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The Mundau sub-basin composes the western segment of the Ceara Basin, which is one of a series of basins of the Brazilian Equatorial Margin that resulted from the breakup of Western Gondwana. This study investigates the origin and maturation of the organic matter preserved in the rocks of the middle and outer shelf of the Mundau sub-basin, in order to assess the source-rock potential for oil and gas generation. The samples selected for this study are representative of the Mundau, Paracuru, and Ubarana formations, which correlate with the rift, transition, and drift phases of the Western Gondwana breakup. The results indicate moderate to good potential for oil generation and good potential for gas generation for the Mundau Formation. Fault activity during the rift phase favored sediment supply. Kerogen type III predominates in shallower portions and probably reflects the contribution from the continent. Good to excellent potential for oil and gas generation is indicated for the Paracuru Formation. Kerogen types I and II predominate, having the marine organic matter been deposited in reducing conditions. The most promising interval for hydrocarbon generation is limited by the top of the Trairi Member and the top of the Paracuru Formation. Moderate to good potential for oil and gas generation is suggested for the Uruburetama Member of the Ubarana Formation. The source rocks located in the middle shelf were deposited under reducing conditions in a transgressive marine environment. Kerogen varies from type II, to a mixture of types II and III, and to subordinate type III. Poor to fair potential for oil generation is indicated for the Itapaje Member of the Ubarana Formation. Kerogen type IV (inert or degraded) is typical in the middle shelf, and kerogen type IV and subordinate type III are typical on the outer shelf. The presence of inert kerogen is related to high-energy, oxidizing depositional environments. The hydrocarbon expulsion threshold estimated for the outer shelf is at 2106-m, for the middle shelf at 1635-m, and for the deep waters at 3632-m depths. Source rocks of the middle and outer shelves occur between 561 m and 4080 m, whereas those in deep waters occur between 2754 m and 5007 m of depth. The Active Source Rock Depth Limits (ASDL) estimated for the outer shelf is below 4500 m, whereas for deep waters, this limit is close to 6000 m. These organic geochemical constraints are important guidelines for oil and gas exploration in the Ceara and adjacent basins.

Este trabalho reúne e discute as principais técnicas de estudo de indicadores geomórficos desenvolvidas por diversos pesquisadores ao longo do tempo e, correntemente, aplicadas à investigação de deformação tectônica/neotectônica/tectônica ativa. A drenagem é um dos elementos mais sensíveis a modificações do relevo, sobretudo àquelas relacionadas a manifestações tectônicas e/ou mudanças climáticas, a oscilações do nível do mar, ou ainda à ação antrópica. Esta sensibilidade dos rios frente a modificações do relevo reflete, não somente, em sua rápida resposta morfológica/morfométrica e sedimentar, mas também no rápido ajuste a um estágio de quase-equilíbrio em curtos períodos de tempo geológico. Isto permite inferir atividade tectônica recente, mediante identificação de regiões em desequilíbrio erosional em áreas de grande extensão, independentemente de províncias geológicas ou geomórficas. Tal característica singular dos rios reforça a importância de identificação de comportamentos anômalos destes em investigações de atividade tectônica e da evolução de ambientes modernos ou reconstituição paleogeográfica. Desta forma, a revisão apresentada considera os índices relacionados a características quantificáveis do relevo, tais como altimetria, hipsometria e declividade, e, sobretudo, a indicadores relacionados a respostas geomórficas e de sedimentação de rios frente a deformação tectônica (desvios, capturas e decapitação; sinuosidade; mudança de padrão de drenagem; migração e avulsão; deformação de perfis longitudinais e índice SL; assimetria e forma da bacia hidrográfica; sinuosidade de rios e padrão de canal, Sinuosidade de front de montanha (Smf); Índice de atividade tectônica relativa (Iat) e carga sedimentar e fluxo, entre outros). Para tal objetivo, o presente estudo envolveu revisão bibliográfica e leitura dos autores proponentes de tais técnicas, enriquecida pela exemplificação de alguns estudos de caso, como no rio Aiuruoca (Serra da Mantiqueira, MG) e rios das Cinzas e Laranjinha (bacia do rio das Cinzas, norte do estado do Paraná). Distante de uma pretensão de totalizar ou encerrar o assunto, este trabalho propõe auxiliar na estratégia de investigação e no processo de escolha das diversas técnicas existentes, bem como contribuir para um melhor entendimento e aplicação destas.

As geometrias, arquitetura dos corpos e variações texturais podem fornecer informações para o entendimento de características petrofísicas que podem ser usadas em estudos de análogos de reservatórios para hidrocarbonetos. O objetivo deste projeto é a caracterização petrofísica das fácies fluviais e eólicas da Formação Marília (Bacia Bauru) a fim de usá-las como análogos de reservatório de hidrocarbonetos. Os resultados são baseados na descrição de fácies e arquiteturas, bem como, na análise petrográfica de lâminas delgadas e técnicas de tomografia computadorizada de raios X (CT), que permitiram visualizar as heterogeneidades mineralógicas e texturais presentes nas rochas de interesse.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os depósitos e paleossolos da Formação Marília, a fim de elaborar um modelo de evolução sedimentar e pedogenética da unidade na região de Gurinhatã (MG). Para isso, foram realizadas descrições dos perfis de paleossolos, fácies, organização geométrica dos corpos rochosos e coleta de amostras para análises micromorfológicas em duas seções em afloramentos localizados na Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira - BR 364 nas proximidades de Gurinhatã. A partir das análises laboratoriais e dos dados coletados em campo identificou-se que os paleossolos se desenvolveram sobre barras arenosas depositadas em sistemas fluviais do tipo entrelaçado. Além disso, esses paleossolos indicam que houveram alternâncias entre períodos com maior predominância de sedimentação e erosão com períodos de calmaria, que possibilitaram a atuação da pedogênese.

The Sanfranciscana basin is a wide intracratonic basin sub-divided in Abaeté sub-basin and Urucuia sub-basin which includes four Groups of Neo Paleozoic to Neo Cretaceous ages, among them there is the target of this study, the Urucuia Group (Upper Cretaceous). The Urucuia Group has the largest rock volume and areal distribution of the basin. Its rocks constitute two Formations, the basal named Posse overlaid by Serra das Araras Formation. In a continental environment where there is a few fossil contents, the paleosol study can bring important information about climatic and geomorphologic conditions, and biological activity being possible to do an environmental reconstruction. Therefore, this project aims to elaborate a paleoenvironmental model to the Upper Cretaceous of the Sanfraciscana basin through facies analysis and paleosol characterization. The fieldwork was accomplished in the outcrops of the Urucuia Group situated near to São Domingo (GO) town. Outcrop descriptions, photographic registration, and sample collection to laboratory analysis were the methodology applied. The outcrop description was made by the identification of lithologies, textures, sedimentary structures, paleocurrents, fossil content, bed geometry, as well as paleosol macromorphologic description.

A analise de facies e elementos arquitetonicos de depositos fluviais em estudos preteritos auxilia a compreensao dos processos fluviais em uma bacia sedimentar. A finalidade do presente projeto esta na aplicacao dos metodos de Miall (1985) em depositos fluviais da Formacao Presidente Prudente do Cretaceo Superior da Bacia Bauru. Os afloramentos estudados estao localizados na BR158 - Rodovia Presidente Venceslau, Maraba Paulista (SP), e na SP294 - Trevo de Pacaembu (SP). Com base em tais metodos, fotomosaicos foram confeccionados e secoes colunares e bidimensionais foram descritas, de modo a reconstruir o ambiente deposicional a partir da analise detalhada das facies e dos elementos arquitetonicos da area. As interpretacoes sugerem um ambiente deposicional do tipo fluvial entrelacado, diferente da classificacao realizada por Fernandes & Coimbra (2000). O estudo possibilita, portanto, o avanco no conhecimento dos processos fluviais para a bacia e o aperfeicoamento das tecnicas de campo e tratamento dos dados sedimentologicos.

Agradecimentos: We are indebted to Prof. Celio Pasquini (Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP) for facilitating our access to sisuCHEMA instrument, Raymond Kokaly (USGS) for extensive help with WV-3 data ordering and advice on data calibration, and Emanuel Hernandez for assistance in the field. We appreciate DigitalGlobe, especially Bill Baugh, for the kind provision of the WV-3 Supercube data. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions. SA and CRSF thank FAPESP and CNPq for the research grants No. 2015/06663-7, 2017/25002-7 and 2008-7/303563, respectively. This work was partially supported by the GRSG student award (2016) given to SA Abstract: In this work, oil-sand outcrops of the Anhembi deposit located in the Paraná Basin, Brazil, were investigated using multi-scale imaging spectroscopy. The study incorporated VNIR-SWIR (400-2500 nm) spectroscopic data from imaging (i.e. sisuCHEMA) and nonimaging (i.e. FieldSpec-4) instruments in the lab, an AisaFENIX hyperspectral system on the ground and from the air, and WorldView-3 multispectral instrument. The aim was to assess the usefulness of emerging remote sensing technologies in characterizing hydrocarbon-bearing targets and understand the spatial variability of oil-sands at different scales using multi-source spectroscopic data. The bitumen content of the sands, estimated to be as high as 12 wt. %, was revealed to be unevenly distributed at all scales. Its distribution was shown to be controlled mainly by the clay proportion and permo-porosity of the strata, with the sand sheet facies corresponding to the highest bitumen contents. The ubiquitous clays, identified to be dominantly montmorillonite, were found to be intimately mixed with bitumen at all studied scales. The mean bitumen content was estimated to decrease from 6 to 4.5% while moving from small-, to deposit-scale as a consequence of the pixel aggregation effect and incremental clay contribution. The study showed that bitumen determination on the ground requires an imaging system with a high signal-to-noise ratio and good illumination conditions. Spectral denoising is also a crucial prerequisite for the extraction of coherent spectral information from the data. WV-3 data was proved capable of resolving HC’s feature at 1700 nm wavelength by its SWIR band-4 over targets encompassing >30% of the 7.5 m SWIR pixel; albeit it was not successful in determining the total bitumen content of the sands. This work indicated that HC signatures, particularly the one centered at 2300 nm, is consistent and comparable among scales, and upon employing properly calibrated data, could be used to confidently map the bitumen content of oil-sands at all imaging scales. A multi-scale spectroscopic approach can provide a complete picture of the variations in geologic targets and is able to fill the gap in scale differences across scales that when integrated, would add synergy and help reduce the uncertainties associated with ore grade estimation CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Fechado

Agradecimentos: The authors would like to express their gratitude to FAPESP for the financial support of the research. The second author wishes to thank the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for supporting and funding Project FAPESP 2015/17632-5: Sedimentation and paedogenesis of the Upper Cretaceous of the Bauru, Sanfranciscana, Parecis, and Neuquen Basins, to UNESP for the structure given to the progress of the research, to the research groups: Sedimentology and Soil Analysis Laboratory and Detran (detectors of nuclear traces), to the authors of this paper for the exchange of ideas and discussion of the results, and to Brasília University (UnB) for the U–Pb zircon dating Abstract: The Marilia Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit positioned at the top of the Bauru Group of Maastrichtian age. The present work presents a provenance study of the Marilia Formation sandstones through the combined dating of the fission-track method (FTM) and U-Pb, in which individual zircon grains are simultaneously dated by these two methods. Thirty-one zircons were dated in the C5 sample and 26 in the C7 sample for a total of 57 grains. The data demonstrated a wide range of U-Pb ages, presenting maximum and minimum ages, respectively: 2,905 +/- 11 and 128 +/- 1 Ma for the C7 sample and 2,676 +/- 10 and 455 +/- 5 Ma for the C5 sample. Regarding the fission-track (FT) ages, they have been grouped into three time intervals, which are associated to geological events relatively well recognized in the published literature: ages younger than 250 Ma (Wealdenian Reactivation); between 250 and 470 Ma (Palaeozoic orogenesis-Ocloyic, Precordilleran, Chanic, and Sanrafaelic); and older than 470 (Precambrian collisions-Brasiliano I, II, and III). There is a predominance of results of Precambrian age using the U-Pb dating, mainly in the Neopalaeoproterozoic, and with FT dating corresponding to the Ocloyic, Precordilleran, Chanic, and Sanrafaelic orogeneses. From the comparison of the results between the two dating methods, the age variations suggest that the zircons originated during the main south-western orogenesis of Gondwana and were reworked during the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic geological episodes. The ages associated to the Upper Cretaceous are related to the tectonic and magmatic activity of the Alto Paranaiba Uplift FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Fechado

With the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, the South American Plate has undergone an intense process of tectonic restructuring that led to the genesis of the interior basins that encompassed continental sedimentary sequences. The Brazilian Bauru, Sanfranciscana and Parecis basins during Late Cretaceous have had their evolution linked to this process of structuring and therefore have very similar sedimentary characteristics. The purpose of this study is to establish a detailed understanding of alluvial sedimentary processes and architecture within a stratigraphic sequence framework using the concept of the stratigraphic base level or the ratio between the accommodation space and sediment supply. The integration of the stratigraphic and facies data contributed to defining the stratigraphic architecture of the Bauru, Sanfranciscana and Parecis Basins, supporting a model for continental sequences that depicts qualitative changes in the sedimentation rate (S) and accommodation space (A) that occurred during the Cretaceous. This study discusses the origin of the unconformity surfaces (K-0, K-1 and K-1A) that separate Sequences 1, 2A and 2B and the sedimentary characteristics of the Bauru, Sanfranciscana and Parecis Basins from the Aptian to the Maastrichtian, comparing the results with other Cretaceous Brazilian basins. The lower Cretaceous Sequence 1 (Caiua and Areado groups) is interpreted as a low-accommodation systems tract compound by fluvial and aeolian systems. The upper Cretaceous lacustrine, braided river-dominated alluvial fan and aeolian systems display characteristics of the evolution from high-to low-accommodation systems tracts (Sequences 2A and 2B). Unconformity K-0 is related to the origin of the Bauru Basin itself in the Early Cretaceous. In Sanfranciscana and Parecis basins, the unconformity K-0 marks the contact between aeolian deposits from Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous alluvial systems (Sequences 1 and 2). Unconformity K-1, which was generated in the Late Cretaceous, is related to an increase of the A/S ratio, whereas Unconformity K-1A is the result of the decrease in the A/S ratio. Unconformity K-1A bound Sequence 2A (lacustrine and fluvial systems) and Sequence 2B (alluvial deposits) in Bauru Basin whereas in the Sanfranciscana and Parecis basins this unconformity marks the transition from alluvial system to aeolian system (Sequences 2A and 2B). Changes in depositional style in both basins correspond to two distinct tectonic moments occurring within the South American plate. The first associated with post-volcanic thermal subsidence of the Early Cretaceous (Serra Geral and Tapirapua volcanismos), and the second moment associated with the uplift occurred in the Late Cretaceous (Alto Paranaiba, Vilhena and Serra Formosa Arcs).

Paleosols are soils that were formed on an ancient landscape. They may be buried soils and/or soils incorporated into the sedimentary sequences, exhumed soils, or soils developed on ancient relief surfaces (relict soils). Exposed on the surface and influenced by later environmental changes, paleosols reveal ancient environments and contain records regarding the climate, vegetation, landforms, organisms, parent material, time, intensity of pedogenesis, and sedimentation rates in effect during their training. In the Marilia Formation, the paleosols, exhumed and buried, developed on sandstones have argic (Btk, Bt and Bss), hydromorphic (Cg) and calcic (Bk) horizons with different degrees of cementation, forming mainly calcretes. The objective of this study was to characterize the genesis of the paleosols of the Marilia Formation, addressing the dynamics of their formation factors and processes at local and regional levels in order to reconstitute the conditions of environmental evolution of the Maastrichtian of the Bauru Basin. Eleven sections (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10 and S11) of the Marilia Formation were described and collected on nine sample profiles. Micromorphological, mineralogical and geochemical analyses were performed according to the specialized literature. In the Marilia Formation, sedimentation, erosion and pedogenesis are processes that occurred together, concomitantly or subsequently, in view of the fluvial paleoenvironmental dynamics. The paleosols indicate the end of depositional cycles, with differentiated rates, intensities and duration. The paleosols of the Marilia Formation comprise well-drained (Bt-horizon) and poorly drained or hydromorphic (Cg-horizon) pedotypes, of drier conditions (Bkm-horizon) and pedotypes indicative of drier periods alternated with periods of higher humidity (Bss-horizon). The profiles were classified as Luvisols (Bt and Btk horizons), Calcisols (Bk and Ck horizons), Arenosols (C-horizons) and Vertisols (Bss-horizons). Paleosols developed on the flatter and lower portions of the slopes and floodplains and were commonly influenced by the oscillation of the groundwater and the seasonality of the climate. Sandstone with allochthonous and autochthonous carbonate cementation constituted the main parent material of the paleosols. The predominant climate during the Maastrichtian was semi-arid, with seasonality and variations in precipitation patterns and a precipitation-evapotranspiration relationship that provided conditions for the formation of paleosols with Bk, Btk, Bss, Bg and Bt horizons. The time of formation of these diagnostic horizons was dependent on climatic and edaphic factors. However, the time factor lasted until approximately 200,000 years, allowing paleosols to develop with Bt-horizons and prismatic and block structures. Calcification and argilluviation were the formation processes responsible for the genesis and evolution of paleosols during the Maastrichtian of the Bauru Basin. Weathering indexes have shown that paleosols with Bt-horizons are more weathered than are those with Btk and Bk horizons. The paleosols with Bk-horizons reflect periods with more arid conditions in the general context of the semi-arid paleoclimate of the Maastrichtian of the Bauru Basin.

In the last three decades, records of tribosphenidan mammals from India, continental Africa, Madagascar and South America have challenged the notion of a strictly Laurasian distribution of the group during the Cretaceous. Here, we describe a lower premolar from the Late Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, São Paulo State, Brazil. It differs from all known fossil mammals, except for a putative eutherian from the same geologic unity and Deccanolestes hislopi, from the Maastrichtian of India. The incompleteness of the material precludes narrowing down its taxonomic attribution further than Tribosphenida, but it is larger than most coeval mammals and shows a thin layer of parallel crystallite enamel. The new taxon helps filling two major gaps in the fossil record: the paucity of Mesozoic mammals in more northern parts of South America and of tribosphenidans in the Cretaceous of that continent. In addition, high-precision U-Pb geochronology provided a post-Turonian maximal age (≤87.8 Ma) for the type stratum, which is overlain by the dinosaur-bearing Marília Formation, constraining the age of the Adamantina Formation at the site to late Coniacian–late Maastrichtian. This represents the first radioisotopic age for the Bauru Group, a key stratigraphic unit for the study of Cretaceous tetrapods in Gondwana., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Expanded comparison of Brasilestes stardusti, additional data on the enamel, geological settings, and U-Pb geochronology

Soils and paleosols reflect the complex interplay between sedimentation, erosion and non-deposition. An analysis of the mineralogical components of paleosols is critical for the reconstitution of the factors, processes and environments in which they were formed. The recognition of mineralogical assemblages can reveal the environmental conditions during pedogenesis and through quantitative analysis it is possible to identify a vertical variation in mineral concentration or leaching over the paleosol profiles, indirectly pointing to environmental processes that dominated during the pedogenetic evolution. The objective of this study is to discuss the significance of mineral phases and to quantify the environmental evolution and degree of development of paleosols of the Marília Formation, Maastrichtian of Bauru Basin. Three sections have been described (A1, A2, A3) in the Marília Formation. The mineralogy was determined by x-ray diffraction, and mineral quantification was obtained through the Rietveld refinement method. The calcretes of the Marília Formation are pedogenic, mostly authigenic minerals. The variation of quartz, calcite, palygorskite and smectite, the micromorphology, and the diversity of subsurface horizons (Bkm, Btkm, Bt) indicate that the studied paleosols did develop in semi-arid conditions, with episodes of higher rainfall rates, humidity, leaching and desilication. RESUMO: Solos e paleossolos refletem complexa inter-relação entre sedimentação, erosão e não-deposição. A análise dos constituintes mineralógicos de paleossolos é fundamental para a reconstituição dos fatores, processos e ambientes no qual esses se formaram. O reconhecimento de determinadas assembléias mineralógicas podem revelar as condições ambientais durante a pedogênese e através da análise quantitativa se torna possível constatar variação vertical ao longo dos perfis de paleossolos, identificando horizontes com maior concentração mineral ou lixiviação, apontando indiretamente processos ambientais que dominavam no decorrer da evolução pedogenética. O objetivo desse trabalho foi discutir o significado das fases minerais e sua quantificação na evolução ambiental e no grau de desenvolvimento dos paleossolos da Formação Marília, Maastrichtiano da Bacia Bauru. Foram descritas três seções (A1, A2, A3) da Formação Marília. A mineralogia foi determinada através da difratometria de raios-x e para a quantificação mineral foi utilizado o método de refinamento Rietveld. Os calcretes da Formação Marília são predominantemente pedogênico, com minerais autigênicos em sua maioria. A variação do teor de quartzo, calcita, paligorskita e esmectita, a micromorfologia e a diversidade de horizontes subsuperficiais (Bkm, Btkm, Bt) demonstraram que os paleossolos se desenvolveram em condições gerais semiáridas, com episódios de maiores taxas de precipitação, umidade, lixiviação e dessilicação.

The application of sequence stratigraphy concepts to continental deposits lacking the referece provided sea level has been a challenge, mainly because the temporal relationships between stratigraphic surfaces and systems tracts depend on the tectonic and climatic evolution of the area. Using the concept of accommodation space (A) and sediment supply (S), we identify specific stacking patterns of aeolian, lacustrine, fluvial and alluvial systems that correspond to the particular tectonic and climatic evolution of the southeastern portion of South America. With the end of the Early Cretaceous volcanism (133 Ma), the southeastern portion of South America underwent tectonic restructuring, which generated basins that encompassed continental sedimentary sequences. The tectonic events responsible for the accumulation of these sequences occurred during two primary phases. The first phase is related to Early Cretaceous thermal subsidence, which was more pronounced in the regions where the thickest Serra Geral Formation basaltic successions are found, resulting in the formation of Bauru Basin. The second phase was related to the Late Cretaceous uplift in southeastern Brazil as a result of magmatic/volcanic activity associated with the Trindade Mantle Plume. Stratigraphic analysis based on well-logs and outcrops and aided by petrographic studies identified three sequences that are bounded by regional unconformities that record important changes in the Bauru Basin's tectonic and paleoenvironmental conditions. The unconformity K-0 is related to the origin of the Bauru Basin in the Early Cretaceous. The Early Cretaceous Sequence 1 (Caiua Group) is interpreted as a second- order sequence, formed by aeolian and fluvial deposits and constituting a Fluvial-Aeolian Systems Tract. Unconformity K-1 that was generated in the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian – Campanian?) is related to the tectonic evolution of the basin and source area. Overlying Unconformity K-1, lacustrine, fluvial and alluvial deposits display progradational characteristics of the two-third- order sequences: Sequences 2A and 2B, constituted by the Fluvial-Lacustrine and Alluvial Systems Tracts, respectively, and separated by the Unconformity K-1A. Sedimentological characteristics, paleosols and stratigraphic architecture, suggest that A/S ratio was neutral in the late stage of the Sequence 1, whereas in the Sequence 2 there was an increase (Sequence 2A) followed by a decrease in the A/S ratio (Sequence 2B). Aeolian facies and paleosol P1 (Sequence 1), fluvial-lacustrine facies and hydromorphic soils (Sequence 2A), and alluvial facies and Paleosol P2 (Sequence 2B), indicate climatic changes in the South American during the Cretaceous. The stratigraphic framework, subaerial unconformities and paleosols provide key elements for subdividing of the Brazilian continental sequence into third-order sequences and systems tracts, for identification of allocyclic and autocyclic patterns in time and space.

Petroleum is one of the most complex mixtures in the world, and there are records of its use since 3000 BC. Today, the humankind is still dependent on petroleum and its derivatives in many ways. As the main market of the oil industry is in selling molecules, the chemical composition of oil determines its economic value; therefore, the development of new techniques to characterize oil composition is extremely important. In this article, we intend to show how far mass spectrometry (MS) has gone to fulfill the necessities of the oil industry and petroleum characterization in petroleomic field. Better techniques for petroleum characterization are discussed as also how to measure the efficiency and quality of analysis. Finally, we illustrate the uses of MS in the field with some study cases of success. Keywords: petroleomics; FT-ICR; Orbitrap; mass spectrometry; polar compounds; biodegradation; oil spills; petroleum system analyses

Deduction of associated paleoenvironments and paleoclimate, definition of the chronosequence of paleosols, and paleogeographic reconstruction have become possible through the application of micromorphology in paleopedology. Micromorphology has also been useful in recognition of weathering processes and definition of minerals formed in succession. In this respect, the objective of this study was to identify the development of pedogenic processes and discuss their significance in the paleoclimate evolution of the Marília Formation (Maastrichtian) of Bauru Basin. Three sections of the Marília Formation (A1, A2, and A3) were described, comprising nine profiles. Micromorphologic al analysis was carried out according to the specialized literature. In the Marília Formation, the paleosols developed in sandstones have argillic (Btkm, Bt) and carbonate (Bk) horizons with different degrees of cementation, forming mainly calcretes. The evolution of pedogenic processes, in light of micromorphological analysis, evidenced three moments or stages for the genesis of paleosols with Bkm, Btk, and Bt horizons, respectively. In the Maastrichtian in the Bauru Basin, the paleosols with Bkm are older and more arid environments, and those with Bt were formed in wetter weather, but not enough to lead to the genesis of enaulic-related distributions, typical of current Oxisols.

Os paleossolos sao importantes indicadores paleoambientais, pois preservam evidencias dos fatores e processos que atuaram durante sua evolucao. Dentre estes fatores, a atividade biologica se mostra de grande importância, principalmente em paleossolos de ambientes semiaridos, pois atuam na precipitacao e dissolucao de carbonato de calcio, aumentando seu potencial de preservacao destes perfis de alteracao no registro geologico. Neste trabalho realizamos a caracterizacao macro e micromorfologica dos paleossolos da Formacao Marilia em Minas Gerais, atentando para descricao das feicoes biogenicas preservadas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o papel das raizes e de microrganismos, como fungos e bacterias foi fundamental para evolucao de horizontes carbonaticos dos paleossolos, atraves da precipitacao de cimento micritico no espaco poroso do solo, principalmente nas proximidades dos rizolitos de suas paleorizosferas, processo este similar ao desenvolvimento de horizontes carbonaticos em solos atuais.

Agradecimentos: The authors are thankful for the support of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Inconfidentes Campus, and the Graduate Studies Program in Geosciences of the Geosciences Institute of the University of Campinas; and for the financial support of the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP Project 2015/17632-5) Abstract: Deduction of associated paleoenvironments and paleoclimate, definition of the chronosequence of paleosols, and paleogeographic reconstruction have become possible through the application of micromorphology in paleopedology. Micromorphology has also been useful in recognition of weathering processes and definition of minerals formed in succession. In this respect, the objective of this study was to identify the development of pedogenic processes and discuss their significance in the paleoclimate evolution of the Marília Formation (Maastrichtian) of Bauru Basin. Three sections of the Marília Formation (A1, A2, and A3) were described, comprising nine profiles. Micromorphologic al analysis was carried out according to the specialized literature. In the Marília Formation, the paleosols developed in sandstones have argillic (Btkm, Bt) and carbonate (Bk) horizons with different degrees of cementation, forming mainly calcretes. The evolution of pedogenic processes, in light of micromorphological analysis, evidenced three moments or stages for the genesis of paleosols with Bkm, Btk, and Bt horizons, respectively. In the Maastrichtian in the Bauru Basin, the paleosols with Bkm are older and more arid environments, and those with Bt were formed in wetter weather, but not enough to lead to the genesis of enaulic-related distributions, typical of current Oxisols FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Aberto

Reservoir static modelling plays a fundamental role in the evaluation phase of a petroleum field. Integrated modelling allows a better understanding of how the local geology and depositional systems are related through the distribution of facies and petrophysical properties within the reservoir. In this study, geological static models of the siliciclastic Carapebus Formation of Campos Basin were built using subsurface data. The applied methodology was divided into five phases: (1) establishment of a conceptual model, (2) building of a structural model, (3) generation of 100 realizations of lithofacies using sequential indicator simulation, (4) generation of 100 realizations of porosity and permeability using sequential Gaussian simulation, and (5) validation of models by targeting both statistical and geological consistency. The obtained models are consistent and honor the conditioning data. A lithofacies constraint is crucial to better characterize the petrophysical properties distribution of the reservoir. A Dykstra-Parsons coefficient of V=0.52 characterizes this reservoir as moderately homogeneous.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:06:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Despite the vast crocodyliform fossil record, little is known about the reproductive biology and nesting strategies of the extinct members of the group. Here we report a large accumulation of crocodilian fossil eggs from the type-locality of the baurusuchid Pissarrachampsa sera. Sedimentary facies and architectural elements of the site support a palaeoenvironmental model with a shallow lacustrine, playa-lake system interacting to ephemeral braided fluvial channels, with aeolian influence and development of sandy soils. The presence of pedogenic calcretes in the palaeosols indicates arid to semi-arid conditions. The crocodilian affinity of the eggs is supported by the thin eggshell which bears wedge-shaped shell units with tabular microstructures. Furthermore, taphonomic data support an autochthonous assemblage of eggs and skeletal remains, hinting at a monotypical stratigraphic horizon and suggesting P. sera as the egg-laying taxon. The repeated pattern of four (eventually five) eggs per clutch at the site demonstrates that P. sera laid fewer eggs compared to modern crocodilians, indicating that k-selected reproductive strategy pattern is pervasive in the fossil record of Notosuchia. In the crocodyliform phylogenetic framework, the k-strategy and the “egg clutch sizes” optimization of Notosuchia is opposite to the strategy with larger clutches consistently occurring in modern Crocodylia and Neosuchia, the sister clade to Notosuchia. Yet, the lack of data on more early-branching taxa renders unclear which pattern is plesiomorphic for Crocodyliformes as a whole. Laborat�rio de Paleontologia de Ribeir�o Preto FFCLRP Universidade de S�o Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir�o Preto Departamento de Geologia e Recursos Naturais Instituto de Geoci�ncias Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Jo�o Pandi� Cal�geras, 51, Campinas Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia FEIS-UNESP, Rua Mon��o 226 Orcas Island Museum, PO Box 134, 181 North Beach Road Investigador Correspondiente at Departamento de Geociencias CRILAR CONICET Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia FEIS-UNESP, Rua Mon��o 226 FAPESP: 2010/14797-0 FAPESP: 2010/19787-2 FAPESP: 2013/11358-3 FAPESP: 2013/23114-1 FAPESP: 2014/03825-3

The Pre-Cordillera in the northwest of Argentine is characterized by geomorphological features formed during Miocene Andes Cordillera uplifting. The arid weather and compressive tectonic regime propitiated the origin of countless sedimentary basins filled by alluvial fans and playa-lakes deposits. Because of the outcrops abundance and their qualities these basins are important sites for direct observation of depositional alluvial architectures and facies analyses. The description of some deposits in the Rio Jachal valley (neighborhood of San Jose de Jachal), and Pie de Palo desert alluvial plain in San Juan, allowed the recognition of main depositional mechanisms in these environments. The analyses were based in the longitudinal cross sections that show intertonguing of the alluvial fans, playa-lakes and eolian deposits. It was characterized the internal and external geometries of the bodies by hierarchical surfaces and macroforms analyses to make the interpretation of the sedimentary process and the depositional dynamics. The facies variation from proximal to distal deposits recorded the evolution of confined or unconfined non-cohesive debris flow to turbulent and laminar flows, resulting by the transport stream energy decrease of ephemeral torrential currents associated with storm periods. Due to the annual low pluviosity (70 mm/y), the sedimentation rate is very low, mainly suggested by the vegetation and soil developed. Although this study has been made in a restrict area with a very recent sedimentary history initiated only in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene, the facies distribution and the depositional mechanisms conditioned by geomorphologic positions in the alluvial fan systems and the sedimentologic characteristics conditioned by the arid climate allow to compare these deposits with the Brazilian neocretaceous, in the Bauru Basin, that shows similar sedimentologic and architecture characteristics.