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A variety of motives have an undeniable role in committing certain intentional crimes and religious motives are one of the most important types of them. The title "committing crimes with religious motives" means any criminal act which is the exclusive or the main motive for committing it, is to act on religious orders or to protect religious privacy. This paper, by analytical descriptive method, proves that by looking at the dangerous examples and the role which these crimes can play in the destruction of religions, two important points are apparent. First, the factors of these crimes have delicate differences with the factors of the others, and therefore the division of factors below the conventional form of criminology is ineffective. The other is that the factors of religious crimes are different from religions that have the revelation source and religions that are deviations and divisions of the true divine religions. The result is that in divine religions that the teachings are not massive, the incorrect transmissions of religious teachings, etc., and in the case of inhumane religions, the wrong doctrines are deviation factors.

Nitrate removal is important for reuse of agricultural drainage, controlling nutrition and reducing its environmental impacts. For this purpose, the effect of zeolite modification with concentrations of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/L of HDTMABr surfactant, in columns with height of 30 cm and 32 mm diameter were investigated. In order to modelling the breakthrough curve of adsorption column, three models of Bohart-Adams, Thomas and modified dose-response plus Artificial intelligence model of ANFIS were evaluated. The results showed that when the equilibrium adsorption capacity is increased from 0.07 to 0.74 mg/g, the breakthrough and exhausting times are also increased. Modification of natural zeolite with a concentration of 25 mg/L of surfactant, was selected as the best surfactant concentration. Among the adsorption models, Thomas model and the modified dose-response model were able to predict the dynamic absorption coefficients, but the modified dose-response model, was more efficient and more accurate. The results of the study showed that Increasing the concentration of surfactant leads to an increase in the equilibrium adsorption capacity. ANFIS with average relative error of 23.3%, root mean square and chi-square of 3.9 and 7.2 mg/L, had a higher efficiency than the modified response dose model, and in total has been shown higher performance to mathematical adsorption models.

Nowadays, entrepreneurship and the creation of entrepreneurial activities are the best strategy for the survival and development of villages. The present research aims at zoning the rural areas of Pars Abad in terms of the relative advantages of entrepreneurship and the factors that affect it. The research is based on a descriptive-analytic method. Data gathering was done by document and field methods, i.e. questionnaire and observation. The statistical population of the study consisted of entrepreneurs and villagers. According to the sample, 22 rural entrepreneurs were selected by the random sampling method, and 377 villagers were selected randomly. To evaluate the relative advantage of rural entrepreneurship, the scale advantage index (SAI), efficiency advantage index (EAI), spatial advantage index (LQ) and collective advantage index (AAI) were used through a hierarchical cluster analysis. Also, to investigate the affecting factors, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was done. The change-share method was used to predict the growth status of entrepreneurship in rural areas. As the results showed, Aslandois, Islamabad, Savalan and Oltan have the greatest comparative advantage in rural entrepreneurship. It was also found that differentiating factors are mainly local practices that affect the quantity and quality of entrepreneurship.

Background: Scientists suggest that soy isoflavones or the combination of soy isoflavones and soy protein may have beneficial effects on inflammation. Thus, the present study aims at conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which the effect of soy isoflavones and the combination of soy isoflavones and soy protein on serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) among postmenopausal women is assessed. Methods and materials: A literature searching was done to identify a breadth of related references in PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov up to December 2020. The mean change from baseline in the CRP concentrations and its standard deviation (SD) for both intervention and comparison groups were used to calculate the effect size. The summary of the overall effects and heterogeneity was estimated by using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42020166053). Results: This study considered 23 articles for systematic review and 19 articles for meta-analysis. The overall effect presented a non-significant effect of soy isoflavones on serum CRP concentrations (WMD = 0.08 mg/L, 95 % CI: -0.08, 0.24; p = 0.302) and the overall effect of the combination of soy isoflavones and soy protein indicated non-significant effect in serum levels of CRP (WMD= -0.02 mg/L 95 % CI: -0.12, 0.08; p = 0.715). Conclusion: Published RCTs did not provide strong evidence regarding beneficial effect of soy isoflavones or the combination of soy isoflavones and soy protein on serum CRP concentration among postmenopausal women.

This study examines the trends in vegetation cover using the Growing Season NDVI (GSN) time series in moderate spatial resolution (250 m) over Khorasan Razavi province, in northeast Iran, during the period 2004–2015. The province is largely desert, with extra-arid, arid, and semi-arid de Martonne climate zones dominating, while rangelands, shrublands and deserts cover most areas, making it an ideal territory for monitoring vegetation trends and implement future restoration projects. Most parts of the province and land-cover classes show no trends in vegetation cover, but large decreasing trends occur in areas covered by sand dunes, previously reforested lands and clay pit areas. Trends in various land-cover types are also examined as functions of the climatic class and the Terrain Niche index (TNI), which is characteristic of the topography, revealing large decreasing trends in the extra-arid climatic zone. In addition, most of the areas exhibit Hurst exponent values around 0.5, implying stochastic time series without any consistency and a likelihood of random vegetation and land cover changes in the future. This study also aims to determine likely future vegetation status and the most favourable areas for restoration projects through analysis of two indexes (Future Restoration Dispersal Index, FRDI and Future Uncertainty Dispersal Index, FUDI). The results show that reforestation, sand dunes and clay pits areas are the most favourable for implementing restoration projects, while the spatial distribution of the potential restoration classes reveals that the southern and northeastern parts of Khorasan Razavi province are the most favourable areas for establishing environmental restoration activities in order to avoid further degradation of ecosystems.

Background: Inflammation is the main cause in the development of chronic diseases. The enhancement of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is the main risk factor in chronic diseases. Resistant starch type 2 (RS2) is non-gelatinized granules which their enzymatic hydrolysis is very low. RS2 might be able to reduce inflammatory mediators, therefore; our aim for this study was indicating RS2 effects on inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-a, and CRP among healthy and unhealthy subjects. Methods: Articles which assessed RS2 effect on IL-6, TNF-α, and hs-CRP were found by advanced search methods. Electronic databases including Google scholar, ISI web of science, SCOPUS, and PubMed, were searched up to October 2019. Treatment effect was the mean difference between changes in serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers in each arm of the clinical trials. To pool the effect of resistant starch on inflammatory biomarkers, we used random effects model. Results: We included eight articles in systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall effect illustrated no significant change in serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in intervention group compared with the control group (WMD: -7.18 pg/mL, 95% CI: −27.80, 13.45; P = 0.495, I2 = 100.0%, WMD: -0.003 pg/mL, 95% CI: −0.07, 0.06; P = 0.919, I2 = 98.1%, WMD: -0.003 pg/mL, 95% CI: −0.004, -0.001; P < 0.0001, I2 = 98.0% respectively). Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that RS2 could not reduce inflammatory mediators, but we still need more RCTs with longer intervention duration, higher dose, and studies in different countries.

Background: The purpose of this double-blind randomized clinical trial study was the evaluation of intravenous tranexamic acid on hemorrhage volume during Surgery and surgeon's satisfaction in intertrochanteric fracture surgery. Methods: A total of 62 intertrochanteric fractures (AO class 1 to 3) were randomly divided into two groups of 31. In the control group patients (69.2± 6.1 years old) treated with placebo and the intervention group receiving1gr tranexamic acid (69.7± 6.4) have exposed under the surgical operation by lateral approach and proximal femur’s plates., the amount of gauze and post operative blood losses measured with the amount of blood in the drain 48 hours after surgery. Also the hemoglobin levels compared before and after surgery. In the end, Surgeon satisfaction was measured by Likert scale. Results: The amount of intraoperative bleeding in suctiondid not differ statistically between the arms (P-value = 0.465).Furthermore, the mean of gauze number in the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group (P-value

For the last two decades, the biodiesel attracted increasing attention as a promising biofuel to replace fossil diesel. However, the non-recyclability of homogeneous alkali catalysts and waste generation due to subsequent water washing remained as one of the major drawbacks of the biodiesel production process in the industry. Ionic liquids are one of the best alternatives to replace alkali catalysts owing to their unique properties such as non-volatility, excellent solubility for various organic and inorganic materials, structure tunability, environment-friendliness, and wide liquid temperature. However, high viscosity and difficult recovery have limited their application. Recently, heterogenization of ionic liquids on solid supports has been proposed to circumvent these issues. Among these solids, nanoporous materials have shown great potential in providing stable supports with high porosity and specific surface area. This paper reviews the recent developments in designing ionic liquids deposited on nanoporous materials as catalysts for biodiesel production. The emphasis was on the application of this type of catalysts for the optimization of reaction conditions. Moreover, challenges and opportunities for improving the overall production process in the presence of these catalysts were discussed. Despite that high biodiesel yields were obtained over many of nanoporous material-supported ionic liquids, their significantly higher cost compared to the conventional catalysts remained a major challenge. This issue can be overcome by employing less expensive cations and anions, increasing the loading amount of ionic liquids, and improving catalyst reusability in future studies.

Internet, despite its benefits and potentials, has disadvantages for all countries, especially Iran, which has unique cultural, religious, and political characteristics. One way of dealing with these threats is imposing a filtering system, which has been seriously pursued almost since the advent of the Internet in the country. Examining the various dimensions of the Iranian filtering system shows that we are facing a "Maximum Filtering Policy", although being implemented incompletely in practice. This policy has been based on some of the Islamic jurisprudential principles such as "Duty of Enjoining the Right and Forbidding the Wrong"(Amr bi al-Maruf wa'l-Nahy an al-Munkar), "Prohibition the Books of Misguidance"(Hurmat-e Kutub al-Dalal), and "The Rule of Rejecting Foreign Influence"(Nafy-e Sabil). Based on these rules, the researchers have concluded that filtering the Internet is permitted or even essential. This study has tried to investigate the arguments of permitting Internet filtering based on the Islamic jurisprudential principles. The results suggested that among the cited principles, it is only the "Duty of Enjoining the Right and Forbidding the Wrong" can be referred independently to form the basis of filtering system, however, its achievement in practice requires satisfying some essential requirements. In addition, by considering the experience and effects of the current policy, it was concluded that the filtering policy needs to be replaced by a more lenient one, and this does not face any obstacles in terms of Islamic jurisprudential principles.

The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges of cooperative development and rural organizations. The statistical population of this study consisted of 170 managers and cooperative members and experts in the rural areas of Boyer-Ahmad County who were selected by simple random sampling method. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts in the field of rural cooperatives. To determine the reliability of the research tool, a pre-test study and review of the views of 27 information keys in the field were considered. The calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.78. Factor analysis and SPSS software were used to analyze the data. In this research, 14 factors were extracted using factor analysis. These factors, according to their importance consisted of infrastructural, social capital, economic, information, selling, marketing, technical, knowledge, supportive, environmental, legal, social, managerial and individual factors, respectively, which explained 77.67% of the total variances. Each of these factors should be considered in addressing the challenges of rural cooperatives.

This research is of an applied descriptive-analytical type. Data collection was based on documentary and survey techniques. The statistical population of the research included active individuals in the field of rural tourism and local officials. As many as 223 people who were the most active in the local tourism were selected. This selection was in terms of their access and participation in the field. Also, 10 officials were selected. In the first step, an ISM software program was designed for the primary design and data analysis. In the second step, the LISREL structural equation modeling software was used to test the primary model. Finally, to design a futuristic scenario for marketing elements, the Mic‌Mac software was used. The results indicated that, from the standpoint of the local authorities, the elements of "promoting and planning" have the most direct impact on the success of rural tourism marketing. However, the element of "planning" has the most dependency on the other elements of the study.

The relation between criminal law and morality originated from variety of Islamic juristic rules especially the well-known principle rule in Islamic criminal law saying: “discretionary punishment is prescribed for any forbidden act or violation”. Although there is a consensus over the originality of this rule, there are different ideas about the determination the scope of the rule Despite the all different ideas, it seems that the” discretionary punishment is prescribed for any forbidden act or violation” is a general rule in theoretical view. This thesis distinguishes between the theoretical perspective and practical one. In the case of theory, it holds a maximum support of morality by criminal law; in contrast practical approach of Islamic criminal law holds a type of support according to requirements and conditions drawn by the ruler or the leader.

With the expansion of advanced technologies, the crime becomes various and diverse. Many of the previous laws and procedures for dealing with the crime seem inefficient. One of the most important instances of advanced technology is cyberspace and it's related tools and items such as computers, smart phones and social networks. Every day in cyberspace, much crime happens that a great number of it is committed against spiritual dignity of individuals. Some instances of crime such as insult, defamation and dissemination of cyber false information occasionally destroy spiritual dignity of individuals more in comparison with crime in real life, since in cyberspace the speed and scope of spreading any news in extremely high. Also dignity can be resorted and spiritual damage inflicted to individuals can be compensated in real atmosphere, while, such a possibility does not exist in cyberspace. In fact, the current laws don't allow resorting dignity of individuals from cybercrimes and commitment of any crime against spiritual dignity of individuals should be prevented by taking a proactive approach and citizenship training's. Why, given the challenges of cyberspace and its intrinsic properties, if criminal content against spiritual dignity of individuals to be published in cyberspace, the possibility of rehabilitation and compensation for moral damages are not fully existed.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physical activities during pregnancy and the relationship between physical activity and unplanned caesarean sections (CSs). Materials and methods: A cohort study design was carried out. A cohort of 2029 pregnant women was established when they received prenatal care at 18–22 weeks of gestation in a medical center in southwest Iran. Participants were asked to recall their levels of physical activity during pre-pregnancy. The data were processed using Statistics/Data Analysis. To compare activities the chi-square was used to identify significant differences between the groups. A multiple logistic regressian was used to identify the association between activities and delivery mode as well as controlling potential confounding variables. In the analyses, the level of significance was set at P

Background and Objectives: The increase in the human population and the growth in water consumption on one hand, and the rise in sewage production on the other hand, have led to the expansion of environmental pollution threats. The objectives of the present study include launching a pilot project for the localization of knowledge in the design of artificial wetlands in accordance with the quantitative and qualitative conditions of domestic sewage in Iran (specifically, the dormitory of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in Sari) and investigating the possibility of replacing wetland systems with conventional domestic sewage treatment systems in the country. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in Sari, involving the construction of six artificial wetlands, each with a length of 3 meters, width of 2 meters, and a height of 1.5 meters, using reinforced concrete. One of the ponds was excluded from the system due to leakage. Inside the ponds, artificial filters at different depths (1 meter: d1 and 1 meter and 30 centimeters: d2) and plant filters (Phragmites australis: p1 and Arundo donax: p2) were filled and planted. D10 and the coefficient of unifo rmity (CU) of the substrate materials were obtained as 2 millimeters and 3.625, respectively, from the grain size analysis. The hydraulic conductivity and porosity of the substrate were 2.523 cm/s and 39.2%, respectively. The specific surface area (SSA) of the substrate materials was calculated as 1.336 m²/kg (2245 m²/m³ of substrate materials). The effluent from the septic tank of the dormitory's baffled septic tank was injected onto the beds after a settling and dilution stage using a pump. In the initial loading, the beds were submerged below the surface, and a three-day retention time was allowed for the first sampling. Quality parameters of the wastewater, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), fecal coliform (FC), and total coliform (TC), were monitored to assess the performance of the treatment system. Results: Although the injected wastewater was diluted up to 25%, a significant removal efficiency of 51 to 55, 41 to 79, 74 to 89, 70 to 95.3, and 78 to 95 percent was achieved for BOD, COD, TSS, FC, and TC, respectively, in different treatments. Among the treatments, the weakest performance was associated with treatment P1D2, while the best purification performance was observed in treatment P2D1. This indicates the dominance of the physical characteristics of the systems at the beginning of the startup period on the purification performance. However, the initial performance of the treatment system was very promising and the removal of some parameters such as TSS and FC was at the average level of a full-fledged wetland treatment system. Conclusion: This wastewater treatment technology is recommended for all managers and experts in the country's wastewater industry, especially in rural areas with inexpensive land and a population of fewer than 5000 people. These conditions encompass all towns, universities, military barracks, and military facilities as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination with heavy metals would accumulate these elements in plant tissues and decrease qualitaty and quantity of agricultural producs and thus endanger human and animal healths. Previous crop residues and rates of fertilizers applications (especially phosphorus fertilizer) are the most important effective factors on accumulation of cadmium in crop tissues. Another influential factor affecting soil shrinkage is crop rotation which induces the solubility of cadmium. This research was aimed to assess the effects of conventional cropping system on cadmium concentrations in wheat at its different growth stages by using a split plot in time experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications in the 2014-2015 growing season in Shavoor Agricultural Research Station (Khuzestan province). Main plot consisted of cropping system (rice-wheat, fallow-wheat) and sub plot of growth stages at three levels (tillering, flowering and ripening). Different wheat seed cadmium concentrations due to two cropping systems were different significantly at 1% probability level. Cadmium concentration in the seeds at rice-wheat cropping system (0.31 mg.kg-1) was higher than fallow-wheat system (0.27 mg.kg-1) which is higher than World Health Organization standards. Result of analysis of variance showed that the effect of cropping systems and different growth stages of wheat on root and stem cadmium concentrations were significant at 1% probability level. Rice-wheat cropping system resulted in higher cadmium concentration in root (1.09 mg.kg-1) and stem (0.73 mg.kg-1) compared to that of the fallow-wheat cropping system. Accumulation of cadmium in stem or root at different growth stages of wheat were not significant but it was totally additive, because range of variation of cadmium concentration from planting to harvest was low.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in the world. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence rate of tuberculosis through modeling and predict the disease incidence rate using spatio-temporal Kriging method in three endemic regions (Kashmar, Khalilabad and Bardeskan) in the northeast of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2007-2012. The diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients who had signs and symptoms of infection was confirmed using sputum smear test. According to fitted variogram function and Kriging method, we predicted tuberculosis incidence for all spatial and temporal points of regions in the study area. Results: Between 2007 and 2012, 155 cases of tuberculosis were observed. Among all patients, 70 (45.0%) were men and 94.0% were rural residents. Mean age of patients with tuberculosis was 64 years and 151 (97.5%) of patients were 55 years old and above. Based on the geographical coordinates, we identified the place of residence for each patient. Conclusion: Our study showed that the downward trend of the incidence rate of tuberculosis indicates good but inadequate progress with tuberculosis control. The findings of this study can be used for planning and evaluating interventions by considering the risk factors of tuberculosis infection in the northeast of Iran.

Abstract Background It is widely accepted that a healthy lifestyle may decrease the probability of developing cancer. This study aimed to describe a study protocol that makes it possible to explore preventive health lifestyles of Iranian women and their received social support for the purpose of developing cultural strategies to increase breast cancer prevention. Methods A mixed-methods study will be accomplished in two sequential parts. First, a cross-sectional study will be conducted in which 2,250 Iranian women are recruited by using a random multistage cluster sampling of 20 health care centers. Structured face-to-face interviews will be conducted to obtain information on the participants’ health lifestyle and perceived social support. Data will be analyzed using both multivariate regression and structural equation modeling techniques. Then, a qualitative study will be conducted among employed women using a purposive sampling design. Data will be collected by means of focus groups and semi-structured interviews and will be analyzed using a conventional content analysis approach. The results of the quantitative and qualitative study will be used to develop breast cancer preventive strategies. Discussion Researchers need to acquire knowledge regarding the lifestyle and perceived social support of Iranian women that will foster culturally competent approaches to promote healthy lifestyles to develop breast cancer preventive strategies. Examining breast cancer preventive lifestyles provides valuable information for designing applicable intervention programs for improving women’s health.

Background & Objective: Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) is the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and increases the risk of mortality. Understanding the trends of its clinical and biochemical changes is essential to identify patients with NAFLD that are at the greatest risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis in Iran. Methods: Patients with NAFLD confirmed by ultrasonography were enrolled into the current study. They had negative serologic markers of viral or autoimmune hepatitis, no findings in favor of metabolic liver disease, and had not received medications that affect liver, such as silymarin and Ursobil. Biochemical and clinical symptoms and histological variables were evaluated for each patient. Descriptive statistics were used to compute all variables. Results: A total of 206 patients, including 109 male and 97 female, with the mean age of 41.2 years were enrolled. The number of patients without obesity and diabetes were 34 (16.4%) and 48 (23.1%), respectively. Sleep disorder, delayed sleep, daytime sleepiness, and late dinner were noticeably common in patients with NAFLD. Furthermore, anxiety, thirst sensation, bloating, warming sensation, defecation disturbances, and upper abdominal pain were common among patients with NAFLD. Conclusion: NAFLD is a heterogeneous disorder with vast clinical presentations. It seems that anxiety and gastrointestinal problem are common among such patients. Moreover, inadvertent sleep could have a considerable effect on developing NAFLD. Patients with diabetes have more severe NAFLD, based on clinical and histological findings.

Background Iranian single women are deprived of reproductive healthcare services, though the provision of such services to the public has increased. This study aimed to explore the experiences of Iranian single women on their access to reproductive health services. Methods A qualitative design using a conventional content analysis method was used. Semi-structured interviews were held with 17 single women and nine health providers chosen using the purposive sampling method. Results Data analysis resulted in the development of three categories: ‘family’s attitudes and performance about single women’s reproductive healthcare,’ ‘socio-cultural factors influencing reproductive healthcare,’ and ‘cultural factors influencing being a single woman.’ Conclusion Cultural and contextual factors affect being a single woman in every society. Therefore, healthcare providers need to identify such factors during the designing of strategies for improving the facilitation of access to reproductive healthcare services.

Objective: The youths' sexual behaviors are counted as the main priorities of the public health due to the high prevalence of unwanted pregnancies, illegal abortions, and sexually transmitted infections. This research was carried out to explain the youths' contraceptive knowledge and practice in premarital sexual relationships. Methods: This qualitative research was carried out on 30 single boys and girls aged 18–24, living in Isfahan, Iran, who had already started sexual activities. Data collection was done with semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed by using conventional content analysis. Results: Two main categories were extracted including inadequate awareness regarding contraception (with subcategories “unreliable information sources” and “gender inequality in familiarity with contraceptive methods”) and inappropriate contraceptive practice (with sub-categories “use of unreliable contraceptive methods” and “gender inequality in applying contraceptive methods”). Conclusion: Sexual health education programs should equip the youths with adequate knowledge on contraception and use of reliable contraceptive methods. Furthermore, attempts should be made along with tackling gender inequality is very significant for youths' sexual and reproductive health security.

Background: Youth’s sexual behaviors have various consequences such as unwanted pregnancy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and sexually transmitted infections. Little information is available about the impact of mass media in the development of premarital sexual relationships. This study aimed to explore the role of mass media on premarital sexual relationships among Iranian youth. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted with 26 single boys and girls aged 18-24 years who were living in Isfahan, Iran and have already been started their sexual relationships. Also, 12 other participants who were involved in such an experience were recruited in this study. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and the observation of youth’s sexual interactions in different fields. Conventional content analysis method was used for data analysis. Results: Three main categories were developed: “foreigner media as the role model”, “the ease of access to sexual contents and materials” and “the ease of interactions and relationships with the opposite sex”. Conclusion: The prominent role of mass media in the formation of premarital sexual relationships was described in this study. This issue needs to be taken into consideration by policy makers for taking necessary actions for reducing the impact of mass media on the youth’s engagement in premarital sexual relationships

Background: Managing patients with Vascular Trauma (VT) is essential. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of VT and its related factors in Iran. Methods: This systematic review was performed by two skilled researchers. To access all the Persian and English articles on VT and its influencing factors (from 2000 to August 2019), in addition to Google Scholar search engine, other international databases, such as PubMed/ Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Web of Science (ISI), and domestic databases, such as Magiran, IranDoc, National Library of Iran Organization, SID, and Barakatkns were used. Data analysis was conducted by MA (CMA) software. Results: The incidence of lower Lower Vascular Trauma (LVI) trauma was equal to 58.4 (95%CI: 41.1-73.8) (I2= 94.67, Q=112.57, P

Background: Although dental care attendance during pregnancy has been recommended by guidelines and institutions, the demand for dental services is still low among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of not receipt dental care and also determinants of that during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This population-based study was conducted on 4071 mothers in 10 provinces of Iran, during 2014–2015. We calculated the prevalence of not receipt of dental care, and reasons for nonreceipt of care. We used logistic regression to estimate odds of nonreceipt of care by demographics variables. In the analyses, the level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Overall, 54.70% of women had no dental visit during pregnancy. In mothers who had a history of stillbirth, neonatal death and live birth, the prevalence of not receipt dental care during pregnancy were 54.56%, 48.92%, and 58.76%, respectively. The logistic regression analyses showed that parity second-to-fourth birth than first birth (odds ratio [OR] 1.37 confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.17–1.59, residence in rural (OR 1.68 CI 95% 1.45–1.95), and not intended pregnancy (OR 1.32 CI 95% 1.03–1.68) associated with not received dental care during pregnancy. Conclusion: Most pregnant women in this study received insufficient dental care. The need for dental care during pregnancy must be promoted widely among women of reproductive age, and family barriers to dental care should be addressed.

Background: Regarding the prevalence of chronic renal disease and CVC (central venous catheterization) complications, this systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of CVC complications in Iran. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol, all Iran and international databases from 2000 to 2019 were investigated using keywords of fever during or after dialysis, redness of the catheter insertion site, swelling, tenderness (touch sensitivity), infection, thrombosis, inadequate catheter (catheter malfunction), hemothorax, and pus outflow (pus drainage). The search was conducted by two members of the research team (MB, AT). In case of any disagreement between them, the quality of the investigation was examined by the third person (AB). In the present study, we analyzed data using comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results: According to this study’s findings, 12 articles with a total sample of 1395 patients were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Our findings were as follows: the prevalence of hemodialysis infection was 26.6% (95%CI: 16.2%–40.6%) (I2=95.5, P

Actuated traffic signals usually use loop detectors. The current practice in many cities is to install four consecutive loop detectors in each lane to reduce the chance of undetected vehicles. Due to practical reasons, all four loop detectors in each lane and other detectors referring to the same phase are spliced together. Thus, it is possible for several vehicles to be counted as one single car. This way of detector wiring to the cabinet reduces the accuracy of detectors for collecting traffic volumes. Our preliminary studies show cases with an error greater than 75 percent. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a simple method to obtain turning volumes from signal information in actuated non-coordinated traffic signals without using loop detector data. To produce the required data, a simulation was performed in VISSIM with different input volumes. To change turning volumes, a code was developed in COM interface. With this code, the inputs did not have to be changed manually. In addition, the COM code stored the outputs. Data were then exported to a single Excel file. Afterwards, regression and the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were used to build models to obtain turning volumes. The accuracy of models is defined in terms of mean absolute percent error (MAPE). Results of our two case studies show that during peak hours, there is a high correlation between actuated green time and volumes. This method does not need extensive data collection and is easy to be employed. The results also show that ANFIS produces more accurate models compared to regression.

Suitable soil and water resources in the great Karun river basin, extensive areas of natural resources, favorable climate conditions and energy resources have led to the development of agriculture, industry and population growth in the Karun and Dez rivers margins. This study aims to identify, quantitatively and qualitatively review and determine the pollution load of agricultural drainages in the basin of great Karun (Karun and Dez rivers), determine the volume of drainage water and the impact on the quality of production resources. After field study, sampling (N=96) was done during four seasons in 2013-2014 in 24 input points of drainage water to water sources. The EC, pH, TSS, NO3-, DO, BOD, PO4-3, COD features, Cations, Anions and discharge were measured. Results showed that agricultural pollutants with a volume of 2,374 million cubic meters per year are causing pollution of types TDS and NO3- with 11862 and 65.51 tons per day, respectively. Pollution load of organic materials based on BOD and COD is 29.7 and 211 tons per day, respectively. Results also showed that, the Dez river reach has the largest share in terms of volume of drainage water and incoming pollution load. Moreover, the agricultural drainages of Shoeibieh, Haft –Tapeh Sugar cane, Ajirub and Salimeh, Karun (K), Myanab and Kharur within the Dez river reach, the drainages of Sardarabad (N) and Zahuabad within the Shatit reach and the fish-farming wastewaters within the Gargar river reach are among the most important drainages affecting the quality of water resources and agricultural lands in the downstream basin.

Introduction: Considering growing increase of antibacterial resistance to antibiotics and existing of anti-bacterial compounds in plants, in this study the antibacterial effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of Allium jesdianum plant on some species of pathogenic bacteria was evaluated. Methods: In this experimental study, the aqueous and methanol extracts of Allium jesdianum plant were prepared from Allium jesdianum plant. The antimicrobial effects of the extracts were evaluated by two methods: broth microdilution and agar-well diffusion on the bacteria in comparison with Gentamicin. The data were analysed by two independent samples T-test (SPSS-16). Results: The methanol extracts had a significant antibacterial eeffect on all examined Gram-positive and gram negative bacteria, except for Enterococcus faecalis (P

Abstract Introduction: Living with schizophrenic patients is stressful. Caregivers without sufficient knowledge cannot perform their responsibilities very well. This situation leads to relapse and re-hospitalization. Families experience a lot of stress facing such difficult situations which results in discomfort, tensions or despair in family members. High tensions impair family function unless the family adapt to the new situation. Objective: This study aimed to determine effectiveness of stress coping skills training with psycho-educational approach among caregivers` of schizophrenic patients on family function and psychological well-being. Methods: This is an experimental study with pretest-post test design and a control group comprising of main following variables; coping skills training with a psycho-educational approach(the independent variable) and family function and psychological well-being (two dependent variables). The study population included 220 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia who had referred to psychiatric clinic and had a history of hospitalization. Since the number of members in a psychotherapy group should be very limited, the sample size was considered 30. Sampling was performed with convenience method. Data collection tools included Ryff Psychological Well-Being and Family Assessment Device questionnaires. The psychometrics of both questionnaires had been confirmed in Iran. Ryff assesses six main components of psychological well-being. Therefore, it has 6 subscales (each subscale contains 14 items) and 84 items. The subjects specified their level of agreement, "agree "to" disagree", in a 6-point Likert scale. To obtain a score for each subscale, the score of each item on the related subscale should be summed. The total score of all 84 items equals the total psychological well-being. The subscales include self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purposeful life and personal growth. Family Assessment Device is a questionnaire with 60 items in domains of problem-solving, relationships, roles, effective response, effective involvement, behavior control, and general functioning. They were answered in a 4-Likert scale. In order to obtain the score of each subscale, all subscale scores have to be added then divided by number of items of each subscale. Higher scores show poor functioning. In this study, the mean score was used to compare the groups. The researcher referred to the psychiatry clinic and specified the records of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and had the inclusion criteria; being main caregiver, educated and living in Rasht. The families were then contacted.30 patients were randomly selected whose psychological well-being and family function score had one SD below the mean of questionnaires scores. They were placed in two experimental and control groups (15 per group). During the intervention, six subjects (3 per group) withdrew due to family problems and the disease recurrence. Again in the last session, the questionnaires were completed by the subjects. The interventions were performed twice a week for 90 minutes in twelve consecutive sessions. Homogeneity of the two groups in terms of evaluated variables was approved using ANOVA. Then, the variance-covariance analysis was used to determine the effectiveness of stress coping skill straining with psyche-educational approach on variables of family function and psychological well-being. Results: Most of the subjects (58.3%) were women with mean age of 53.9±5.87. Majority of them (79.2%) had secondary education. Analysis of data showed that the mean score of family function in the experimental group in pretest was 183.42± 13.96 and 177.08±8.23 in the control group. The mean score of the psychological well-being was 224.58±27.03 in the experimental and 228.33± 12.01in the control group. In the posttest, the mean score of family function equaled121.83±15.59 and the control group 172.58±4.25. Moreover, in the post test the mean of psychological well-being of the experimental group and the control group were 373.33±23.96 and 242.67±7.27, respectively. Analysis of variance test with Wilks' lambda to determine the effectiveness of stress coping skills training on family function and psychological well-being in combination, indicated the significant impact of education (p

Islamic Revolution of Iran as a prelude to the arrival of religion in themanagement realm of contemporary societies needs an immediatetheorization in how to employ various religion and human resources in socialsciences. Collecting and demystifying various sources of knowledge, MullaSadra's Transcendent Wisdom paved the way for the use of reason andconvention, but scrutinizes and various claims of Sadrian philosophers led todifferences in the employment of reason and convention. The results of thisstudy showed that Allameh Tabatabaei's point of view in accepting legalpropositions as conventional and Allameh Mesbah Yazdi's opinion aboutthem as real ones have significant influences on using various legalresources. In this regard, Tabatabae's approvals accredited the conventions,but Mesbah Yazdi's idea led to fade them and increased intellectual andconstant understandings in law. Considering the above, with approvingfeasibility and precision of using both reason and convention, Islamic lawschool took some distances from naturalist schools and realism andapproached to a jurisprudential one.