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While G/U pairs are present in many RNAs, the lack of molecular studies to characterize the roles of multiple G/U pairs within a single RNA limits our understanding of their biological significance. From known RNA 3D structures, we observed that the probability a G/U will form a Watson–Crick (WC) base pair depends on sequence context. We analyzed 17 G/U pairs in the 359-nucleotide genome of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), a circular non-coding RNA that replicates and spreads systemically in host plants. Most putative G/U base pairs were experimentally supported by selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE). Deep sequencing PSTVd genomes from plants inoculated with a cloned master sequence revealed naturally occurring variants, and showed that G/U pairs are maintained to the same extent as canonical WC base pairs. Comprehensive mutational analysis demonstrated that nearly all G/U pairs are critical for replication and/or systemic spread. Two selected G/U pairs were found to be required for PSTVd entry into, but not for exit from, the host vascular system. This study identifies critical roles for G/U pairs in the survival of an infectious RNA, and increases understanding of structure-based regulation of replication and trafficking of pathogen and cellular RNAs.

International audience; Si la pratique du plain-chant était courante dans les petites écoles sous l'Ancien Régime, elle ne reposait pas sur des supports écrits lui étant expressément dédiés. En effet, sauf à de rares exceptions près, les écoliers ne disposaient pas eux-mêmes de livres imprimés porteurs de notation musicale, et n'inscrivaient pas le chant appris sur des feuilles de papier ou dans des cahiers. À partir de ce constat, cette communication visera à préciser le matériel utilisé dans le cadre de cet apprentissage, ainsi qu'à identifier ses effets sur les méthodes de transmission et le déroulement de cette activité scolaire. Plus généralement, il s'agira, au travers de cette situation particulière, de réfléchir au statut de l'écrit dans l'enseignement dispensé par les petites écoles.

Win-win solutions (WWSs) that reconcile climate with economic goals offer a new suite of opportunities to build the necessary economic conditions for achieving a good life for all and reaching the Sustainable Development Goals. However, a systematic assessment of such solutions is still missing. Addressing this gap, a Global Dialogue on win-win solutions was implemented within the GREEN-WIN project to (1) co-develop a vision about ‘which kind of economy do we want for which kind of world?’, (2) identify exemplary WWSs in diverse domains of action and (3) evaluate the possibilities to scale win-win solutions and thus contribute to changing current core economic practices. Our assessment focuses on the potential of ‘scaling out, up and deep’ of solutions to attain a vision of a sustainable world. We find that critical factors for scaling such experiences across the globe are initiating and facilitating opportunities for sharing information and knowledge, boosting multi-stakeholder collaboration and co-creating and building transformative capacities, while ensuring financial support for niche experimentation.

International audience; Under the French ancien régime, Latin reading was commonly taught in parochial or charitable schools, the so-called petites écoles. The goal was to enable pupils to pronounce prayers and psalms in accordance with the learned ecclesiastical culture. The instruction and modeling provided by schoolmasters were essential in children's training, but so too were the books they used. Books of hours, ABCs, and psalters integrated particular typographical layouts, punctuation, and other symbols to help pupils read aloud. A similar system of visual cues was established in plainchant books in the course of the seventeenth century. This essay explores for the first time the graphic convergence between school books (reading primers) and plainchant books. It examines how they helped to develop the Latin literacy of often semiliterate people through oral performance of both reading and singing.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 This article introduces the special issue on climate adaptation and institutions. Economic accounts of climate adaptation have stressed its collective action nature and the limitations of standard economic approaches to the matter. Governance accounts, on their part, have shown that adaptation does not always happen when it is expected. Against this background, institutional economics has the potential to shed light on those societal processes and collective mechanisms leading to and shaping adaptation (or the absence of it). The selection of articles contributing to this special issue shows that climate adaptation can indeed be explored successfully through institutional economics, and that doing so fits well within the institutional economics agenda. Some recommendations for future research are provided at the end.

Nature-based flood defences (NBFD) are receiving considerable attention in the coastal adaptation field. Advocates of NBFD point to their cost-effectiveness, flexibility and the range of co-benefits they produce beside flood risk reduction. However, NBFD are not yet common practice. One reason for this may be found in financial barriers. To date, there has been little attention for financial aspects of NBFD, as the literature has focused on design, effectiveness and socio-economic impact of such projects. We address this gap by analysing the financial attractiveness of real-world NBFD from the perspective of the public actor. We address the following research questions: through which mechanisms can public investments in NBFD projects be leveraged? and ii) what are the enabling conditions for these mechanisms? We find two types of revenue generating mechanisms: value capture, in which the public actor generates revenues from private beneficiaries through taxes; and co-investment, in which the project attracts in-kind or cash contributions from other actors. We illustrate the potential of these leveraging mechanisms in four case studies and find that NBFD can generate significant tax revenues in locations with high demand for certain co-benefits, whereas project size, type, timing and beneficiaries of co-benefits determine the potential for co-investment.

Accurate calculation of mutation rates for viruses and viroids is necessary for evolutionary studies and to evaluate adaptation potential. However, estimation of in vivo mutation rates is complicated by selection, which leads to loss or proliferation of certain mutations. To minimize this concern, lethal mutations, including nonsense and non-synonymous mutations, have been used to determine mutation rates for several viruses and viroids, including Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). However, this approach has limitations, including focus on a relatively small number of genome sites and the possibility that mutations may not actually be lethal or may be maintained by wild type individuals. To avoid selection bias altogether, we sequenced minus-strand PSTVd dimers from concatemeric replication intermediates. The underlying rationale is that mutations found in only one of the monomers were likely generated de novo during RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription of the circular plus-strand RNA genome. This approach yielded an apparent Pol II error rate of ~1/1837 nucleotides per transcription cycle, and an estimated mutation rate of ~1/919 nucleotides for a single replication cycle. Remarkably, de novo mutations were nearly absent from the most conserved, replication-critical regions of the PSTVd genome, suggesting that sequence conservation is a consequence of both essential function and template optimization for greater Pol II fidelity. Such biased fidelity may constitute a novel strategy to ensure population success while allowing abundant sampling of sequence space in other genome regions. Comparison with variants in progeny populations derived from a cloned, wild type PSTVd master sequence revealed that most de novo mutations were lost through selection., Author summary Polymerase errors are the major source of variation in virus and viroid genomes, and as a consequence polymerase error rates are major determinants of adaptation potential. Accurate calculation of in vivo mutation rates is complicated by selection. To circumvent this issue, dimeric PSTVd minus-strand replication intermediates generated in vivo by host RNA polymerase II (Pol II) were sequenced to identify de novo mutations. This analysis revealed a very high error rate for Pol II transcribing genomic PSTVd RNA, leading to an extremely high mutation rate. Remarkably, however, de novo mutations were rare in the most highly conserved, replication-critical genome regions, suggesting these sequences are selected for both function and enhanced transcription fidelity. This biased fidelity may reveal a novel strategy to ensure population survival while maximizing adaptation potential. Further, comparison of mutations identified by minus-strand dimer sequencing with mutations observed in progeny variants derived from wild type PSTVd showed that most de novo mutations were lost through selection.

Compartimos una serie de trece trabajos escritos elaborados por practicantes que han sostenido las actividades comprendidas por el Curso Teórico-Práctico "Práctica Clínica e Intersecciones en el Campo de la Salud Mental" dirigido por Dr. Mario Kelman en el marco del Programa "Problemáticas Contemporáneas: Psicoanálisis, Ciencia y Ciencia Cognitiva" perteneciente al Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEI-UNR). Los trabajos de referencia corresponde al Ciclo 2019/2020. Presentamos el archivo completo del Número 01 del Año 18 de la Revista Digital "Lecturas" invitando a una lectura atenta de cada uno de los trabajos escritos que lo componen, así como de los hilos que los recorren acentuando el trazo singular de cada autora y de cada autor. Fil: Kelman, Mario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. CIUNR; Argentina Fil: Echaire Curutchet, Rafael. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina

Compartimos una serie de trece trabajos escritos elaborados por practicantes que han sostenido las actividades comprendidas por el Curso Teórico-Práctico "Práctica Clínica e Intersecciones en el Campo de la Salud Mental" dirigido por Dr. Mario Kelman en el marco del Programa "Problemáticas Contemporáneas: Psicoanálisis, Ciencia y Ciencia Cognitiva" perteneciente al Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEI-UNR). Los trabajos de referencia corresponden al Ciclo 2019/2020. Presentamos el segundo artículo del Número 01 del Año 18 de la Revista Digital “Lecturas”, sugiriendo la lectura de la serie de trabajos escritos que componen la presente publicación. Fil: Kelman, Mario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. CIUNR; Argentina Fil: Bisaro Morero, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina

International audience; Policées ou révoltées, dissimulées ou mises en scène, déclamantes ou chantantes, les voix des enfants résonnent constamment dans l’espace sonore des institutions scolaires de l’époque moderne. Cet ouvrage fait le pari que ces voix disparues, dissimulées dans les sources écrites, permettent de faire bouger les lignes de l’histoire de l’éducation telle qu’elle a été écrite jusqu’à présent, d’éclairer différemment des aspects qui semblaient bien connus et de faire émerger de nouvelles questions. En s’appuyant sur des corpus de sources qui permettent de documenter l’oralité éducative, les différentes études participent à une meilleure compréhension du rôle des institutions d’enseignement dans la construction de « l’être de langage » des écoliers à l’époque moderne, qui constitue une caractéristique forte de l’Europe de la Renaissance. Elles proposent de réfléchir à la manière dont la parole de l’élève est mobilisée dans l’enseignement de la lecture, de la rhétorique et du chant, et aux effets cognitifs de cette éducation. Toujours attentives à la manière dont ces voix sont situées dans l’espace, de la salle de classe à la rue, les études éclairent la mise en scène de la voix enfantine lors des rituels scolaires et ses effets lorsqu’elle investit l’espace urbain à l’occasion des manifestations religieuses et profanes. C’est à une autre histoire, sonore, de l’enfance et de son éducation que convie finalement ce volume.

Policées ou révoltées, dissimulées ou mises en scène, déclamantes ou chantantes, les voix des enfants résonnent constamment dans l’espace sonore des institutions scolaires de l’époque moderne. Cet ouvrage fait le pari que ces voix disparues, dissimulées dans les sources écrites, permettent de faire bouger les lignes de l’histoire de l’éducation telle qu’elle a été écrite jusqu’à présent, d’éclairer différemment des aspects qui semblaient bien connus et de faire émerger de nouvelles questions. En s’appuyant sur des corpus de sources qui permettent de documenter l’oralité éducative, les différentes études participent à une meilleure compréhension du rôle des institutions d’enseignement dans la construction de « l’être de langage » des écoliers à l’époque moderne, qui constitue une caractéristique forte de l’Europe de la Renaissance. Elles proposent de réfléchir à la manière dont la parole de l’élève est mobilisée dans l’enseignement de la lecture, de la rhétorique et du chant, et aux effets cognitifs de cette éducation. Toujours attentives à la manière dont ces voix sont situées dans l’espace, de la salle de classe à la rue, les études éclairent la mise en scène de la voix enfantine lors des rituels scolaires et ses effets lorsqu’elle investit l’espace urbain à l’occasion des manifestations religieuses et profanes. C’est à une autre histoire, sonore, de l’enfance et de son éducation que convie finalement ce volume.

International audience

Flood risk in urban areas around the world is increasing due to socio-economic development and climate change. Urban climate adaptation measures are beneficial over the longer term, particularly in coastal areas, yet the upfront costs of such measures are significant. Moreover, public actors responsible for adaptation to flood risk face constrained budgets. A promising strategy for overcoming these constraints and enabling greater adaptation investment is land reclamation that includes adaptation, i.e. flood risk reduction. Land reclamation in high-value urban areas can generate substantial revenues through the sale or lease of new land, or taxes on increased economic activities, thus offsetting public adaptation investments. This paper explores the potential of land reclamation for leveraging public adaptation investments and associated distributional issues, by analysing 3 urban land reclamation and adaptation projects in Germany, the Netherlands and the Maldives. We find that all projects have leveraging potential, and leveraging in projects primarily aimed at land creation is particularly high. Further, due to low adaptation costs needed to protect revenue streams in such projects, these investments appear to be ‘low-regret’. Regarding distributional aspects, high project costs and limited public budgets for adaptation constrain public actors’ ability to ensure equitable outcomes through planning instruments, for example, social housing. Further, in implementation, competition for project benefits can lead to further inequalities. We conclude that urban land reclamation presents a significant opportunity to leverage public adaptation investments under certain conditions. We further outline future research needs including to extend land-based financing theory from related urban infrastructure sectors to inform the design of equitable governance arrangements and to better understand the role of such urban land reclamation projects in regional or national development pathways.

Understanding how we are adapting to climate change in coastal areas is an essential issue in the long-term coastal planning. While most of existing studies focus on mapping the current state of adaptation plans, there is a significant lack of studies on the current implementation of adaptation strategies. This study addresses this challenge by assessing how coastal adaptation is being financed and implemented in Spain. In the absence of a detailed roadmap for implementing the Spanish Strategy for Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change, we have analysed how adaptation has been and is currently being funded; which the rationale for investments along the territory is; how adaptation investments compare to regular coastal protection costs; and assessed when implemented measures are really adaptation ones. Our results show that the financing source clearly conditions the type of measures implemented, with those funded under the Environment Promotion Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (PIMA Adapta initiative) being dominated by classical coastal engineering actions, whereas ecosystem-related actions are mostly funded under the LIFE programme. In territorial terms, the Mediterranean coastal regions present the most important problems under current conditions and attract most of the funding. Most of the funded actions have been designed to solve current coastal problems, and although they indirectly contribute to adaptation by improving the coastal base status, they are not specifically designed for climate change. This misuse of the concept of adaptation measure will tend to the society to be overconfident about adopted actions whereas we are not progressing to real adaptation. To overcome this risk, it is necessary to have a clear roadmap for implementing adaptation measures together a proper financing structure. This work has been done in the framework of the M-CostAdapt (CTM2017- 83655-C2-1-R) research project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE). The first author was supported by a PhD grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. We also thank the support of the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia I Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR773).

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 Appropriate institutions are essential for climate change adaptation. Yet diverse approaches to institutional analysis are available, encompassing different ontological and epistemological assumptions, and thus yielding insights on very different aspects of institutions in adaptation. Therefore, efforts to expand knowledge in this domain can be usefully informed by an assessment of approaches to institutional analysis in the adaptation literature, which is to date lacking. We address this gap by conducting a systematic review of the adaptation literature addressing institutions. Our review characterises approaches to institutional analysis by identifying methodological choices and the philosophy of science underpinning them. We then analyze the distribution of approaches to institutional analysis across different adaptation situations, contextualizing our results within methodological debates in adaptation research regarding the appropriateness of positivist, interpretative, or post-normal approaches. We find that institutional analysis of adaptation is now engaging with 'how' and 'why' questions, beyond descriptive questions that characterise the adaptation 'barriers' literature, that diverse philosophies of science drive methodological choice, and that post-normal approaches, e.g. co-design approaches, hardly address institutions. We conclude that support for interpretative approaches, and for institutional analysis in post-normal approaches is needed. The latter is important for adaptation planning processes in developing countries under the UNFCCC.

Shooom, a baby owl, hatches just as a storm turns the bayou surrounding her tree upside down. No sooner has she fallen from her nest, then the little fledgling totters off into the mangrove, pushing a second egg from the brood along with her. Come hell or high water, she's determined to find a mother... even if that mom turns out to be an alligator or a raccoon!

Dans le chœur des églises paroissiales françaises, un personnage récurrent se laisse souvent distinguer. D’abord un dos large et brillant, celui d’un homme portant chape. Après la silhouette, il détermine une position-posture : debout devant le lutrin « droit comme un S. Georges », campé devant un livre que l’on devine, et face au sanctuaire. Enfin, une voix, celle de l’Église chantant par l’entremise d’un de ses officiers. Pourtant, la multiplication de cas dans le temps et l’espace laisse b...

Chantons toujours… Le jour de la Saint-Vincent 1795, la ci-devant église paroissiale de Sainte-Pallaye résonne de cette cinglante réponse d'un villageois aux officiers municipaux venus l'interpeller. Entouré d'autres habitants réunis pour faire la messe en l'absence de prêtre, il riposte verbalement aux représentants du nouveau régime, et désigne par la même occasion ce qui apparaît comme le signe efficace et rassurant du rite qu'il prétend accomplir : le plain-chant exécuté par lui et ses compagnons du lutrin. Perdue dans la masse des rapports de l'administration révolutionnaire, la trace de la détermination de ces chantres pose pourtant un singulier problème. Attribut ecclésiastique, le plain-chant est ici revendiqué par un groupe de laïques ; nécessitant des connaissances techniques particulières et reposant sur des textes latins, ce chant semble familier aux peu-lisants d'un bourg rural. Se jouant des frontières culturelles, le plain-chant des campagnes se révèle être, au hasard de cet incident, étroitement chevillé à la société d'Ancien Régime. En croisant des sources relatives à l'enseignement scolaire, à la sociabilité rurale, à la librairie religieuse, aux pratiques musicales inhérentes à la vie paroissiale, ainsi qu'à leurs représentations et aux usages anthropologiques qui leur sont liés, cet ouvrage propose une étude de ce plain-chant dont les traits stables entre le XVIe et le XIXe siècle autant que les transformations diachroniques accompagnèrent non sans efficience l'émergence, l'enracinement puis l'affaiblissement d'une religion villageoise propre à la France moderne.