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The purpose of the study is the city of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, was chosen to study the spectral reflection of the land cover and to determine the changes taking place in the areas of the main features of the city using the temporal resolution of multispectral bands of the satellite Landsat 5 and 8 for MSS and OLI sensors respectively belonging to NASA and for the period 1999-2021, and calculating the increase and decrease in the basic features of Baghdad .The main conclusions of the study were, This study from 1999 to 2021 and in two different seasons: the Spring of the growing season and Summer the dry season. When using the supervised classification method to determine the differences, the results showed remarkable changes. Where he was in 1999 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 925km2 and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) 75.3km2 In the case of an increase during the growth period, while the values decreased during the period of dry to (NDVI) 390.8km2 and (NDWI) 51.9km2.As for Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) 1692.9km2 and Normalized Difference Built up Index (NDBI) 782.1km2 we notice a decrease in the growth period, while the values increase during the dry period to (SAVI) 2239.1km2 and (NDBI) 1495.7km2. In 2021 (NDVI) 242.7km2 (NDWI) 83.4km2 in the case of an increase during the growth period, while the values decreased during the period of dry to (NDVI) 122.2km2 and (NDWI) 73.2km2 .As for (SAVI) 3016.3km2 (NDBI) 1263.3km2 we notice a decrease in the growth period, while the values increase during the dry period to (SAVI) 3702.3km2 and (NDBI) 1882.2km2. Where most of the changes in LC were due to human activities, and the most prominent changes in LC were due to urban expansion on agricultural lands continuously in all years that resulted from land degradation.

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the activity of methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos on Type I anti-diabetic in STZ induced in rat’s model. Methods: Extracted A. marmelos fruits were evaluated for anti-diabetic activity. Type I Diabetes has been induced in Wistar rats through STZ 65 mg/ kg/b.w.I.P. During the experiment, the rat’s body weight and fasting blood sugar levels were monitored. At the end of the study, animals in all groups have been sacrificed and biochemical parameters such as lipid profile, C-Peptide, HbA1c, serum insulin, pancreatic insulin, and histology of the pancreas have been observed. Furthermore, levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation were measured. Results: The observed extract A. marmelos was proven to be safe in the toxicity findings. It has been shown an in vivo significant effect to manage diabetic markers such as weight gain, blood glucose, lipid profile, C-Peptide, HbA1c, the release of insulin secretion, and pancreatic insulin. The diabetic pancreas of rats has been observed to fall over beta cell density and disruption of normal architecture, but treated groups have been determined to restore the mass over beta cells. Elevated oxidative enzymes also have been viewed to control the treatment with A. marmelos. Conclusion: All its findings and phytoconstituents existing inside the extract must stay the viable chemical materials involved in the prevention of diabetes

Objectives: The main aim of the present study was to investigate the antiurolithiatic activity of Dolichos Biflorus methanolic seed extract in a rat’s model. In the phytochemical screening, it was found that Dolichos Biflorus seed extract showed the presence of tannins steroids, protein, flavonoids, terpenoids, mucilage, saponin, and carbohydrate and the absence of alkaloids fixed oil. Hence, this plant has highly diuretic activity. Methods: Model: Sodium oxalate induced urolithiasis in rats. A total of 30 rats were used for this study and the animals were divided into five groups. Each group contains six rats: Normal control group, disease control group (sodium oxalate 75 mg/kg, IP), standard group (Cystone, 750 mg/kg, PO), treatment group1 (Dolichos Biflorus 150 mg/kg, PO), treatment Group 2 (Dolichos Biflorus 300 mg/kg, PO). Urolithiasis was induced by using sodium oxalate (75 mg/kg, IP) for 28 days. Results: At the end of the experiment, all the animal blood samples were collected to check the various biochemical parameters. Animals were sacrificed by giving a high dose of pentobarbitone and kidneys were collected for antioxidant and histopathological study. From the renal function test, it was found that the drug is showing a potent effect when compared to the disease control group and standard group. Moreover, from the antioxidant and histopathology study, it was found that the drug is showing a potent effect when compared to the disease control and standard group and control group. Conclusion: After all the investigation, it was found that oral administration of Dolichos Biflorus seed extract at the low dose of 150 mg/kg and the high dose of 300 mg/kg against the sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis and it was found that high is more effective as compared to low dose. Drug was able to suppress oxalate synthesizing enzymes and minerals. Moreover, histopathology study in the treatment group showed recovery and normal architecture of glomerulus with a tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule. The most of tubules are showing normal architecture and recovery. After seeing all the results, it is confirmed that the test drug Dolichos Biflorus has potent antiurolithiatic activity. (Dolichos Biflorus short form mentioned below as DB)

Air pollution is on the priority list of global safety issues, with the concern of fatal environmental and public health deterioration. 2D materials are potential adsorbent materials for environmental decontamination, owing to their high surface area, manageable interlayer binding, large surface-to-volume ratio, specific binding capability, and chemical, thermal, and mechanistic stability. Specifically, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have been attracting attention, taking advantage of their low cost synthesis, excessive oxygen containing surface functionalities, and intrinsic aqueous dispersibility, making them desirable for the development of cost-effective, high performance air filters. Many different material designs have been proposed to expand their filtration capability, including the functionalization and integration with other metals and metal oxides, which act not only as binding agents to the target pollutants but also as antimicrobial agents. This review highlights the advantages and drawbacks of 2D materials for air filtration and summarizes the interrelationships among various strategies and the resultant filtration performance in terms of structural engineering, morphology control, and material compositions. Finally, potential future directions are suggested toward the idealized designs of 2D material based air filters.

Background: Choerospondias axillaris CA, known as lapsi, is a plant with constituents having therapeutic properties. All plant parts including stem, bark, root, leaves, and fruit have medicinal virtues and have had a role in Ethno-medicine since ancient times. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of dried powder of Choerospondias axillaris fruits in Wistar albino rats. Methods: The anti-hyperlipidemic effect of methanolic extract of the fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (CA) was tested in a high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rat model. Here, chronic hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding a high-fat diet for 21 days to rats. During the experiment, the rat’s body weight was monitored. At the end of the study, animals among whole groups have been sacrificed and biochemical parameters such as; serum Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C), and increase of serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) were analysed. Results: The observed extract of Choerospondias axillaris was proven to be safe in the toxicity findings. Treatment with methanolic extract of CA (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) significantly reduced the hyperlipidemia i.e., the decline in levels of serum Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C), and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) when compared to vehicle control and standard drug Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg). The result indicates that methanolic extract of the whole plant of Choerospondias axillaris possessed significant antihyperlipidemic activity. Conclusion: After all the investigation it was found that oral administration of Choerospondias axillaris fruit extract at a low dose of 300mg/kg and a high dose of 600mg/kg against the high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and it was found that a high dose was more effective as compared to low dose. The drug was able to suppress the raised parameters.

هدفت الدراسة الى اعداد مقاييس (الاضطرابات السيكوسوماتية (النفسية-الجسمية و والابداع الوظيفي) لدى العاملين في وزارة الشباب والرياضة وتم اجراء الاسس العلمية لهذا المقياس استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي بالأسلوب المسحي ذو العلاقات الارتباطية لملائمته طبيعة الدراسة ، واشتمل مجتمع البحث موظفي وزارة الشباب والرياضة المتمثلة بدائرة( الطب الرياضي) في العراق والبالغ عددهم ( 110 ) وتم اختيار عينة البحث بالطريقة العشوائية اذ تبلغ عينة التطبيق ( 110 ) موظف وتم استخراج الاسس العلمية, واستنتج الباحث(لمقياس الاضطرابات السيكوسوماتية (النفسية-الجسمية للعاملين في وزارة الشباب والرياضة وتمتع موظفي بمستوى ( متوسط ) في الأبداع الوظيفي.

Credit rating agencies have great significance in the growth of the financial industry by giving confidence to borrowers and lenders through expressing their opinion on the ability of the institution to meet its financial obligation through credit ratings. Therefore, if the governance structure is weak, credit rating agencies are likely to expect poor financial position and vulnerability of the stakeholders' interests. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the corporate governance characteristics of Islamic banks influence Islamic banks' credit ratings. Data is calculated from the annual reports of 22 banks in Pakistan for 14 years from 2007 to 2014. The results show that the board size, board members' independence, CEO tenure, blockholders, foreign investors, Shariah board size, education levels of Shariah supervisors, and Shariah board expertise negatively affect credit rating when bank-specific financial variables are used as the control variables. On the other hand, credit rating is positively correlated with board independence, foreign directors, women directors, board meetings, listing shares, size of audit committee members, audit committee meetings, changes in the structure of the shariah supervisory board, and foreign shariah experts. As a result, Islamic banks in Pakistan show strong corporate governance, leading to better credit ratings.

Study provide standard levels of physical fitness tests for students applying for study seats at the University of Jordan on the list of sports excellence for the period between (2017-2020). By descriptive on a sample of (283) male and (169) female students to fulfill the study's goal. The study included the following tests: a 1600m running test to assess respiratory cyclic endurance, a long jump test from stability to assess explosive force of the leg muscles, a running rebound test (4x10m) to assess agility, and a medical ball throw test with a weight of (5) kg for male students and (3) kg for female students to assess strength. The explosiveness of the arm muscles. The study's findings revealed the most recent standard levels of the tests employed in the study, allowing them to keep up with societal trends. It is well recognized that there is a requirement to make some changes to the test standards every three years. These parameters, according to the researchers, should be employed in physical fitness assessments that qualify students for skill testing at the University of Jordan.

In the phytochemical screening, it was found that Dolichos Biflorus seed extract contained the presence of tannins steroids, protein, flavonoids, terpenoids, mucilage, saponin, and carbohydrate, but no alkaloids fixed oil. So, this plant has highly diuretic activity. Which can use for the treatment of urolithiasis. Objective: The Present study aims to investigate the anti-Urolithiatic activity of Dolichos Biflorus methanolic seed extract in a rat model. Methods: Dolichos Biflorus Seeds Extract were evaluated for anti-Urolithiatic activity. Urolithiasis has been induced in Wistar rats through Ethylene glycol (0.75%v/v, p.o). Upon completion of the experiment, animals in all groups have been sacrificed and biochemical parameters such as; calcium, creatinine, Phosphorus, Uric acid, Alkaline Phosphatase BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), and histology of Kidney have been observed. Furthermore, Potassium, Oxalate levels, and Alanine Amino Transferases were measured. Results: The extract of Dolichos Biflorus was proven to be safe in the toxicity findings. It has been shown that in-vivo significant effect of plant extract was able to manage the urolithiatic markers such as calcium, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), and potassium. In the urolithiatic rats it has been observed that abundant crystal depositions, renal epithelial cells had more tubular dilatation and damage shown by large spaces in the tissue, renal stone deposition damages the renal tissue and detoriate the renal function. Urolithiatic markers such as calcium, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), and potassium were normal in animals receiving plant extract and prevent renal cell injury. Conclusion: All its findings and phytoconstituents existing inside the extract must stay the viable chemical materials involved in the prevention of Urolithiatic.

Objective: To compare the dynamic hip screw versus proximal femoral nail devices in the management of intertrochanteric fractures Design of the Study: It was a cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried at the Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Sahara Medical College (Sughra Shafi Medical Complex), Narowal from April 2022 to September 2022. Patients and Methods: In this study, 70 patients of both sexes, ranging in age from 40 to 70, had intertrochanteric fracture surgery. Two treatment groups were created by randomly dividing these patients; Group-A (n=35) patients got proximal femoral nailing while Group-B (n=35) patients underwent fracture fixation with DHS. The outcome variables that were used to compare the two groups were the frequency of infection (diagnosed clinically upon appearance of any two of the following signs within 4 weeks after surgery: redness around the wound, serosangious discharge, and fever >100oF). Every participant's signed informed permission was obtained. Results of the Study: The age of the patients ranged from 40 years to 70 years with a mean of 54.96±8.34 years. There were 28 (40%) male and 42 (60%) female patients. 46 (65.7%) patients had Type-I and 24 (34.3%) patients had Type-II fracture according to Evan’s Classification. The frequency of infection was significantly higher in the DHS group (31.4% vs. 0.0%; p=0.000) as compared to PFN group. Conclusion: In patients with intertrochanteric fractures, proximal femoral nail was found to be superior to DHS in terms of a significantly reduced risk of infection, regardless of the patient's age or gender. This supports the preferred use of proximal femoral nail in future practise, provided the necessary hardware and surgical skills are available. Keywords: Dynamic Hip Screw, Proximal Femoral Nail, Intertrochanteric Fractures, Infection, Evan’s Classification

Vegetables and tree leaves are an important part of healthy diet due to their nutritional value, so contamination of vegetables and tree leaves may be dangerous for the population. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds that are widely distributed in the environment and many of them exhibit carcinogenic effects. PAHs can enter the food chain in a variety of ways; hence the examination of PAHs in food is important. The current study examines the amounts of PAHs for ten of these compounds which are acenaphthene (Ace), acenaphthylene (Acy), fluorene (Flu), naphthalene (Np), anthracene (An), phenanthrene (Ph), benzo[α]anthracene (B[α]An), chrysene (Chry) , pyrene(Py), benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]Py) , In the following samples ( celery , watercress , cress , Eucalpt , mandarin , orange). The current study showed the presence of naphthalene in all samples, and the highest concentration was recorded in the Eucalyptuse leaves sample from the Doura region (19.433ppm) and the lowest concentration recorded in the Taji watercress sample (0.0785ppm). It was noted that the presence of pyrene by 66.66% and benzo-a-pyrene by 77.77%, while chrysene did not appear in any of the samples.

In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body’s ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. This study was designed to determine the influence of Glutathione to reduce the pathological changes induced by estrogen. In this study 40 female and male mice are taken at age of 21days with groups of control (10 mouse in each group).The group of experimental animals was treated with estrogen and glutathione diluted with distilled water, as a vehicle, and injected intraperitonially for 12 weeks, once weekly. Each control group was injected with the vehicle of it in the same manner of injection and for the same period.

This paper aims to introduce the phenetic method for processing paleographical datasets and evaluating their similarity relationships. The presented numerical taxonomic method was applied for selected varieties of the Arabic and Aramaic scripts. The phenetic model was evaluated by hierarchical clustering and—after applying multidimensional scaling—a centroid-based clustering method. The hierarchical clustering results were presented as dendrograms (phenograms), while the centroid-based results were given in 2- and 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems. The obtained results demonstrate that the numerical taxonomy's phenetic approach is useful in describing the distances between different writing systems. The long-term goal of the research is to apply machine learning tools to clarify the relationships between the large number of Aramaic and Arabic script variants. This study belongs to the field of pattern evolution, in which machine learning methods of biological evolution are used to model evolving patterns (such as writing systems) over time.

The mobility of people who have had a lower limb amputated is slower, less stable, and needs more metabolic energy than the movement of physically fit, also, often have difficulty moving on uneven terrain and stairs. In most cases, these problems may be traced back to the usage of controllers for an above-knee prosthesis, which enhances movement and more quality of life for millions of individuals who have lost lower limbs. In this work addresses the dynamic modeling and parameter identification of the lower limb, and the control of a 2-DOF joint prosthetic, because the uncertainty, high nonlinearity, problems with imbalance, and external perturbations, which can occur during movement. Backstepping control algorithm based on the Lyapunov theory was used, this is to ensure system stability with enhanced dynamic performance. The Bat algorithms optimization technique was used to fine-tune these design parameters to improve the performance of the proposed controller. From the results, found that the quantitative comparison between the present study and the related articles previously published which used sliding mode observer control, showed reasonable agreement. To comparison between convolution Backstepping control and optimal Backstepping control with Bat algorithms, at the control action consumptions. It was found that the position error of the prosthetic knee is enhanced by 9% at joint1 and 7.4% at joint2, respectively. Therefore, the results are considered satisfactory for such biomedical systems.

The present study aimed to find out differences in health risk factors of COVID-19 among doctors, nurses and psychologists by determining the relationship of cognitive appraisal, coping styles, stress and fear among health professionals. Cross-sectional research design was used. Sample comprised of 3 groups; doctors, nurses and psychologists (

Optical fibre tapers have recently been intensively studied for a variety of applications, including telecommunications, medical, and biochemical sensing. In this research, we fabricate photonic crystal fiber taper without collapsing air holes and describe how steering air-cladding increases the evanescent-field sensitivity of microstructure fibres. The enhancement of the microstructure fibre's performance is based on the decrease of the diameter of the fiber core to a minimal width by tapering, where a specified part power of light is directed by an evanescent field passing through the air holes in the axial cladding. The initial structure of the fiber with outer diameter of 5 μm was reduced (100, 80,60) um for improving the very limited. The guided core mode and axial air holes have a high intensity overlap at 1.55 m wavelength. Some simulation results have been achieved by using the COMSOL multiphysics program. It used to design the photonic crystal fiber large-mode area and with different taper waist diameter and find mode intensity distributions guiding of 1550 nm inside the optical crystal fiber.