustic Inversion (PGGAI) for p-impedance. • Comparison of PGGAI and deterministic inversion p-impedance model. • Total porosity estimation using probabilistic neural networking. • Hydrocarbon identification from thin-bedded carbonate reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to assess the clinical exodontia skills of final year dental students using the Assessment-of-Clinical-Exodontia-Skills (ACES) rating scale during their posting in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, and to determine the improvement in clinical exodontia skills after targeted teaching sessions and demonstrations. METHODOLOGY: An interventional cross-sectional study was performed on undergraduate students of final year at Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health and Sciences from October 2019 to May 2020. Both male and female students were included. Students from other academic years, universities, and departments along with the non-consenting students were excluded. They were assessed during their exodontia procedure on their first day of rotation using an ACES rating scale and repeated on the last day of the rotation. Two-tailed Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used to compare the scores of the first and last day. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Only 9.4% of students cleared their assessment on the first day of their clinical rotation. However, 70% of students were able to clear it on their last day's assessment. Significant improvement from the first to last day of the clinical rotation was noted in the scores of five main competencies in the ACES rating scale and overall result (p < .001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the induction of the ACES rating scale in an interactive environment proved to be a promising approach giving a deep insight into the student’s capabilities and additional emphasis required to steer them towards independent practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using first-principles calculations, we studied the electronic, structural and thermoelectric properties of two-dimensional (2D) MXenes M n + 1 C n O 2 (M = Ti, Zr and Hf, n = 1 , 2 and 3). The calculations are carried out within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). We have calculated the Boltzmann transport equation for finding the thermoelectric properties such as power factor, Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. For n = 1 , these materials behave as semiconductors having an indirect bandgap nature. In contrast, for n > 1 these materials show metallic behavior. Out of these MXenes, we found that Ti2CO2 has a high Seebeck coefficient value, whereas the electrical conductivity of Ti4C3O2 is exceptionally high. While among all these compounds, Ti2CO2 and Hf4C3O2 have a high power factor in the 300–1200-K temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of Shigella flexneri isolated from drinking water and retail raw food samples in Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 1,020 different samples were collected from various areas of Peshawar between January 2016 and May 2017, followed by identification of S. flexneri through biochemical, serological, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Potential risk factors associated with the development and spreading of S. flexneri infection were also investigated. Overall, 45 (4.41%) samples were positive for Shigella species. Among these samples, the predominant species was S. flexneri (n = 44) followed by S. boydii (n = 1). Interestingly, S. sonnei and S. dysenteriae isolates were not found in any sample. The isolation rate of S. flexneri in drinking water samples, market raw milk, and fruits/vegetables from Peshawar were 6.47%, 3.5%, and 2.9%, respectively. The phylogenetic reconstruction showed genetic diversity among three clades, as clades I and II have isolates of S. flexneri that were circulating within the drinking water, milk, fruits/vegetables, while clade III isolates were recovered from milk samples. Most of S. flexneri were detected in June to September. Potential risk factors of S. flexneri were water sources contaminated by toilet wastes (p = 0.04), surface water drainage (p = 0.0002), hospital wastes (p = 0.01), unhygienic handling (p < 0.05), and transportation of raw food (p = 0.04). In conclusion, S. flexneri isolates of closely related lineage originating from non‐clinical samples might be associated with an increased human risk to shigellosis in Pakistan, as significant numbers of S. flexneri were observed in the drinking water and retail raw food samples. Practical Application: This study demonstrated the presence of S. flexneri in drinking water and retail raw food samples which seem to possess a serious threat to public health. Potential sources of food and water contamination should properly be monitored by public health authorities to reduce cases of shigellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to optimize the process for ready‐to‐eat extruded fish powder preparation and to ascertain the impact of two methods on fatty acid profiles. For the investigation, Labeo rohita (Rohu) fish was first minced, extruded, and microwave vacuum‐dried. The results show that the yield for extruded fish powder (EFP) fluctuated from 22.32% to 29.07%. The maximum retention for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was 3.24 ± 0.08 g/100 g lipids, 2.74 ± 0.05 g/100 g lipids, and 1.24 ± 0.09 g/100 g lipids, by using different extrusion parameters. Moreover, nonsignificant changes were observed during 0 days, and 1 and 3 months of storage (at 4°C and 25°C) for DHA, AA, and EPA, whereas significant results were recorded for the samples stored for 6 months at 25°C. Also, the maximum peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values (TBARS) were 1.72 ± 0.04 meq/kg fat and 0.135 ± 0.008 mg malondialdehyde/kg fat. It is anticipated from the outcomes that the study will be helpful to prepare value‐added food products in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]