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Elaeidobius piliventris Haran & Kuschel sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0B74EAD6-28CE-4DC7-B12E-E8362448470C Figs 1F, 3B, 4F, 5 J–K Etymology The name piliventris is a Latin adjectivised noun derived from ‘pilus’ for ‘hair’, and ‘venter’ for ‘belly’. Material examined Holotype GHANA • “ GHANA. Kumasi. 21.x.1977. R.A. Syed ” “ex ♂ inflorescence. oil palm” “ Elaeidobius sp. indet. A R.T. Thompson det. 2004” “ Holotype [red label] Elaeidobius. piliventris. Haran & Kuschel. Haran & Kuschel 2019”; NHMUK. Paratypes GHANA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ GHANA (Central Reg.). Egyirkom (site 8). CABI study sample” “ Elaeidobius sp. indet. A R.T. Thompson det. 2004” “Paratye. Elaeidobius. piliventris. Haran & Kuschel. Haran & Kuschel 2019”; NHMUK. Other material ANGOLA • 1 ♂; CE Salazar; 9.16º S, 14.55º E; 14 May 1973; Carvalho leg.; oil palm inflorescence; TMP. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO • 9 specs; Yambula; 23 Jan. 2018; E. guineensis; JHAR02182; CBGP. CAMEROON • 1 ♂; Kienké; 2009; JHAR293_0102; CBGP. Description (♂ ♀) BODY LENGTH. 2.3–3.0 mm. COLOUR (Ƌ). Yellowish or reddish brown, pronotum usually with vague, dark stripe, elytra with a short dark stripe on interstria 6 in basal third, and an oblique stripe from near middle of interstriae 3 or 4 to 8; integument with very short, scattered recumbent white hairs, usually forming 1–2 series on each interstria of elytron; in male elytra lacking long erect setae on margins, suture and at base of interstria 4. HEAD. Strongly punctate, punctuation party confluent towards frontal fovea; forehead flat between eyes; rostrum in male as long as or 1.1 × as long as prothorax, in female 1.2–1.4 × longer, cylindrical, 5-carinate in basal ¾, median carina widening near antennal insertion, apical ¼ smooth and punctate, underside in male lacking erect hairs and postmental tubercle; antennal scape and segments 13 of funicle reddish brown, segments 4–7 and club usually dark brown; insertion of antennae on rostrum in apical ¾ in male, antemedian in female; scape slightly curved, gradually thickening towards apex, first segment of funicle elongate, in male slightly shorter than segments 2–4, in females longer than segments 2–4, segment 2 longer than wide, 3–7 transverse, gradually widening to width of club. PROTHORAX. Sub-trapezoidal (ratio w/l: 1.33), in male sides converging in straight or nearly straight line, in female moderately rounded, deeply bisinuous at base, concavely curved at apex; apical collar at base with a transverse row of black dots; disc in lateral view nearly flat, with a pair of large, deep foveae on either side of middle; integument with double punctuation, glabrous in appearance, with a very short pubescence mainly on sides on basal half; carina in lateral view weak towards base, sharply carinate on collar. ELYTRA. Widest near middle (ratio w/l: 0.70), in male not tectiform, base of interstria 4 slightly swollen, not raised to a tumour, apical ¾ of suture darker, lacking row of erect setae; interstria 10 in male flat, not inflated and lacking long erect setae, interstria 9 in female costate in basal half; striae as wide as width of interstriae or narrower, gradually fading apicad; stria 9 absent basally, starting from near height of fore coxae; dark stripe on elytra generally present on interstria 6 in basal half and between middle of interstriae 3 or 4 to 8 before declivity. LEGS. Integument pale yellow, occasionally darkened in fore and middle tibiae, mostly glabrous, with whitish suberect hairs in apical ¾ of tibiae and on tarsus; tibiae bisinuate on ventral side, with a small mucro apically; tarsi with first segment 0.5 × as long as segments 2+3; segment 3 deeply bilobate; segment 4 elongate, as long as 1+2+3; claws free, not apendiculate. ABDOMEN. Tergites 3–6 undivided on midline; tergite 7 strongly impinging into 6, with a row of granules on basal ¾ and about 15 granules on basal half visible at 50 × magnification; ventrites with short suberect, scattered whitish hairs; in male ventrites 1–2 deeply impressed, depression flanked by longer, semi-erect hairs. GENITALIA. Penis a little longer than combined length of last three ventrites, body about 2 × as long as wide (ratio w/l: 0.48), symmetrical, with relatively long, tapering apex (Fig. 4F); internal sac with a pair of small median sclerites. Life history All the specimens collected recently were found on the inflorescences of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) (JH pers. obs.). Distribution Angola (Amboim); Cameroon (Bota); Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lopori); Ghana (Egyirkom, Kumasi). Remarks Elaeidobius piliventris sp. nov. is distinguished in the male by sides of the ventral impression flanked by longer semi-erect hairs (Fig. 5 J–K). Females of E. piliventris sp. nov., E. pilimargo sp. nov. and E. singularis cannot be assigned to their specific males based on morphology of the current material of this study. Elaeidobius piliventris sp. nov. is closest to E. pilimargo sp. nov. (2.88% and 2.7–3.0% on COI and COII respectively) and E. singularis (2.6–2.9% on COII)., Published as part of Haran, Julien M., Beaudoin-Ollivier, Laurence, Benoit, Laure & Kuschel, Guillermo, 2020, Revision of the palm-pollinating weevil genus Elaeidobius Kuschel, 1952 (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Derelomini) with descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 684 on pages 17-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.684, http://zenodo.org/record/3959113, {"references":["Kuschel G. 1952. Los Curculionidae de la Cordillera Chileno-Argentina (1. a parte). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 2: 229 - 279.","Hustache A. 1924. Curculionides nouveaux du Congo. Partie 2. Revue de Zoologie et Botanique africaines 12: 43 - 89, 353 - 396.","Marshall G. A. K. 1950. LXV. - New Curculionidae (Col.) from tropical Africa. Journal of Natural History Series 12, 3 (33): 725 - 750. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935008654101","Faust J. 1898. Drei neue Derelomus - Arten von West-Afrika. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 224 - 226.","Fahraeus O. I. 1844. In: Schoenherr C. J. Genera et species curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. L. Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, O. J. Fahraeus, et entomologiis aliis illustratae. Tomus octavus. - Pars prima. Supplementum continens. Roret, Paris [Parisiis] / Fleischer, Leipzig [Lipsiae]."]}

Elaeidobius plagiatus (Fåhraeus, 1844) comb. nov. Figs 1G, 3C, 4G, 5 C–L, 7 Derelomus plagiatus Fåhraeus, 1844: 94. Derelomus ciliatus Hustache, 1924: 74 [syn. by Marshall 1930: 575]. Material examined Lectotype BETWEEN GHANA AND CONGO RIVER • ♀; “Guinea. Westermann” “ ♀ ” “ Typus ” “ Derelomus plagiatus (Fahr. 1844) Kuschel 2007 ” “ Holotype ♀ Derelomus plagiatus Fahraeus 1844 Kuschel 2007 ” “ NHRS-JLKB000065509 ” “ Lectotype ♀ Derelomus plagiatus Fahraeus 1844 Haran 2020 ”; NHRS. Other material ANGOLA • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; CE Salazar; 9.16º S, 14.55º E; 14 May 1973; Carvalho leg.; oil palm inflorescence; TMP. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO • 1 ♂, lectotype of Derelomus ciliatus Hustache, 1924 [here designated], labelled as “ Elaeidobius plagiatus (Fåhraeus 1844) Kuschel 2009 ”; Haut-Uelé, Moto; 1922; L. Burgeon leg. MRAC • 1 ♂, paralectotype of Derelomus ciliatus Hustache, 1924 [labelled as] “ Elaeidobius plagiatus (Fåhraeus 1844) Kuschel 2009 ”; same collection data as for preceding; MRAC • 1 ♂, paralectotype of Derelomus ciliatus Hustache, 1924, [labelled as] “ Elaeidobius plagiatus (Fåhraeus 1844) Kuschel 2009 ”; Kindu; Nov. 1913; L. Burgeon leg.; MRAC. GHANA • 3 ♀♀; Western region, Pretsea; 4.55º N, 1.52º W; 30 m a.s.l.; 26 Aug. 1967; Endrödy- Younga leg.; beating oil palms; TMP • 2 ♂♂; Godbe; 2015; on inflorescences of E. guineensis; JHAR00283_0102/0103; CBGP. NIGERIA • 1 ♂; Obaretin; 2006; JHAR00272_0103; CBGP. CAMEROON • 1 ♂; Edu Ngat; 2008; JHAR00291_0101; CBGP • 1 ♂; Kienké; 2009; JHAR00293_0101; CBGP. Diagnosis (♂ ♀) BODY LENGTH. 2.1–3.4 mm. COLOUR. Yellowish or pale reddish brown; reddish or dark brown on head, rostrum, underside, a large trapezoidal central area on pronotum, a stripe on interstria 6 in basal half and an oblique band between interstriae 3 or 4 to 8 before declivity; male with long erect setae on elytral margins and erect setae on suture and swelling at the base of interstria 4. HEAD. Forehead in male sharply carinate on sides near eyes, flat or impressed, in female not or obsoletely carinate on sides, not impressed; rostrum in male as long as prothorax, or a fraction longer, robust, moderately downcurved, without erect hairs or tubercle on underside, in female 1.5 × as long as prothorax. PROTHORAX. Trapezoidal, with nearly straight sides; disc nearly flat in lateral view, medially with two shallow impressions and two vague impressions between middle and apex; median impressions with small fovea on either side of middle; marginal carina in male obsolescent at least on basal half, carinate at apex near collar, distinctly projecting forward. ELYTRA. In both sexes shiny, with slightly rounded sides, widest near middle, in male tectiform, distinctly sloping to the sides; striae gradually fading towards apex; base of interstria 4 in male not or slightly tumescent, with erect setae on the swelling similar to those on suture; interstria 9 in male swollen and bearing long erect setae throughout, in female costate on basal half, here rendering stria 8. ABDOMEN. Tergites well-pigmented, entire; tergite 7 advancing strongly forward, with 9–11 plectral granules. GENITALIA. Penis nearly as long as combined length of last 3 ventrites, Body symmetrical, 3.3 × as long as apodemes, about 3 × as long as than wide (ratio w/l: 0.32), with rather large frena (Fig. 4G). Life history In inflorescences of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) (Mariau & Genty 1988). Distribution Benin (Cotonou, Lobé); Cameroon (Bota, Kienke, Mbalmayo, Moliwe, Tiko); Democratic Republic of Congo (Beni: Ituri Forest, Haut-Lopori, Haut-Uelé: Moto, Kindu, Yambula); Ghana (Aburi, Accra, Kumasi); Nigeria (Ibadan, Ife); Togo (Kolo) Remarks Elaeidobius plagiatus is distinguished in the male by long erect setae on margin of elytra, on suture and at base of interstria 4, in female by a large dark trapezoidal central area on the pronotum and a rather wide apical half of the foretibiae. The usually long marginal erect setae of males can be very short as well, as is the case with the paralectotype of D. ciliatus from Kindu (Congo) that Hustache took to be a female. Such males are also observed in low proportions in Angola. Elaeidobius plagiatus was described by Fåhraeus as Derelomus plagiatus from “ Guinea ”, an area that comprised the current zone between Ghana and the Congo River. In the collection of Fåhraeus housed at NHRS, a female specimen with the locality “ Guinea Westermann” and bearing a red “Typus” label was located. As no particular holotype specimen was designated in the original description, this specimen was designated as the lectotype for Derelomus plagiatus Fåhraeus, 1844 and labelled accordingly. Derelomus ciliatus Hustache, 1924 was described based on a series of individuals from two localities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Uelé, Moto, 1922 and Kindu, 1913). This species was later put in synonymy with D. plagiatus Fåhraeus (= Elaeidobius plagiatus Fåhraeus) by Marshall (1930) but no particular specimen from these series was designated as holotype. In the collections of the MRAC, three male specimens from these localities and bearing the red labels “ Holotypus ” and “ Paratypus ” were located. The specimen from Haut-Uelé and bearing the label “ Holotypus ” is here designated as the lectotype for D. ciliatus Hustache. The second specimen from Haut-Uelé and the one from Kindu, both bearing the label “ Paratypus ” are labelled as paralectotypes for this species., Published as part of Haran, Julien M., Beaudoin-Ollivier, Laurence, Benoit, Laure & Kuschel, Guillermo, 2020, Revision of the palm-pollinating weevil genus Elaeidobius Kuschel, 1952 (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Derelomini) with descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 684 on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.684, http://zenodo.org/record/3959113, {"references":["Fahraeus O. I. 1844. In: Schoenherr C. J. Genera et species curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. L. Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, O. J. Fahraeus, et entomologiis aliis illustratae. Tomus octavus. - Pars prima. Supplementum continens. Roret, Paris [Parisiis] / Fleischer, Leipzig [Lipsiae].","Hustache A. 1924. Curculionides nouveaux du Congo. Partie 2. Revue de Zoologie et Botanique africaines 12: 43 - 89, 353 - 396.","Marshall G. A. K. 1930. LVIII. - New Curculionidae, with notes on synonymy. Journal of Natural History Series 10, 6 (35): 551 - 577. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933008673252","Haran J., Ndzana Abanda R. F. X., Benoit L., Bakoume C. & Ollivier L. 2020. Multilocus phylogeography of the world populations of Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), pollinator of the palm Elaeis guineensis. Bulletin of Entomological Research. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485320000218","Mariau D. & Genty P. 1988. IRHO contribution to the study of oil palm insect pollinators in Africa, South- America and Indonesia. Oleagineux 43: 233 - 240."]}

Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust, 1898) comb. nov. Figs 1D, 2D, 4D, 5I Derelomus kamerunicus Faust, 1898: 225. Derelomus callosus Hustache, 1924: 76 [syn. by Marshall 1930: 575]. Derelomus congoanus Hustache, 1924: 77 [syn. by Marshall 1930: 575]. Material examined Holotype CAMEROON • ♀; “Kamerun. Kraatz” “ kamerunicus Fst. ” “ type ” “Coll. J. Faust. Aukauf 1900” “Staatl. Museum für. Tierkunde Dresden” “ Holotype ♀. Derelomus kamerunicus Faust, 1898. Kuschel 2013” “ Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust, 1898). Kuschel 2013”; MTD. Other material CAMEROON • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Edu Ngat; 2008; JHAR00209_0101; CBGP. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO • 1 ♂, lectotype of Derelomus callosus Hustache, 1924 [here designated], labelled as “ Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust 1898). Kuschel 2009”; Yambata; 10 Dec. 1912; R. Mayné leg.; MRAC • 2 ♂♂, paralectotypes of Derelomus callosus Hustache, 1924, labelled as “ Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust 1898). Kuschel 2009”; Kindu; Nov. 1913; L. Burgeon leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀, lectotype of Derelomus congoanus Hustache, 1924 [here designated], labelled as “ Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust 1898). Kuschel 2009”; Haut-Uelé, Moto; 1920; L. Burgeon leg.; MRAC • 8 ♀♀, paralectotypes of Derelomus congoanus Hustache, 1924 [here designated], labelled as “ Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust 1898). Kuschel 2009”; Yambata; 10 Dec. 1912; R. Mayné leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Mobwasa; 30 Nov. 1912; R. Mayné leg.; MRAC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Haut-Uelé, Moto; 1922; L. Burgeon leg.; MRAC • 1 ♀; Kindu; Nov. 1913; L. Burgeon leg.; MRAC. Other specimens identified and labelled by G. Kuschel in MRAC, MNHN, NHMUK, NZAC, MTD, USNM and ZMB. ANGOLA • 12 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀; CE Salazar; 9.16º S, 14.55º E; 14 May 1973; Carvalho leg.; oil palm inflorescence; TMP. Diagnosis (♂ ♀) BODY LENGTH. 2.5–3.5 mm. COLOUR. Dull dark brown, elytra with large yellow or reddish brown spot on either side at apex and on all or part of base, in male with long erect setae on margins, erect setae and a setiferous tuft on suture. HEAD. Forehead in male with prominent carinae against eyes and depressed between them, in female with low or obsolescent carina and not depressed; rostrum in male 1.1 × as short as prothorax, in female 1.5 × as long as prothorax, cylindrical, 5-carinate in basal half, underside in male with short erect hairs and no postmental tubercle. PROTHORAX. Disc in lateral view nearly flat, usually with minute fovea on either side of middle; carina fine, in male obsolete or obsolescent on basal half, ending in prominent, somewhat auriculate carina without constriction at base of collar. ELYTRA. In male alutaceous, dull, moderately curved from shoulders to apex; base of interstria 4 usually raised to a yellow tumour or swelling bare of erect hairs; apical ¾ of sutural interstria raised, bearing long erect setae; interstria 9 in male swollen, somewhat inflated, bearing long curved erect setae, in female costate, with costa flat, not continued to apex. ABDOMEN. Tergites heavily pigmented; tergite 7 strongly advancing forward against 6 in middle, with well-pigmented stridulatory rods, each rod containing about 15 granules. GENITALIA. Penis as long as last three ventrites; body about 3 × longer than wide (ratio w/l: 0.36), symmetrical, sides sub-parallel, relatively broadly rounded at apex (Fig. 4D); with small median sclerites in the body. Life history On and in flowers of Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae), the oil palm. Males and females show a peak of flight activity around the inflorescences between 3 and 6 hours after sunrise (Auffray et al. 2017). Distribution Benin (Cotonou, Dassa, Niaouli, Pob è); Cameroon (Edu Ngat, Kienke, Moliwe, N´Kongsamba); Democratic Republic of Congo (Beni: Ituri Forest, Haut-Uelé: Moto, Kindu, Mobwasa, Yambata, Yambula); Gabon (Kome Estate); Ghana (Kwae); Ivory Coast (Bonoua, Lamé); Madagascar (Melville); Nigeria (Ibaden, Obaretin, Cowan); Togo (Kloto). Introduced to other countries to aid pollination of oil palms in plantations: Americas: Brazil (Moju); Colombia (Campo Allegre, Finca la Roca, Girardot, La Cabana, Palmar del Casanare); Ecuador (Shushufindi); Guatemala (Tecum Uman); Peru (Palmas de Shanusi). Asia: Burma (Thanintharyi); Indonesia (Aek Loba, Bangun Bandar, Kota Gelanggi, Lae Butar, Mata Pao, Negeri Lama, Seumanyam, Sungei Liput, Tanah Gambus, Bangka, Belitung, Kalimantan Center, East Kalimantan, Lampung, North Sumatra, Papua, Riau, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, South Sumatra); Malaysia (Tun Razak); Thailand (Banhariz, Sji Nigena Toem, Koandi, Konho, Krabi Noi). Remarks Elaeidobius kamerunicus is distinctive in its dark body colour and yellow spots on elytra. This species is being imported by increasing numbers of countries to facilitate pollination of oil palms in plantations (Syed 1982). In its native range, E. kamerunicus exhibits two genetically differentiated populations that are roughly distributed on each side of the cameroon volcanic line (Haran et al. 2020). This taxon was described based on a single female from Cameroon without more detailed indications. In the collection of J. Faust housed at MTD, we found this specimen with the identification “ kamerunicus ” and bearing a red “type” label. This specimen is the holotype of Derelomus kamerunicus Faust, 1898 and was labelled accordingly. Derelomus callosus Hustache, 1924 was described based on a series of individuals from two localities of the Democratic Republic of Congo (Yambata, 10 Dec. 1912 and Kindu, Nov. 1913). This species was later put in synonymy with D. kamerunicus (= Elaeidobius kamerunicus) by Marshall (1930), but no particular specimen from these series was designated as holotype. In the collections of the MRAC, three male specimens from these localities and bearing the red labels “ Holotypus ” and “ Paratypus ” were located. The specimen from Yambata and bearing the label “ Holotypus ” is here designated as the lectotype for D. callosus. The two specimens from Kindu and bearing the label “ Paratypus ” are labelled as paralectotypes. Derelomus congoanus was described based on a series of individuals from two localities of the Democratic Republic of Congo (Yambata, 10 Dec. 1912 and Haut-Uelé, Moto, 1920). This species was also put in synonymy with D. kamerunicus (= Elaeidobius kamerunicus) by Marshall (1930). The specimens used to describe Derelomus congoanus are in fact females of Elaeidobius kamerunicus that Hustache took to be a distinct species. As for the previous species, no particular specimen from the type series was designated as holotype. In the collection of the MRAC, one female from Haut-Uelé (1920) and bearing a red label “ Holotypus ” was located. It is here designated as the lectotype of Derelomus congoanus and labelled accordingly. In the same collection, 8 females from Yambata (10 Dec. 1912) and bearing a red “ Paratypus ” label were labelled as paralectotypes of this species.

Key to the genera of Derelomini found on inflorescences of Afrotropical Arecaceae 1. Eyes convex, the external margin exceeding the contour of head in dorsal view. On inflorescences of Arecaceae and various Dicotyledonous plants.................................... Derelomus Schoenherr, 1825 – Eyes flat, following contour of head. On inflorescences of Elaeis guineensis Jacq......................... 2 2. Body integument (head, prothorax and elytra) entirely dark brown............. Prosoestus Faust, 1899 – Body integument at least partly yellow................................................... Elaeidobius Kuschel, 1952, Published as part of Haran, Julien M., Beaudoin-Ollivier, Laurence, Benoit, Laure & Kuschel, Guillermo, 2020, Revision of the palm-pollinating weevil genus Elaeidobius Kuschel, 1952 (Curculionidae, Curculioninae, Derelomini) with descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-32 in European Journal of Taxonomy 684 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.684, http://zenodo.org/record/3959113, {"references":["Kuschel G. 1952. Los Curculionidae de la Cordillera Chileno-Argentina (1. a parte). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 2: 229 - 279."]}

Key to species of Phlyctinus 1. Ventrites 1 and 5 of male with erect golden setae forming two circular tufts (Fig. 3B); cavity of ventrite 5 extending over apical ������5 of length, ventrites 2���4 with elongate tubercles at base of scales; external margin of eyes round, surface slightly conical in dorsal view (Fig. 1B). On Asteraceae in coastal habitats.............................................................................. Phlyctinus grootbosensis sp. nov. ��� Ventrites 1 and 5 of male with setae more or less erect but not forming dense tufts (Fig. 3A, C), cavity of ventrite 5 extending only over apical ⅔ of length, integument of ventrites 2���4 smooth, lacking elongate tubercles at base of scales; external margin of eyes rounded, surface slightly conical or strongly conical in dorsal view (Fig. 1A, E)................................................................................ 2 2. Cavity of ventrite 5 of male with erect setae along whole length of median area (Fig. 3C); body length> 7 mm; elytra of female with large tubercles and usually a contrasting transverse pale band on declivity (Fig. 1C); scales on prothorax dense, concealing integument, leaving only tubercles at base of setae and median carina visible; body of penis short, 0.5 �� as long as apodemes; endophallus with a sclerotised plate forming a square angle below base of body of penis (Fig. 2C). Polyphagous, in inland valleys of Worcester region................................................ Phlyctinus xerophilus sp. nov. ��� Cavity of ventrite 5 of male lacking erect setae in middle, or only present in basal half (Fig. 3A, D); body length Phlyctinus callosus (Schoenherr, 1826) ��� Scales of elytra only elliptical in 95% of specimens (Fig. 3F); elytra with tubercles on declivity absent or very reduced on interstriae 3���5���7; eyes very protruding, with a conical surface, or not, in dorsal view (Fig. 1 D���F); prothorax regularly convex, without cuticular depression; in female transverse band of elytra generally reduced to interstriae 1���3 (Fig. 1D, F) or lacking (Fig. 1E). Coastal habitats of the Kogelberg Nature Reserve ........................................................................... 4 4. Body integument covered with homogeneous greyish scales, a few paler spots scattered on elytra (Fig. 1E); eye margin round in dorsal view, or angled (Fig. 1E); body of penis widest near base, sides almost straight, converging apicad (Fig. 2E)......................................... Phlyctinus littoralis sp. nov. ��� Body integument covered with brown, black or pearly green scales forming more or less contrasting patterns (Fig. 1D, F); eyes protruding, surface distinctly conical in dorsal view (Fig. 1D, F); body of penis with sides convex, widest near basal �� or near middle of length (Fig. 2D, F)....................... 5 5. Integument of prothorax with a smooth, shiny and very distinct carina in middle of length; vestiture of elytra forming a few ill-defined paler spots in addition to transverse band, this not always visible (Fig. 1F); erect scales on ventrites 1���4 shorter than claws; copulatory sclerite with setae at base of left arm (Fig. 2F).................................................................................. Phlyctinus aloevorus sp. nov. ��� Integument of prothorax densely punctate, lacking longitudinal carina; vestiture of elytra with contrasting scattered pale spots in addition to transverse band (Fig. 1D); erect scales on ventrites 1���4 longer than claws; copulatory sclerite lacking setae at base of left arm (Fig. 2D)...................... .......................................................................................................... Phlyctinus planithorax sp. nov., Published as part of Haran, Julien M., Hansen, Steffan, Benoit, Laure & Cbgp, Pia Addison, 2020, Description of five new species in the genus Phlyctinus Schoenherr (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): a first step in deciphering the P. callosus complex, pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 669 on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.669, http://zenodo.org/record/3900298, {"references":["Schoenherr C. J. 1826. Curculionidum Dispositio Methodica, cum Generum Characteribus, Descriptionibus atque Observationibus variis, seu Prodromus ad Synonymiae Insectorum, Partem IV. Fleischer, Leipzig [Lipsiae]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9327"]}

Phlyctinus aloevorus Haran sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 28603A47-8AF4-4676-A2E2-BC82092AD72A Figs 1F, 2F, 4 I���J Etymology This species name is formed from the genus name of its main host plant, Aloe arborescens Mill., on which it causes distinct feeding damage. Material examined Holotype REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA ��� ♂; Western Cape province, Betty���s Bay; 34��21.145�� S, 18��54.765�� E; 23 Mar. 2019; J. Haran leg.; on Aloe arborescens; CBGP code JHAR02252; SAMC. Paratypes REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA ��� Western Cape province ��� 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CBGP ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; SAMC ��� 3 specs; Betty���s Bay, Botanical Garden; 34��21��04.20�� S, 18��55��37.73�� E; 24 Nov. 2019; J. Haran leg.; on Aloe arborescens; CBGP code JHAR03063; CBGP (ethanol coll.) ��� 1 ♂, 6 specs; Kleinmond; 34��20��33.70�� S, 19��00��53.47�� E; 24 Nov. 2019; J. Haran leg.; on Aloe arborescens and Carpobrotus edulis; CBGP code JHAR03064; CBGP (ethanol coll.). Description BODY LENGTH. 5.5���6.5 mm. COLOUR. Body integument dark red, head and prothorax darker, usually black; vestiture of elytra with elliptic elongate scales, twice as long as wide, not concealing integument; scales brown with scattered ill-defined paler spots, in females with a pale transverse band on apical �� of interstriae 1���3. HEAD. Rostrum longer than wide (w/l ratio: 0.72) in both sexes, at base as wide as at apex, sides slightly concave near middle of length; epifrons slightly narrower in middle of length than width of eye in dorsal view, at base slightly narrower than distance between eyes, sides subparallel, slightly widening apicad, upper face with a longitudinal carina extending from basal transverse groove to nasal plate, visible through scales; nasal plate V-shaped, reaching level of antennal insertion basally, bare of scales, with only minute setae inserted in scattered punctures and 3 pairs of long setae apically near insertion of mandibles (2 short and 1 very long); antennal scrobes slightly curved in lateral view, directed to middle of eye, separated from it by a strip of scales half to �� narrower than diameter of eye; mandibles trisetose, bare of scales. Forehead with a short longitudinal furrow between eyes, scales and setae arranged centripetally towards a point below base of eyes; eyes protruding, margin rounded, surface moderately conical in dorsal view. Antennae slender, scape 0.7 �� as long as funicle, bisinuate, subclavate at apex, exceeding anterior margin of prothorax in repose; funicle with segments 1���2 elongate, 1 slightly shorter (0.87 ��) than 2, segments 3���6 longer than wide, conical, shortening apicad, segment 7 longer and slightly wider than 6; club spindle-shaped, segment 1 longer than 2, margins slightly sinuous. PROTHORAX. Slightly wider than long (w/l ratio: 1.18), widest before middle of length, apical margin 0.7 �� as wide as basal margin, sides rounded, apical half slightly concave; integument densely punctate, with shiny elongate concentric ridges and a median carina; upper face regularly convex, lacking cuticular depression. ELYTRA. Sides convex, widest near middle of length (ratio w/l: 0.79���0.83), integument finely punctate and reticulate, shiny, interstriae raised, 3���4�� as wide as width of striae in basal half; large declivital callosities absent or very reduced in apical �� of interstriae 3, 5 and 7; each interstria with a series of semi-erect, elongate pale brown scales, slightly more condensed on callosities. ABDOMEN. Underside with scattered scales similar to those on elytra, not concealing integument; ventrite 1 shorter than 2+3+4, slightly convex in middle (♀) or concave with sub-erect setae shorter than claws (♂), ventrite 5 longer than 3+4, with recumbent elongate setae in middle and near apex and a weak longitudinal carina near apex (♀) or with a large cavity extending over apical ��, with long erect setae mainly condensed at middle of basal margin of cavity and a brush on each side of apical margin; bottom of cavity with a few short recumbent or semi-erect setae (♂). LEGS. Femora clavate, unarmed, with double vestiture of recumbent and semi-erect greyish scales; tibiae straight, unarmed, slightly bisinuate on ventral side; claws simple, free, equal in length. GENITALIA. Body of penis elongate, 0.75 �� as long as apodemes, sides convex, widest slightly before middle of length (w/l ratio: 0.36), in lateral view curvature weak, stronger near base (Fig. 2F); copulatory sclerite with left arm longer than body, bearing setae at base; comb of right arm with setae converging, curved, straight at apex; right area of body slightly wider than left area. Sexual dimorphism Males may be distinguished externally from females by the homogenous elytral vestiture (with a transverse pale band in apical �� in females), and the cavity and erect setae on ventrite 5. Life history Phlyctinus aloevorus sp. nov. (Fig. 4I) forms large populations on Aloe arborescens (Asphodelaceae) and, to a lesser extent, on Carpobrotus edulis (Aizoaceae). Contrary to other species of the genus, which spend the day sheltering in the leaf litter, P. aloevorus sp. nov. was found hidden between the young leaves of Aloe L. during the day (Fig. 4J), feeding mainly on flower peduncles (Fig. 4J). Adults were collected in March and November. Distribution This species was only found at various limited locations on the Cape coast between Betty���s Bay and Hermanus. Remarks Phlyctinus aloevorus sp. nov. belongs to the P. littoralis sp. nov. species group, in which it is closest to P. planithorax sp. nov. (see discussion under that species for distinguishing characters). It can easily be distinguished from specimens of P. littoralis sp. nov. by the presence of a distinct median carina on the prothorax. Both species show an uncorrected p-distance of 5.3%., Published as part of Haran, Julien M., Hansen, Steffan, Benoit, Laure & Cbgp, Pia Addison, 2020, Description of five new species in the genus Phlyctinus Schoenherr (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): a first step in deciphering the P. callosus complex, pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 669 on pages 21-24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.669, http://zenodo.org/record/3900298, {"references":["Schoenherr C. J. 1826. Curculionidum Dispositio Methodica, cum Generum Characteribus, Descriptionibus atque Observationibus variis, seu Prodromus ad Synonymiae Insectorum, Partem IV. Fleischer, Leipzig [Lipsiae]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9327"]}

Phlyctinus grootbosensis Haran sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E9F2C348-E57C-4B83-A464-7E6F1896BF12 Figs 1B, 2B, 3B, 4C Etymology This species is named in reference to its type locality, the Grootbos Private Nature Reserve.As knowledge stands, this species is endemic to this place. Material examined Holotype REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA ��� ♂; Western Cape province, Gansbaai, Grootbos Private Nature Reserve: 34��32.356�� S, 19��24.683�� E; 6 Jun. 2018; J. Haran leg.; at base of Senecio burchellii DC.; CBGP code JHAR01082; SAMC. Paratypes REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 34��31.609�� S, 19��29.453�� E; 10 Aug. 2018; J. Haran leg.; sweeping by night, on Osteospermum moniliferum; CBGP code JHAR01300; SAMC ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; BMNH ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CBGP ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; SANC ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; SUIC. 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; TMSA. Description BODY LENGTH. 5.2���6.5 mm. COLOUR. Body integument black, legs black to dark red; vestiture of elytra consisting of a mixture of scales, either isodiametric to twice as long as wide, pearly white or smaller, 3�� as long as wide, brown, not concealing the integument; pearly white scales forming series of pale dots on interstriae or illdefined transverse bands, and a band on basal half of sides of prothorax. HEAD. Rostrum longer than wide (w/l ratio: 0.67) in both sexes, at base 1.05 �� as wide as at apex, sides slightly concave near middle of length; epifrons in middle as wide as width of eye, at base narrower than distance between eyes, sides subparallel, slightly expanding apicad, upper face with a longitudinal carina extending from basal transversal groove to nasal plate, visible through scales; nasal plate V-shaped, reaching level of antennal insertion basally, bare of scales, with only minute setae inserted in scattered punctures and 3 pairs of long setae apically near insertion of mandibles (2 short and 1 very long); antennal scrobes slightly curved in lateral view, directed to middle of eye, separated from it by a strip of scales �� as wide as width of eyes; mandibles trisetose, bare of scales. Forehead with a short longitudinal furrow between eyes, scales and setae arranged centripetally towards a point below base of eyes; eyes moderately protruding, margin slightly more convex basally than apically. Antennae slender, scape 0.70 �� as long as funicle, slightly bisinuate, subclavate at apex, exceeding anterior margin of prothorax in repose; funicle with segments 1���2 elongate, 1 shorter (0.82��) than 2, segments 3���6 longer than wide, conical, shortening apicad, segment 7 longer and slightly wider than 6; club spindle-shaped, segment 1 longer than 2, margins slightly sinuous. PROTHORAX. Slightly wider than long (w/l ratio: 1.16), widest slightly before middle of length, apical margin 0.58 �� as wide as at base, sides sub-straight in apical and basal ��, almost angular at widest point; integument forming a dense cover of elongate granules forming concentric ellipses around a point located on basal �� of median line and a pair of slight depressions on each side of this point; median carina absent, integument not forming a smooth and shiny ridge. ELYTRA. Sides convex, widest before middle of length (w/l ratio: 0.72���0.77), integument smooth or weakly reticulate, shiny or matt, interstriae raised, 2���4 �� as wide as width of striae in basal half; declivital callosities present on apical �� of interstriae 3, 5 and 7 and smaller ones on 2, 4, 6 and 8; each interstria with a series of semi-erect, elongate whitish scales, condensed on callosities. ABDOMEN. Underside with pearly green or pearly white scales, not concealing integument, not condensed on metanepisterna; ventrite 1 slightly shorter than 2+3+ 4, slightly convex in middle (♀), or concave with very long, erect golden setae much longer than claws (♂), ventrite 5 longer than 3+4, with erect setae in middle and near apex and a reticulate ridge near apex (♀) or with a large cavity in apical ������5, with long erect setae, similar to those on ventrite 1, condensed on 2 brushes on each side of margin of cavity; setae in bottom of cavity erect, golden, shorter than those on margin (♂) (Fig. 3B); in males, middle of ventrites 1���4 with an elongate cuticular ridge at base of setae. LEGS. Femora clavate, unarmed, with a ring of more condensed pale scales near middle; tibiae straight, unarmed, slightly bisinuate on ventral side; in males apex of metatibia with a brush of golden setae ventrally; claws simple, free, equal in length. GENITALIA. Body of penis short, 0.6 �� as long as apodemes (w/l ratio: 0.48), sides subparallel in basal half, widest near base, concave in apical ��, tapering towards apex; apex pointed; in lateral view curvature weak, mainly in basal half, bisinuate near apex (Fig. 2B); copulatory sclerite with left arm shorter than body, bearing setae at base, comb of right arm with setae converging and forming a spiral; right area of body as wide as left area. Sexual dimorphism Males might be distinguished externally from females by the slightly more slender elytra and the two brushes of erect golden setae on ventrites 1 and 5. Life history This species was found to be abundant on and at the base of Osteospermum moniliferum, Senecio halimifolius L. and S. burchellii, which are probably its host plants (Fig. 4D). Distribution Phlyctinus grootbosensis sp. nov. is only known from the type locality, the Grootbos Private Nature Reserve near Gansbaai. Remarks Phlyctinus grootbosensis sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from other species by the long golden setae on ventrites 1 and 5 of the males. It is the darkest species of the genus and has the most strongly rounded eyes in dorsal view (more or less angled in the other species). Its body shape and colour resemble the dry fruits of Osteospermum moniliferum remarkably well (Fig. 4C)., Published as part of Haran, Julien M., Hansen, Steffan, Benoit, Laure & Cbgp, Pia Addison, 2020, Description of five new species in the genus Phlyctinus Schoenherr (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): a first step in deciphering the P. callosus complex, pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 669 on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.669, http://zenodo.org/record/3900298, {"references":["Schoenherr C. J. 1826. Curculionidum Dispositio Methodica, cum Generum Characteribus, Descriptionibus atque Observationibus variis, seu Prodromus ad Synonymiae Insectorum, Partem IV. Fleischer, Leipzig [Lipsiae]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9327"]}

Phlyctinus xerophilus Haran sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4B53AE34-6D14-4365-BD47-762A6596ED1B Figs 1C, 2C, 3C, 4B Etymology This species is named in reference to its known distribution range, which comprises dryer and warmer inland habitats than those of the other species of the genus. Material examined Holotype REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA • ♂; Western Cape province, De Doorns; 33º30.577ʹ S, 19º31.799ʹ E; 23 Jul. 2019; S. Hansen leg.; at base of Plantago lanceolata; CBGP code JHAR02442; SAMC. Paratypes REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA – Western Cape province • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; SAMC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Hex River valley, Idle Winds farm; 33º30.832ʹ S, 19º34.278ʹ E; 30 Jan. 2019; S. Hansen leg.; under vine bark in table grape vineyard; CBGP code JHAR02173; SUIC • 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 10 Dec. 2019; S. Hansen and J. Haran leg.; at base of table grape vineyard; CBGP code JHAR03097; CBGP • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; De Doorns; 33.28º S, 19.43º E; 18 Nov. 1982; R.G. Oberprieler and C.D. Eardley leg.; SANC • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Robertson; 33.28º S, 19.53º E; 18 Nov. 1983; A. Schwartz; SANC. Description BODY LENGTH. 7.0–8.0 mm. COLOUR. Body integument dark red, head and prothorax darker, usually black; vestiture of elytra consisting of a dense cover of small, elliptic scales, slightly longer than wide, not completely concealing integument; scales pale brown with spots of pearly green scales generally forming a transverse band in apical ⅔ of elytra, a short strip at base on 3 rd interstria, longitudinal bands on basal half of sides of prothorax and a few dots on apical margin of prothorax. HEAD. Rostrum longer than wide (w/l ratio: 0.80) in both sexes, base as wide as apex, sides slightly concave near middle of length; epifrons as wide at base as width of eye, at base narrower than distance between eyes, sides widening from base to apex, upper face with a longitudinal carina extending from basal transverse groove to nasal plate, visible through scales; nasal plate V-shaped, reaching level of antennal insertion basally, bare of scales, with short setae inserted in scattered punctures and 3 pairs of long setae apically near insertion of mandibles (2 short and 1 very long); antennal scrobes slightly curved in lateral view, directed to middle of eye, separated from it by a strip of scales as wide as diameter of eyes; mandibles trisetose, bare of scales. Forehead with a short longitudinal furrow between eyes, scales and setae arranged centripetally towards a point below base of eyes. Eyes protruding, surface almost conical in dorsal view. Antennae slender, scape 1.25 × as long as funicle, slightly bisinuate, subclavate at apex, exceeding anterior margin of prothorax in repose; funicle with segments 1–2 elongate, 1 shorter (0.70 ×) than 2, segments 3–7 longer than wide, conical, 3–5 shortening apicad, 5–6 widening apicad; club spindle-shaped, segment 1 longer than 2, margins slightly sinuous. PROTHORAX. Slightly wider than long (w/l ratio: 1.20), widest slightly before middle of length, apical margin 0.75 × as wide as base, sides rounded, apical half slightly concave; integument forming a dense cover of elongate granules orientated parallel to median carina and two slight depressions on each side of median carina; median carina raised, smooth and shiny, not reaching apical and basal margins of prothorax. ELYTRA. Sides slightly convex, widest before middle of length (w/l ratio: 0.73–0.77), integument smooth, shiny, finely punctate, interstriae raised, 2–4 × as wide as width of striae in basal half; large declivital callosities present on apical ¼ of interstriae 3, 5 and 7 and smaller ones on 2, 4, 6 and 8; each interstria with a series of semi-erect, elongate whitish scales, condensed on callosities. ABDOMEN. Underside with pearly green or pearly brown scales, not concealing integument, more condensed on metanepisterna; ventrite 1 shorter than 2+ 3+4, slightly convex in middle (♀) or concave with erect setae slightly shorter than claws (♂), ventrite 5 longer than 3+4, with erect setae in middle and near apex and a smooth longitudinal carina (♀) or with large cavity extending on apical ⅔, with long erect setae condensed on margins and along a longitudinal line at bottom of cavity (♂) (Fig. 3C). LEGS. Femora clavate, unarmed, with a ring of more condensed pale scales near middle; tibiae straight, unarmed, slightly bisinuate on ventral side; claws simple, free, equal in length. GENITALIA. Body of penis short, 0.5 × as long as apodemes, sides bisinuate, widest above middle of length, converging from there towards apex, apex pointed (w/l ratio: 0.50), in lateral view curvature weak and regular (Fig. 2C); endophallus with a sclerotised plate forming a square angle below base of body of penis; copulatory sclerite with left arm as long as body, strongly curved inwards, not bearing setae; comb of right arm with setae converging; right area of body wider than left area. Sexual dimorphism Males may be distinguished externally from females by the cavity and setae on ventrite 5. Life history Adults of P. xerophilus sp. nov. have been found at the base of vines and Plantago lanceolata plants in table grape vineyards (Fig. 4B). The host plants of the larvae are unknown. Adults were collected in January, July, September and December. Distribution As currently known, this species seems to occur naturally in the region of Robertson and the Hex River valley. Remarks Phlyctinus xerophilus sp. nov. is similar to P. callosus but differs from it by the erect setae along the median line of the cavity of ventrite 5 of the males (Fig. 3C). It is also slightly larger, more elongate and has larger elytral tubercles on the declivity than P. callosus. Females of the two species are difficult to distinguish morphologically. As knowledge stands, there seems to be only a small overlap between their distribution ranges and therefore the geographical origin of specimens can assist in their identification. The two species can also be distinguished using their COI sequences, which show divergences ranging from 9.2 to 9.8%. The sequencing of other specimens morphologically similar to P. xerophilus sp. nov. (Table 1) showed that this species contains at least four mitochondrial lineages (Fig. 5) found in populations from distinct localities. Uncorrected p-distances between all these lineages ranged from 5.5 and 8.5%. Preliminary observations made on series of specimens from these localities showed subtle morphological differences that suggest that this species could be a complex of closely related or cryptic species. A formal treatment of this complex has not been undertaken here due to limited fresh material available. It will be the focus of a future study. All specimens found to date run to P. xerophilus sp. nov. in the key provided. As knowledge stands, only the specimens described formally here as P. xerophilus sp. nov. are agricultural pests. Other specimens were found in natural or semi-natural habitats.

Phlyctinus callosus Boheman, 1934 (Curculionidae, Entiminae, Oosomini) is a species native from the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This pest causes economic damage to deciduous fruit during the adult stage and its quarantine status is strongly affecting fruit export markets. In addition to the damage caused within the country, it has spread to several areas of the Southern hemisphere via human mediated transportation. Phlyctinus callosus is presently considered as the only species of the genus Phlyctinus, however, slight morphological variation and the sporadic nature of this pest raised doubts on the present taxonomic status of this species. We applied an integrative taxonomic approach, combining the examination of external and internal morphological characters of adults and DNA sequencing (COI) of samples, to specimens from 23 localities of the Western Cape Province. Our preliminary results suggest that a total of 6 cryptic species are currently grouped under the name P. callosus. Diagnostic morphological features used to distinguish between species were found on the ventrites and genitalia of the males. Females cannot yet be distinguished reliably based on morphology. Uncorrected interspecific genetic distances based on COI sequences ranged from 3 to 11 %. Among the species of this complex, two were found in orchards and are causing damage. The other species were found in the surrounding, natural environment and seemed to be primarily associated with Asteraceae. More research is needed to explore the niche partitioning of each species, such as geographic distribution, hosts plant associations and phenology. More generally, this research highlights the importance of detailed integrative studies to identify functional taxonomic units of insect pests in agriculture.

The systematics of the genus Calliptamus mainly relies on the shape of the wing and phallic complex, and on color pattern of hind femora of males only. However, geographical variation in these morphological characters hinders species determination. These difficulties may explain why the species delimitation within the genus Calliptamus has been controversial, with numerous confusions, descriptions, synonymies and subspecies. The purpose of this research is to provide a taxonomic review of the genus Calliptamus, based on an integrative approach including morphological, molecular and biological data. Beyond laying the foundations for a revised classification, this project will unravel the historical biogeography of the genus. The Orthoptera Species File currently counts twelve species whose type depositories are known for the Palaearctic genus Calliptamus. We collected with success 9 species, represented by an average of 10 (from 1 to 25) individuals and 6 (from 1 to 17) localities. Since a phylogeny based on a few nuclear genes only may fail to resolve the basal relationships, we used the method of Restrictionsite- associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq), which showed promises to infer shallow relationships in insects. We showed a success of the method, despite the huge size for the genomes of Calliptamus sp., which we estimated to be ~7.65- 8.39 Gb. We confirmed the two clades defined on the basis of genitalia shape: a Northern group includes species from the cold and wet temperate regions of Eurasia (e.g. C. italicus) and a southern group includes species from the warm and dry mediterranean region (e.g. c. barbarus). we interpreted diversification within these two clades as the result of biogeographic factors, such as isolation in high mountain ranges and islands. We discovered that the species C. barbarus was not monophyletic and we used finer-scale sampling and the COI barcode to understand further its evolutionary history. Morphological analyses of numerous characters, including the hind wing, hind femur, shape of the pronotum and internal and external structures of the male genitalia, are in process to supplement genetic analyses.

Metabarcoding analysis of microbiota could help understand how Orthopteran species cope with challenges associated with environmental changes. Since microbial symbionts have a mutually beneficial relationship with its host and play important roles in the immune and physiological systems, they likely impact its ecology and evolution (i.e. plant range, life history, behaviour). In addition, the analysis of the complex pathogenic communities associated with locusts could be useful to discover unexplored pathogens and develop future research on biological control innovation. Yet, current knowledge of Orthopteran-associated microbial communities is limited. This is partly because recognizing cryptic, diverse, and numerous microorganisms hosted by insects is a difficult task. Despite the design of standard genes for their identification and the latest advances in high throughput sequencing, difficulties persist when we look at the microbiota of insects, including Orthopterans. (1) DNA purification is an essential step in all cultivationindependent approaches to characterize microbial diversity. Indeed, the microbial composition is mainly biased by the efficiency of cell lysis. (2) Another critical step for unbiased representation analysis and high taxonomic resolution is the choice of amplicon and primers. In particular, we showed that Enterobacteriacea, common in insects, were poorly resolved with some of currently used amplicons. (3) Moreover, in the case of phytophagous insects, it is necessary to avoid the amplification of plant remains contained in the digestive tract. In this study, we use (1) three mock community standards that contained equal and logarithmic numbers of eight species (ZymoBIOMICS), and equal numbers of twenty other species (ATCC), and (2) six samplesrepresenting the six main orders of insects (Orthoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera). On these dedicated samples, we first statistically evaluate the most commonly used DNA purification kit (Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue), two microorganisms-specific DNA purification kits (ZymoBIOMICS-96 bashing beads and DNeasy UltraClean 96 Microbial Kit) and two homemade procedures (bashing beads and enzymatic cocktails added to Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue). These methods are compared on the basis of DNA yield, DNA shearing, reproducibility, and most importantly representation of microbial diversityin 16S rRNA gene sequences. . Secondly, we are currently evaluating the taxonomic representativity and resolution of different 16S gene primers to avoid plant chloroplast genes amplifications. Second, we evaluate, using in silico analyses, (1) the PCR efficiency (representativity), (2) the taxonomic resolution and (3) the risk to amplify plant chloroplasts of already published primers on various variable regions of the 16S gene (V3, V4, V6, V9) and of the rpoB gene. We then test and validate in vitro the best primer candidates on the dedicated samples.

The millet head miner, Heliocheilus albipunctella(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a major constraint to millet production in sub-Saharan Africa. In the absence of any pesticide application by farmers, millet production relies on pest regulation by ecosystem service. However, the continued delivery of such ecosystem service is threatened by biodiversity loss due to simplification of land uses in agricultural landscapes. A better understanding of factors driving natural pest control is a major challenge for designing sustainable cropping systems. The objectiveof the present study was to assess the association between canopy openness in traditional tree-crop agroforestry systems, richness and abundance of birds and bats, and their role in the natural regulation of the millet head miner.Ten study sites were selected in a 50 km² area in the Peanut basin in Senegal. In each site, a couple of millet fields were selected according to canopy openness and tree species richness. Monitoring of birds and bats, pest regulation and crop damage were carried out. Nine insectivorous bird and bat species were observed and their predator status confirmed by direct observation or DNA analysis on feces. Bird's abundanceis enhanced by tree diversity at a local scale. Egg infestation of millet panicles was greater in open fields and negatively correlated with bird abundance. Grain losses were reduced when panicles were accessible to birds. Further research is needed to better understand relationships between trees, food webs and biological control.

International audience

National audience; Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera, Miridae) est une punaise prédatrice polyphage, largement utilisée en lutte biologique. Elle est à présent le principal auxiliaire pour lutter contre divers ravageurs en maraichage sous abris (aleurodes, acariens tétranyques, pucerons, Tuta absoluta…). Les producteurs utilisent de manière croissante le souci (Calendula officinalis) comme plante refuge pour maintenir et même accroitre les populations de M. pygmaeus pendant l’hiver. Cette punaise est capable de se nourrir de sa plante hôte, mais ses performances sont généralement améliorées lorsqu’elle dispose de proies. La compréhension des relations trophiques à l’œuvre sur souci est donc essentielle pour optimiser son efficacité. Cependant, l’étude des réseaux trophiques impliquant des espèces de Macrolophus rencontre plusieurs obstacles in natura. La première difficulté provient de la proximité morphologique entre les espèces de Macrolophus, qu’il est impossible de distinguer pour les non spécialistes ; le second obstacle réside dans la difficulté d’observer directement les relations proies-prédateurs sur ces organismes de taille réduite, notamment en hiver lorsque la ressource est limitée. Pour contourner ces verrous techniques, une approche de métabarcoding a été employée pour étudier les réseaux trophiques à l’œuvre sur des plants de soucis cultivés sous-abris à Alénya (Pyrénées-Orientales, France). Dans un premier temps, une base de données moléculaire a été construite pour l’ensemble des espèces d’arthropodes rencontrées sur soucis, dans le milieu étudié. Les traces d’ADN de ces espèces ont ensuite été recherchées dans le contenu digestif de 80 adultes et 80 juvéniles de Macrolophus prélevés sur les soucis. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence (1) la coexistence de plusieurs espèces de Macrolophus sur souci, (2) d’identifier les relations proies-prédateurs sur l’ensemble du système, avec un focus particulier sur la gamme de proies des Macrolophus durant l’hiver. Le succès de cette approche ouvre des perspectives prometteuses pour optimiser l’emploi d’agents de lutte biologique en culture sous abri.

National audience

Background: Pleistocene climatic oscillations led to range fluctuations in African rain forest organisms. Isolation of populations during the driest climatic phases resulted in genetic differentiation through mutation and drift. Recent re-expansion of the forest brought differentiated groups into secondary contact. We investigated whether past climate changes may have led to sufficient differentiation to trigger speciation in a central African rainforest tree, Barteria fistulosa (Passifloraceae). Method: We genotyped 765 individuals of B. fistulosa at 12 microsatellite loci and characterized the spatial genetic structure by using Bayesian clustering algorithms, isolation-by-distance analyses and clines of synthetic alleles. We used species niche modelling (environmental and soil variables) to investigate ecological variables associated with genetic discontinuities. Results: Trees showed a very steep genetic discontinuity between groups north and south of latitude 1°N. There was no evidence for effective gene flow between the two tree lineages in contact at the transition zone, despite the presence of a few hybrids. Niche modelling did not predict the occurrence of northern trees south of this genetic transition, and vice versa. The variable that contributed the most to niche differentiation was precipitation during the driest quarter of the year. Discussion: The genetic discontinuity near latitude 1°N is inferred to be a tension zone resulting from reproductive incompatibilities between previously allopatric tree lineages. This tension zone may have stabilized at a climatic transition (between boreal and austral seasonal regimes), and matches patterns of genetic structure previously observed in other forest plant species of the region, suggesting that a tension zone may separate distinct lineages of several central African forest plants near the thermal equator. Our results suggest that northern and southern lineages could be locally adapted to climatic parameters, even for species with a continuous distribution in this area, and thus may respond differently to climate change. Understanding spatial genetic structure may thus help refine prediction of species distribution under future climate conditions. (Texte intégral)

Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are enigmatic Old World primates whose social organization and ecology remain poorly known. Previous studies indicated, for example, that groups are composed of only adult females and their young or that several units composed of one adult male and several females make up larger permanent social units. Here, we present the first data on group composition and male ranging patterns from the only habituated wild mandrill group and examine how home range size and daily path length varied with environmental and demographic factors over a 15-month period. Our study site is located in southern Gabon where we followed the group on a daily basis, collecting data on presence, ranging, behavior, and parasite load of its individual members. Throughout the study, the group was made up of about 120 individuals, including several non-natal and natal adult and sub-adult males. One-male units were never observed. The mandrills traveled an estimated 0.44–6.50 km/day in a home range area of 866.7 ha. Exploratory analyses revealed that precipitation, the number of adult males present, and the richness of protozoan parasites were all positively correlated with daily path length. These results clarify the social system of mandrills and provide first insights into the factors that shape their ranging patterns.

International audience; Le sorgho repiqué a fait l’objet d’une large diffusion dans le bassin du lac Tchad au XXe siècle. Cette culture présente une forte diversité variétale. Les nomenclatures paysannes suggèrent des groupes géographiquement distincts, subdivisés en variétés locales selon des critères qui peuvent varier en fonction des sociétés. À partir d’une taxonomie simplifiée en langue véhiculaire (fulfulde) et de la structure des diversités agro-morphologique et génétique du sorgho repiqué, nous montrons que la variation repose moins sur la définition de catégories taxonomiques intermédiaires (groupes variétaux) que sur celle, plus fine, de taxons terminaux en langues locales (types nommés). Cela est expliqué à l’échelle locale par les pratiques de sélection et de gestion variétale des agriculteurs. La proximité génétique des sorghos repiqués avec certaines populations de sorgho pluvial apporte de nouveaux éléments soutenant les hypothèses sur l’histoire évolutive des sorghos repiqués. L’association du sorgho repiqué à plusieurs clusters génétiques et plusieurs haplotypes chloroplastiques, la circulation régionale relativement récente ainsi que le statut de vivrier marchand du sorgho repiqué ne permettent pas de tracer des frontières géographiques ou culturelles dans la répartition actuelle du sorgho repiqué.

Genetic diversity of contemporary domesticated species is shaped by both natural and human-driven processes. However, until now, little is known about how domestication has imprinted the variation of fruit tree species. In this study, we reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of the domesticated almond tree, Prunus dulcis, around the Mediterranean basin, using a combination of nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites [i.e. simple sequence repeat (SSRs)] to investigate patterns of genetic diversity. Whereas conservative chloroplast SSRs show a widespread haplotype and rare locally distributed variants, nuclear SSRs show a pattern of isolation by distance with clines of diversity from the East to the West of the Mediterranean basin, while Bayesian genetic clustering reveals a substantial longitudinal genetic structure. Both kinds of markers thus support a single domestication event, in the eastern side of the Mediterranean basin. In addition, model-based estimation of the timing of genetic divergence among those clusters is estimated sometime during the Holocene, a result that is compatible with human-mediated dispersal of almond tree out of its centre of origin. Still, the detection of region-specific alleles suggests that gene flow from relictual wild preglacial populations (in North Africa) or from wild counterparts (in the Near East) could account for a fraction of the diversity observed.

Dans le genre Entandrophragma, l'étude a été centrée sur les cinq taxons rencontrés en forêt dense humide de terre ferme et de basse altitude (E. angolense et congoense, E. candollei, E. cylindricum, E. utile). Les autres espèces du genre sont situées dans des milieux forestiers (deux d'entre elles) et, souvent, dans le domaine des savanes et forêts claires. Les premières analyses génétiques montrent que ces taxons de forêts denses humides sont proches, plus particulièrement E. cylindricum et E. utile. Deux taxons, placés en synonymie par certains botanistes, E. angolense et E. congoense, n'ont pas pu être différenciés à ce stade. Concernant le genre Dacryodes, les premières analyses phylogénétiques des espèces africaines indiquent qu'elles sont également proches génétiquement ; toutes sont des espèces de forêts denses humides, y compris celles de la région congolaise. Ainsi, les mitotypes dominants (NAD712) pour D. buettneri, D. edulis, D. klaineana, D. igaganga, D. macrophylla et D. normandii sont identiques. Un deuxième mitotype est commun à D. buettneri et à D. edulis. Les autres mitotypes sont rares. L'ADN chloroplastique (rpl16) montre une plus grande variation mais les données sont moins nombreuses. On remarque une très forte différenciation entre deux chlorotypes rencontrés chez D. edulis, même au sein d'une même population cultivée. Des analyses génétiques supplémentaires sont encore nécessaires afin d'évaluer plus précisément les relations et les distances génétiques entre les espèces telles que définies par les botanistes. (Texte intégral)