Search

Bisphenol-A (BPA) and gamma-radiation are two risky environmental pollutants that human beings are exposed to in everyday life and consequently they threaten human health via inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and eventually tissue damage. This study aims at appraising the protective effect of Boswellic Acid (BA) (250 mg/kg/day, orally) administration on BPA (150 mg/kg/day, i.p) and γ-irradiation (IR) (3 Gy/week for 4 weeks up to cumulative dose of 12 Gy/experimental course) for 4 weeks-induced damage to liver and heart tissues of rats. The present results indicated a significant improvement against damage induced by BPA and IR revealed in biochemical investigations (hepatic PPAR-α/P38 and cardiac ET-1/Calcineurin-A/NFATc1/P38) and histopathological examination of liver and heart. It could be concluded that BA possesses a protective effect against these two deleterious environmental pollutants which attracted major global concerns due to their serious toxicological impact on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol-A is one of the Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) found in plastic raw materials, one of which is polycarbonate (PC). BPA is released from the polymer due to the heating process on the packaging, so that the residue accumulates in the body and invades breast cells by controlling the estrogen receptor (ER) and causing breast cancer. Phloroglucinol has the potential to fight the growth of breast cancer cells. This study was conducted to compare the affinity of ERβ to BPA and phloroglucinol using themethod In silico. ERβ macromolecules downloaded from Protein Data Bank (PDB) (www.rcsb.org) with code (PDB ID: 3OLS). 2D structures of BPA and phloroglucinol were drawn using the program. ChemBioDraw 2D 15.0 and optimized into a 3D structure using the program ChemBioDraw 3D 15.0. BPA and phloroglucinol bedocking to ERβ using program MGLTools 1.5.6 incorporates AutodockTools 4.2.6. The results docking showed the value of the free energy (ΔG) of phloroglucinol against ERβ -4.67 Kcal/mol and BPA against ERβ -7.70 Kcal/mol. The largest ΔG value is phloroglucinol, so that the compound bonds with the receptors are weak and are easily broken down by the body. Toxicity testing between BPA and phloroglucinol was carried out using the program Toxtree 3.1.0. Result Toxicity test shows phloroglucinol in the category Low (Class I) and the category BPA High (Class III), which means that phloroglucinol is safe as an alternative to plastic raw materials. Abstracts are made in two languages, English and Bahasa Indonesia. Abstract more about background, purpose, up to, the results of research, and manai research. Abstract contains up to 250 words, single write spaces with italics (Italics) for English abstracts. Below the abstract are listed keywords consisting of six words, where the first word is again the forward. Abstract in Indonesian can be a translation of an English translation. Tif editor for abstract syning for reasons of abstract content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isosorbide is a biobased compound which could become in the near future an advantageous competitor of petroleum-derived components in the synthesis of polymers of different nature. When the reactivity of isosorbide is not enough, it can be successfully transformed into secondary building blocks, such as isosorbide bis(methyl carbonate), which provides extra functionalities for polymerization reactions with diols or diamines. The present review summarizes the possibilities for isosorbide as a green raw material to be used in the synthesis of polycarbonates and polyurethanes to obtain products of similar or enhanced properties to the commercial equivalents.

[Display omitted] • Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be used as catalysts in polycarbonate (PC) depolymerisation. • The post-synthetic modification (PSM) of MOF allows for more efficient depolymerisation of PC. • The use of MOFs such as ZIF-8, MAF-6, and MOF-5-ED allows for achieving almost 100% conversion of PC into monomers. • The MOFs can be recycled and reused in the same reaction. Chemical recycling of polycarbonate (PC) recovers valuable chemicals like monomers but often requires catalysts for mild reaction conditions and high conversion rates. This study explores the use of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts for PC methanolysis. We investigated the catalytic activity of amine-containing MOFs, specifically ZIF-8, MAF-6, and UiO-66-NH 2 , which have basic active sites favouring PC depolymerisation. MOFs were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. We examined the effects of temperature, catalyst content, and time on PC recycling efficiency and also conducted post-synthetic modification (PSM) of MOF-5 to assess its catalytic performance in PC depolymerisation. Methanolysis yielded bisphenol A (BPA) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), with conversion rates confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). MOF catalysts significantly enhanced conversion rates compared to reactions without catalysts, with ZIF-8 and MAF-6 achieving nearly 100% PC conversion. PSM of MOF-5 with ethylenediamine (ED) led to increased PC conversion. Additionally, the MOF-based catalysts were recovered and reused for up to three cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a representative endocrine disruptor, widely used in a variety of products including plastics, medical equipment and receipts. Hence, most people are exposed to BPA via the skin, digestive system or inhalation in everyday life. Furthermore, BPA crosses the blood–brain barrier and is linked to multiple neurological dysfunctions found in neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying BPA-associated neurological dysfunctions remain poorly understood. Here, we report that BPA exposure alters synapse morphology and function in the cerebral cortex. Cortical pyramidal neurons treated with BPA showed reduced size and number of dendrites and spines. The density of excitatory synapses was also decreased by BPA treatment. More importantly, we found that BPA disrupted normal synaptic transmission and cognitive behavior. RGS4 and its downstream BDNF/NTRK2 pathway appeared to mediate the effect of BPA on synaptic and neurological function. Our findings provide molecular mechanistic insights into anatomical and physiological neurotoxic consequences related to a potent endocrine modifier.

17β-estradiol protects pancreatic β-cells from apoptosis via the estrogen receptors ERα, ERβ and GPER. Conversely, the endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A (BPA), which exerts multiple effects in this cell type via the same estrogen receptors, increased basal apoptosis. The molecular-initiated events that trigger these opposite actions have yet to be identified. We demonstrated that combined genetic downregulation and pharmacological blockade of each estrogen receptor increased apoptosis to a different extent. The increase in apoptosis induced by BPA was diminished by the pharmacological blockade or the genetic silencing of GPER, and it was partially reproduced by the GPER agonist G1. BPA and G1-induced apoptosis were abolished upon pharmacological inhibition, silencing of ERα and ERβ, or in dispersed islet cells from ERβ knockout (BERKO) mice. However, the ERα and ERβ agonists PPT and DPN, respectively, had no effect on beta cell viability. To exert their biological actions, ERα and ERβ form homodimers and heterodimers. Molecular dynamics simulations together with proximity ligand assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that the interaction of BPA with ERα and ERβ as well as GPER activation by G1 decreased ERαβ heterodimers. We propose that ERαβ heterodimers play an antiapoptotic role in beta cells and that BPA- and G1-induced decreases in ERαβ heterodimers lead to beta cell apoptosis. Unveiling how different estrogenic chemicals affect the crosstalk among estrogen receptors should help to identify diabetogenic endocrine disruptors.

Catalytic ozonation for the total mineralization of bisphenol-A (BPA) from aqueous solution was investigated in the presence of various silica-based catalysts such as mesoporous silica, acid-activated bentonite (HMt) and montmorillonite-rich materials (Mt) ion-exchanged with Na+ and Fe2+ cations (NaMt and Fe(II)Mt). The effects of the catalyst surface were studied by correlating the hydrophilic character and catalyst dispersion in the aqueous media to the silica content and BPA conversion. To the best of our knowledge, this approach has barely been tackled so far. Acid-activated and iron-free clay catalysts produced complete BPA degradation in short ozonation times. The catalytic activity was found to strongly depend on the hydrophilic character, which, in turn, depends on the Si content. Catalyst interactions with water and BPA appear to promote hydrophobic adsorption in high Si catalysts. These findings are of great importance because they allow tailoring silica-containing catalyst properties for specific features of the waters to be treated.

The neuropeptide neurotensin (NTS) is involved in regulating the reproductive axis and is expressed at each level of this axis (hypothalamus–pituitary–gonads). This dependence on estrogen levels has been widely demonstrated in the hypothalamus and pituitary. We focused on confirming the relationship of NTS with estrogens and the gonadal axis, using a particularly important environmental estrogenic molecule, bisphenol-A (BPA). Based on the experimental models or in vitro cell studies, it has been shown that BPA can negatively affect reproductive function. We studied for the first time the action of an exogenous estrogenic substance on the expression of NTS and estrogen receptors in the pituitary-gonadal axis during prolonged in vivo exposure. The exposure to BPA at 0.5 and 2 mg/kg body weight per day during gestation and lactation was monitored through indirect immunohistochemical procedures applied to the pituitary and ovary sections. Our results demonstrate that BPA induces alterations in the reproductive axis of the offspring, mainly after the first postnatal week. The rat pups exposed to BPA exhibited accelerated sexual maturation to puberty. There was no effect on the number of rats born per litter, although the fewer primordial follicles suggest a shorter fertile life.

Bisphenol-A (BPA), an organic compound with two phenol functional groups, is a widely used industrial plasticizer with known estrogenic properties. It is used in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. This study was designed to evaluate and assess the possible toxicity arising from the oral administration of BPA to pregnant mice. Pregnant SWR/J mice (15 mice/group) were administrated oral doses of BPA (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day) over the course of five-day intervals during gestation (D1-5, D6-10 and D11-15), while control groups received only corn oil. The results indicated that BPA was associated with a reduction in the body weight of the pregnant mice from around 2–3 days after administration until the end of gestation. The greatest effects were evident when the BPA was given during the later stages of pregnancy, and with higher doses. They also showed marked reduction in food intake and, to a lesser extent, in water intake. Furthermore, doses of BPA induced a reduction in implantation sites, lower foetal body weight and increased mortality rates. Abortion and foetal resorption rates were not affected by BPA administration, however. The above findings were concluded by discussing the possible mechanisms involved in producing these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies on the relationship of bisphenol-A (BPA) with fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) had conflicting results, suggesting that other factors may modulate this relationship. Thus, we investigated the modulating effect of vitamin D on the relationship of BPA with FeNO in children PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study recruited 432 children (10 to 12 years old) from the general pediatric population of Korea between June and July 2017. We conducted measurements of urinary BPA, serum vitamin D, specific serum IgE, FeNO, and data from impulse oscillometry (reactance area [AX], airway resistance at 5 Hz [Rrs5] and 20 Hz [Rrs10], and the difference of Rrs5 and Rrs20 [Rrs5-20]). RESULTS: Serum vitamin D (adjusted ß =- 0.014, p=0.002) and urinary BPA (ß = 0.006, p<0.001) level was significantly associated with FeNO. Urinary BPA level was significantly associated with FeNO in children with low vitamin D levels (=23 ng/mL; aß = 0.006, p < 0.001), but not in children with high vitamin D levels (>23 ng/mL). The interaction of vitamin D and BPA had a significant effect on FeNO (pint = 0.005). There was no relationship with the airway lung function (Rrs5, AX, and Rrs5-20) to serum vitamin D and urinary BPA level. Vitamin D ameliorated the BPA-mediated increase of FeNO in children. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that children with low vitamin D levels may be more susceptible to airway inflammation due to BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of highly porous functionalized carbon materials is the demand of current scenario for the removal of toxic pollutants form aqueous solution. Therefore, waste cigarette butts that consist of cellulose acetate and other nitrogen rich compounds, such as nicotine and harmine have been used for the fabrication of N-doped carbon aerogel (NDC) via hydrothermal and carbonization process. As-fabricated NDC was characterized via, elemental analysis, FTIR, Raman, TGA, XRD, BET, SEM and XPS and used for the adsorption of bisphenol –A (BPA). The outcomes of adsorption essay and its kinetics support that the adsorption of BPA over NDC was carried out via pseudo-second-order kinetic model and via Langmuir model isotherm. The values for ΔG and ΔH were found negative and positive respectively, and support that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The nature of adsorbent as well as in-situ and post characterization of the adsorbent support the adsorption mechanism, and the conclusions support that the hydrogen bonding, electrostatic as well as the π-π interactions were employed between the BPA and NDC during adsorption. In addition, the regeneration of the NDC was efficiently achieved and BPA removal efficiency remained high (92.47%) after seven cycles.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a ubiquitous xenoestrogen found in plastic products used for food containers, paper products, water pipes, etc. Individuals exposed to BPA are susceptible to detrimental effects; with poor oocyte quality, sperm motility, and impaired embryo implantation observed in mouse models at levels as low as 100 µg/kg/day. To investigate the mechanism through which BPA affects embryo development, oocytes were retrieved from 8-10-week-old mice and fertilized using IVF. The embryos were divided into 4 groups and exposed to increasing BPA concentrations (10 - 200 µM) for 18 hours, then were graded daily based on morphological appearance and development. A subgroup of the treated embryos (n = 10/group) were further evaluated for induction of apoptosis, overproduction of ROS, and zinc depletion. Mouse oocytes were treated with BPA (up to 300 µΜ), then, using RT-PCR, we preformed gene expression studies for AZGP1, an important gene in zinc homeostasis. Cultured day 5 mouse embryos that were exposed to BPA concentrations > 50 µM had fewer progressions to blastocysts, lower blastocyst grades, and more were arrested as compared to controls (p

Magnetic chitosan (MC) was used as an ecofriendly and potential adsorbent for the removal of bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol from water samples. The magnetic chitosan was synthesized and characterized for functional groups, surface morphology, elemental composition, and crystallinity using spectroscopic techniques. Factors influencing the uptake such as pH, mass of adsorbent, bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol concentration, contact time, and temperature were examined thoroughly using aqueous solutions. Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated, and the results revealed that the adsorption of bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption processes were exothermic and spontaneous. The method was found feasible for the removal and extraction of bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol in environmental water samples. The recovery of bisphenol A and 4-tert-butylphenol in tap water ranged from 95.6% to 96.8% and 95.4% to 101.2% and in river water from 87.6% to 95.9% and 92.8% to 98.2%, respectively. The results indicate that magnetic chitosan is a potential adsorbent for easy, effective removal and extraction of bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol from environmental water samples, and the adsorbent material is chemically benign and environment friendly.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a chemical substance that is widely used in industry for manufacturing of plastic bottles and resins. Recent reports found that BPA may mimic the effects of estrogen to a great manner that might disrupt the normal hormonal balance in the human body. Fluvastatin is an agent used for treatment of hypercholesterolemia that was proven to possess promising antioxidant ant anti-inflammatory properties. Taxifolin is a polyphenolic compound with potential antioxidant and antiestrogenic effects. The present study investigated the prospect of fluvastatin with or without taxifolin to mitigate testicular dysfunction elicited by BPA in rats. In a model of BPA-induced testicular toxicity, the hormonal profile was assessed and the testicular tissues were examined by biochemical analysis, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Fluvastatin with or without taxifolin improved the body weight gain, hormonal profile, testicular weight and functions, sperm characteristics, the antioxidant status, and the anti-inflammatory mechanisms together with enhancement of autophagy and suppression of the proapoptotic events induced by BPA in the testicular tissues. In addition, fluvastatin with or without taxifolin significantly mitigated the histopathological and the immunohistochemical changes induced by BPA in the testicular tissues. These desirable effects were more pronounced with fluvastatin/taxifolin combination relative to the use of each of these agents alone. In tandem, fluvastatin/taxifolin combination might counteract the pathogenic events induced by BPA in the testicular tissues which may be considered as a novel strategy for amelioration of these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the bisphenol A (BPA) levels, which may be a risk factor in the etiology of endometrioma, in patients diagnosed laparoscopically with endometrioma with and without bowel involvement. Method: In the prospective cross-sectional case control study, 47 cases were included in the study, which were admitted to the gynecology and infertility services with and without bowel involvement endometrioma who were operated and diagnosed histopathologically. 43 patients were included in the control group. For serum BPA value, blood samples taken immediately before the operation were studied in laboratory. Patients and controls were compared with controls in terms of serum BPA values. Results: The mean age of the patients was 35 ± 2 in the endometriosis group and 36 ± 2 in the control group which was and not statistically significant. There was no statistical difference between the patient and control groups in terms of menstruation periods. Serum BPA levels were significantly higher in the bowel involvement group compared to the non-bowel involvement group, as the distribution width was higher due to excessive values, and only 5 patients with bowel involvement did not reach statistically significant levels. Serum BPA level was 1084±1132 ng/L in the endometriosis group and 269±99 ng/L in the control group which was statistically significant (p<0,001). Conclusions: BPA levels were showing very wide range especially in the patient group. Serum BPA levels was statistically significantly higher in the endometrioma group compared to the control group. Therefore, in the etiology of endometriosis BPA may take a definite place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to pollution is life-threatening, which may increase idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis progression. The current study aimed to explore the effect of methylsulfonyl methane as an anti-fibrotic agent against transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/SMAD/Snail signaling-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition factors imbalance in rats exposed to γ-radiation, and/or Bisphenol-A. Exposure to γ-radiation, and/or Bisphenol-A has triggered lung fibrosis accompanied by biochemical alterations confirmed by histopathological examination. MSM treatment has decreased neutrophil and lymphocytes percentage, protein accumulation, lactate dehydrogenase, and myeloperoxidase activities in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, methylsulfonylmethane ameliorated the inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukine-6, and TGF-β as well as attenuated the expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition related cell markers vimentin, Snail1, Slug, Twist1, α-SMA mRNA, and type 1 collagen were inhibited, while E-Cadherin expression was restored in the lung tissues. Phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 induced by exposure to γ-radiation, and/or Bisphenol-A was significantly inhibited by methylsulfonylmethane. Collectively, these findings reveal that methylsulfonylmethane exerts a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity which could make it a potential therapeutic agent against IPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol- A (BPA) is a multi-functional chemical produced in large volumes that is extensively used primarily in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Black seed oil (BSO) has been employed for many century as one of the main sources of nutrition and healthcare both for humans and animals. The study was carried out to investigate the effects of BPA and BSO on blood, hormone profile, and histopathological changes of ovary in female mice. Total 15 female Swiss Albino mice, aged between 6-8 weeks with an average body weight of 27.4±1g were randomly divided into 3 groups (5 mice/group). Group A act as vehicle control. Group B was administered 50 mg BPA /kg bw daily, while group C received both BPA and BSO and dose rate was 50 mg BPA /kg/day and 1ml BSO /kg/day respectively. Results revealed that Hb concentration, TEC and PCV (p [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2020; 3(1.000): 43-48]

Concerns have been raised about the increasing number and quantity of contaminants in water resources. For a sustainable future, advances for the elimination of these contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are important. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as non-catalytic ozonation and catalytic ozonation, have been shown to be effective in removing dissolved contaminants in water and wastewater. Here, we have used a novel nano-composite bimetallic catalyst (AC/Bi2O3/V2O5) for the removal of 5 mg/L of Bisphenol-A (BPA) from water. The characterization of the bimetallic catalyst using Brunauer Emmet Teller surface area (BET) studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), raman spectra, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies showed that it binds to the activated carbon surface and no foreign bodies were found. Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) studies confirm the degradation and the robustness of the catalyst structure. Degradation studies with different variables found pH 8, 500 µg/L catalyst dosage and 60 min treatment time optimal for maximum BPA removal (97 %) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal (68 %). TOC analysis confirmed that catalytic ozonation with the novel catalyst is 32 % more efficient than non-catalytic ozonation. The degradation pathway of BPA was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometer/liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight- mass spectrophotometer (LC-MS/LC-Q-TOF-MS) studies.

Social recognition is an ability of animals to identify and distinguish conspecifics, which is essential for nearly all social species to establish social relationships. Social recognition provides the basis for a variety of social behaviors. Because of modulated by gonadal hormones, it is possible that social cognition is affected by environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs). In the present study, after being pubertal exposed to bisphenol A (BPA, 0.04, 0.4, and 4 mg/kg) for 18 days, adult male mice did not show significant dishabituation to a novel female stimulus in habituation-dishabituation task. The capacity for discriminating the odors between familiar and novel female urine or between male and female urine was suppressed in BPA-exposed male. In addition, BPA (0.4, 4 mg/kg) decreased the number of immunoreaction of AVP (AVP-ir) neurons in both the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the medial amygdala (MeA), and BPA (0.04, 0.4, 4 mg/kg) reduced the level of V1αR in the lateral septum (LS) of adult male. Further, BPA decreased the levels of testosterone (T) in the brain and androgens receptor (AR) in the LS, the amygdala, and BNST, as well the levels of estrogen receptor α and β (ERα/β) in the amygdala and BNST. These results indicate that pubertal exposure to BPA affected the actions of both androgens and estrogens in the brain and inhibited AVP system of social circuits, and these alterations may be associated with impaired social recognition of adult male mice.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used around the world in the production of Polycarbonate (PC) plastics. Notably, the ubiquitous 5-gallon water bottles in the UAE are primarily made of PC plastic, making them a significant concern as bottled water is the region's main supply of drinking water. These bottles undergo temperature variations during storage and transportation, potentially leading to harmful BPA (Bisphenol A) leaching. This study analyzed 40 PC 5-gallon water bottles from two local brands A and B, with 20 bottles per brand, under two conditions: room temperature and outdoor sunlight exposure for a month. BPA levels were assessed at 0, 15, and 30 days, following ethical approval. Liquid-liquid extraction and ELISA assays were conducted, with comprehensive kit validation. The results revealed a significant increase in BPA concentration over time, particularly in bottles exposed to elevated temperatures (Day 30 outdoor-stored samples exhibited the highest concentration at 9.05 ± 2.30 μg/L). Brand B consistently exhibited higher BPA concentrations across different samples and environments. This study emphasizes the link between BPA content and storage time, highlighting the need for preventive measures to reduce BPA exposure. Individuals should be aware of potential health risks associated with prolonged storage in plastic containers and consider safer alternatives., Competing Interests: Competing interests There is no conflict of interest between any of the authors., (© 2024 CEA& INEA.)

Three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical microspheres of Bi12O17Cl2 (BOC) were prepared via a facile solvothermal method using a binary solvent for the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine-B (RhB) and Bisphenol-A (BPA). Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs)-decorated BOC (Co3O4/BOC) heterostructures were synthesized to further enhance their photocatalytic performance. The microstructural, morphological, and compositional characterization showed that the BOC microspheres are composed of thin (~20 nm thick) nanosheets with a 3D hierarchical morphology and a high surface area. Compared to the pure BOC photocatalyst, the 20-Co3O4/BOC heterostructure showed enhanced degradation efficiency of RhB (97.4%) and BPA (88.4%). The radical trapping experiments confirmed that superoxide (•O2−) radicals played a primary role in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB and BPA. The enhanced photocatalytic performances of the hierarchical Co3O4/BOC heterostructure are attributable to the synergetic effects of the highly specific surface area, the extension of light absorption to the more visible light region, and the suppression of photoexcited electron-hole recombination. Our developed nanocomposites are beneficial for the construction of other bismuth-based compounds and their heterostructure for use in high-performance photocatalytic applications.

Epoxy resin is widely used to make composites, electronic and electric parts, adhesives, and coating materials because it has excellent thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. Using natural materials in making epoxy composites and nanocomposites would make the final products greener. Therefore, in this study, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were used to make green epoxy nanocomposites. ESO was prepared by epoxidation of soybean oil with peroxyacetic acid and it was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The ESO was mixed with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A at different weight ratios (10%-50%) and the stoichiometric amount of ethylene diamine was used for curing. CNC content in the nanocomposites was changed from 0.125 to 1 phr. Mechanical properties of the epoxy samples and the nanocomposites were investigated by universal testing machine and izod impact tester. The epoxy sample showed best mechanical properties at ESO 30%. The nanocomposite with CNC 0.25 phr showed best mechanical properties. Fracture surfaces of the epoxy sample and the nanocomposites were investigated by scanning electronic microscope., INTRODUCTION An epoxide group is formed when a C=C bond reacts with a peroxy acid, and this simple reaction has played an important role in mass production of epoxy resins [...]

Anthropogenic activity releases hazardous contaminants and pollutants that are not removed fully by water treatments. Among such pollutants, bisphenol-A (BPA) and bisphenol-S (BPS) are included in a series of Endocrine Disruptive Compounds, which may cause disruption due to hormone blockage or mimicking. Thus, even though those pollutants are not considered lethal, they are hazardous to health due to their similarity to 17β-estradiol, and they have been shown to cause developmental malformation in Zebrafish and breast and prostate tumors in rodents. Both BPA and BPS have been found in water sources at concentrations >30 μg L–1 and since water treatment plants are ineffective at removing them, their concentration is constantly increasing. The purpose of the present study, using a collection of experiments performed by B.Sc. and M.Sc. students, was to apply clay-based materials to the removal of such health hazards from water. Specifically adapted modified clays as neutral organoclays can optimize the interaction between pollutants and the matrix to achieve efficient adsorption. Such an approach is very effective for relatively insoluble pollutants such as BPA, but less so for the more soluble BPS. On the other hand, BPS can be photodegraded catalytically using raw clay or TiO2-impregnated clay. At low catalyst concentration, the modified clay was as effective as a commercial TiO2 catalyst, whereas combining it with H2O2 yielded considerably better results. In summary, clay minerals offer solutions for the removal of health-hazardous pollutants from water, based on different procedures and mechanisms. The versality of clay minerals allows 'tailoring' specifically adapted materials that might improve their efficiency based on such very specific pollutant-matrix interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isosorbide is a biobased compound which could become in the near future an advantageous competitor of petroleum-derived components in the synthesis of polymers of different nature. When the reactivity of isosorbide is not enough, it can be successfully transformed into secondary building blocks, such as isosorbide bis(methyl carbonate), which provides extra functionalities for polymerization reactions with diols or diamines. The present review summarizes the possibilities for isosorbide as a green raw material to be used in the synthesis of polycarbonates and polyurethanes to obtain products of similar or enhanced properties to the commercial equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reusable water bottles are growing in popularity; thus, possible chemical release from the internal surface into water should be carefully considered to control related health risks. We experimentally evaluated the release into deionized water of 40 elements, six phthalates, and bisphenol-A for 20 different reusable bottles by simulating the use in real world scenario. The 20 bottles, identified as those most purchased in Italy, were made of various materials (stainless steel, aluminum, plastic, and silicone). The experiment was carried out for four consecutive weeks in duplicate for each type of bottle. Our results showed the release, to various extents, of inorganic elements from all 20 bottles, while the release of phthalates and bisphenol-A was never found. The elements most frequently released were Al, Sr, Mo, and Cr, while the highest concentrations were for Ca, K, Mg, and Na; the release of toxic elements (such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Sb) also occurred. The comparison of our results with regulatory limits on drinking water quality revealed no exceeding values except for Al. However, these releases represent a further intake, and the related risks cannot be neglected, especially for highly susceptible populations. Thus, it is essential to correctly inform consumers both with dedicated interventions and exhaustive labelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of carbon dots (CDs) modified g-C3N4 (xCDs/g-C3N4; x = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mL CDs solution) was synthesized via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method for the photooxidation of bisphenol-A (BPA) under visible light irradiation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the CDs may have a turbostratic structure and the resulting photocatalysts have distorted crystal structure, as compared with pure g-C3N4. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) analysis revealed amorphous, mono-disperse, spherical CDs with an average particle size of 3.75 nm. The distribution of CDs within the matrix of g-C3N4 appear as small dark dot-like domains. The N2 adsorption-desorption analysis indicates that the nanocomposites are mesoporous with a density functional theory (DFT) estimate of the pore size distribution between 2–13 nm. The CDs quantum yield (QY) was determined to be 12% using the UV-vis spectral analysis, where the CDs/g-C3N4 has improved absorption in the visible region than g-C3N4. The higher BET surface area of CDs/g-C3N4 provided more adsorption sites and the ability to yield photogenerated e−/h+ pairs, which caused the 1.5 CDs/g-C3N4 to have better photocatalytic efficiency compared to the rest of the systems. The highest removal, 90%, was achieved at the following optimum conditions: BPA initial concentration = 20 mg L−1, catalyst dosage = 30 mg L−1, and pH = 10. The photooxidation process is mainly driven by photogenerated holes (h+) followed by •OH and O2•−. The synthesis of the 1.5 CDs/g-C3N4 system is simple and cost-effective, where this photocatalyst is highly stable and reusable versus other systems reported in the literature.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is defined as one of the endocrine disrupting compounds. The accurate and inexpensive colorimetric paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are of crucial importance for BPA analysis. In this context, we developed for the first time a new PAD modified with chitosan and sulfamethoxazole (Chitosan-PAD) for the visual detection of BPA in water. The PAD was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed its modification by the functionalized chitosan. A yellow coloration was developed when a small volume of BPA was added to the Chitosan-PAD, allowing for visual and smartphone detection. This new strategy is based on a specific combination of BPA with chitosan and sulfamethoxazole that provides a hight selectivity to the Chitosan-PAD. The proposed PAD was successfully employed in combination with a pre-concentration step for the detection of 0.01 µg mL−1 of PBA with the naked eye using a 10-fold preconcentration factor. The PAD was effectively applied for BPA quantification in water samples with good recoveries. The developed PAD provides a green and cost-effective strategy for the on-site and one-step detection of BPA in water samples.

This study investigates the effect of environmental risk factors among North Indian children aged between 6 and 16 years associated with body mass index by comparing fasting and non-fasting urine Bisphenol-A, urine creatinine, and serum thyroid levels with other potential confounding factors. A total of 301 children were enrolled, and term fasting and non-fasting were used based on the sample collection, either first morning or random. Children were grouped into obese, non-obese, and underweight categories based on age- and gender-specific Centre for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 growth chart and grouped according to their body mass index. The overall mean ± SD (standard deviation) of age (years) was 10.45±2.39 (boys age 10.38±2.38 and girls age 10.45±2.40). Urinary Bisphenol-A concentration (ng/mL ± SD) was higher among obese (2.40±4.70) than non-obese (1.30±1.67) and underweight (1.84±3.46) category children. Higher levels of fasting urinary Bisphenol-A (≥2 ng/mL) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (≥12.7 μg/dL) were associated with obesity than those of non-fasting children. Being non-fasting among girls at quartile 4 (obese, >2.1800 ng/mL; underweight, >2.1325 ng/mL) had higher odds (obese adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.72 (95% CI 0.08–1368.52), underweight adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 12.45 (95% CI 1.55–171.24)] than fasting children. We recommend awareness programs and policy guidelines by engaging teachers and parents for the physical assessment of the presence of Bisphenol-A in food packaging materials to reduce the potential exposure to other chemical migrations sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol-A (BPA), a precursor for many polymers, is a harmful compound for living organisms if present beyond permissible limits in aqueous streams. The combinations of oxidation processes like Hydrodynamic Cavitation (HC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + FeSO4) were examined for the degradation of BPA in the present study. The effects of operating parameters like inlet pressure, initial concentration of BPA, orifice geometry were investigated on BPA degradation. The degradation rates of BPA increased with inlet pressure up to 0.5 MPa and then showed a decreasing trend beyond 0.5 MPa. The initial concentration of BPA had an inverse relation with the degradation percentage. The multiple hole orifice plate showed better degradation of BPA compared to the single hole orifice plate. In the intensification studies, the addition of hydrogen peroxide to BPA in the cavitation reactor favored BPA degradation. A combination of HC + Fenton's reagent (0.1 M H2O2 + 0.01 M FeSO4) significantly degraded BPA present in the aqueous streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, magnetic graphene oxide assimilated magnetic silica polyaniline (Fe3O4@SiO2@PANI-GO) was synthesized using co-precipitation, oxidative polymerization and modified Hummer's method for Fe3O4, PANI and GO preparation. The resultant adsorbent was characterized using SEM, EDX and FTIR. The structure of the composite has high affinity for the aromatic compounds due to π–π interaction, n-π interaction and hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the composite was investigated for the removal of bisphenol-A from water samples with magnetic solid phase extraction. The effect of parameters such as solution pH (2–10), amount of adsorbent (10–120 mg), time (10–300 min), temperature (20–100 °C) and bisphenol-A concentration (25–750 µg/mL) were studied. At optimum conditions, the composite showed good Langmuir adsorption capacity (454.56 mg/g) and the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order-kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters ΔG° was negative, suggested that the adsorption process was spontaneous, exothermic (ΔH° = − 13.3 kJ/mol) and diffusion controlled (Ea = − 13.03 kJ/mol). The stability and reusability of the proposed adsorbent was checked with successive adsorption and desorption cycles and the results demonstrated that the composite had great potential for the adsorption of bisphenol-A from environmental water for treatment of wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exposure to environmentally relevant concentration of Bisphenol-A (BPA) weakened the left-side lateralization of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). • Weak BPA exposure did not affect sensory and motor responses, including activity level and visual sensitivity. • Environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA can have subtle yet significant impacts on phenotypes. • Laterality is a reliable marker of contamination events. Weak, but environmentally relevant concentrations of contaminants can have subtle, yet important, impacts on organisms, which are often overlooked due to the lack of acute impacts and the timing of exposure. Thus, recognizing simple, non-invasive markers of contamination events is essential for early detection and addressing the effects of exposure to weak environmental contaminants. Here, we tested whether exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of Bisphenol-A (BPA), a common and persistent contaminant in aquatic systems, affects the lateralization of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), a widely used model organism in ecotoxicology. We found that 73.5% of adult zebrafish displayed a left-side bias when they approached a visual cue, but that those exposed to weak BPA (0.02 mg/L) for 7 days did not exhibit laterality. Only 47.1% displayed a left-side bias. We found no differences in activity level and visual sensitivity, motor and sensory mechanisms, that regulate lateralized responses and that were unaffected by weak BPA exposure. These findings indicate the reliability of laterality as a simple measure of contaminant exposure and for future studies of the detailed mechanisms underlying subtle and complex behavioral effects to pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a newly recognized cell death pathway having distinct characteristics compared to traditional cell death pathways such as apoptosis, necroptosis, or autophagy. However, the potential involvement of ferroptosis in bisphenol A (BPA)-induced neurotoxicity has not been well explored so far. In present study, we analyzed the relationship between ferroptosis and BPA-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, was treated with BPA, ferrostatin-1 (FS-1, ferroptosis inhibitor) and RSL-3 (ferroptosis inducer). The cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Additionally, the levels of lipid peroxidation, total iron content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and nitrite content were measured to evaluate the key markers of ferroptosis. To further confirm the involvement of ferroptosis in BPA-induced neurotoxicity, other ferroptosis markers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, total glutathione contents and antioxidant parameters were also evaluated. The cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells was down-regulated by BPA treatment in a concentration-dependent manner, the cell viability at 0.1 µM concentration was 97.63% whereas at highest BPA concentration i.e. 10 µM, the cell viability was 86.05% (p < 0.0001). Also the antioxidant parameters including catalase and superoxide dismutase activity of neuronal cells were down-regulated upon BPA exposure. However, the levels of lipid peroxidation, total iron, reactive oxygen species, and nitrite contents were increased in a concentration-dependent manner which could be rescued by FS-1 and exacerbated by RSL-3. The total iron in SH-SY5Y cells at 0.1 µM concentration was found to be 1.2 fold (p < 0.05) of control and at highest BPA concentration total iron was about 1.41 fold (p < 0.001) of control. The present study indicated that, ferroptosis plays an important role in the progression of BPA-induced neurotoxicity, and ferroptosis may become a novel target in the treatment of various neurological disorders. [Display omitted] • Iron plays an important role in several essential biological processes. • Ferroptosis is described as a new iron-dependent cell death process. • BPA exposure contributes to neurodegenerative pathological changes. • The study showed that ferroptosis was involved in BPA-induced neurotoxicity. • Also ferrostatin-1 attenuated BPA-induced neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel Hyper Cross-Linked Resin: ICYN-PPA, a new and cost-effective adsorbent synthesized in a single step from commercially available materials. • High Adsorption Capacity: ICYN-PPA exhibits a remarkable adsorption capacity of 112.8 mg g−1 for efficient removal of Bisphenol A from aqueous solutions. • Fast Kinetics: The system reaches equilibrium in just 350 min, showcasing the rapid adsorption kinetics of ICYN-PPA. • Thermal Stability: ICYN-PPA's exceptional thermal stability makes it a promising candidate for decontamination processes in BPA-containing effluents. • Environmentally Friendly Solution: ICYN-PPA offers a sustainable approach to mitigate Bisphenol A's harmful effects on human health and aquatic life, contributing to environmental preservation. The widespread utility of Bisphenol A (BPA) in the production of diverse plastic substances including mineral water bottles, food packets, toys, tickets, etc. leads to its release to the environment through industrial effluents that contaminate both the surface and underground water. Given its higher toxicity and harmful effects on both human health and aquatic life, the adsorption of BPA has been the subject of recent studies at present. Herein, we disclose the synthesis of a new hyper cross-linked resin (ICYN-PPA), derived from commercially available 3,3′-(piperazine-1,4-diyl)bis(propan-1-amine) and tris(2,3-epoxypropyl) isocyanurate in a single step reaction, and its adsorptive performance for the removal of BPA from aqueous solution. The thermally stable ICYN-PPA, which is porous and exhibits different sizes of particles on its surface, displayed optimum removal of BPA. The isothermal studies were well represented by the Koble-Corrigan model, where the capacity increased from 216.6 to 228.6 mg g−1 with an increasing temperature of 318 K. The linear driving force model (LDF) was efficient in representing the kinetic data. Whereas the system tends to reach equilibrium after 350 min. The surface diffusion coefficients were 1.301 × 10−16 and 1.859 × 10−16 cm2 s−1 for BPA adsorption on isocyanurate based hyper crosslinked resins. The thermodynamic parameters confirmed the endothermic nature of the process (ΔH0 = 35.83 kJ mol−1) based on physical interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory agencies often face a dilemma when regulating chemicals in consumer products-namely, that of making decisions in the face of multiple, and sometimes conflicting, lines of evidence. We present an integrative approach for dealing with uncertainty and multiple pieces of evidence in toxics regulation. The integrative risk analytic framework is grounded in the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory that allows the analyst to combine multiple pieces of evidence and judgments from independent sources of information. We apply the integrative approach to the comparative risk assessment of bisphenol-A (BPA)-based polycarbonate and the functionally equivalent alternative, Eastman Tritan copolyester (ETC). Our results show that according to cumulative empirical evidence, the estimated probability of toxicity of BPA is 0.034, whereas the toxicity probability for ETC is 0.097. However, when we combine extant evidence with strength of confidence in the source (or expert judgment), we are guided by a richer interval measure, (Bel(t), Pl(t)). With the D-S derived measure, we arrive at various intervals for BPA, with the low-range estimate at (0.034, 0.250), and (0.097,0.688) for ETC. These new measures allow a reasonable basis for comparison and a justifiable procedure for decision making that takes advantage of multiple sources of evidence. Through the application of D-S theory to toxicity risk assessment, we show how a multiplicity of scientific evidence can be converted into a unified risk estimate, and how this information can be effectively used for comparative assessments to select potentially less toxic alternative chemicals.

Sonication-assisted photo-Fenton oxidation of an endocrine disrupting compound, bisphenol-A (BPA), was studied under visible-light irradiation in the presence of a LaFeO3 perovskite catalyst. The effects of the parameters: initial BPA concentration ([BPA]0), H2O2 concentration ([H2O2]0), catalyst loading, initial pH of the BPA solution, and reaction temperature were studied on the sonication-assisted photo-Fenton oxidation of an aqueous BPA solution. The optimum conditions for the oxidation were determined to be: [BPA]0 = 10 ppm, [H2O2]0 = 4.8 mM, catalyst loading = 0.75 g L–1, pH = 2.6, temperature = 313 K. During all runs, sonication power of 40 W, visible lights power of 150 W+150 W, BPA solution volume (0.5 L), and stirring speed of 500 rpm were kept constant. Under these conditions, degradation of 56.3 %, COD removal of 50.9 %, and TOC removal of 15.6 % were achieved after 6 h of reaction. The small amount of iron that leached into the solution indicated high stability of the catalyst. The sonication-assisted photo-Fenton oxidation of BPA was described by the second order kinetics with an activation energy of 15.34 kJ mol–1. Toxicity tests were also performed and the results revealed that the intermediates formed in the sonication-assisted photo-Fenton oxidation of BPA were less toxic compared to the parent BPA molecule at a neutral pH value. However, the same interpretation was not valid at the acidic pH of 2.6.

Background: The egg yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (VTG) has proven to be a useful biomarker, used to identify organisms exposed to estrogenic compounds. Methods: We investigated variations in the VTG gene expression pattern and plasma sex steroid hormones concentrations in the yellowfin Seabream, Acanthopagrus latus, (A. latus) by various doses of bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure for 7 and 14 days. We developed a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the expression of VTG gene in A. latus. The dose-response pattern of VTG gene expression in A. latus exposed to various doses of BPA was characterized. In order to design RT-PCR primers specific to A. latus VTG, a partial sequence of the VTG gene was obtained. Results: The RT-PCR assay was effective in detecting increased VTG gene expression in A. latus exposed to BPA. It also demonstrated that the VTG expression was affected by BPA in a dose and time-dependent manner. Plasma testosterone (T) levels were decreased in the treated fish in comparison with those found in the control group, when they were exposed to 100 µg/g of BPA and 2 µg/g of E2. In contrast, the plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results suggest that VTG mRNA quantification can provide a sensitive and early signal in the detection of estrogens in marine wildlife. It also indicated that BPA could lead to an imbalance of sex steroid hormones with potentially harmful consequences on sexually immature male A. latus.

Polycarbonate (PC) wastes, including optical discs (CDs) and digital optical discs (DVDs), were chemically recycled into valuable materials such as 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (BPA) and etherified derivatives of BPA using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the alkali metal catalyst and nanostructured titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and microstructured titanium dioxide (micro-TiO2) as the solid supports in the binary green system consisting of water and 2,2′-oxydi(ethan-1-ol) (DEG) under conventional heating method, and data were compared. In this study, the effects of various parameters, such as solvent composition, concentration of NaOH, and solid support, were studied on the reaction progress. In these reactions, the importance of water as the green solvent was investigated in achieving pure BPA as the valuable material. When used with 20% aqueous DEG (pbw), a pure BPA can be obtained at 70% yield in the presence of nano-TiO2 and micro-TiO2 as the solid supports. According to the results, the use of nano-TiO2 in comparison with micro-TiO2 accelerates the chemical recycling of PC wastes. The nano-TiO2 catalyst recovery shows that the recovered solid support is applicable for four cycles. The obtained products were characterized using spectroscopic methods, namely, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.