Author: "Balkanski, Yves" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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415 results on '"Balkanski, Yves"'

101. Cloudy sky contributions to the direct aerosol effect

Author: Myhre, Gunnar, primary, Samset, Bjørn H., additional, Mohr, Christian W., additional, Alterskjær, Kari, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Chin, Mian, additional, Haywood, James, additional, Hodnebrog, Øivind, additional, Kinne, Stefan, additional, Lin, Guangxing, additional, Lund, Marianne T., additional, Penner, Joyce E., additional, Schulz, Michael, additional, Schutgens, Nick, additional, Skeie, Ragnhild B., additional, Stier, Philip, additional, Takemura, Toshihiko, additional, and Zhang, Kai, additional
Published: 2019
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102. ESD Reviews: Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation

Author: Heinze, Christoph, primary, Eyring, Veronika, additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Jones, Colin, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Collins, William, additional, Fichefet, Thierry, additional, Gao, Shuang, additional, Hall, Alex, additional, Ivanova, Detelina, additional, Knorr, Wolfgang, additional, Knutti, Reto, additional, Löw, Alexander, additional, Ponater, Michael, additional, Schultz, Martin G., additional, Schulz, Michael, additional, Siebesma, Pier, additional, Teixeira, Joao, additional, Tselioudis, George, additional, and Vancoppenolle, Martin, additional
Published: 2019
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103. Review ACP paper entitled « Optically effective complex refractive index of coated black carbon aerosols: from numerical aspects’’ by Zhang and Mao

Author: Balkanski, Yves, primary
Published: 2019
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104. Supplementary material to "Complex refractive indices and single scattering albedo of global dust aerosols in the shortwave spectrum and relationship to iron content and size"

Author: Di Biagio, Claudia, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Caponi, Lorenzo, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Journet, Emilie, additional, Nowak, Sophie, additional, Andreae, Meinrat O., additional, Kandler, Konrad, additional, Saeed, Thuraya, additional, Piketh, Stuart, additional, Seibert, David, additional, Williams, Earle, additional, and Doussin, Jean-Francois, additional
Published: 2019
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105. Complex refractive indices and single scattering albedo of global dust aerosols in the shortwave spectrum and relationship to iron content and size

Author: Di Biagio, Claudia, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Caponi, Lorenzo, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Journet, Emilie, additional, Nowak, Sophie, additional, Andreae, Meinrat O., additional, Kandler, Konrad, additional, Saeed, Thuraya, additional, Piketh, Stuart, additional, Seibert, David, additional, Williams, Earle, additional, and Doussin, Jean-Francois, additional
Published: 2019
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106. Increased Global Land Carbon Sink Due to Aerosol‐Induced Cooling

Author: Zhang, Yuan, primary, Goll, Daniel, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Cescatti, Alessandro, additional, Collier, Mark, additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Ghattas, Josefine, additional, Li, Laurent, additional, Piao, Shilong, additional, Viovy, Nicolas, additional, Zhu, Dan, additional, and Ciais, Philippe, additional
Published: 2019
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107. Complex refractive indices and single-scattering albedo of global dust aerosols in the shortwave spectrum and relationship to size and iron content

Author: 18002080 - Piketh, Stuart John, Di Biagio, Claudia, Piketh, Stuart, Formenti, Paola, Balkanski, Yves, Caponi, Lorenzo, 18002080 - Piketh, Stuart John, Di Biagio, Claudia, Piketh, Stuart, Formenti, Paola, Balkanski, Yves, and Caponi, Lorenzo
Abstract: The optical properties of airborne mineral dust depend on its mineralogy, size distribution, and shape, and they might vary between different source regions. To date, large differences in refractive index values found in the literature have not been fully explained. In this paper we present a new dataset of complex refractive indices (m=n−ik) and single-scattering albedos (SSAs) for 19 mineral dust aerosols over the 370–950 nm range in dry conditions. Dust aerosols were generated from natural parent soils from eight source regions (northern Africa, Sahel, Middle East, eastern Asia, North and South America, southern Africa, and Australia). They were selected to represent the global-scale variability of the dust mineralogy. Dust was resuspended into a 4.2 m3 smog chamber where its spectral shortwave scattering (βsca) and absorption (βabs) coefficients, number size distribution, and bulk composition were measured. The complex refractive index was estimated by Mie calculations combining optical and size data, while the spectral SSA was directly retrieved from βsca and βabs measurements. Dust is assumed to be spherical in the whole data treatment, which introduces a potential source of uncertainty. Our results show that the imaginary part of the refractive index (k) and the SSA vary widely from sample to sample, with values for k in the range 0.0011 to 0.0088 at 370 nm, 0.0006 to 0.0048 at 520 nm, and 0.0003 to 0.0021 at 950 nm, as well as values for SSA in the range 0.70 to 0.96 at 370 nm, 0.85 to 0.98 at 520 nm, and 0.95 to 0.99 at 950 nm. In contrast, the real part of the refractive index (n) is mostly source (and wavelength) independent, with an average value between 1.48 and 1.55. The sample-to-sample variability in our dataset of k and SSA is mostly related to differences in the dust iron content. In particular, a wavelength-dependent linear relationship is found between the magnitude of k and SSA and the mass concentrations of both iron oxide and total elemental i
Published: 2019

108. ESD Reviews : Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation

Author: UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Heinze, Christoph, Eyring, Veronika, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jones, Colin, Balkanski, Yves, Collins, William, Fichefet, Thierry, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Heinze, Christoph, Eyring, Veronika, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jones, Colin, Balkanski, Yves, Collins, William, and Fichefet, Thierry
Abstract: Earth system models (ESMs) are key tools for providing climate projections under different scenarios of human-induced forcing. ESMs include a large number of additional processes and feedbacks such as biogeochemical cycles that traditional physical climate models do not consider. Yet, some processes such as cloud dynamics and ecosystem functional response still have fairly high uncertainties. In this article, we present an overview of climate feedbacks for Earth system components currently included in state-of-the-art ESMs and discuss the challenges to evaluate and quantify them. Uncertainties in feedback quantification arise from the interdependencies of biogeochemical matter fluxes and physical properties, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of processes, and the lack of long-term continuous observational data to constrain them. We present an outlook for promising approaches that can help to quantify and to constrain the large number of feedbacks in ESMs in the future. The target group for this article includes generalists with a background in natural sciences and an interest in climate change as well as experts working in interdisciplinary climate research (researchers, lecturers, and students). This study updates and significantly expands upon the last comprehensive overview of climate feedbacks in ESMs, which was produced 15 years ago (NRC, 2003).
Published: 2019

109. ESD Reviews: Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation

Author: Heinze, Christoph (author), Eyring, Veronika (author), Friedlingstein, Pierre (author), Jones, Colin (author), Balkanski, Yves (author), Collins, William (author), Fichefet, Thierry (author), Gao, Shuang (author), Siebesma, A.P. (author), Heinze, Christoph (author), Eyring, Veronika (author), Friedlingstein, Pierre (author), Jones, Colin (author), Balkanski, Yves (author), Collins, William (author), Fichefet, Thierry (author), Gao, Shuang (author), and Siebesma, A.P. (author)
Abstract: Earth system models (ESMs) are key tools for providing climate projections under different scenarios of human-induced forcing. ESMs include a large number of additional processes and feedbacks such as biogeochemical cycles that traditional physical climate models do not consider. Yet, some processes such as cloud dynamics and ecosystem functional response still have fairly high uncertainties. In this article, we present an overview of climate feedbacks for Earth system components currently included in state-of-the-art ESMs and discuss the challenges to evaluate and quantify them. Uncertainties in feedback quantification arise from the interdependencies of biogeochemical matter fluxes and physical properties, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of processes, and the lack of long-term continuous observational data to constrain them. We present an outlook for promising approaches that can help to quantify and to constrain the large number of feedbacks in ESMs in the future. The target group for this article includes generalists with a background in natural sciences and an interest in climate change as well as experts working in interdisciplinary climate research (researchers, lecturers, and students). This study updates and significantly expands upon the last comprehensive overview of climate feedbacks in ESMs, which was produced 15 years ago (NRC, 2003)., Atmospheric Remote Sensing
Published: 2019
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110. The contributions of individual countries and regions to the global radiative forcing.

Author: Bo Fu, Bengang Li, Gasser, Thomas, Shu Tao, Ciais, Philippe, Piao, Shilong, Balkanski, Yves, Wei Li, Tianya Yin, Luchao Han, Yunman Han, Siyuan Peng, and Jing Xu
Subjects: RADIATIVE forcing, GREENHOUSE gases, GLOBAL modeling systems, GLOBAL warming, DEVELOPING countries
Abstract: Knowing the historical relative contribution of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) to global radiative forcing (RF) at the regional level can help understand how future GHGs emission reductions and associated or independent reductions in SLCFs will affect the ultimate purpose of the Paris Agreement. In this study, we use a compact Earth system model to quantify the global RF and attribute global RF to individual countries and regions. As our evaluation, the United States, the first 15 European Union members, and China are the top three contributors, accounting for 21.9 ± 3.1%, 13.7 ± 1.6%, and 8.6 ± 7.0% of global RF in 2014, respectively. We also find a contrast between developed countries where GHGs dominate the RF and developing countries where SLCFs including aerosols and ozone are more dominant. In developing countries, negative RF caused by aerosols largely masks the positive RF from GHGs. As developing countries take measures to improve the air quality, their negative contributions from aerosols will likely be reduced in the future, which will in turn enhance global warming. This underlines the importance of reducing GHG emissions in parallel to avoid any detrimental consequences fromair quality policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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111. Mortality induced by PM 2.5 exposure following the 1783 Laki eruption using reconstructed meteorological fields

Author: Balkanski, Yves, Menut, Laurent, Garnier, Emmanuel, Wang, Rong, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Jourdain, Sylvie, Eschstruth, Cecilia, Vrac, Mathieu, Yiou, Pascal, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Fudan University [Shanghai], Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Météo-France [Paris], Météo France, Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), ANR, and ANR-09-CEPL-0002,CHEDaR,Climate, Health and Environment: Data Rescue and modelling(2009)
Subjects: [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History
Abstract: International audience; The 1783–1784 Laki eruption provides a natural experiment to evaluate the performance of chemistry- transport models in predicting the health impact of air particulate pollution. There are few existing daily meteorological observations during the second part of the 18th century. Hence, creating reasonable climatological conditions for such events constitutes a major challenge. We reconstructed meteorological fields for the period 1783–1784 based on a technique of analogues described in the Methods. Using these fields and including detailed chemistry we describe the concentrations of sulphur (SO2/SO4) that prevail over the North Atlantic, the adjoining seas and Western Europe during these 2 years. To evaluate the model, we analyse these results through the prism of two datasets contemporary to the Laki period: • The date of the first appearance of ‘dry fogs’ over Europe, • The excess mortality recorded in French parishes over the period June–September 1783. The sequence of appearances of the dry fogs is reproduced with a very-high degree of agreement to the first dataset. High concentrations of SO2/SO4 are simulated in June 1783 that coincide with a rapid rise of the number of deceased in French parishes records. We show that only a small part of the deceased of the summer of 1783 can be explained by the present-day relationships between PM2.5 and relative risk. The implication of this result is that other external factors such as the particularly warm summer of 1783, and the lack of health care at the time, must have contributed to the sharp increase in mortality over France recorded from June to September 1783.
Published: 2018
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112. Simulating CH 4 and CO 2 over South and East Asia using the zoomed chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA

Author: Lin, Xin, Ciais, Philippe, Bousquet, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Yin, Yi, Balkanski, Yves, Cozic, Anne, Delmotte, Marc, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Indira, Nuggehalli, Locatelli, Robin, Peng, Shushi, Piao, Shilong, Saunois, Marielle, Swathi, Panangady, Wang, Rong, Yver-Kwok, Camille, Tiwari, Yogesh, Zhou, Lingxi, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Peking University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Calcul Scientifique (CALCULS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Peking University [Beijing]
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; The increasing availability of atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from surface stations can improve the retrieval of their fluxes at higher spatial and temporal resolutions by inversions, provided that transport models are able to properly represent the variability of concentrations observed at different stations. South and East Asia (SEA; the study area in this paper including the regions of South Asia and East Asia) is a region with large and very uncertain emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4), the most potent anthropogenic GHGs. Monitoring networks have expanded greatly during the past decade in this region, which should contribute to reducing uncertainties in estimates of regional GHG budgets. In this study, we simulate concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 using zoomed versions (abbreviated as "ZAs") of the global chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA, which have fine horizontal resolutions of ∼ 0.66 • in longitude and ∼ 0.51 • in latitude over SEA and coarser resolutions elsewhere. The concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 simulated from ZAs are compared to those from the same model but with standard model grids of 2.50 • in longitude and 1.27 • in latitude (abbreviated as "STs"), both prescribed with the same natural and anthropogenic fluxes. Model performance is evaluated for each model version at multi-annual, seasonal, synoptic and diurnal scales, against a unique observation dataset including 39 global and regional stations over SEA and around the world. Results show that ZAs improve the overall representation of CH 4 annual gradients between stations in SEA, with reduction of RMSE by 16-20 % compared to STs. The model improvement mainly results from reduction in representation error at finer horizontal resolutions and thus better characterization of the CH 4 concentration gradients related to scattered distributed emission sources. However, the performance of ZAs at a specific station as compared to STs is more sensitive to errors in meteorological forcings and surface fluxes, especially when short-term variabilities or stations close to source regions are examined. This highlights the importance of accurate a priori CH 4 surface fluxes in high-resolution transport modeling and inverse studies, particularly regarding locations and magnitudes of emission hotspots. Model perfor-Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 9476 X. Lin et al.: Chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA mance for CO 2 suggests that the CO 2 surface fluxes have not been prescribed with sufficient accuracy and resolution, especially the spatiotemporally varying carbon exchange between land surface and atmosphere. In addition, the representation of the CH 4 and CO 2 short-term variabilities is also limited by model's ability to simulate boundary layer mixing and mesoscale transport in complex terrains, emphasizing the need to improve sub-grid physical parameterizations in addition to refinement of model resolutions.
Published: 2018
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113. Simulating CH4 and CO2 over South and East Asia using the zoomed chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA

Author: Lin, Xin, Ciais, Philippe, Bousquet, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Yin, Yi, Balkanski, Yves, Cozic, Anne, Delmotte, Marc, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Indira, Nuggehalli K., Locatelli, Robin, Peng, Shushi, Piao, Shilong, Saunois, Marielle, Swathi, Panangady S., Wang, Rong, Yver-Kwok, Camille, Tiwari, Yogesh K., and Zhou, Lingxi
Abstract: The increasing availability of atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from surface stations can improve the retrieval of their fluxes at higher spatial and temporal resolutions by inversions, provided that transport models are able to properly represent the variability of concentrations observed at different stations. South and East Asia (SEA; the study area in this paper including the regions of South Asia and East Asia) is a region with large and very uncertain emissions of carbon dioxide (CO_2) and methane (CH_4), the most potent anthropogenic GHGs. Monitoring networks have expanded greatly during the past decade in this region, which should contribute to reducing uncertainties in estimates of regional GHG budgets. In this study, we simulate concentrations of CH_4 and CO_2 using zoomed versions (abbreviated as ZAs) of the global chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA, which have fine horizontal resolutions of ∼ 0.66° in longitude and ∼ 0.51° in latitude over SEA and coarser resolutions elsewhere. The concentrations of CH_4 and CO_2 simulated from ZAs are compared to those from the same model but with standard model grids of 2.50° in longitude and 1.27° in latitude (abbreviated as STs), both prescribed with the same natural and anthropogenic fluxes. Model performance is evaluated for each model version at multi-annual, seasonal, synoptic and diurnal scales, against a unique observation dataset including 39 global and regional stations over SEA and around the world. Results show that ZAs improve the overall representation of CH_4 annual gradients between stations in SEA, with reduction of RMSE by 16–20% compared to STs. The model improvement mainly results from reduction in representation error at finer horizontal resolutions and thus better characterization of the CH_4 concentration gradients related to scattered distributed emission sources. However, the performance of ZAs at a specific station as compared to STs is more sensitive to errors in meteorological forcings and surface fluxes, especially when short-term variabilities or stations close to source regions are examined. This highlights the importance of accurate a priori CH_4 surface fluxes in high-resolution transport modeling and inverse studies, particularly regarding locations and magnitudes of emission hotspots. Model performance for CO_2 suggests that the CO_2 surface fluxes have not been prescribed with sufficient accuracy and resolution, especially the spatiotemporally varying carbon exchange between land surface and atmosphere. In addition, the representation of the CH_4 and CO_2 short-term variabilities is also limited by model's ability to simulate boundary layer mixing and mesoscale transport in complex terrains, emphasizing the need to improve sub-grid physical parameterizations in addition to refinement of model resolutions.
Published: 2018

114. 5. Effet des éruptions volcaniques sur le climat

Author: Sicre, Marie-Alexandrine, Khodri, Myriam, Mignot, Juliette, Allard, Patrick, Balkanski, Yves, and Bard, Édouard
Abstract: Les éruptions volcaniques « majeures », caractérisées par un « Volcanic Explosivity Index » (VEI) ≥ 4 (Simkin and Siebert, 1994), expulsent dans la stratosphère* des quantités considérables de gaz et d’aérosols qui affectent le bilan radiatif de la planète et son climat (cf. II-4). Les gaz volcaniques acides, majoritairement du SO2 gazeux mais aussi des composés halogénés (HCl, HF, HBr), modifient également la chimie de la stratosphère en affectant en particulier le cycle de l’ozone. Ce sont ...
Published: 2017

115. Le climat à découvert

Author: Ablain, Michaël, Allard, Patrick, Anquetin, Sandrine, Balkanski, Yves, Bard, Édouard, Bekki, Slimane, Berthier, Étienne, Blamart, Dominique, Blard, Pierre-Henri, Blay, Michel, Blayo, Éric, Bony, Sandrine, Bopp, Laurent, Braconnot, Pascale, Brenguier, Jean-Louis, Bustarret, Étienne, Cadule, Patricia, Cassou, Christophe, Cazenave, Anny, Céron, Jean-Pierre, Chappellaz, Jérôme, Chauvaud, Laurent, Ciais, Philippe, Codron, Francis, Corrège, Thierry, Cortijo, Elsa, Cottet, Georges-Henri, Criqui, Patrick, Dandin, Philippe, Daux, Valérie, Davin, Édouard, Decharme, Bertrand, Delcroix, Thierry, Delecluse, Pascale, Delire, Christine, Déqué, Michel, de Marsily, Ghislain, de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie, Donnadieu, Yannick, Douville, Hervé, Dubuisson, Philippe, Dudok de Wit, Thierry, Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Durand, Gaël, Féral, Jean-Pierre, Fluteau, Frédéric, France-Lanord, Christian, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Friess, Benjamin, Fuchs, Alain, Gaillardet, Jérôme, Garnier, Emmanuel, Genty, Dominique, Gerbeau, Jean-Frédéric, Goddéris, Yves, Grousset, Francis, Guillemot, Hélène, Guilyardi, Éric, Guimberteau, Matthieu, Guiot, Joël, Hall, Nick, Hourcade, Jean-Charles, Hourdin, Frédéric, Jeandel, Catherine, Joussaume, Sylvie, Jouzel, Jean, Kageyama, Masa, Khodri, Myriam, Klein, Patrice, Krinner, Gerhard, Laj, Paolo, Landais, Amaelle, Laval, Katia, Legras, Bernard, Le Bohec, Céline, Le Hir, Guillaume, Le Maho, Yvon, Le Treut, Hervé, Lilensten, Jean, Llovel, William, Lott, François, Maisonnave, Éric, Marchesiello, Patrick, Mascart, Patrick, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Mémery, Laurent, Metzl, Nicolas, Meurdesoif, Yann, Mignot, Juliette, Mosseri, Rémy, Naveau, Philippe, Petit, Jean-Robert, Peyron, Odile, Picon, Laurence, Pironneau, Olivier, Planton, Serge, Polcher, Jan, Pucéat, Emmanuelle, Rabatel, Antoine, Ramonet, Michel, Ramstein, Gilles, Reverdin, Gilles, Ribes, Aurélien, Roche, Didier, Roullet, Guillaume, Roux, Frank, Salas y Mélia, David, Sicre, Marie-Alexandrine, Swingedouw, Didier, Talagrand, Olivier, Tanré, Didier, Tatoni, Thierry, Thouret, Valérie, Thuillier, Gérard, Valcke, Sophie, Verron, Jacques, Vincent, Christian, Viovy, Nicolas, von Ballmoos, Peter, Wagnon, Patrick, Yiou, Pascal, GEOMAR LEGOS, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: effet de serre, climatologie, History & Philosophy Of Science, climat, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, SCI042000, météorologie, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Outils et méthodes en recherche climatique, RBP, 0103 physical sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Qu'est ce que l'effet de serre ? Le rôle de l'homme sur le climat est-il détectable et comment ? Comment mesure-t-on la fonte de la banquise, le recul des glaciers de montagne ou bien encore l'élévation du niveau de la mer ? Comment les chercheurs font-ils pour modéliser un système aussi complexe que la planète terre ? Quelles données permettent de décrire et modéliser les climats passés ? Comment s'y prend-on pour prévoir l'évolution à venir du climat ? À l'écart de la polémique médiatique, Catherine Jeandel et Rémy Mosseri ont mobilisé plus d'une centaine de contributeurs qui livrent ici un panorama large des méthodes et outils mis en oeuvre pour étudier notre climat et son avenir. Ils montrent que, pour résoudre cette question extraordinairement complexe, une approche pluridisciplinaire est plus que jamais nécessaire, à la croisée de l'expérimentation, de l'observation, de la simulation et de la théorie. Un livre majeur.
Published: 2017

116. Transport and residence times of tropospheric aerosols inferred from a global three-dimensional simulation of Pb-210

Author: Balkanski, Yves J, Jacob, Daniel J, Gardner, Geraldine M, Graustein, William C, and Turekian, Karl K
Subjects: Environment Pollution
Abstract: A global three-dimensional model is used to investigate the transport and tropospheric residence time of Pb-210, an aerosol tracer produced in the atmosphere by radioactive decay of Rn-222 emitted from soils. The model uses meteorological input with 4 deg x 5 deg horizontal resolution and 4-hour temporal resolution from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model (GCM). It computes aerosol scavenging by convective precipitation as part of the wet convective mass transport operator in order to capture the coupling between vertical transport and rainout. Scavenging in convective precipitation accounts for 74% of the global Pb-210 sink in the model; scavenging in large-scale precipitation accounts for 12%, and scavenging in dry deposition accounts for 14%. The model captures 63% of the variance of yearly mean Pb-210 concentrations measured at 85 sites around the world with negligible mean bias, lending support to the computation of aerosol scavenging. There are, however, a number of regional and seasonal discrepancies that reflect in part anomalies in GCM precipitation. Computed residence times with respect to deposition for Pb-210 aerosol in the tropospheric column are about 5 days at southern midlatitudes and 10-15 days in the tropics; values at northern midlatitudes vary from about 5 days in winter to 10 days in summer. The residence time of Pb-210 produced in the lowest 0.5 km of atmosphere is on average four times shorter than that of Pb-210 produced in the upper atmosphere. Both model and observations indicate a weaker decrease of Pb-210 concentrations between the continental mixed layer and the free troposphere than is observed for total aerosol concentrations; an explanation is that Rn-222 is transported to high altitudes in wet convective updrafts, while aerosols and soluble precursors of aerosols are scavenged by precipitation in the updrafts. Thus Pb-210 is not simply a tracer of aerosols produced in the continental boundary layer, but also of aerosols derived from insoluble precursors emitted from the surface of continents. One may draw an analogy between Pb-210 and nitrate, whose precursor NO(sub x) is sparingly soluble, and explain in this manner the strong correlation observed between nitrate and Pb-210 concentrations over the oceans.
Published: 1993

117. Dust Induced Atmospheric Absorption Improves Tropical Precipitations In Climate Models.

Author: Balkanski, Yves, Bonnet, Rémy, Bouchet, Olivier, Checa-Garcia, Ramiro, and Servonnat, Jérôme
Abstract: The amount of shortwave radiation absorbed by dust has remained uncertain. We have developed a more accurate representation of dust absorption that is based on the observed dust mineralogical composition and accounts for very large particles. We analyze the results from two fully-coupled climate simulations of 100 years in terms of their simulated precipitation patterns against observations. A striking benefit of the new dust optical and physical properties is that tropical precipitations over Sahel, tropical North Atlantic and West Indian Ocean are significantly improved compared to observations, without degrading precipitations elsewhere. This alleviates a persistent bias in earth system models that exhibit a summer African monsoon that does not reach far enough North. We show that the improvement results from a thermodynamical and dynamical response to dust absorption is unrelated to natural variability. Aerosol absorption induces more water vapor advection from the ocean to the Sahel, thereby providing an added supply of moisture available for precipitation. This work thus provides a path towards improving precipitation patterns in these regions by more realistically accounting for both physical and optical properties of the aerosol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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118. Improved representation of the global dust cycle using observational constraints on dust properties and abundance.

Author: Kok, Jasper F., Adebiyi, Adeyemi A., Albani, Samuel, Balkanski, Yves, Checa-Garcia, Ramiro, Mian Chin, Colarco, Peter R., Hamilton, Douglas Stephen, Yue Huang, Akinori Ito, Klose, Martina, Leung, Danny M., Longlei Li, Mahowald, Natalie M., Miller, Ron L., Obiso, Vincenzo, García-Pando, Carlos Pérez, Rocha-Lima, Adriana, Wan, Jessica S., and Whicker, Chloe A.
Abstract: Even though desert dust is the most abundant aerosol by mass in Earth's atmosphere, atmospheric models struggle to accurately represent its spatial and temporal distribution. These model errors are partially caused by fundamental difficulties in simulating dust emission in coarse-resolution models and in accurately representing dust microphysical properties. Here we mitigate these problems by developing a new methodology that yields an improved representation of the global dust cycle. We present an analytical framework that uses inverse modeling to integrate an ensemble of global model simulations with observational constraints on the dust size distribution, extinction efficiency, and regional dust aerosol optical depth. We then compare the inverse model results against independent measurements of dust surface concentration and deposition flux and find that errors are reduced by approximately a factor of two relative to current model simulations of the Northern Hemisphere dust cycle. The inverse model results show smaller improvements in the less dusty Southern Hemisphere, most likely because both the model simulations and the observational constraints used in the inverse model are less accurate. On a global basis, we find that the emission flux of dust with geometric diameter up to 20 µm (PM20) is approximately 5,000 Tg/year, which is greater than most models account for. This larger PM20 dust flux is needed to match observational constraints showing a large atmospheric loading of coarse dust. We obtain gridded data sets of dust emission, vertically integrated loading, dust aerosol optical depth, (surface) concentration, and wet and dry deposition fluxes that are resolved by season and particle size. As our results indicate that this data set is more accurate than current model simulations and the MERRA-2 dust reanalysis product, it can be used to improve quantifications of dust impacts on the Earth system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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119. Impact of dust in PMIP-CMIP6 mid-Holocene simulations with the IPSL model.

Author: Braconnot, Pascale, Albani, Samuel, Balkanski, Yves, Cozic, Anne, Kageyama, Masa, Sima, Adriana, Marti, Olivier, and Peterschmitt, Jean-Yves
Abstract: We investigate the impact of reduced dust during mid-Holocene using simulations with the IPSL model. We consider simulations where dust is either prescribed from an IPSL PI simulation or from CESM simulations (Albani et al., 2015). In addition, we also consider an extreme mid Holocene case where dust is suppressed. We focus on the estimation of the dust radiative effects and the relative responses of the African and Indian monsoon, showing how local dust forcing or orography affect atmospheric temperature profiles, humidity and precipitation. Compared to previous simulations with the IPSL model the results show only minor improvements for the mid Holocene simulation over large regions despite the fact that the IPSLCM6-LR version of the IPSL model is in better agreement with modern observations. The effect of dust has little impact on the model-data comparisons. Our analyses confirm the peculiar role of dust radiative effect over bright surfaces such as African deserts compared to other regions due to the change of sign of the dust radiative effect at the top-of-atmosphere for high surface albedo. We also highlight a strong dependence on the dust pattern. In particular the relative dust forcing between West Africa and the middle east impacts the relative climate response between India and Africa and between Africa, the western tropical Atlantic and the Atlantic meridional circulation. Dust patterns should thus receive a wider attention to fully understand the changes in the dust cycle and forcing during mid Holocene [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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120. Evaluation of natural aerosols in CRESCENDO-ESMs: Mineral Dust.

Author: Checa-Garcia, Ramiro, Balkanski, Yves, Albani, Samuel, Bergman, Tommi, Carslaw, Ken, Cozic, Anne, Dearden, Chris, Marticorena, Beatrice, Michou, Martine, van Noije, Twan, Nabat, Pierre, O'Connor, Fionna, Olivié, Dirk, Prospero, Joseph M., Le Sager, Philippe, Schulz, Michael, and Scott, Catherine
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the mineral dust aerosol modelled by five Earth System Models (ESM) within the Coordinated Research in Earth Systems and Climate: Experiments, kNowledge, Dissemination and Outreach (CRESCENDO) project. We quantify the global dust cycle described by each model in terms of global emissions together with dry and wet depositions, reporting large differences in ratio of dry over wet deposition across the models not directly correlated with the range of particle sizes emitted. The multi-model mean dust emissions was 2954 Tg yr-1 but with a large uncertainty due mainly to the difference in maximum dust particle size emitted. For the subset of ESMs without particles larger than 10 μm we obtained 1664 (σ = 650) Tg yr-1. Total dust emissions with identical nudged winds from reanalysis give us better consistency between models with 1530 (σ = 282) Tg yr-1. Significant discrepancies in the globally averaged dust mass extinction efficiency explain why even models with relatively similar dust load global budgets can display strong differences in dust optical depths. The comparison against observations has been done in terms of dust optical depths based on MODIS satellite products, showing a global consistency in terms of preferential dust sources and transport across the Atlantic. However, we found regional and seasonal differences between models and observations when we quantified the cross-correlation of time-series over dust emitting regions. To faithfully compare local emissions between models we introduce a re-gridded normalization method, that also can be compared with satellite products derived from dust events frequencies. Dust total depositions are compared with instrumental network to assess global and regional differences. We found that models agree with observations distant from dust sources within a factor 10, but the approximations of dust particle size distribution at emission contributed to a misrepresentation of the actual range of deposition values when instruments are close to dust emitting regions. The observational dust surface concentrations also are reproduced within a factor 10. The comparison of total aerosol optical depths with AERONETv3 stations where dust is dominant shows large differences between models, however with an increase of the inter-model consistency when the simulations are conducted with nudged-winds. The increase of the model ensemble consistency also means a better agreement with observations, which we have ascertained for dust total deposition, surface concentrations and optical depths (against both AERONETv3 and MODIS-DOD retrievals). We estimated the direct radiative effects of a multi-modal representation of the dust particle size distribution that includes the largest particles measured at FENNEC experiment. We introduced a method to ascertain the contributions per mode consistent with the multimodal direct radiative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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121. 10-year satellite-constrained fluxes of ammonia improve performance of chemistry transport models.

Author: Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Balkanski, Yves, Eckhardt, Sabine, Cozic, Anne, Van Damme, Martin, Coheur, Pierre-François, Clarisse, Lieven, Shephard, Mark W., Cady-Pereira, Karen E., and Hauglustaine, Didier
Abstract: In recent years, ammonia emissions have been continuously increasing being almost four times higher than in the 20th century. Although an important species as its use as a fertilized sustains human living, ammonia has major consequences both for humans and the environment, because of its reactive gas phase chemistry that makes it easily convertible to particles. Despite its pronounced importance, yet, ammonia emissions are highly uncertain in most emission inventories. However, the great development of satellite remote sensing nowadays provides the opportunity for more targeting research in constraining ammonia emissions. Here, we used satellite measurements to calculate global ammonia emissions over the period 2008-2017. Then, the calculated ammonia emissions were fed to a chemistry transport model and ammonia concentrations were simulated for the period 2008-2017. The simulated concentrations of ammonia were compared with ground measurements from Europe, North America and Southeastern Asia, as well as with satellite measurements. The satellite-constrained ammonia emissions represent global concentrations more accurately than state-of-the-art emissions, which underestimate ammonia with a factor of two. Calculated fluxes in the North China Plain were increased after 2015, not due to emission changes, but due to changes in sulfate emissions that resulted in less ammonia neutralization and hence in larger atmospheric loads. Emissions over Europe were also twice as much as those in traditional datasets with dominant sources to be industrial and agricultural applications. Four hot-spot regions of high ammonia emissions were seen in North America characterized by large agricultural activity (Colorado), animal breeding (Iowa, northern Texas and Kansas), animal farms (Salt Lake, Cache, and Utah) and animal breeding and agricultural practices (California). South America is dominated by ammonia emissions from biomass burning, which cause a strong seasonality. In Southeastern Asia, ammonia emissions from fertilizer plants in China, Pakistan, India and Indonesia are the most important, while a strong seasonality was observed with a spring and late summer peak due to rice and wheat cultivation. Modelled concentrations from the satellite-constrained ammonia emissions are overestimated in Eastern Europe, where state-of-the-art emissions capture observations better. Measurements of ammonia concentrations in North America were better reproduced with satellite-constrained emissions, while all emissions generally underestimate station concentrations in Southeastern Asia. The calculated ammonia emissions also reproduce global CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder) observations more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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122. Quantifying the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to source mineralogy uncertainty.

Author: Longlei Li, Mahowald, Natalie M., Miller, Ron L., García-Pando, Carlos Pérez, Klose, Martina, Hamilton, Douglas S., Ageitos, Maria Gonçalves, Ginoux, Paul, Balkanski, Yves, Green, Robert O., Kalashnikova, Olga, Kok, Jasper F., Obiso, Vincenzo, Paynter, David, and Thompson, David R.
Abstract: The large uncertainty in mineral dust direct radiative effect (DRE) hinders projections of future climate change due to anthropogenic activity. Resolving modelled dust mineral-speciation allows for spatially and temporally varying refractive indices consistent with dust aerosol composition. Here, for the first time, we quantify the range in dust DRE at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) due to current uncertainties in the surface soil mineralogical content using a dust mineral-resolving climate model. We propagate observed uncertainties in soil mineral abundances from two soil mineralogy atlases along with the optical properties of each mineral into the DRE and compare the resultant range with other sources of uncertainty across six climate models. The shortwave DRE responses region-specifically to the dust burden depending on the mineral speciation and underlying shortwave surface albedo; positively when the regionally averaged annual surface albedo is larger than 0.28, and negatively otherwise. Among all minerals examined, the shortwave TOA DRE and single scattering albedo at the 0.44-0.63 µm band are most sensitive to the fractional contribution of iron oxides to the total dust composition. The global net (shortwave plus longwave) TOA DRE is estimated to be within -0.23 to +0.35 W m-2. Approximately 97 % of this range relates to uncertainty in the soil abundance of iron oxides. Representing iron-oxide with solely hematite optical properties leads to an overestimation of shortwave DRE by +0.1 W m-2 at the TOA, as goethite is not as absorbing as hematite in the shortwave spectrum range. Our study highlights the importance of iron oxides to the shortwave DRE: they have a disproportionally large impact on climate considering their small atmospheric mineral mass fractional burden (~2 %). An improved description of iron oxides, such as those planned in the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT), is thus essential for more accurate estimates of the dust DRE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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123. Wetter environment and increased grazing reduced the area burned in northern Eurasia: 2002-2016.

Author: Wei Min Hao, Reeves, Matthew C., Baggett, L. Scott, Balkanski, Yves, Ciais, Philippe, Nordgren, Bryce L., Petkov, Alexander, Corley, Rachel E., Mouillot, Florent, Urbanski, Shawn P., and Chao Yue
Subjects: GRAZING & the environment, GRASSLAND fires, RADIATIVE forcing, FIRE ecology, CARBON-black, AIR quality, HEATHLANDS
Abstract: Northern Eurasia is highly sensitive to climate change. Fires in this region can have significant impacts on regional air quality, radiative forcing and black carbon deposition in the Arctic to accelerate ice melting. Using a MODIS-derived burned area data set, we report that the total annual area burned in this region declined by 53 % during the 15-year period of 2002-2016. Grassland fires dominated the trend, accounting for 93 % of the decline of the total area burned. Grassland fires in Kazakhstan contributed 47 % of the total area burned and 84 % of the decline. Wetter climate and increased grazing are the principle driving forces for the decline. Our findings: 1) highlight the importance of the complex interactions of climate-vegetation-land use in affecting fire activity, and 2) reveal how the resulting impacts on fire activity in a relatively small region such as Kazakhstan can dominate the trends of burned areas across a much larger landscape of northern Eurasia. Our findings may be used to improve the prediction of future fire dynamics and associated fire emissions in northern Eurasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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124. Multi-model evaluation of aerosol optical properties in the AeroCom phase III Control experiment, using ground and space based columnar observations from AERONET, MODIS, AATSR and a merged satellite product as well as surface in-situ observations from GAW sites.

Author: Gliß, Jonas, Mortier, Augustin, Schulz, Michael, Andrews, Elisabeth, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne E., Benedictow, Anna M. K., Bian, Huisheng, Checa-Garcia, Ramiro, Mian Chin, Ginoux, Paul, Griesfeller, Jan J., Heckel, Andreas, Kipling, Zak, Kirkevåg, Alf, Kokkola, Harri, Laj, Paolo, Sager, Philippe Le, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, and Myhre, Cathrine Lund
Abstract: Within the framework of the AeroCom (Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models) initiative, the present day modelling of aerosol optical properties has been assessed using simulated data representative for the year 2010, from 14 global aerosol models participating in the Phase III Control experiment. The model versions are close or equal to those used for CMIP6 and AerChemMIP and inform also on bias in state of the art ESMs. Modelled column optical depths (total, fine and coarse mode AOD) and Ångström Exponents (AE) were compared both with ground based observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET, version 3) as well as space based observations from AATSR-SU instruments. In addition, the modelled AODs were compared with MODIS (Aqua and Terra) data and a satellite AOD data-set (MERGED-FMI) merged from 12 different individual AOD products. Furthermore, for the first time, the modelled near surface scattering (under dry conditions) and absorption coefficients were evaluated against measurements made at low relative humidity at surface in-situ GAW sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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125. Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation

Author: Heinze, Christoph, primary, Eyring, Veronika, additional, Friedlingstein, Pierre, additional, Jones, Colin, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Collins, Williams, additional, Fichefet, Thierry, additional, Gao, Shuang, additional, Hall, Alex, additional, Ivanova, Detelina, additional, Knorr, Wolfgang, additional, Knutti, Reto, additional, Löw, Alexander, additional, Ponater, Michael, additional, Schultz, Martin G., additional, Schulz, Michael, additional, Siebesma, Pier, additional, Teixeira, Joao, additional, Tselioudis, George, additional, and Vancoppenolle, Martin, additional
Published: 2018
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126. Analysis of slight precipitation in China during the past decades and its relationship with advanced very high radiometric resolution normalized difference vegetation index

Author: Li, Xinyue, primary, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Wu, Zhengfang, additional, Gasser, Thomas, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Zhou, Feng, additional, Li, Laurent, additional, Tao, Shu, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Piao, Shilong, additional, Wang, Rong, additional, Wang, Tao, additional, and Li, Bengang, additional
Published: 2018
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127. Simulating CH4 and CO2 over South and East Asia using the zoomed chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA

Author: Lin, Xin, primary, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Yin, Yi, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Cozic, Anne, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, additional, Indira, Nuggehalli K., additional, Locatelli, Robin, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Piao, Shilong, additional, Saunois, Marielle, additional, Swathi, Panangady S., additional, Wang, Rong, additional, Yver-Kwok, Camille, additional, Tiwari, Yogesh K., additional, and Zhou, Lingxi, additional
Published: 2018
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128. Aerosol-Climate Interactions During the Last Glacial Maximum

Author: Albani, Samuel, primary, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Mahowald, Natalie, additional, Winckler, Gisela, additional, Maggi, Valter, additional, and Delmonte, Barbara, additional
Published: 2018
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129. Modeling the biogeochemical impact of atmospheric phosphate deposition from desert dust and combustion sources to the Mediterranean Sea

Author: Richon, Camille, primary, Dutay, Jean-Claude, additional, Dulac, François, additional, Wang, Rong, additional, and Balkanski, Yves, additional
Published: 2018
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130. Transport of continental air to the subantarctic Indian Ocean

Author: Balkanski, Yves J and Jacob, Daniel J
Subjects: Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract: The occurrence of high Rn-222 episodes (radonic storms) observed at three islands (Crozet, Kerguelen, and Amsterdam) in the subantarctic Indian Ocean is simulated using a three-dimensional chemical tracer model. The chemical tracer model is described and the simulated time series of Rn-222 concentrations at the three islands are compared to observations. The origin, seasonal frequencies, and periodicities of the storms are examined. It is found that the storms are due to fast boundary layer advection of air from South Africa, made possible by the conjunction of a subtropical high SE of Madagascar and a midlatitudes low off the southern tip of Africa. The implications of the results for the transport of continental air to the subantarctic Indian Ocean are discussed.
Published: 1990
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131. Aerosol-Climate Interactions During the Last Glacial Maximum

Author: Albani, S, Balkanski, Y, Mahowald, N, Winckler, G, Maggi, V, Delmonte, B, Albani, Samuel, Balkanski, Yves, Mahowald, Natalie, Winckler, Gisela, Maggi, Valter, Delmonte, Barbara, Albani, S, Balkanski, Y, Mahowald, N, Winckler, G, Maggi, V, Delmonte, B, Albani, Samuel, Balkanski, Yves, Mahowald, Natalie, Winckler, Gisela, Maggi, Valter, and Delmonte, Barbara
Abstract: Purpose of Review: Natural archives are imprinted with signs of the past variability of some aerosol species in connection to major climate changes. In certain cases, it is possible to use these paleo-observations as a quantitative tool for benchmarking climate model simulations. Where are we on the path to use observations and models in connection to define an envelope on aerosol feedback onto climate? Recent Findings: On glacial-interglacial time scales, the major advances in our understanding refer to mineral dust, in terms of quantifying its global mass budget, as well as in estimating its direct impacts on the atmospheric radiation budget and indirect impacts on the oceanic carbon cycle. Summary: Even in the case of dust, major uncertainties persist. More detailed observational studies and model intercomparison experiments such as in the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phase 4 will be critical in advancing the field. The inclusion of new processes such as cloud feedbacks and studies focusing on other aerosol species are also envisaged.
Published: 2018

132. Global scale variability of the mineral dust long-wave refractive index: a new dataset of in situ measurements for climate modeling and remote sensing

Author: Di Biagio, Claudia, Formenti, Paola, Balkanski, Yves, Caponi, Lorenzo, Cazaunau, Mathieu, Pangui, Edouard, Journet, Emilie, Nowak, Sophie, Caquineau, Sandrine, Andreae, Meinrat O., Kandler, Konrad, Saeed, Thuraya, Piketh, Stuart, Seibert, David, Williams, Earle, Doussin, Jean-François, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Outils et Méthodes de la Systématique Intégrative (OMSI), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), King Saud University [Riyadh] (KSU), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Technische Universität Darmstadt - Technical University of Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), Public authority for applied education and training, Al-Ardeya, North-West University [Potchefstroom] (NWU), Walden University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Genoa (UNIGE), Plateforme AST-RX (OMSI, UMS 2700), Paris, France, Plateforme AST-RX (OMSI, UMS 2700), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Parsons Laboratory for Environmental Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and Williams, Earle R
Subjects: lcsh:Chemistry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: Modeling the interaction of dust with long-wave (LW) radiation is still a challenge because of the scarcity of information on the complex refractive index of dust from different source regions. In particular, little is known about the variability of the refractive index as a function of the dust mineralogical composition, which depends on the specific emission source, and its size distribution, which is modified during transport. As a consequence, to date, climate models and remote sensing retrievals generally use a spatially invariant and time-constant value for the dust LW refractive index. In this paper, the variability of the mineral dust LW refractive index as a function of its mineralogical composition and size distribution is explored by in situ measurements in a large smog chamber. Mineral dust aerosols were generated from 19 natural soils from 8 regions: northern Africa, the Sahel, eastern Africa and the Middle East, eastern Asia, North and South America, southern Africa, and Australia. Soil samples were selected from a total of 137 available samples in order to represent the diversity of sources from arid and semi-arid areas worldwide and to account for the heterogeneity of the soil composition at the global scale. Aerosol samples generated from soils were re-suspended in the chamber, where their LW extinction spectra (3–15 µm), size distribution, and mineralogical composition were measured. The generated aerosol exhibits a realistic size distribution and mineralogy, including both the sub- and super-micron fractions, and represents in typical atmospheric proportions the main LW-active minerals, such as clays, quartz, and calcite. The complex refractive index of the aerosol is obtained by an optical inversion based upon the measured extinction spectrum and size distribution. Results from the present study show that the imaginary LW refractive index (k) of dust varies greatly both in magnitude and spectral shape from sample to sample, reflecting the differences in particle composition. In the 3–15 µm spectral range, k is between ∼ 0.001 and 0.92. The strength of the dust absorption at ∼ 7 and 11.4 µm depends on the amount of calcite within the samples, while the absorption between 8 and 14 µm is determined by the relative abundance of quartz and clays. The imaginary part (k) is observed to vary both from region to region and for varying sources within the same region. Conversely, for the real part (n), which is in the range 0.84–1.94, values are observed to agree for all dust samples across most of the spectrum within the error bars. This implies that while a constant n can be probably assumed for dust from different sources, a varying k should be used both at the global and the regional scale. A linear relationship between the magnitude of the imaginary refractive index at 7.0, 9.2, and 11.4 µm and the mass concentration of calcite and quartz absorbing at these wavelengths was found. We suggest that this may lead to predictive rules to estimate the LW refractive index of dust in specific bands based on an assumed or predicted mineralogical composition, or conversely, to estimate the dust composition from measurements of the LW extinction at specific wavebands. Based on the results of the present study, we recommend that climate models and remote sensing instruments operating at infrared wavelengths, such as IASI (infrared atmospheric sounder interferometer), use regionally dependent refractive indices rather than generic values. Our observations also suggest that the refractive index of dust in the LW does not change as a result of the loss of coarse particles by gravitational settling, so that constant values of n and k could be assumed close to sources and following transport. The whole dataset of the dust complex refractive indices presented in this paper is made available to the scientific community in the Supplement.
Published: 2017
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133. Evaluation of the aerosol vertical distribution in global aerosol models through comparison against CALIOP measurements: AeroCom phase II results

Author: Schulz, Michael, Breon, Francois-Marie, Dentener, Frank, Steensen, Birthe Marie, Griesfeller, Jan, Winker, David, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven, Hauglustaine, Didier A., Iversen, Trond, Kirkevag, Alf, Liu, Xiaohong, Lohmann, Ulrike, Myhre, Gunnar, Rasch, Phil, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild B., Steenrod, Stephen D., Stier, Philip, Tackett, Jason, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Vuolo, Maria Raffaella, Yoon, Jinho, Zhang, Kai, and Koffi, Brigitte
Abstract: The ability of 11 models in simulating the aerosol vertical distribution from regional to global scales, as part of the second phase of the AeroCom model intercomparison initiative (AeroCom II), is assessed and compared to results of the first phase. The evaluation is performed using a global monthly gridded data set of aerosol extinction profiles built for this purpose from the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) Layer Product 3.01. Results over 12 subcontinental regions show that five models improved, whereas three degraded in reproducing the interregional variability in Z(alpha 0-6 km), the mean extinction height diagnostic, as computed from the CALIOP aerosol profiles over the 0-6 km altitude range for each studied region and season. While the models' performance remains highly variable, the simulation of the timing of the Z(alpha 0-6 km) peak season has also improved for all but two models from AeroCom Phase I to Phase II. The biases in Z(alpha 0-6 km) are smaller in all regions except Central Atlantic, East Asia, and North and South Africa. Most of the models now underestimate Z(alpha 0-6 km) over land, notably in the dust and biomass burning regions in Asia and Africa. At global scale, the AeroCom II models better reproduce the Z(alpha 0-6 km) latitudinal variability over ocean than over land. Hypotheses for the performance and evolution of the individual models and for the intermodel diversity are discussed. We also provide an analysis of the CALIOP limitations and uncertainties contributing to the differences between the simulations and observations.
Published: 2016

134. Evaluation of the aerosol vertical distribution in global aerosol models through comparison against CALIOP measurements: AeroCom phase II results

Author: Koffi, Brigitte, Schulz, Michael, Breon, Francois-Marie, Dentener, Frank, Steensen, Birthe Marie, Griesfeller, Jan, Winker, David, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven, Hauglustaine, Didier A., Iversen, Trond, Kirkevag, Alf, Liu, Xiaohong, Lohmann, Ulrike, Myhre, Gunnar, Rasch, Phil, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild B., Steenrod, Stephen D., Stier, Philip, Tackett, Jason, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Vuolo, Maria Raffaella, Yoon, Jinho, Zhang, Kai, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] (CCSR), Columbia University [New York], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Department of Geosciences [Tucson], University of Arizona, Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology [Baltimore] (JCET), University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), University of Wyoming (UW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Science Systems and Applications Inc (SSAI), Research Institute for Applied Mechanics [Fukuoka] (RIAM), Kyushu University [Fukuoka], Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, European Commission [070307/ENV/2012/636596/C3], Research Council of Norway [207711/E10, 229771], CRAICC, EU, Norwegian Space Center, US Department of Energy, Office of Science, DOE [DE-AC06-76RLO 1830], NASA MAP program Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction Climate Variability and Change [NNH08ZDA001N-MAP], Research Council of Norway, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences [University of Arizona], NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)-University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, University of Oxford, and Kyushu University
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Article
Abstract: The ability of 11 models in simulating the aerosol vertical distribution from regional to global scales, as part of the second phase of the AeroCom model intercomparison initiative (AeroCom II), is assessed and compared to results of the first phase. The evaluation is performed using a global monthly gridded data set of aerosol extinction profiles built for this purpose from the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) Layer Product 3.01. Results over 12 subcontinental regions show that five models improved, whereas three degraded in reproducing the interregional variability in Zα0–6 km, the mean extinction height diagnostic, as computed from the CALIOP aerosol profiles over the 0–6 km altitude range for each studied region and season. While the models' performance remains highly variable, the simulation of the timing of the Zα0–6 km peak season has also improved for all but two models from AeroCom Phase I to Phase II. The biases in Zα0–6 km are smaller in all regions except Central Atlantic, East Asia, and North and South Africa. Most of the models now underestimate Zα0–6 km over land, notably in the dust and biomass burning regions in Asia and Africa. At global scale, the AeroCom II models better reproduce the Zα0–6 km latitudinal variability over ocean than over land. Hypotheses for the performance and evolution of the individual models and for the intermodel diversity are discussed. We also provide an analysis of the CALIOP limitations and uncertainties contributing to the differences between the simulations and observations. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Published: 2016
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135. Inverse modeling of the Chernobyl source term using atmospheric concentration and deposition measurements

Author: Evangeliou, Nikolaos, primary, Hamburger, Thomas, additional, Cozic, Anne, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, and Stohl, Andreas, additional
Published: 2017
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136. Global forest carbon uptake due to nitrogen and phosphorus deposition from 1850 to 2100

Author: Wang, Rong, primary, Goll, Daniel, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Hauglustaine, Didier, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Janssens, Ivan, additional, Penuelas, Josep, additional, Guenet, Bertrand, additional, Sardans, Jordi, additional, Bopp, Laurent, additional, Vuichard, Nicolas, additional, Zhou, Feng, additional, Li, Bengang, additional, Piao, Shilong, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Huang, Ye, additional, and Tao, Shu, additional
Published: 2017
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137. Modeling the biogeochemical impact of atmospheric phosphate deposition from desert dust and combustion sources to the Mediterranean Sea

Author: Richon, Camille, primary, Dutay, Jean-Claude, additional, Dulac, François, additional, Wang, Rong, additional, and Balkanski, Yves, additional
Published: 2017
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138. Spectral- and size-resolved mass absorption efficiency of mineral dust aerosols in the shortwave spectrum: a simulation chamber study

Author: Caponi, Lorenzo, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Massabó, Dario, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Chevaillier, Servanne, additional, Landrot, Gautier, additional, Andreae, Meinrat O., additional, Kandler, Konrad, additional, Piketh, Stuart, additional, Saeed, Thuraya, additional, Seibert, Dave, additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Prati, Paolo, additional, and Doussin, Jean-François, additional
Published: 2017
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139. Supplementary material to "Inverse modelling of the Chernobyl source term using atmospheric concentration and deposition measurements"

Author: Evangeliou, Nikolaos, primary, Hamburger, Thomas, additional, Cozic, Anne, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, and Stohl, Andreas, additional
Published: 2017
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140. Supplementary material to "Simulating CH4 and CO2 over South and East Asia using the zoomed chemistry transport model LMDzINCA"

Author: Lin, Xin, primary, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Yin, Yi, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Cozic, Anne, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, additional, Indira, Nuggehalli K., additional, Locatelli, Robin, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Piao, Shilong, additional, Saunois, Marielle, additional, Swathi, Panangady S., additional, Wang, Rong, additional, Yver-Kwok, Camille, additional, Tiwari, Yogesh K., additional, and Zhou, Lingxi, additional
Published: 2017
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141. Simulating CH4 and CO2 over South and East Asia using the zoomed chemistry transport model LMDzINCA

Author: Lin, Xin, primary, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Bousquet, Philippe, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Yin, Yi, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Cozic, Anne, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, additional, Indira, Nuggehalli K., additional, Locatelli, Robin, additional, Peng, Shushi, additional, Piao, Shilong, additional, Saunois, Marielle, additional, Swathi, Panangady S., additional, Wang, Rong, additional, Yver-Kwok, Camille, additional, Tiwari, Yogesh K., additional, and Zhou, Lingxi, additional
Published: 2017
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142. Supplementary material to "Aerosols at the Poles: An AeroCom Phase II multi-model evaluation"

Author: Sand, Maria, primary, Samset, Bjørn H., additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Bauer, Susanne, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Berntsen, Terje K., additional, Bian, Huisheng, additional, Chin, Mian, additional, Diehl, Thomas, additional, Easter, Richard, additional, Ghan, Steven J., additional, Iversen, Trond, additional, Kirkevåg, Alf, additional, Lamarque, Jean-François, additional, Lin, Guangxing, additional, Liu, Xiaohong, additional, Luo, Gan, additional, Myhre, Gunnar, additional, van Noije, Twan, additional, Penner, Joyce E., additional, Schulz, Michael, additional, Seland, Øyvind, additional, Skeie, Ragnhild B., additional, Stier, Philip, additional, Takemura, Toshihiko, additional, Tsigaridis, Kostas, additional, Yu, Fangqun, additional, Zhang, Kai, additional, and Zhang, Hua, additional
Published: 2017
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143. Aerosols at the Poles: An AeroCom Phase II multi-model evaluation

Author: Sand, Maria, primary, Samset, Bjørn H., additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Bauer, Susanne, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Berntsen, Terje K., additional, Bian, Huisheng, additional, Chin, Mian, additional, Diehl, Thomas, additional, Easter, Richard, additional, Ghan, Steven J., additional, Iversen, Trond, additional, Kirkevåg, Alf, additional, Lamarque, Jean-François, additional, Lin, Guangxing, additional, Liu, Xiaohong, additional, Luo, Gan, additional, Myhre, Gunnar, additional, van Noije, Twan, additional, Penner, Joyce E., additional, Schulz, Michael, additional, Seland, Øyvind, additional, Skeie, Ragnhild B., additional, Stier, Philip, additional, Takemura, Toshihiko, additional, Tsigaridis, Kostas, additional, Yu, Fangqun, additional, Zhang, Kai, additional, and Zhang, Hua, additional
Published: 2017
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144. Cloudy sky contributions to the direct aerosol effect.

Author: Myhre, Gunnar, Samset, Bjørn H., Mohr, Christian W., Alterskjær, Kari, Balkanski, Yves, Bellouin, Nicolas, Chin, Mian, Haywood, James, Hodnebrog, Øivind, Kinne, Stefan, Guangxing Lin, Lund, Marianne T., Penner, Joyce E., Schulz, Michael, Schutgens, Nick, Skeie, Ragnhild B., Stier, Philip, Toshihiko Takemura, and Kai Zhang
Abstract: The radiative forcing of the aerosol-radiation interaction can be decomposed into clear sky and cloudy sky portions. Two sets of multi-model simulations within AeroCom, combined with observational methods, and the time evolution of aerosol emissions over the industrial era show that the contribution from cloudy sky regions is likely weak. A mean of the simulations considered is 0.01 ± 0.1 W m−2. Multivariate data analysis of results from AeroCom Phase II shows that many factors influence the strength of the cloudy sky contribution to the forcing of the aerosol-radiation interaction. Overall, single scattering albedo of anthropogenic aerosols and the interaction of aerosols with the shortwave cloud radiative effects are found to be important factors. A more dedicated focus on the contribution from the cloud free and cloud covered sky fraction respectively to the aerosol-radiation interaction will benefit the quantification of the radiative forcing and its uncertainty range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2019
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145. Complex refractive indices and single scattering albedo of global dust aerosols in the shortwave spectrum and relationship to iron content and size.

Author: Di Biagio, Claudia, Formenti, Paola, Balkanski, Yves, Caponi, Lorenzo, Cazaunau, Mathieu, Pangui, Edouard, Journet, Emilie, Nowak, Sophie, Andreae, Meinrat O., Kandler, Konrad, Saeed, Thuraya, Piketh, Stuart, Seibert, David, Williams, Earle, and Doussin, Jean-Francois
Abstract: The optical properties of airborne mineral dust depend on its mineralogy, size distribution, shape, and might vary between different source regions. To date, large differences in refractive index values found in the literature have not been fully explained. In this paper we present a new dataset of complex refractive indices (m=n‒ik) and single scattering albedos (SSA) for 19 mineral dust aerosols over the 370–950 nm range in dry conditions. Dust aerosols were generated from natural parent soils from eight source regions (Northern Africa, Sahel, Middle East, Eastern Asia, North and South America, Southern Africa, and Australia). These were selected to represent the global scale variability of the dust mineralogy. Dust was re‒suspended into a 4.2 m3 smog chamber where its spectral shortwave scattering (βsca) and absorption (βabs) coefficients, number size distribution, and bulk composition were measured. The complex refractive index was estimated by Mie calculations combining optical and size data, while the spectral SSA was directly retrieved from βsca and βabs measurements. Our results show that the imaginary part of the refractive index (k) and the SSA largely vary from sample to sample, with values for k in the range 0.001 to 0.009 at 370 nm and 0.0003 to 0.002 at 950 nm, and values for SSA in the range 0.70 to 0.96 at 370 nm and 0.95 to 0.99 at 950 nm. In contrast, the real part of the refractive index (n) is mostly source (and wavelength) independent, with an average value between 1.48 and 1.55. The sample‒to‒sample variability in our dataset of k and SSA is mostly related to differences in the dust’s iron content. In particular, a wavelength‒dependent linear relationship is found between the magnitude of k and SSA and the mass concentrations of both iron oxide and total elemental iron. As an intrinsic property of matter, k is independent of size. When the iron oxide content exceeds > 3 %, the SSA linearly decreases with increasing fraction of coarse particles at short wavelengths (< 600 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2019
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146. Global scale variability of the mineral dust long-wave refractive index: a new dataset of in situ measurements for climate modeling and remote sensing

Author: Parsons Laboratory for Environmental Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Williams, Earle R, Di Biagio, Claudia, Formenti, Paola, Balkanski, Yves, Caponi, Lorenzo, Cazaunau, Mathieu, Pangui, Edouard, Journet, Emilie, Nowak, Sophie, Caquineau, Sandrine, Andreae, Meinrat O., Kandler, Konrad, Saeed, Thuraya, Piketh, Stuart, Seibert, David, Doussin, Jean-François, Williams, Earle R., Parsons Laboratory for Environmental Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Williams, Earle R, Di Biagio, Claudia, Formenti, Paola, Balkanski, Yves, Caponi, Lorenzo, Cazaunau, Mathieu, Pangui, Edouard, Journet, Emilie, Nowak, Sophie, Caquineau, Sandrine, Andreae, Meinrat O., Kandler, Konrad, Saeed, Thuraya, Piketh, Stuart, Seibert, David, Doussin, Jean-François, and Williams, Earle R.
Abstract: Modeling the interaction of dust with long-wave (LW) radiation is still a challenge because of the scarcity of information on the complex refractive index of dust from different source regions. In particular, little is known about the variability of the refractive index as a function of the dust mineralogical composition, which depends on the specific emission source, and its size distribution, which is modified during transport. As a consequence, to date, climate models and remote sensing retrievals generally use a spatially invariant and time-constant value for the dust LW refractive index.
Published: 2017

147. Supplementary material to "Spectral- and size-resolved mass absorption efficiency of mineral dust aerosols in the shortwave: a simulation chamber study"

Author: Caponi, Lorenzo, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Massabó, Dario, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Chevaillier, Servanne, additional, Landrot, Gautier, additional, Andreae, Meinrat O., additional, Kandler, Konrad, additional, Piketh, Stuart, additional, Saeed, Touraya, additional, Seibert, Dave, additional, Williams, Earl, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Prati, Paolo, additional, and Doussin, Jean-François, additional
Published: 2017
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148. Spectral- and size-resolved mass absorption efficiency of mineral dust aerosols in the shortwave: a simulation chamber study

Author: Caponi, Lorenzo, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Massabó, Dario, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Chevaillier, Servanne, additional, Landrot, Gautier, additional, Andreae, Meinrat O., additional, Kandler, Konrad, additional, Piketh, Stuart, additional, Saeed, Touraya, additional, Seibert, Dave, additional, Williams, Earl, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, Prati, Paolo, additional, and Doussin, Jean-François, additional
Published: 2017
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149. Daily black carbon emissions from fires in northern Eurasia for 2002–2015

Author: Hao, Wei Min, primary, Petkov, Alexander, additional, Nordgren, Bryce L., additional, Corley, Rachel E., additional, Silverstein, Robin P., additional, Urbanski, Shawn P., additional, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, additional, Balkanski, Yves, additional, and Kinder, Bradley L., additional
Published: 2016
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150. Review of the paper from Qio Ma et al., Impacts of Coal Burning on Ambient PM2.5 Pollution in China

Author: Balkanski, Yves, primary
Published: 2016
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