Search

Eustala orientalis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AF420B6B-A770-4731-908B-4ECF219861A9 Figs 3 A���E, 5 C, 6 C, 7 Eustala vegeta (Keyserling, 1865). ��� Baert, Maelfait, Hendrickx & Desender 2008: 47, map 15 (misidentiFcation). Eustala sp. ��� Baert 2013: 176, 178. Diagnosis Males differ from E. occidentalis sp. nov. by the structure of the terminal apophysis: Fat and broadening towards the tip, its caudal ridge being longer than the apical ridge. Females differ from E. occidentalis sp. nov. by the shape of the scapus. Etymology The species name refers to its distribution in the eastern part of the archipelago. Type material Holotype ��, ISLA ESPA��OLA, 1 km W of Punta Cevalos beach, vegetation of beach berm: Valessia, Grabowskia, Prosopis, Cordia, 7 Feb. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. Allotype ♀, ISLA ESPA��OLA, 1 km W of Punta Cevalos beach, vegetation of beach berm: Valessia, Grabowskia, Prosopis, Cordia, 7 Feb. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. Paratypes ISLA ESPA��OLA: 1 ��, Bah��a Gardner, Playa blanca, 27 Apr. 1991 (B.91/0742) (leg. Baert, Maelfait & Desender, 1991); 1 ♀, 2 (♀♀), Caleta at Bah��a Manzanilla, 21 Mar. 2009 (B.09/014-15); 2 ����, 6 ♀♀, 3 (����), # j(s), 1 km W of Punta Cevalos beach, vegetation of upper beach: Valessia, Grabowskia, Prosopis, Cordia, 7 Feb. 1977 (leg. W.G. Reeder); 1 ��, Punta Suarez, albatros colony, 28 Feb. 1977 (leg. W.G. Reeder). ISLOTE GARDNER near ESPA��OLA: 2 ♀♀, alt. 10���30 m, through Bursera, Croton, Alternanthera, and ferns, 12 Feb. 1977 (leg. W.G. Reeder); 1 ♀, alt. 30 m, from Croton in Bursera -Opuntia - Cordia - Croton community, 12 Feb. 1977 (leg. W.G. Reeder). RBINS inventory number of all type material is I.G. 32724. Other material examined from the islands of Genovesa, San Crist��bal and Santa F�� (see Table 2). Description Male ( holotype) LENGTH. Total length 5.06; carapace length 2.67, width 2.16, height 0.90; abdomen length 3.41, width 2.27, height 1.96. CARAPACE. Colour (in alcohol) yellow brown with clypeus and eye region black, dorsal cephalic part yellow brown with central, faintly suffused, blackish V; two short combs of long white hairs diverge from between PME and PLE. Chelicerae yellow with central, faintly suffused, blackish stain. Labium and endites pale yellow with white margin. Sternum yellow with faintly suffused, blackish stains in front of coxae. Pedipalps yellow-brown with some black stain. Legs pale yellow with black annulations, variable between specimens; coxae and proximal part of femora whitish. ABDOMEN. Dorsum creamy white with small, black median triangle in front, two small, white central stains and distinct dark sepia folium with dark brown margins and ten brown apodemes arranged as 4-2-2-2, becoming smaller caudally and towards the sides; venter whitish, slightly suffused with black; colulus and spinnerets dark. EYES. MOQ: PME = 0.8 AME. Cl = 0.5 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (13.09): Fe 4.12, Pa 1.37, Ti 3.25, Mt 3.10, Ta 1.25 II (9.97): Fe 3.06, Pa 1.14, Ti 2.12, Mt 2.55, Ta 1.10 III (5.89): Fe 2.12, Pa 0.78, Ti 1.14, Mt 1.14, Ta 0.71 IV (8.94): Fe 3.10, Pa 1.10, Ti 1.88, Mt 2.04, Ta 0.82 SPINATION. All legs with numerous spines. PEDIPALP (Figs 3 A���B, 5C). One very long patellar seta, slightly longer than bulbus. Cymbium with conspicuous, rounded, T-shaped tarsal hook. Terminal apophysis (Fig. 6 C) short, caudal ridge being longer than apical ridge, Fat and broadening towards tip. Female (allotype) LENGTH. Total length 7.10; carapace length 3.10, width 2.67, height 1.06; abdomen length 4.47, width 4.16, height 3.14. CARAPACE. As in male, but with more pronounced orange tinge. ABDOMEN. As in male, but more uniform grey; shoulders white; venter sepia with white stains; spinnerets orange brown. EYES. MOQ: PME = 0.88 AME. Cl = 0.77 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (13.26): Fe 4.12, Pa 1.57, Ti 3.18, Mt 3.06, Ta 1.33 II (11.18): Fe 3.25, Pa 1.45, Ti 2.55, Mt 2.20, Ta 1.73 III (6.81): Fe 2.31, Pa 1.02, Ti 1.29, Mt 1.33, Ta 0.86 IV (10.32): Fe 5.57, Pa 1.37, Ti 2.16, Mt 2.24, Ta 1.98 EPIGYNE (Fig. 3 C���E). Length of scapus 0.47, diameter (lateral view) 0.16, L/D = 4.8. Spermathecae separated; scapus broader at tip (in ventral view), straight, evenly broad (in lateral view). Variation The males in our samples vary in length between 4.6 and 6.9 mm, the females between 5.1 and 8 mm. The colour variation of the abdomen is comparable to that of the previous species. Distribution E. orientalis sp. nov. has an eastern distribution within the archipelago (Fig. 7): Espa��ola (arid zone), Islote Gardner near Espa��ola, Genovesa (arid zone), San Crist��bal (coastal arid zone and above 500 m alt.) and Santa F��. We cannot detect a preference for a certain kind of vegetation zone, as most islands are low in altitude., Published as part of Baert, L��on, 2014, Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Gal��pagos Islands (Ecuador), pp. 1-18 in European Journal of Taxonomy 86 on pages 9-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.86, http://zenodo.org/record/830216, {"references":["Baert L., Maelfait J. - P., Hendrickx F. & Desender K. 2008. Distribution and habitat preference of the spiders (Araneae) of Galapagos. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 78: 39 - 111.","Baert L. 2013. Summary of our present knowledge of the spider communities of the Galapagos archipelago. First analysis of the spider communities of the islands Santa Cruz and Isabela. Belgian Journal of Zoology 143 (Supplement): 159 - 185."]}

Eustala meridionalis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AAB212B1-16FA-4110-8133-7BB2EEE7 FB 52 Figs 4 A-C, 5 B, 6 B, 7 Eustala vegeta (Keyserling, 1865) ��� Baert, Maelfait, Hendrickx & Desender 2008: 47, map 15 (misidentiFcation). Eustala sp. ��� Baert 2013: 176, 178. Diagnosis Male: Differing from E. occidentalis and E. orientalis in the structure of the terminal apophysis, which is Fat and broadening towards tip, apical ridge being slightly longer than caudal ridge. The female differs from both species by having a shorter and thicker scapus. Etymology The species name refers to its distribution in the southern part of the archipelago. Type material Holotype ��, ISLA FLOREANA, Cerro Pajas at the edge of Scalesia forest, alt. 335 m, 18 Apr. 1996 (P.96/55), leg. S. Peck. Allotype ♀, ISLA FLOREANA, SE slope of Cerro Pajas, Scalesia pedunculata with undergrowth of Tournefortia rufo-sericea and Croton scouleri, alt. 360 m, 20 Feb. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. Paratypes ISLA FLOREANA: 3 ����, 1 (♀), SE slope of Cerro Pajas, alt. 360 m, 20 Feb. 1977 (leg. W.G. Reeder); 1 ��, Base of Cerro Pajas, Scalesia forest, alt. 300 m, 16 Apr. 1996 (P.96/62) (leg. S. Peck); 1 j ♀, along road towards top of the island, transition to Scalesia woodland, vegetation mainly consisting of Tournefortia rufo-sericea and Scalesia pedunculata, thin shrub undergrowth, alt. 300 m, 22 Feb. 1988 (B.88/332) (leg. Baert, Maelfait & Desender). RBINS inventory number of all type material is I.G. 32723. Description Male (holotype) LENGTH. Total length 5.02; carapace length 2.71, width 2.55, height 0.75; abdomen length 3.14, width 2.39, height 1.96. CARAPACE. Colour (in alcohol) yellowish with black suffused striae and marked yellow V in cephalic region; two short combs of long, white hairs diverge from between PME and PLE. Chelicerae black with yellowish inner sides. Labium black with white apical edge. Endites black with white apical and inner margins. Sternum light yellow with broad, blackish suffused border. Pedipalps dark. Legs pale yellow with black annulations, variable among specimens; coxae and proximal part of femora whitish. ABDOMEN. Dorsum greyish, speckled with cream spots; area between the converging waved brown lines darker grey. Venter light yellow, suffused with grey. Colulus and spinnerets black. EYES. MOQ: PME = 0.73 AME. Cl = 0.63 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (13.25): Fe 4.04, Pa 1.37, Ti 3.33, Mt 3.22, Ta 1.29 II (10.29): Fe 3.14, Pa 1.18, Ti 2.24, Mt 2.63, Ta 1.10 III (6.05): Fe 2.16, Pa 0.82, Ti 1.18, Mt 1.22, Ta 0.67 IV (9.22): Fe 3.14, Pa 1.14, Ti 1.96, Mt 2.16, Ta 0.82 SPINATION. All legs with numerous spines. PEDIPALP (Figs 4 A, 5B). One very long patellar seta, a bit shorter than bulbus. Cymbium with conspicious, rounded, T-like tarsal hook. Terminal apophysis (Fig. 6 B) Fat and broadening towards tip, apical ridge of terminal apophysis being slightly longer than caudal ridge. Female (allotype) LENGTH. Total length 8.49; carapace length 3.53, width 2.86, height 1.37; abdomen length 5.18, width 4.90, height 3.76. CARAPACE. Cream with some faint brown stains in cephalic area; eyes with black rings. Chelicerae cream. Labium yellow brown with white apical edge. Endites yellow brown with white apical and inner edges. Sternum whitish with broad, yellowish brown border. Legs yellowish brown with annulations fainter than in male. ABDOMEN. Dorsum lighter than in male; venter cream with three white stains. Colulus and spinnerets black with orange tinge. EYES. MOQ: PME = 0.92 AME. Cl = 0.80 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (14.66): Fe 4.43, Pa 1.76, Ti 3.45, Mt 3.57, Ta 1.45 II (12.32): Fe 3.65, Pa 1.65, Ti 2.75, Mt 2.94, Ta 1.33 III (7.84): Fe 2.51, Pa 1.49, Ti 1.53, Mt 1.49, Ta 0.82 IV (10.98): Fe 3.69, Pa 1.53, Ti 2.35, Mt 2.43, Ta 0.98 EPIGYNE (Fig. 4 B���C). Scapus 0.35 mm long, 0.21 mm thick, L/D = 1.67. Spermathecae separated; scapus broader at tip (in ventral view), straight and very broad in the middle (in lateral view). Variation The few males in our samples vary between 4.70 and 5.90 mm in length. The male caught at the base of Cerro Pajas (P.96/62) shows the same two broad white spots as some E. occidentalis sp. nov. specimens (see colour pattern C of E. occidentalis sp. nov., Fig. 2 C). The other males all have a much lighter appearance. Their abdomen has more white and their cephalothorax is as light as that of the female allotype. Distribution E. meridionalis sp. nov. has only been found above 300 m alt. in the Scalesia zone of Cerro Pajas and its vicinity on the centrally located southern island Floreana (Fig. 7)., Published as part of Baert, L��on, 2014, Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Gal��pagos Islands (Ecuador), pp. 1-18 in European Journal of Taxonomy 86 on pages 12-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.86, http://zenodo.org/record/830216, {"references":["Baert L., Maelfait J. - P., Hendrickx F. & Desender K. 2008. Distribution and habitat preference of the spiders (Araneae) of Galapagos. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 78: 39 - 111.","Baert L. 2013. Summary of our present knowledge of the spider communities of the Galapagos archipelago. First analysis of the spider communities of the islands Santa Cruz and Isabela. Belgian Journal of Zoology 143 (Supplement): 159 - 185."]}

Genus Eustala Simon, 1895 Diagnosis of the genus The carapace has a deep longitudinal cleft in the thoracic region. The abdomen has a triangular shape with a dorsal folium pattern and a ventral white patch. The posterior median eyes are usually slightly smaller than the anterior median eyes. The males are smaller than the females. The distal margin of the male Frst coxa has a distinct hook, which Fts into a groove on the second femur. The palpal patella has one very long macroseta. The bulb has a huge, variably-shaped conductor and a conspicuous white, cone-shaped median apophysis produced downward on the ventral side of the large bulb. Females are characterized by the scapus of the epigyne projecting forward. The males of the three species described here differ from all known Eustala species by the structure of the terminal apophysis, the subterminal apophysis and the embolus, the females by the shape of the anteriorly projecting scapus. The males of these three Gal��pagos species differ from each other by the structure of their terminal apophysis (Fig. 6) while the females are recognized by the shape of their scapus (Figs 1 C, 3C, 4C)., Published as part of Baert, L��on, 2014, Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Gal��pagos Islands (Ecuador), pp. 1-18 in European Journal of Taxonomy 86 on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.86, http://zenodo.org/record/830216

The mega-diverse haplogyne family of goblin spiders (Oonopidae Simon, 1890) has long been among the most poorly known families of spiders. However, since the launch of the goblin spider Planetary Biodiversity Inventory project knowledge about Oonopidae is rapidly expanding. Currently, Oonopidae is placed within the superfamily Dysderoidea and is divided into three subfamilies. Nevertheless, the monophyly and internal phylogeny of this family has not yet been investigated based on DNA sequence data. Hence, this study reports the first phylogeny based on ribosomal sequence data including 37 oonopid genera and representatives of all families within the Dysderoidea. These results suggest that the majority of the oonopid genera constitute a natural group. Moreover, two subfamilies Orchestininae and Sulsulinae and several morphologically defined groups e.g. the Zyngoonops- and Dysderina-groups, were well supported. In contrast, the Pelicinus-, Stenoonops- and Scaphiella-groups were not corroborated. Although most genera represented by more than one specimen were recovered as monophyletic, our study casts doubt on the monophyly of the genus Aschnaoonops Makhan & Ezzatpanah, 2011. Furthermore, the results corroborate that a low degree of body sclerotisation might be considered as a plesiomorphic trait.

Mecaphesa inclusa (Banks, 1902) Figs 1A-C, 3A, 9A-D Misumenops inclusus Banks, 1902: 62, pl. 1, fig. 12 (description ♂ / ♀). Misumenops inclusus ��� Roth & Craig 1970: 119. ��� Baert & Maelfait 1986: 119, map 25. ��� Baert, Maelfait & Desender 1988: 50, 53. ��� Baert, Maelfait & Desender 1989: 21. Mecaphesa inclusa ��� Lehtinen 1993: 587. ��� Baert & Maelfait 2000: 244. ��� Baert, Maelfait, Hendrickx & Desender 2008: 67, map 149. Material examined All the material ever sampled has been screened (see other material examined). The localities given in this section are those of the voucher specimens used for the description of the colour variety. Locality of male voucher specimen A: Meteorological Station of CDRS, 2 m alt., 15 Feb. 1982 (leg. L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait); female voucher specimen A: Isla Isabela, Volc��n Alcedo, 600 m alt., 2 Apr. 1986 (leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender). Locality of male voucher specimen B: Isla Isabela, Volc��n Alcedo, Zanthoxylum-Scalesia savanna, 790 m alt., 14 May 1980 (leg. W.G. Reeder). Locality of male and female voucher specimens C: Isla Isabela, Volc��n Alcedo, Pega Pega Camp, 600 m alt., Scalesia, 24-25 May 1980 (leg. D. Green). The voucher specimens described here are deposited at the RBINS at Brussels. Other material examined ISLA FERNANDINA: ♂, between Cabo Hammond and Bursera Hills, 70 m alt., 26 Apr. 1975; ♂, ♀, 4 juv., west vegetation strip, 30 m alt., 10 Aug. 1977; 2 ♂♂, ♀, numerous juv., west vegetation strip, flush crater, 320 m alt., 13 Aug. 1977; 2 ♂♂, trail to Grass crater, 380 m alt., 17 Aug. 1977; ♀, W-slope, 500 m alt., 17 Aug. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA FLOREANA: ♂, SE-slope of Cerro Pajas, 80 m alt., 20 Feb. 1977; ♀, (♂), south Pampa Grande, 270 m alt., 22 Feb. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA GENOVESA: ♂, Barranco at Bah��a Darwin, 20 m alt., 10-27 Mar. 1992. ISLA ISABELA: VOLC��N SIERRA NEGRA: ♀, east of crater floor, 925 m alt., 19 Feb. 1986, leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender; ♂, NE-rim of caldera, 980 m alt., 17 Jan. 1978; ♂ (♂), trail to El Papal above Sto T��mas, 480 m alt., 19 Jan. 1978; ♂, (♂), 4 (♀♀), Zona Velasco Ibarra (near Scalesia quadrat), 760 m alt., 2 Jan. 1978, leg. W.G. Reeder. VOLC��N ALCEDO: ♂, along old trail, 600 m alt., 2 Apr. 1986, leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender; 4 ♂, E-slope, Bursera camp, 340 m alt., 18-19 May 1980; 6 ♂, ♂, ♀, (♀), 2 juv., west of lava flow, 380 m alt., 23-25 May 1980; ♂, 4 ♀♀ (♂), E-slope, Pega Pega camp, 600 m alt., 24-25 May 1980; ♂, E-slope, 700 m alt., 14 May 1980; 2 ♀♀, (♀), E-slope, 790 m alt., 14-15 May 1980; 6 juv., E-slope, Tributary Barranco, 735 m alt., 15 May 1980; 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, east of lava flow, 600 m alt., 24 May 1980; 3 ♂, 3 ♀, 1000 m alt., 24-25 May 1980; ♂, rim, 1130-1160 m, 24 May 1980, leg. W.G. Reeder. VOLC��N DARWIN: juv., along transect to the top, 800 m alt., shrub (Croton + Scalesia), 26 Mar. 1988, leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender; 2 ♂♂, ♀, 4 ♂♂, numerous juv., Beagle crater, 40-50 m alt., 2 May 1980, leg. W.G. Reeder. VOLC��N ECUADOR: ♂, 2 ♀, Cabo Berkeley, 20-90 m alt., 8 Aug. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder ISLA MARCHENA: ♂, ♀, Kipouka, 150 m alt., 29 Jan. 1977; ♂, SW-slope, Barranco, trail to fumaroles 60 m alt., 30 Jan. 1977; ♂, S-slope, near fumaroles ridge, 190 m alt., 26 Jan. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. . , ISLA PINTA: ♀, May 1964 (TMM); ♀, S-slope, 400 m alt., 19 Jul. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder; 2 ♂♂, transition zone, 200 m alt., 14 Mar. 1992, leg. S. & J. Peck. ISLA PINZON: 2 ♀♀, crater camp ridge summit, 320 m alt., 6 Feb. 1979, leg. W.G. Reeder ISLA RABIDA: ♂, ♀, N-slope, 180 m alt., 29 Sep. 1975; ♀, N-slope, 270 m alt., 29 Sep. 1975, leg W.G. Reeder. . . ISLA SANTIAGO: ♂, Aguacate camp, 550 m alt., 13 Apr. 1992, leg. S. & J. Peck. ISLA SANTA CRUZ: ♀, Playa Tortuga, 2 m alt., 8 Jun. 1975, leg. H. Franz; ♀, 3 juv., trail from Caseta Tortuga towards the coast, 130 m alt., 18 Aug. 1970, leg. S Riechert; 4 juv., along old trail to Bellavista, 5-15 m alt., 2 Oct. 1975; ♂, along old trail to Bellavista, 25-30 m alt., 7 Oct. 1975; ♂, surroundings of the CDRS, 10 m alt., 18 Feb. 1979; ♀, Puerto Ayora, 20 m alt., 26 Apr. 1980: ♂, 500 m NE of Cerro Puntudo pass, 700-720 m alt.; ♂, along old trail to Bellavista, 80-100 m alt., 4 May 1980; ♂, 7 May 1980, leg. W.G. Reeder; juv., surroundings of CDRS, 5 m alt., 23 Mar. 1985, leg. H. & I. Schatz; (♂), surroundings of CDRS, 5 m alt., 19 Jan. 1989; 3 juv., 7 km N of Santa Rosa, 550 m alt., 1 Jun. 1991, leg. S. & J. Peck; ♀, Cerro Messa summit, 22 Jan. 2010, leg. F. Hendrickx; ♀, surroundings of the CDRS, 21 Apr. 1981; juv., Puerto Ayora, in building, 5 Nov. 1991 (CDRS collections). Material is deposited either at the RBINS (collections made by L. Baert et al., F. Hendrickx, S. & J. Peck and H. Franz) or the TMM (collections made by W.G. Reeder, S. Riechert). Cited in the literature ISLA ISABELA, VOLC��N DARWIN: Tagus Cove, ♂, ♀ (Banks 1902). Short general description of the species PROSOMA. With few dispersed long and short setae; lateral prosoma borders provided with very short setae, anterior clypeal border with long setae; clypeus with a proximal central long seta; ocular area with a long seta just above AE; chelicerae with one proximal median long seta; coxae with dorsal setae. OPISTHOSOMA. Few dispersed long and short setae (only short setae in female). LEGS. Pa III & IV without dorsal spines. PALP. Tibia of male palp with 1 dorsal and 3 prolateral spines; RTA with hooked tip; VTA inconspicuous. Embolus with retrolateral origin, slowly curled at tip. Cymbium without tutaculum or tutacular groove. EPIGYNE. Atrium with sclerified anterior and lateral borders and raised hood, small spermathecal organs conspicuous, close to epigynal fold (Fig. 2C); vulva with irregularly shaped spermathecae with mesal spermathecal organs, thick curled copulatory tubes (Fig. 3A). This species shows variation in colour among males and between males and females. There is, however, no specific distribution pattern of the three kinds of colour patterns. A description of a male and female voucher specimen of each encountered common colour variety is given here. Description of voucher specimens Male A (Fig. 9A) TOTAL LENGTH. 2.27; prosoma length: 1.09, width: 1.17, height: 0.49. COLOUR. Prosoma: chestnut brown speckled with irregular yellowish spots; clypeus, ocular area and dorsal thoracic area paler brown; chelicerae brown suffused with black; labium, endites and sternum blackish brown with small irregular light patches. Legs I & II: Fe, Pa and Ti brown; Mt brown with lighter proximal half; Ta yellowish with light brown distal half. Leg III: Fe yellow with brown distal tip; Pa dark; Ti, Mt and Ta yellowish with dark proximal part. Leg IV: Fe yellow with brown distal tip; Pa and Ti dark; Mt and Ta yellowish with dark proximal part. Opisthosoma: with shiny sclerotized dorsum with a pattern of black, brown and light chevron-like patches; sides black; venter greyish; spinnerets light. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.74 PW, AW = 0.92 LAP, Cl = 3 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (5.10): Fe 1.55, Pa 0.60, Ti 1.26, Mt 1.07, Ta 0.62; II (4.89): Fe 1.51, Pa 0.60, Ti 1.15, Mt 1.05, Ta 0.58; III (2.12): Fe 0.66, Pa 0.33, Ti 0.43, Mt 0.37, Ta 0.33; IV (2.14): Fe 0.68, Pa 0.31, Ti 0.43, Mt 0.39, Ta 0.33. Length of cymbium: 0.21. Female A TOTAL LENGTH. 3.33; prosoma length: 1.46, width: 1.44, height: 0.59. COLOUR. Prosoma: orange speckled with brown irregular stains; labium yellow brown; endites and sternum yellowish strongly suffused with black. Legs I & II: orange brown dorsally, ventrally strongly suffused with (almost) black; Legs III & IV: Fe, Mt & Ta whitish with orange brown distal tip, Pa & Ti orange brown ventrally suffused with black. Opisthosoma: dorsum yellowish strongly suffused with black, venter whitish with central part greyish; spinnerets orange. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.84 PW, AW = 1.00 LAP, Cl = 0.1 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (5.42): Fe 1.71, Pa 0.78, Ti 1.24, Mt 1.03, Ta 0.66; II (5.19): Fe 1.63, Pa 0.76, Ti 1.17, Mt 1.01, Ta 0.62; III (2.82): Fe 0.87, Pa 0.49, Ti 0.64, Mt 0.45, Ta 0.37; IV (2.98): Fe 0.87, Pa 0.47, Ti 0.60, Mt 0.56, Ta 0.39. Spination: ventral rows of strong spines: Ti I: 5, Mt I: 4, Ti II: 3, Mt II: 4. Male B (Fig. 9B) TOTAL LENGTH. 2.55; prosoma length: 1.13, width: 1.24, height: 0.49. COLOUR. Prosoma: orange with two parallel longitudinal dark bands flanked by a row of 4 long setae along inner border; eye region white surrounded; clypeus white; chelicerae, endites and sternum orange. Legs I & II: Fe, Pa: orange; Ti, Mt: orange with dark distal part (1/3th); Ta: orange slightly suffused with black. Legs III & IV: light orange. Pedipalp: light orange. Opisthosoma: White dorsum, shiny with 4 dark chevrons; sides blackish, venter whitish. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.73 PW, AW = 0.89 LAP, Cl = 2.7 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (6.82): Fe 2.06, Pa 0.70, Ti 1.75, Mt 1.55, Ta 0.76; II (5.65): Fe 1.73, Pa 0.54, Ti 1.42, Mt 1.26, Ta 0.70; III (3.26): Fe 1.04, Pa 0.39, Ti 0.76, Mt 0.64, Ta 0.43; IV (3.25): Fe 1.03, Pa 0.39, Ti 0.72, Mt 0.68, Ta 0.43. Male C (Fig 9C) TOTAL LENGTH. 2.39; prosoma length: 1.07, width: 1.17, height: 0.49. COLOUR. Prosoma: brown with dorsal V-mark consisting of speckled white spots, sides speckled with few small white spots; chelicerae and sternum brown speckled with small white spots; endites brown. Legs I & II: brown with Fe, Pa & Ti speckled with few small white spots. Leg III: Fe yellowish with dark distal end, Pa dark, Ti-Ta yellowish. Leg IV: Fe yellowish with dark distal end, Pa & Ti dark, Mt & Ta yellowish. Pedipalp: brown, Ti with dark proximal and distal end. Opisthosoma: shiny brown speckled with small white spots, venter beige. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.79 PW, AW = 0.96 LAP, Cl = 3.5 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (4.96): Fe 1.55, Pa 0.62, Ti 1.22, Mt 1.07, Ta 0.60; II (4.80): Fe 1.51, Pa 0.60, Ti 1.17, Mt 1.02, Ta 0.50; III (2.23): Fe 0.68, Pa 0.36, Ti 0.45, Mt 0.41, Ta 0.33; IV (2.22): Fe 0.70, Pa 0.33, Ti 0.47, Mt 0.41, Ta 0.31. Female C (Fig. 9D) TOTAL LENGTH. 4.27; prosoma length: 1.69, width: 1.75, height: 0.70. COLOUR. As in male. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.809 PW, AW = 1.00 LAP, Cl = 2.6 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (6.36): Fe 1.99, Pa 0.97, Ti 1.44, Mt 1.20, Ta 0.76; II (6.08): Fe 1.90, Pa 0.93, Ti 1.38, Mt 1.17, Ta 0.70; III (2.99): Fe 0.93, Pa 0.54, Ti 0.60, Mt 0.54, Ta 0.38; IV (3.32): Fe 1.09, Pa 0.50, Ti 0.70, Mt 0.62, Ta 0.41. Spination: ventral rows of strong spines: Ti I: 5, Mt I: 4, Ti II & Mt II: 4. Distribution Occurs throughout the whole archipelago except for the south-easternmost islands of Santa F��, Espa��ola and San Crist��bal. This species has a wide distribution on the islands from the low arid zone up to the summit of the islands with the highest catch on the summit of Volc��n Alcedo at an altitude of ca. 1160 m., Published as part of Baert, L., 2013, The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Gal��pagos Islands (Ecuador), pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 43 on pages 3-8, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.43, http://zenodo.org/record/376162, {"references":["Banks N. 1902. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition. 1898 - 1899. VII. Entomological results (6), Arachnida by N. Banks and field notes by R. E. Snodgrass. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 4: 49 - 86.","Roth V. D. & Craig P. R. 1970. Arachnida of the Galapagos islands (excluding Acarina). In: Leleup N. & Leleup J. (eds) Mission zoologique belge aux Iles Galapagos et en Ecuador. Resultats scientifiques, deuxieme partie: 107 - 124. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren.","Baert L. & Maelfait J. - P. 1986. A contribution to the knowledge of the spider fauna of Galapagos (Ecuador). Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 56: 93 - 123.","Baert L., Maelfait J. - P. & Desender K. 1988. Results of the Belgian 1986 - expedition: Araneae, and provisional checklist of the spiders of the Galapagos archipelago. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 58: 29 - 54.","Baert L., Maelfait J. - P. & Desender K. 1989. Results of the Belgian 1988 - expedition to the Galapagos islands: Araneae. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 59: 5 - 22.","Lehtinen P. T. 1993. Polynesian Thomisidae - a meeting of old and new world groups. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33 (2): 585 - 592.","Baert L. & Maelfait J. - P. 2000. Check list of the described spider species of the Galapagos archipelago (Araneae). Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 70: 43 - 245.","Baert L., Maelfait J. - P., Hendrickx F. & Desender K. 2008. Distribution and habitat preference of the spiders (Araneae) of Galapagos. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 78: 39 - 111."]}

Apollophanes (?) lonesomegeorgei sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:496BAC9E-DFF4-4E85-A5DE-D884CADED44F Diagnosis Males of A. (?) lonesomegeorgei are recognized by the palp with compressed VTA and RTA, strongly curled embolus with filiform tip pointing backwards and opisthosoma covered with many white and a few dark scale-like hairs. Etymology The species is named after ���Lonesome George��� the last Isla Pinta tortoise (Chelonoidis abingdonii (G��nther, 1877)) survivor which died on June 24th of 2012, emphasizing in this way the uniqueness of this spider specimen as explained in the discussion above. Type material Holotype ♂, ISLA WOLF, alt. 75 m, Croton forest, 11 May 1996 (pitfall trap), leg. S. Peck. Description Male TOTAL LENGTH. 3.92; prosoma length: 1.75, width: 1.81, height: 0.62, clypeus: 0.31; opisthosoma length: 1.75, width: 1.65. BODY. Prosoma: yellow dorsal band covered with white scale-like hairs, dark brown sides covered with black scale-like hairs; bordered with white scale-like hairs; chelicerae with many short setae, proximal part creamy, distal part dark; labium creamy grey; endites whitish gray; sternum creamy slightly suffused with grey. Legs I & II: whitish yellow; Fe, Pa & Ti ventrally dark (blackish); Ta and distal end of Mt with dense scopulae; Ta with accessory claw. Legs III & IV lacking. Opisthosoma: white, covered with white scale-like hairs, black apical heart mark covered with black scale-like hairs, sides mottled with dark stains, venter creamy, spinnerets light. Prosoma and opisthosoma more or less densely covered with scale-like hairs. Frontal face of chelicerae covered with many short spines. EYES. AME: 0.08 Titanebo (Muster, 2009; fig. 3). Tibia with 2 prolateral spines, 2 dorsal spines and 2 dorsal trichobotria; cusplike VTA and flat RTA apparently compressed together; RTA with short pointed tip and 3 small denticles in the upper part of it���s distal edge. Pa with two short dorsal spines. Fe with two distal short thick setae. Embolus arising at prolateral side of tegulum. Female Unknown. Remarks This damaged specimen definitely belongs in the Philodromidae (presence of claw tufts) but cannot with certainty be placed in a known genus due to the number of deviating characters. The principal contrasting characters are: AME smaller than ALE, anterior eye-row strongly recurved (in contrast to Ebo Keyserling, 1884, Titanebo Gertsch, 1933 and Halodromus Muster, 2009) (Fig. 10B); posterior eye-row procurved (Fig. 10A); prosoma slightly wider than long, covered with scale-like hairs (Fig. 10A); opisthosoma covered with many white and a few dark scale-like hairs; only metatarsi with retro- and prolateral spine (in contrast to Ebo and Titanebo); tibia of male palp with small apophysis (VTA and RTA apparently compressed), embolus strongly curled with filiform tip pointing backwards. For the time being I have placed it in Apollophanes, which appears to be the closest genus., Published as part of Baert, L., 2013, The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Gal��pagos Islands (Ecuador), pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 43 on pages 19-22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.43, http://zenodo.org/record/376162, {"references":["Muster C. 2009. The Ebo - like running crab spiders in the Old World (Araneae, Philodromidae). ZooKeys 16: 47 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 16.230"]}

Apollophanes fitzroyi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E94740CB-AED0-4D93-BEAC-0048BCDF8080 Diagnosis Males of A. fitzroyi are recognized by the palp with RTA and VTA fused at base, the latter excavated, and by the short embolus arising at the distal end of the tegulum. Females are characterized by the epigyne with ovoid spermathecae provided with a prominent apical spermathecal organ. Etymology The species is named after Captain Fitzroy, commander of HMS Beagle, who made accurate navigational charts of the archipelago and took Charles Darwin to the islands in 1835. Type material Holotype ♂, ISLA SANTIAGO, Playa Espumila, Arid zone, 3-9 Jun. 1991 (pan trap), leg. J. Heraty. Allotype ♀, ISLA NORTH SEYMOUR, Bursera litter, 16 Oct. 1975, leg. W.G. Reeder. Paratypes ISLA SANTA CRUZ: ♂, 15 km north of Santa Rosa, alt. 140 m, arid zone forest, 1-30 Apr. 1992 (flying interception trap), leg. S. Peck; 1 ♂, Cerro Colorado, alt. 10 m, 11 Mar. 1975, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA FERNANDINA: ♂, Cerro Verde, alt. 170 m, 9 May 1991 (night catch), leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender. Juveniles ISLA SANTA F��: ♀, in detritus along coastline, 15 May 1975, leg. H. Franz. ISLA SANTIAGO: ♂, alt. 580 m, transition wood, 8 Apr. 1982, leg. L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. Description Male holotype TOTAL LENGTH. 4.63; prosoma length: 1.98, width: 1.92, height: 0.87. COLOUR. Prosoma: Orange brown, strongly speckled with small black spots along sides, with sparse short setae, hairy (white hairs); chelicerae creamy, strongly speckled; labium, endites & sternum creamy, very sparsely speckled. Legs: Creamy strongly speckled with black. Pedipalp creamy. Opisthosoma: creamy with greyish sides and median greyish lanceolate heart mark, many short setae, venter creamy; anal tubercle surrounded by many setae. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.73 PW, AW = 0.89 LAP, Cl = 2.3 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (9.47): Fe 2.78, Pa 1.10, Ti 2.35, Mt 2.10, Ta 1.14; II (11.65): Fe 3.29, Pa 1.22, Ti 2.94, Mt 2.75, Ta 1.45; III (8.47): Fe 2.63, Pa 0.90, Ti 2.00, Mt 2.00, Ta 0.94; IV (8.39): Fe 2.63, Pa 0.86, Ti 2.00, Mt 2.00, Ta 0.90. Length of cymbium: 0.70. Spination: Fe I: 3d2pl3rl, Fe II: 3d3pl3rl, Fe III: 3d2pl1rl, Fe IV: 3d2distal rl; Ti I-IV: 1d2pl2rl2-2-2v; 3pl3rl2-2v. PALP. (Fig. 6A-C) Cymbium long oval, with a retrolateral and prolateral spine. Tibia with 1 dorsal and 1 prolateral spine; VTA and RTA fused at base, VTA excavated (Fig. 6C). Embolus short, arising at distal end of tegulum. Femur with 3 dorsal spines of which 2 at distal end. Female allotype TOTAL LENGTH. 5.40; prosoma length: 2.59, width: 2.51, height: 0.72. COLOUR. Prosoma: As in male, but speckled with brown along sides; chelicerae creamy, strongly speckled; labium, endites & sternum creamy, very sparsely speckled. Legs: Creamy with fewer black spots. Opisthosoma: whitish with creamy sides and median creamy lanceolate heart mark, many short setae, venter creamy; anal tubercle surrounded with many setae. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.80 PW, AW = 0.93 LAP, Cl = 2.75 DAME. LEGS. Measurements: I (10.04): Fe 2.98, Pa 1.37, Ti 2.47, Mt 2.08, Ta 1.14; II (10.76): Fe 3.61, Pa 1.56, Ti 2.94, Mt 2.43, Ta 1.22; III (9.22): Fe 2.90, Pa 1.22, Ti 2.24, Mt 1.88, Ta 0.98; IV (9.18): Fe 2.94, Pa 1.10, Ti 2.16, Mt 2.04, Ta 0.94. EPIGYNE. (Fig. 7) Medium septum with broad elongate copulatory openings (Fig. 7A), spermathecae ovoid with a prominent apically situated spermathecal organ (Fig. 7B). Distribution The species seems to be confined to the central islands of Santa Cruz, Seymour Norte, Santa F�� and Santiago. It has been found on Santa Cruz in the lower arid zone (5-10 m alt.) and in the transition forest zone (110-250 m alt.), on Santiago in the transition forest at a higher elevation (580 m alt.). Remarks The closely fused VTA and RTA of the male palpal tibia, the absence of a membranous area at the base of the embolus (# of Thanatus C. L. Koch, 1837), the equidistant posterior eyes (# of Tibellus Simon, 1875) and the elongated copulatory openings located at sides of septum (epigynal slits) reaching the epigynal fold in the female and the vulval conformation (spherical spermatheca and apical small spermatecal organ) observed in this galapagoan species, show it clearly belongs to the genus Apollophanes (Dondale & Redner 1975; Muster 2009). It resembles A. punctipes (O.P. Cambridge, 1891) most closely, but a thorough examination of the male and female type material of this species clearly showed the morphological differences between both species., Published as part of Baert, L., 2013, The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Gal��pagos Islands (Ecuador), pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 43 on pages 16-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.43, http://zenodo.org/record/376162, {"references":["Dondale C. D. & Redner J. H. 1975. Revision of the spider genus Apollophanes (Araneida: Thomisidae). The Canadian Entomologist 107 (11): 1175 - 1192. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1071175 - 11","Muster C. 2009. The Ebo - like running crab spiders in the Old World (Araneae, Philodromidae). ZooKeys 16: 47 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 16.230"]}

Tmarus galapagosensis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:04503524-81B7-48E2-B247-D10DAE2341EC Figs 4A-B, 5A-D Tmarus stolzmanni ��� Keyserling, 1880: 138, pl. 3, fig. 74 (description ♂). ��� Banks 1902: 62, pl. 1, fig. 5 (description ♂). ��� Lubin 1983: 18; 1984: 240; 1985: 795. ��� Baert & Maelfait 1986: 119, map 25; 2000: 244. ��� Baert, Maelfait & Desender 1988: 50, 53; 1989: 22. ��� Baert, Maelfait, Hendrickx & Desender 2008: 67, map 150. Diagnosis Males of T. galapagosensis can be recognized by the RTA with a curled tip and a dark curved hook at its base, and by the shape of the embolus which arises from the centre of the tegulum making three turns in retrolateral direction. Females differ from other Tmarus species by the rounded scapus-like plate without atrium (Fig. 5B, C), the subspherical spermathecae and the strongly curled copulatory ducts (Fig. 5D). Etymology The species name is derived from the geographic name Gal��pagos, as this species has a wide distribution throughout the archipelago. Type material All type material deposited at the RBINS. Holotype ♂, ISLA SANTA CRUZ, vicinity of Cueva Andreas, arid zone, 20 m alt., 7 Apr. 1991, leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender. Allotype ♀, ISLA FERNANDINA, Punta Espinosa, 24 Mar. 1988, leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender. Paratypes ISLA MARCHENA: 1 ♂, Playa Negra, Bursera forest, 5 m alt., 10 Mar. 1988, leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender; 1 ♂, SW Playa, Bursera forest, 30 m alt., 12-24 Mar. 1992, leg. S. Peck; 4 ♂ ♂, 4 ♀ ♀, 3 juv., S-slope near beach camp, 5-10 m alt., night catch in Croton vegetation, 26 Jan. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA ISABELA: 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 (♀), Volc��n Darwin, Beagle crater, night catch, 22 May 1980, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA SANTA CRUZ: 1 ♀, arid zone, Sep. 1964, leg. J. & N. Leleup. Other material examined ISLA FERNANDINA: (♀), Tail to Bursera Hills (West vegetation strip), 125 m alt., 27 Apr. 1975; ♀, 3 juv., West vegetation strip (ash delta stream bed), 30 m alt., 11 Aug. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA FLOREANA: ♀, Post Office Bay, arid zone, 20-30 Nov. 1925, ZMUN. ISLA ISABELA: VOLC��N SIERRA NEGRA: ♂, ♀, 3 juv., road to the highlands (500 m from sea), 0-3 m alt., 11 Jan. 1978; ♂, ♀, near Villamil (road to the highlands, 1 km from sea), 10-15 m alt., 11 Aug. 1978, (eg. W.G. Reeder. VOLC��N ALCEDO: low arid zone, 5 m alt., new trail, 26 Oct.-2 Nov. 2001, leg. L. Roque; (♂), open Palo Santo wood, along old trail, Bursera vegetation, 200 m alt., 2-4 Apr. 1996, leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender; ♀, Bursera camp, 340 m alt., 19 May 1980; 3 ♂, ♀, 3 (♂), 3 (♀), 2 juv., E-slope, W of lava flow, 380 m alt., 23-25 May 1980; 2 ♂, 4 ♀, (♂), (♀), 3 juv., E-slope, 600 m alt., 24 May 1980, leg. W.G. Reeder. VOLC��N DARWIN: (♂), Tagus Cove trail, 0-20 m alt., 2 May 1975. BEAGLE CRATER: 2 ♂ ♂, 3 juv., lava field between Beagle crater and volcano, 40-50 m alt., 22 May 1980; ♂, 5 ♀♀, (♂), (♀), 7 juv., camp site, 22 May 1980, leg. W.G. Reeder; juv., outer Western crater flank, Bursera vegetation, 20 m alt., 22 Feb. 1982, leg. L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. VOLC��N ECUADOR: ♀, (♀), juv., Cabo Berkeley, between 20 and 90 m alt., 8 Aug. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA MARCHENA: ♀, 2 (♀♀), SW slope beach camp area, 10-20 m alt., 30 Jan. 1977; 2 juv., South playa camp, 10 m of new lava flow, 16-20 m alt., 1 Feb. 1977; juv., near Barranco fumaroles, 160-190 m alt., 29 Jan. 1977; ♂, 2♀♀, ♂, S-slope, near fumaroles ridge, 190 m alt., 26 Jan. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder; Punta Espejo, Bursera vegetation, 5 m alt., 11-24 Mar. 1992; ♂, (♂), 2 juv. Playa Negra, steppe forest at 30 m alt., 12-24 Mar. 1992, leg. S. Peck. ISLA PINTA: 3 ♂, 2 ♀, juv. 1 km NE of South Playa, 17-22 Jan. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder; transition zone, 200 m alt., 14-22 Mar. 1992, leg. S. Peck. ISLA PINZON: ♂, 55-70 m alt., 2 Feb. 1975; ♂, old crater camp, 320 m alt., 5 Feb. 1979, leg. W.G. Reeder; (♂), Opuntia field near crater, 300 m alt., 25 Jan. 2010, leg. F. Hendrickx. ISLA SANTIAGO: juv., Caleta Bucanero, Coldenia vegetation, 30 m alt., 9 Apr. 1982; 2 juv., Cerro Cowan, 260 m alt., 7 Apr. 1982, leg. L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait; ♂, juv., Caleta Bucanero, 25 m alt., 10 Sep. 1975; (♂), juv., Caleta Bucanero, lava ridge, 40-50 m alt., 19 Apr. 1975; ♂, Crater area, 820- 850 m alt., 14 Sep. 1975, leg. W.G. Reeder; ♂, E-slope, 160 m alt., 16 Apr. 1964, CAS; (♂), juv., Los Guayabillos, 300 m alt., 14-16 May 1982, CDRS; ♂, 2 ♀, Los Guayabillos, 300 m alt., 6-7 Apr. 1982, CDRS. ISLA SANTA CRUZ: ♂, ♀, Academy Bay, 17.Oct.1969 (leg. S. Riechert). ISLA SANTA FE: ♀, camp area, 5-10 m alt., 23 Jan. 1979, leg. W.G. Reeder; 2 juv. Highland, 100 m alt., 11-24 Mar. 1996, leg. S. Peck; (♀), Highland, 150 m alt., 24 Apr. 1991, leg. L. Baert, J.-P. Maelfait & K. Desender ISLA WOLF: juv., 2 Feb. 2002, CDRS Material is deposited either at the RBINS (collections made by L. Baert et al., F. Hendrickx and S. & J. Peck), TMM (collections made by W.G. Reeder and S. Riechert), CDRS (collections made by L. Roque and collaborators), CAS or ZMUN. . . Cited in the literature ISLA ISABELA: 2 ♂ ♂, Tagus Cove, March 1899 (Banks 1902). ISLA FLOREANA: juv., 29 Oct. & 20-30 Nov. 1925 (Banks 1930). ISLA SANTIAGO: numerous specimens, Los Guyabillos, 300 m alt. (Lubin 1983, 1984, 1985). Description Male holotype TOTAL LENGTH. 3.49; prosoma length: 1.35, width: 1.27, height: 0.68; opisthosoma length: 2.03, width: 1.07, height: 0.93; clypeus: 0.29; chelicerae: 0.49. OPISTHOSOMA. Egg-shaped with small caudo-dorsal, sharp backwards-directed conical hump. COLOUR. Prosoma: basic colour brown with white striae (darker than in female); MOQ and clypeus white connected to each other by a white stripe, eye tubercles with LE white encircled, slightly sloping clypeus bordered by a white stripe; dorsum creamy bordered by a white triangle, with some short and long spines. Clypeus with 5 spines (2 at border just above chelicerae and 1 centrally halfway). Chelicerae white with central creamy brown area, 2 long proximal spines and a row of 4 short spines along inner edge. Labium, endites and sternum creamy brown. Palp creamy with white stains, cymbium white. Legs: yellowish with few white and brownish stains. Opisthosoma: dorsum white, sides in apical half dusty, in caudal half white; venter creamy brown bordered by a white band; spinnerets white with brown spots. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.66 PW; AW = 0.66 LAP; Cl = 7.25 DAME; DAME = 0.04 DALE = 0.14. LEGS. Measurements: I (7.56): Fe 2.23, Pa 0.78, Ti 1.84, Mt 1.81, Ta 0.90; II (6.91): Fe 2.00, Pa 0.70, Ti 1.73, Mt 1.61, Ta 0.87; III (3.42): Fe 0.97, Pa 0.41, Ti 0.87, Mt 0.64, Ta 0.53; IV (3.32): Fe 1.07, Pa 0.41, Ti 0.72, Mt 0.58, Ta 0.54. Spination: Fe I: 2d5pl2rl, Fe II: 3d3pl1rl, Fe III: 2d1pl, Fe IV: 2d; Ti I: 2d3pl3rl2-2v, Ti II: 2d3pl3rl2-2v, Ti III: 2d, Ti IV: 2d; Mt I: 1rl 2-1-1v, Mt II: 1rl2-2v. Mt and Ta I-IV with distal row of 3 trichobotria. PALP. (Fig. 4A, B) Cymbium with 5 spines (2 prolateral, 1 central and 2 in retrolateral position). Tibia with 1 dark hook, 1 spine and 2 trichobotria in retrolateral position, 3 dorsal trichobotria and 2 spines in prolateral position; RTA with curled tip and dark curled hook at base; broad lobe-like VTA. Embolus arising centrally of tegulum, making three turns in retrolateral direction. Cymbium = 0.49. Female allotype TOTAL LENGTH. 5.14; prosoma length: 1.74, width: 1.59, height: 0.75; opisthosoma length: 3.33, width: 1.98, height: 1.92; clypeus: 0.35; chelicerae: 0.66. OPISTHOSOMA. Egg-shaped with conspicuous caudo-dorsal blunt, backwards-directed conical hump (Fig. 5A). COLOUR. Whiter than male. Prosoma: white with faint brown striae; clypeus white, slightly sloping. Chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum and pedipalp: white with brown stains. Legs: yellow sparsely mottled with brown dots. Opisthosoma: dorsum and sides white, sparsely mottled with creamy brown stains; venter creamy brown band; spinnerets white with brown spots. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.63 PW; AW = 0.71 LAP; Cl = 5.8 DAME; DAME = 0.06, DALE = 0.17. LEGS. Measurements: I (7.45): Fe 2.29, Pa 0.87, Ti 1.75, Mt 1.61, Ta 0.93; II (7.01): Fe 2.12, Pa 0.85, Ti 1.61, Mt 1.50, Ta 0.93; III (4.16): Fe 1.17, Pa 0.58, Ti 1.01, Mt 0.76, Ta 0.64; IV (4.23): Fe 1.38, Pa 0.54, Ti 0.91, Mt 0.76, Ta 0.64. Spination: Fe I: 1d5pl1rl, Fe II: 2-3pl1rl, Fe III: 2d2pl; Ti I: 2d2pl2rl2- 1-2v, Ti II: 2d2pl2rl2-1v, Ti III: 2d1v; Mt I: 2-2-1-1-2-2v, Mt II: 2-2-2v. Mt and Ta I-IV with distal row of 3 trichobotria. EPIGYNE. A rounded scapus-like plate (Fig. 5 B-C). Two big, nearly spherical spermathecae and strongly curled long copulatory ducts; fertilisation ducts short (Fig. 5D), length of scapus: 0.35. Biology Ant-eating nocturnal habit (Lubin 1983). Highly cryptic species, perfectly blending with the background of dry twigs covered with lichens, on which it sits during daytime. The pronounced abdominal dorsal hump gives the spider the appearance of a small protuberance or leaf scar on a twig (Lubin 1983)., Published as part of Baert, L., 2013, The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Gal��pagos Islands (Ecuador), pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 43 on pages 11-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.43, http://zenodo.org/record/376162, {"references":["Keyserling E. 1880. Die Spinnen Amerikas, Laterigradae. Verlag von Bauer & Raspe, Nurnberg.","Banks N. 1902. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition. 1898 - 1899. VII. Entomological results (6), Arachnida by N. Banks and field notes by R. E. Snodgrass. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 4: 49 - 86.","Lubin Y. 1983. An ant-eating crab spider from the Galapagos. Noticias de Galapagos 37: 18 - 19.","Baert L. & Maelfait J. - P. 1986. A contribution to the knowledge of the spider fauna of Galapagos (Ecuador). Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 56: 93 - 123.","Baert L., Maelfait J. - P. & Desender K. 1988. Results of the Belgian 1986 - expedition: Araneae, and provisional checklist of the spiders of the Galapagos archipelago. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 58: 29 - 54.","Baert L., Maelfait J. - P., Hendrickx F. & Desender K. 2008. Distribution and habitat preference of the spiders (Araneae) of Galapagos. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Entomologie 78: 39 - 111.","Banks N. 1930. The Norwegian Zoological expedition to the Galapagos Islands, 1925, conducted by Alf Wollebaek. I. Arachnida. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 68: 271 - 278.","Lubin Y. 1984. Changes in the native fauna of the Galapagos Islands following invasion by the little red fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 21 (1 - 2): 229 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1984. tb 02064. x","Lubin Y. 1985. Studies on the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, in a Nino year. In: Robinson G. & del Pino E. M. (eds) El Nino en las Islas Galapagos: El evento de 1982 - 1983, Fundacion Charles Darwin: 473 - 793. Quito, Ecuador."]}

Baert, L. (2013): The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). European Journal of Taxonomy 43: 1-23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.43, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2013.43

Mecaphesa reddelli sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A1438F2A-8FE2-4BD9-822C-3667F88CED3B Figs 2A-C, 3B, 9E-F Diagnosis Males of M. reddelli can be recognized by the palpal tibia bearing one dorsal and four pro-lateral spines, RTA with smooth slightly curved tip (strongly hooked in M. inclusa), a short curved VTA (inconspicuous in M. inclusa). Females differ from those of other species by its pentagonal shaped epigyne cavity with lobate anterior borders (cavity oval shaped in M. inclusa). Etymology The species is named after James Reddell of the Texas Memorial Museum who gave me the opportunity to study the spiders caught by W. G. Reeder during his various collecting trips between 1975 and 1980. Type material Holotype ♂, ISLA SANTA CRUZ, Cerro Colorado, 20 m alt., from Scalesia litter at 200-300 m SW of base of Cerro, 13 Mar. 1975, leg. W.G. Reeder. Allotype ♀, ISLA ISABELA, Volc��n Alcedo, Pega Pega Camp, 783 m alt., from large Waltheria bush in the Scalesia savannah, 13 May 1980, leg. W.G. Reeder. Paratypes ISLA SANTA CRUZ: 1 ♂, Cerro Colorado, 10 m alt., 11 Mar. 1975, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA ISABELA: 1 ♀, Volc��n Darwin, outside slope Beagle crater, 40-50 m alt., beating Acacia rorudiana, 22 May 1980, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA GENOVESA: 1 ♀, 1 juv., 500 m from SE-crater rim, 50 m alt., 25 Oct. 1975, leg. W.G. Reeder. ISLA PINTA: 1 ♀, pampa, 400 m alt., 18 Jul. 1977, leg. W.G. Reeder. Description Male holotype TOTAL LENGTH. 3.45; prosoma length: 1.53, width: 1.61, height: 0.49; chelicerae: 0.54; opisthosoma length: 2.06, width: 1.40, height: 1.07. PROSOMA. With long setae arranged in three rows, one just behind posterior eyes and 2 rear oblique rows (Fig. 9G); lateral borders of entire prosoma provided with very short setae; clypeus with a row of 7 setae; anterior and posterior lateral eyes on tubercle, PE directed backwards; chelicerae with a proximal median long seta; coxae with dorsal setae. OPISTHOSOMA. With many long setae. COLOUR. Prosoma: orange brown with triangular lighter area behind the posterior eyes, eye region whitish; chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum orange brown. Legs I & II: yellow brown; Ti, Mt and Ta with dark brown distal end (Mt for 2/3th brown). Legs III & IV: yellow. Opisthosoma: creamy with white stains and irregular rows of black stains (6 are very obvious in caudal part) on dorsum (Fig. 9 F). EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.85 PW, AW = 0.89 LAP, Cl = 3.4 DAME, DALE = 0.16. LEGS. Measurements: I (9.89): Fe 2.75, Pa 0.94, Ti 2.16, Mt 1.96, Ta 1.02; II (8.43): Fe 2.59, Pa 0.94, Ti 2.08, Mt 1.84, Ta 0.98; III (3.97): Fe 1.24, Pa 0.52, Ti 0.89, Mt 0.76, Ta 0.56; IV (4.04): Fe 1.26, Pa 0.49, Ti 0.93, Mt 0.80, Ta 0.56. Spination: Fe I: d2pl3, Fe II: d2-3, Fe III: d2, Fe IV: d2; Pa I-II: d0, P III-IV: d2; Ti I-IV: d2. Pa III & IV with 2 dorsal spines. PALP. (Fig. 2A, B) Tibia with 1 dorsal and 4 pro-lateral spines; RTA with smooth slightly curved tip; short curved VTA. Embolus with retro-lateral origin, slightly curled at tip. Cymbium without tutaculum or tutacular groove; 2 pro-lateral spines. Length of cymbium: 0.52. Female allotype TOTAL LENGTH. 3.61; prosoma length: 1.76, width: 1.75, height: 0.45; chelicerae: 0.56; opisthosoma length: 2.37, width: 1.88, height: 1.28. OPISTHOSOMA. Without long setae as in male. COLOUR. Prosoma: cephalic region (clypeus and eye area) white; thorax region light brown with median dorsal white area connected to cephalic region by means of white longitudinal stripes; prosoma border white. Two strong setae behind each PLE. Chelicerae, endites and sternum: light brown with whitish tinge. Labium: light brown. Legs: light brown with whitish tinge; distal borders of Fe, Pa and Ti white. Opisthosoma: dorsum white with 4 pairs of black dots of which the central 4 largest (Fig. 9E); sides creamy white; venter whitish; spinnerets whitish. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.74 PW, AW = 0.84 LAP, Cl = 3.4 DAME, DALE = 0.16. LEGS. Measurements: I (7.29): Fe 2.29, Pa 1.01, Ti 1.71, Mt 1.46, Ta 0.82; II (7.13): Fe 2.29, Pa 0.97, Ti 1.59, Mt 1.46, Ta 0.82; III (3.52): Fe 1.11, Pa 0.54, Ti 0.72, Mt 0.66, Ta 0.49; IV (3.85): Fe 1.22, Pa 0.52, Ti 0.82, Mt 0.78, Ta 0.51. Spination: Fe I: d2pl2, Fe II: d2-3, Fe III-IV: d2; Ti I-II: d2v 2 pairs of 4 spines; Mt I-II: d2pl1rl1v2 pairs of 5 spines. Pa III & IV without 2 dorsal spines as in male. EPIGYNE. Shape of epigyne cavity pentagonal with anterior borders slightly protruding; width of epigyne cavity: 0.17 (Fig. 2C); not very conspicuous small vulva compared to M. inclusa, small spermatheca with short copulatory ducts (Fig. 3B). Male Paratype TOTAL LENGTH. 3.02; prosoma length: 1.50, width: 1.59, height: 0.49; chelicerae: 0.43; opisthosoma length: 1.81, width: 1.26, height: 0.89. COLOUR. Prosoma: As holotype but eye region not whitish. EYES. MOQ: AW = 0.85 PW, AW = 0.90 LAP, Cl = 3.4 DAME, DALE = 0.16. LEGS. Measurements: I (8.43): Fe 2.59, Pa 0.94, Ti 2.04, Mt 1.88, Ta 0.98; II (7.91): Fe 2.39, Pa 0.90, Ti 1.92, Mt 1.76, Ta 0.94; III (3.70): Fe 1.15, Pa 0.52, Ti 0.83, Mt 0.70, Ta 0.50; IV (3.78): Fe 1.20, Pa 0.45, Ti 0.85, Mt 0.76, Ta 0.52. Spination: Fe I: d2pl2, Fe II: d2-3, Fe III: d2, Fe IV: d2; Pa I-II: d0, P III-IV: d2; Ti I-IV: d2. Colour variation in females The females from Isla Isabela (Volc��n Alcedo and Volc��n Darwin) are very similar in colour. Those of the northern islands (Pinta and Genovesa) differ from those of Isla Isabela in the following respects: the thoracic dorsal white area is flanked with a broad dark brown band in the Pinta female, while the Isla Genovesa female and juvenile female are in general more brownish. Distribution Santa Cruz, Volc��n Alcedo and Darwin (Isla Isabela), Genovesa and Pinta. It was caught at different altitudes., Published as part of Baert, L., 2013, The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Gal��pagos Islands (Ecuador), pp. 1-23 in European Journal of Taxonomy 43 on pages 8-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.43, http://zenodo.org/record/376162

Pteroneta madangiensis, new species (Fig. 8) Material examined. – Holotype male: Papua New Guinea, Madang [=Province], Baiteta forest 6 May 1993 (T7, coll. O. Missa). Female allotype: Papua New Guinea, Madang [= Province], Baiteta forest (AR14) Paratypes: 1 male and 3 females 27 Apr.1995 (AR1), 2 females 10 May 1995 (AR5), 1 male 26 May 1995 (AR9), 2 males 14 Jun.1995 (AR14), 1 female 21 Jun.1995 (AR17), 2 males 13 Jul.1995 (AR29), 3 males and 2 females 14 Jul.1995 (AR30), 1 male and 1 female 18 Jul.1995 (AR31), 2 females 20 Jul.1995 (AR33), 2 females 17 Apr.1996 (AR43), 1 male 18 Apr.1996 (AR44), 1 female 9 May 1996 (AR50), 1 male 9 May 1996 (AR52-11), 2 females 6 Jun.1996 (AR55), 1 female 25 Jul.1996 (AR70), 3 females 22 Apr.1993 (M4), 1 female 18 May 1993 (M6), 1 female 24 Jun.1993 (T2). All from Papua New Guinea, Madang [=Province], Baiteta forest (Table 1). Diagnosis. – Males of this species are characterized by the shape of the tibial apophysis, the number (14) and position of spines on the chelicerae and the light indentation at basis of the chelicerae. Females are distinguished by the structure of the epigyne, with 2 small circular upper spermathecae and 2 large more oval lower spermathecae. Fig. 7. Pteroneta baiteta: A, ventral view of left male pedipalp; B, dorsolateral view of left male pedipalp, C, ventral view (epigyne); D, dorsal view (vulva). Description. – Male: total body length: 3.5 mm; carapace length: 1.78 mm,width: 1.4 mm; abdomen length: 1.7 mm and width: 0.85 mm. Eyes: PME: 0.3 mm and PL: 0.65 mm apart, head width: 0.93 mm. Carapace, chelicerae, abdomen and legs are brownish-yellow. Chelicerae are long and small with 2 promarginal teeth and 5 retromarginal teeth (2 larger and 3 small (dot like) ones), on the dorsal side 14 short spines are present. Legs: Spination: femora I 3*d 2*p, II 3*d 1p, III 2*d 1p, IV 3*d; tibiae I 220v, II 2*v, III spineless, IV 1p 1r; metatarsi I 200v, II (10-01-0)v, III 202d 2*v + circle of 12 (barbed) spines, IV 202d 1p 2*v + retrolateral 2 spines. Measurements: Fe I: 1.0 mm, Pa+Ti I: 1.4 mm, Mt I: 0.68 mm, Ta I: 0.43 mm; Fe II: 1.41 mm, Pa+Ti II: 1.9 mm, Mt II: 0.66 mm, Ta II: 0.59 mm; Fe III: 0.78 mm, Pa+Ti III: 0.93 mm, Mt III: 0.69 mm, Ta III: 0.34 mm; Fe IV: 1.2 mm, Pa+Ti IV: 1.43 mm, Mt IV: 1.06 mm, Ta IV: 0.43 mm. Male pedipalp (see Fig. 8 A–B): palpal tibia with a short thick apophysis ending in a blunt tip, and with more than 4 spines on its ventral side. Subtegulum only partially visible, tegulum longer than wide, oval shaped with short, straight ridged apophysis (prolateral). Sperm duct originating from funnel like sac, going distally, making a curve of 180° and returning to the top of the tegulum. Embolus small and elongated, threadlike at its tip. Female: total length: 3.6 mm; carapace length: 1.48 mm, width: 1.13 mm; abdomen length: 2.03 mm and width: 1.1 mm. Eyes: PME: 0.23 mm apart, PL: 0.48 mm and head width: 0.69 mm. Carapace, chelicerae and legs are brownish yellow, abdomen paler and yellow. Chelicerae with 8 (small) promarginal teeth and 6 dot like retromarginal teeth. Legs: Spination: femora I-IV 2*d; tibiae I (0-10-0)v, II-III spineless, IV 1r, metatarsi I 200v, II (10-10-0), III 202d 101v + circle of 12 (barbed) spines, IV 202d 1p 102v + retrolateral bunch of 6 spines. Measurements: Fe I: 0.78 mm, Pa+Ti I: 1.15 mm, Mt I: 0.48 mm, Ta I: 0.35 mm; Fe II: 1.06 mm, Pa+Ti II: 1.45 mm, Mt II: 0.39 mm, Ta II: 0.55 mm; Fe III: 0.63 mm, Pa+Ti III: 0.69 mm, Mt III: 0.55 mm, Ta III: 0.24 mm; Fe IV: 1.01 mm, Pa+Ti IV: 1.26 mm, Mt IV: 0.99 mm, Ta IV: 0.36 mm. Epigyne (see Fig. 8 C): entrance openings caudo-laterally situated. Long, almost straight insemination ducts originating from entrance openings and ending at the caudal side of the upper spermathecae, going upwards to the upper ones and downwards (through straight tube like structure) to lower ones. Epigyne with two pairs of spermathecae, small circular upper ones and large square shaped lower ones. The fertilization ducts originates caudally from the upper spermathecae, broad at basis, very small at tip. Etymology. – After the type locality, the province of Madang, Published as part of Versteirt, V., Deeleman-Reinhold, C. & Baert, L., 2008, Description Of New Species Of The Genus Pteroneta (Arachnida: Araneae: Clubionidae) From Papua New Guinea, pp. 307-315 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (2) on pages 313-314, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4508188

Key to female Pteroneta of the Southeast Asian region Females have to be distinguished by the shape of their primary reproduction organs 1. Insemination ducts coiled (making a loop), entering lower spermathecae apically............................................................2 – Insemination ducts shaped differently.................................. 3 2. Lower spermathecae smaller than upper ones (Fig. 5 C)...................................................................... Pteroneta longichela – Upper and lower spermathecae equally in size (Fig 6 C).................................................................................... P. brevichela 3. Upper spermathecae circular shaped.................................... 4 – Upper spermathecae more or less triangular, epigyne openings more chitinous, ducts slightly coiled, ending centrally (Fig. 7 A–B)........................................................................ P. baiteta 4. Upper and lower spermathecae more or less same size, circular; adjacent.................................................................................. 5 – Upper and lower spermathecae differ in shape and size...... 6 5. Insemination duct curved but not coiled................ P. saltans – Insemination duct more hook like............................. P. tertia 6. Upper spermathecae largest, upper and lower pair spermathecae not adjacent............................................................ P. spinosa – Lower spermathecae largest.................................................. 7 7. Insemination ducts straight, long, lower spermathecae not adjacent to upper one and rectangular shaped (Fig. 8 A–B).......................................................................... P madangiensis – Insemination ducts more curved, shorter, both spermathecae adjacent, lower ones oval shaped................... P. ultramarina, Published as part of Versteirt, V., Deeleman-Reinhold, C. & Baert, L., 2008, Description Of New Species Of The Genus Pteroneta (Arachnida: Araneae: Clubionidae) From Papua New Guinea, pp. 307-315 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (2) on pages 308-310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4508188

Pteroneta baiteta, new species (Fig. 7) Material examined. – Holotype male: Papua New Guinea, Madang [=Province], Baiteta forest 18 Jul.1995 (AR 31, coll. O. Missa). Fig. 6. Pteroneta brevichela: A, ventral view of left male pedipalp; B, dorsolateral view of left male pedipalp; C, ventral view (epigyne). Paratype: 1 female 17 Apr.1996 (AR43, coll. O. Missa) (see Table 1) Diagnosis. – Males of this species are distinguished by the number (18) and position of spines on the chelicerae, the strong indentation at basis of the chelicerae and the shape of the tibial apophysis. Females are characterized by the structure of the epigyne, with 2 darker kidney shaped upper spermathecae, two more oval smaller lower spermathecae and sclerotised entrance openings. Description. – Male: total body length: 4.5 mm; carapace length: 2.03 mm, width: 1.5 mm; abdomen length: 2.35 mm and width: 1.18 mm. Eyes: PME: 0.33 mm apart, PL: 0.75 mm and head width: 1.03 mm. The carapace, legs and chelicerae are brownish yellow whilst the abdomen of the spiders is more pale yellow. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 2 large and 3 dot like retromarginal teeth; on the dorsal side are 18 blunt short spines. Legs: Spination: femora I-II 2*d 2*p, III 3*d 2*p, IV 2*d; tibiae I 220v, II 1v, III spineless, IV 1p 1r; metatarsi I 200v, II (10-01-0)v, III 202d 201v + circle of 14 (barbed) spines, IV 202d 101v + retrolateral bunch of 5 spines. Measurements: Fe I: 1.08 mm, Pa+Ti I: 1.53 mm, Mt I: 0.65 mm, Ta I: 0.43 mm; Fe II: 1.53 mm, Pa+Ti II: 1.98 mm, Mt II: 0.73 mm, Ta II: 0.68 mm; Fe III: 0.8 mm, Pa+Ti III: 1.03 mm, Mt III: 0.73 mm, Ta III: 0.33 mm; Fe IV: 1.35 mm, Pa+Ti IV: 1.6 mm, Mt IV: 1.15 mm, Ta IV: 0.45 mm. Male pedipalp (see Figs. 7 A-B): Palpal tibia with one spine and small, arrow shaped tibial apophysis with pointed tip. Sperm duct originating proximally from funnel like structure, going distally making a curve of 180° and returning to proximal end of tegulum ending in a large, short embolus with sharp tip. Cymbium oval shaped and rounded at the top. Tegulum broad, subtegelum clearly visible, large additional apophysis (almost all retrolateral side), straight ridged at its top. Female: total body length: 3.0 mm; carapace length: 1.24 mm, width: 0.86 mm; abdomen length: 1.68 mm and width: 0.8 mm. Eyes: PME: 0.14 mm apart, PL: 0.38 mm and head width: 0.56 mm. Abdomen, legs and carapace are coloured yellow only the chelicerae are darker, more brownish. Chelicerae with 6 promariginal and 6 (dot like) retromarginal teeth. Legs: Spination: femora I-IV 2*d; tibiae I 1v, metatarsi I-II (0-0-10-01), III 102d 101v + circle of 14 (barbed) spines, IV 202d 1p (10-0-01)v + retrolateral bunch of 15 spines. Measurements: Fe I: 0.71 mm, Pa+Ti I: 0.99 mm, Mt I: 0.4 mm, Ta I: 0.29 mm; Fe II: 0.96 mm, Pa+Ti II: 1.19 mm, Mt II: 0.39 mm, Ta II: 0.51 mm; Fe III: 0.58 mm, Pa+Ti III: 0.7 mm, Mt III: 0.46 mm, Ta III: 0.26 mm; Fe IV: 0.86 mm, Pa+Ti IV: 1.08 mm, Mt IV: 0.8 mm, Ta IV: 0.33 mm. Epigyne (see Fig. 6 C–D): with large upper and small lower spermathecae. Upper ones peculiarly shaped, kidney like, touching each other; they are slightly darker than the 2 lower more oval ones. Entrance openings mesally situated and sclerotised. Insemination ducts short, going to lower spermathecae and from there to upper ones. Fertilization ducts short, broad at basis, smaller at tip, originating at the distal part of the upper spermathecae. Etymology. – After the type locality, the forest of Baiteta (Madang province, Papua New Guinea), baiteta is a noun in apposition.

Versteirt, V., Deeleman-Reinhold, C., Baert, L. (2008): Description Of New Species Of The Genus Pteroneta (Arachnida: Araneae: Clubionidae) From Papua New Guinea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (2): 307-315, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4508188, {"references":["Basset, Y., N. D. Springate, H. P. Aberlanc, & G. Delvare, 1997. A review of methods for sampling arthropods in tree canopies. In Stork, N. E., J. A. Adis, and R. K. Didham, (eds.), Canopy Arthropods. Chapman and Hall, London. Pp 27-52.","Deeleman Reinhold, C. L., 2001. Forest Spiders of Southeast Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae). K. Brill: Leiden, Boston and Koln: 591pp.","Erwin, T. L., 1989. Canopy arthropod biodiversity: a chronology of sampling techniques and results. Revista Peruana Entomologia, 32: 71-77.","Floren, A., 1997a. Diversitat und Wiederbesiedlungsdynamik arborikoler Arthropodengemeinschaften in einem Tieflandregenwald auf Borneo, Sabah, Malaysia. Wissenschaft und Technik Verlag Berlin, Pp. 1-124.","Floren, A. & K. E. Linsenmair, 1997b. Diversity and recolonisation dynamics of selected arthropod groups on different tree species in a lowland rainforest in Sabah, Malaysia with special reference to Formicidae. In: Stork, N. E., J. A. Adis & R. K. Didham (eds.), Canopy Arthropods. Chapman and Hall, London. Pp. 344-381.","Johns, R. J., 1982. Plant zonation. In: Gressit, J. L. (ed.), Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague: vol. 42: 309-330.","Missa, O., 2000. Diversite et Heterogenite de la faune des charancons (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) dans la canope d'une foret tropicale humide en Papouasie Nouvelle Guinee. These de Docteur en Sciences, ULB, 158 pp.","Ono, H., 1989. New species of the genus Clubiona (Araneae, Clubionidae) from Iriomotejima Island, the Ryukyus; Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 15: 155-166.","Raven, R. J. & K. S. Stumkat, 2002. Pteroneta Deeleman- Reinhold and a remarkable sympatric Clubiona (Clubionidae: Araneomorphae:Arachnida) in northern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 48(1): 199-206.","Raven, R. J. & K. S. Stumkat, 2003. Problem solving in the spider families Miturgidae, Ctenidae and Psechridae (Araneae) in Australia and New Zealand. The Journal of Arachnology, 31(1): 105-121.","Stork, N. E., 1987. Arthropod faunal similarity of Bornean rain forest trees. Ecological Entomology, 12: 219-226.","Stork, N. E. & P. M. Hammond, 1997. Sampling arthropods from tree-crowns by fogging with knockdown insecticides: lessons from studies of oak tree beetle assemblages in Richmond Park (UK). In: Stork, N. E., J. A. Adis & R. K. Didham (eds.). Canopy Arthropods. Chapman and Hall, London. Pp. 3-26."]}

Pteroneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 145. Type species. – Pteroneta saltans (Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001). A description of this species is given by Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) based on a male specimen from the Lesser Sunda Island, Sumba [Province], Indonesia. Remarks. – For further diagnosis and description of the genus we refer to the work done by Christa Deeleman-Reinhold (2001). A total of 109 specimens were sampled (60 location points) and studied (26 males and 83 females)., Published as part of Versteirt, V., Deeleman-Reinhold, C. & Baert, L., 2008, Description Of New Species Of The Genus Pteroneta (Arachnida: Araneae: Clubionidae) From Papua New Guinea, pp. 307-315 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (2) on page 310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4508188

The colonization of species on remote islands may result in phenotypic diversification and ultimately speciation. On the Galápagos Archipelago, seven very closely related morpho-species of the wolf spiders genus Hogna are distinguishable based on small somatic and genital differences. Based on habitat preference, these species can broadly be categorized into (i) three ‘‘high elevation species’’ occurring on the volcanic highlands, (ii) three ‘‘coastal dry’’ species occurring in dune habitats along the coast, and (iii) one generalist species which is chiefly found in wet coastal habitats such as salt marshes but also in wet habitats at higher altitudes. To determine the degree of reproductive isolation among these morpho-species, we investigated gene flow among populations and species based on nine allozyme loci. Genetic analysis by means of genetic distance estimates and cluster agglomerative analyses confirmed the status of the defined morpho-species. Allele frequencies were highly similar among populations within a species but differed profoundly among species. Genetic differentiation within the generalist species was generally very low. There were no constant differences between high elevation and coastal populations for this species. Neutral genetic divergence between species appeared to correspond more to geographic distribution rather than to a clear separation of the two different ecological groups within an island. This suggests that a parallel parapatric divergence between high elevation and coastal dry species may have taken place on the oldest islands of San Cristobal and Santa Cruz.

We monitored the spider and ground beetle assemblages of old dune and newly created dune-like habitats in the Ijzer estuary by means of four years of continuous pitfall sampling (2001-2004). The new sites built with dune sand were rapidly colonised by good dispersing species. These populations thrived so well during the first years after colonisation that they acted as sources, for which the old dune habitats were the sinks. That temporal collateral effect of nature restoration did not seem to cause persisting damage in the old dune habitats once the source populations had disappeared.Because general stochastic environmental fluctuations, like cold winters, seem to cause important year-to-year variation in population size of a number of species, it is advisable to sample developing and restoring habitats at the same time as their targets.The newly created habitats appeared to offer opportunities to enlarge the population size of several species of dune living ground beetles and, to a lesser degree, spiders. A multitude of more specialized dune species could not (as yet?) install viable new populations. A continuing sampling effort will be required to monitor the development, so that additional nature restoration or management measures can be taken when bio-indicated to be needed.

Populations of ground beetles and spiders are continuously monitored since 1990 in the dunes and salt marshes of the river Ijzer estuary (Belgium), where a recent nature restoration project took place within the framework of LIFE. Immediately after restoration measures, continuous (year cycle) pitfall and window trapping was performed during several years in restored or newly developed salt marsh and dune slack habitats and compared to target ('old' salt marsh) habitats. In this paper, we focus on ground beetle assemblages and species quality from these samplings, based on some 40,000 beetles identified to 96 species. Results show several beetles new to the study area as well as a marked increase of several target species with high conservation interest (Red-list species). However, many of these species could be rapidly lost again unless natural dynamic processes are kept ongoing. Historical beetle data show that many species that disappeared from the area during the past century have not yet been able to recolonise. This is especially true for salt marsh species and possibly due to dispersal limitation. Many dune slack species re-appeared but did not establish viable populations. Moreover, several ground beetle species indicate increased sand instead of silt deposits in new and old salt marshes. Further invertebrate monitoring therefore is a prerequisite for a well-founded long-term evaluation of the executed nature development measures. Such monitoring will be of much interest, both for an evidence-based nature conservation management, for fundamental ecological research, but also as a possible early warning system for the need of additional management measures in the future.

In order to evaluate recent nature development measures, ground beetles and spiders were studied in the river IJzer estuary (Belgium), an area that has been studied for these invertebrates without interruption since 1989. Starting immediately after restoration measures, five intensive short-term pitfall trapping campaigns were performed in 2001 till 2003 along nine transects covering the entire nature reserve. About 25.000 ground beetles and spiders were identified from more than 200 species. Assemblages, derived from these sampling campaigns, are compared between old and new habitats and sites and show quick species responses in the first years after the nature restoration measures. We observe several beetles and spiders new to the study area as well as a marked increase within the area of several target species with high conservation interest (Red data book species). However, beetle and spider results also suggest that additional management measures will probably be necessary for a further successful development of the nature restoration area. These mainly concern problems related to the maintenance of early successional dynamic stages of great biological value as well as those related to recently observed increased sand deposits in new and old salt marshes. Further invertebrate monitoring, including population genetics, therefore is a pre-requisite for a well-founded long-term evaluation of the performed nature development measures. Such monitoring will be of much interest, both for an evidence based nature conservation management and for fundamental ecological research.

Since 1990, populations of ground beetles and spiders are continuously monitored in the coastal dune and saltmarsh habitats of the Yser Estuary (Nieuwpoort), within the context of a long-term study on invertebrate diversity, population dynamics and ecological and genetic effects of habitat fragmentation. By now, we know in detail the faunal composition of practically all available habitats in the study area. This is an ideal framework to monitor the effects of the nature development activities that started in 2001 in the area. Results of five large sampling campaigns in 2001-2003 (more than 25.000 carabid beetles and spiders, 218 species) show a number of new ground beetle and spider species and assemblages, but warrant that many of these could be rapidly lost again.

An analysis of the spider community structure and the presence of specific species in the Flemish coastal dunes are presented. The analysis is based on data from more than 170 year-round pitfall samplings from the 1970s onwards. We were able to find indicator species for almost all identified habitats. The assemblages are structured by variation in vegetation structure [succession], atmospheric and soil humidity and the presence of both natural or anthropogenic disturbance. Specific and threatened species are particularly found in salt marshes, marram dunes, grey dunes and young sandy dune slacks. A detailed study on the species-area relationship of spiders in moss dominated dunes and short grasslands indicated that total species numbers do not increase as a function of the patch size. The total number of typical species is, however, higher in larger patches. These results indicate higher edge influences in small patches and the importance of microhabitat variation [which should be higher in large patches] or minimal population size for the presence of characteristic species in these habitat patches. In deze bijdrage bespreken we de gemeenschapsstructuur en het voorkomen van specifieke spinnensoorten in de Vlaamse kustduinen- en schorren. De analyse is gebaseerd op data van meer dan 170 bodemval-jaarvangsten, die plaatsvonden vanaf de jaren '70. Bijna voor alle onderscheiden habitats kunnen indicatoren worden aangeduid. De soortengemeenschap in de duinen wordt gestructureerd door variatie in vegetatieontwikkeling, atmosferische en bodemvochtigheid en de aanwezigheid van zowel antropogene [beheer) als natuurlijke dynamiek [overstuiving]. Vooral schorren, helmduinen, mosduinen, duingraslanden en jonge duinpannen vormen de habitat voor tal van specifieke en bedreigde soorten. Een gedetailleerd onderzoek naar de oppervlakte-diversiteit relatie van spinnen in mosduinen en korte graslanden wijst erop dat het totaal aantal spinnen niet afhankelijk is van de grootte van de habitatvlek, maar wel dat het aantal specifieke soorten stijgt bij grotere oppervlaktes. Deze resultaten wijzen dus op hogere randeffecten in kleine habitatvlekken en het belang van microhabitat-variatie [die logischerwijs hoger is in grotere vlekken] of minimale populatiegroottes voor het voorkomen van karakteristieke soorten.

In this contribution we review which species richness estimators can be used if spiders are sampled with pitfall traps or other relative sampling methods. Due to the inherent bias typical for activity-based traps, only sample-based estimators were useful (Chao2, ICE and two jackknifing estimates). We estimated species richness for spiders from our four fragmented coastal dune habitats: dense and short grasslands, moss dunes and marram dunes. As extrapolation of the collector curve is only appropiate if the curve reaches a ceiling (asymptotic, such as parabolic and hyperbolic models), total species richness could not be determined by extrapolation in either of the investigated habitats. Because of the log-linear nature of the curves, non-parametric methods were applied. An absolute estimate of total habitat species richness was thus difficult to calculate; differences in total regional species richness could be analysed by comparing the different non-parametric estimator curves. If only habitat specific species were taken into account (we analysed this for grey dune habitats), extrapolation of the collector curve was appropiate (hyperbolic models). A relatively low number of traps were already enough for sampling more than 95% of the specific species. Estimates of the richness of specific species from grey dune patches (in contrast to species richness of the habitat) could already be derived from five traps. Our data revealed that grassland habitats were characterised by higher spider richness than moss-dominated grey dunes and that the latter were more diverse than Marram dunes. The number of specific species was slightly, although non-significantly, larger in dune grasslands than in moss-dominated dunes.