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Pour sécuriser les revenus agricoles des producteurs béninois, des mécanismes de financement sont mis en place dans la production d’anacarde. La présente étude identifie les déterminants de l’accès au financement par les producteurs d’anacarde. A cet elffet, des données socioéconomiques ont été collectées par enquête auprès de 160 producteurs de noix de cajou choisis aléatoirement dans deux communes du Nord-Bénin. La statistique descriptive a été utilisée pour caractériser les types de financement. Un modèle de régression Logit binaire a été estimé pour déterminer les variables influençant l’accès aux crédits par les producteurs d’anacarde. Les principaux résultats de cette étude indiquent trois types de financement sont obtenus par les producteurs d’anacarde et financés par divers acteurs. Le sexe, l'âge, l'appartenance à une organisation, les contacts avec les services de vulgarisation et la formation à la production d’anacarde déterminent l'accès au crédit agricole au nord du Bénin. Enfin, a promotion du financement agricole dans la zone d’étude permettra de réguler la capacité à introduire l’agroforesterie dans l’exploitation agricole dans le contexte d’amélioration des conditions de vie et la protection des sols. English title: Determinants of access to agricultural credits by casnacard growers in north Benin In order to secure the agricultural income of producers in Benin, agricultural financing mechanisms have been put in place in cashew production. This study aimed at identifying the determinants of access to finance by cashew producers. To this end, socioeconomic data was collected through a survey of 160 cashew producers chosen at random from two municipalities in North Benin. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the types of funding. A binary logit regression model was estimated to determine the variables influencing access to credit by cashew producers. The main results of this study indicate three types of financing obtained by cashew producers, which are financed by various actors. In addition, gender, age, membership of an organization, contacts with extension services and training in cashew production determine access to agricultural credit in northern Benin. Finally, the promotion of this financing in the study area will make it possible to regulate the capacity to introduce agroforestry on the farm, all of which contributes to the improvement of living conditions and soil protection.

In Vietnam, poverty is prevalent and extremely severe among rural ethnic minorities (REM). Despite a number of studies on characteristics of poverty, very few studies comprehensively examine the determinants of poverty intensity. This study employs binary and fractional logit models to investigate the determinants of poverty and the poverty intensity of the REM. Data are obtained by combining the 2012, 2014, and 2016 Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys. The results show that education, wage-paying employment, housing conditions, and domestic remittances reduce poverty and its intensity. Poverty incidence reduction also hinges on development programmes on credit and scholarships. The likelihood and shortfall of poverty declined for households residing in the Red River and Mekong Deltas, and in southeast Vietnam. However, language barriers, farm size and overseas remittances influenced the poverty intensity but not the likelihood of poverty. Our results suggest that previous studies using only logit models have neglected several influences of poverty intensity, which the current research overcomes.

Women’s Economic Empowerment helps to ensure gender equality and the well-being of nations. When women become economically empowered and get their source of income, they ensure the family's basic needs. This research study aimed to analyze women's economic Empowerment through microfinance in rural areas on Humbo Woreda. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 138Women households. First, cross-sectional data were collected through a semi-structured interview schedule. Second, quantitative data were collected with the help of an Interview schedule from the sample size of 138 women households. Third, the qualitative data was collected by checklist from Focus Group Discussions and Key Informants interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, economic empowerment index, and binary logit model. The index result showed that not-empowered women were 61.59% and empowered women were 38.4%; this indicated that women's economic empowerment status in the study area was low. The binary logit model result revealed that major factors determining women's Empowerment through microfinance in Humbo Woreda were:1 the education level of women, 2, experience in income generation activities, 3, membership experience in microfinance, 4, distance from microfinance institutions, 5, participation in training, 6, cumulative saving, 7, cumulative loan receive, 8, women working hours and 9, women’s perception towards loan risk the influenced women Empowerment through in microfinance positively and negatively at less than 1%, 5% and 10% probability level. Besides, the study also revealed that women are more disadvantaged in empowerment microfinance services. Therefore, it is recommended that existing programs and strategies be reviewed. New and appropriate policies and strategies should be designed to improve women's empowerment status in the study area. Specifically, priority programs should improve women’s education by focusing on formal and vocational schools, creating opportunities for women to earn income.

The study empirically investigated the relationship between audit quality and audit fees in companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange in the financial services sector with a panel data set spanning the years 2010 to 2020. The likelihood of employing the services of a Big4 audit firm is used as the proxy for audit quality. In Nigerian companies, the data show a significant negative association between audit quality and audit size. Leverage and firm size, the two explanatory variables, had an insignificant impact on audit quality. The empirical findings suggest that high audit fees threaten auditors’ independence, which has a detrimental impact on audit quality. As a result, the report recommends that policies and guidelines be developed to govern and regulate the audit pricing process

The fragility of the European banking system in recent years has motivated us to research on the main indicators that weigh on the soundness of its banking institutions and therefore deserves special attention from supervisors. Our study is based on 40 consolidated banking groups from 10 countries in Europe. We used binary logistic regression as an econometric model. We introduced accounting, macroeconomic, regulatory, legal and institutional variables. The results of our study confirm that doubtful credit is the main variable contributing to the birth of the European banking crisis.Keywords: banking crisis, binary Logit model, legal, regulatory and institutional environment.JEL Classifications: E58, C15, P48.DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11225

This study investigates whether the direction of U.S. implied volatility, VIX index, can be forecast. Multiple forecasts are generated based on standard econometric models, but, more importantly, o...

Planlı özel etkinlikler (PÖE), seyahat talebini geçici olarak artırmakla birlikte katılımcıların hem zaman hem de para harcadıkları yeni aktiviteler de üretmektedir. Bu çalışmada, PÖE katılımcılarının özel etkinlik öncesi katıldıkları ara (türetilmiş) etkinliklerdeki para harcamalarını etkileyen faktörlerin İkili Logit Model kullanılarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Aralık 2018'de başlayan ve Mayıs 2019'da sona eren yüz yüze olarak gerçekleştirilen anket çalışması sonucunda 6 lig maçı öncesi 357 geçerli anket elde edilmiş ve modelleme çalışmasına dahil edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, PÖE katılımının günlük rutin aktivite katılımı ile farklı olduğunu, örneğin yaş, gelir düzeyi, oyunlara katılım sıklığı gibi önemli değişkenlerin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığını göstermiştir. Model sonucuna göre bireyler ticaret-yoğun yerleri tercih etmekte, özellikle bu gibi etkinliklere yalnız gelmediği takdirde daha fazla para harcama eğilimi göstermektedir. Katılımcıların toplandıkları alanlar stadyumun en yakın noktaları değil ancka yürüme mesafesindeki diğer alanlar olarak belirlenmiştir., Planned special event (PSE) increases the travel demand and derives interim activities that individuals spend their time and money. In this study, it is aimed to determine the factors affecting the money expenditures of PSE participants in interim activities that they participated before the special event by using the Binary Logit Model. A face-to-face survey study started in December 2018 and ended in May 2019, and football is selected as the PSE. As a result, 357 valid questionnaires were obtained before 6 league games and included in the modeling study. This study showed that PSE participation is not the same with daily routine activity participation for example age, income level, frequency of participation in games are not statistically significant. However, when fans come to the games with someone, they gather at locations within walking distance of PSE venues and attend an event where they spend money.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on economic activities have resulted in a sharp rise of unemployment. The purpose of this research is to explore mental disorders associated with COVID-19 related unemployment using a large, nationally representative dataset, the 2020 COVID-19 Household Pulse Survey. ANOVA with post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) are utilized to reveal the mean difference of mental disorders between various employment status, as well as between reasons of unemployment. Binary logit model is used to investigate the potential effect of different reasons of unemployment on mental disorders. Individuals who were not working during the pandemic due to involuntary reasons had higher probabilities of mental disorders than those who were working and those who voluntarily separated from work. Among respondents who were not working due to COVID-19 related reasons, respondents whose employer went out of business were the most likely to experience mental disorders. Household job uncertainty in the next four weeks positively contributed to mental disorders. Government should consider measures to contain the spread of virous while keeping as many people employed as possible. Government should also consider providing adequate financial and counseling assistance to individuals who are in the greatest need for such support.

Islamic economic philanthropy through zakat is a means of distributing income from the rich to the poor. The decision of muzakki to pay zakah via zakat institution contributes to equal income distribution within an economy. Thus, it crucial to determine the factors causing muzakki to pay zakah via zakat institution. On this basis, this study intends to examine the effect of transparency, motivation, culture, and reputation on the decision of Muzakki to pay the zakat at the baitu maal institution. The method of analysis used in this research is a binary logit regression model. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with as many as 66 respondents. The results showed that transparency, motivation, culture, and reputation had a positive and significant effect on the decision of Muzakki to pay zakat at the baitu maal institution. To increase the interest of muzakki to pay zakat through the baitu maal institution, muzakki needs to be motivated to obey in paying zakat. The baitu maal institution is required to improve its reputation through optimizing service quality.

Consumption pattern among indigenous groups is usually influenced by consumers' sociocultural and perceptual factors. This study employs the binary logit model to analyse the factors that influence the consumption of sunflower oil in Kumasi, Ghana. A cross-sectional approach was used to obtain data from 200 consumers who were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. The results showed that a majority (93%) of the respondents were aware of the availability of sunflower oil on the local market and a third (69.5%) had used it for cooking before. The respondents agreed with the perception statements that sunflower oil is healthy, expensive, reduces the risk of heart diseases and cancer and has better frying performance. The empirical results of the logit regression model showed that consumption of sunflower oil is influenced by household size, awareness of the product and perceptions on health benefits, price and frying performance of sun ower oil. The price of the oil was identified as the most important constraint to its use albeit it had no negative effect on its consumption. Investments in the production and promotional strategies on the use of sunflower oil should consider the significant variables that have influence on its consumption.

PurposeUsing survey data of a developing country city, this study aims to examine the impact of different socio-demographic factors on the choice of less-polluting modes of transport for purposes other than work.Design/methodology/approachStratified random sampling technique is employed and data on socio-demographic characteristics and mode of transport used is collected. Descriptive statistics complemented with a logit model of choice probabilities is implemented on the data obtained.FindingsMajority of the population in the city uses motorized means of transportation irrespective of the socio-demographic changes existing among them. Women, the individuals belonging to the youngest age group, the least economically well-off group of people, the least educated and the non-working are the individuals more likely to use more of less-polluting modes and less of more-polluting modes for non-work purposes as compared to their counterparts.Research limitations/implicationsThe study also calls for the development of an efficient and secured system of public transportation and non-motorized transportation in the city in such a way so as to neither hamper the goal of sustainability nor the goal of empowerment.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a comprehensive analysis of the influence of socio-demographic factors on choice of type of mode of transport is carried out in this region of the developing world. This analysis will facilitate the policy makers in catering to the transportation needs of different segments of the society.

Precooked bean products have the potential of bridging the common bean demand and consumption gap in Kenya. However, sensory evaluation of novel precooked processed products has been inadequate in determining acceptability. This study assessed the sensory evaluation of precooked bean snacks by 269 rural consumers in Machakos County of Kenya. Descriptive results indicated that less than one-quarter (22%) of the consumers were aware of the precooked bean products. The low awareness is a disconnect from the expectations that farming households were probably going to be aware of processed bean products because of their participation in bean value chain. Sensory evaluation showed that 75% of the consumers evaluated the freshness of the bean snacks positively, with about 90% and 63% of them positively assessing the taste of the precooked bean snacks branded Keroma Delicious and Keroma Fruity, respectively. The taste evaluation of Keroma Fruity brand significantly differed depending on age and level of education of the consumer. Similarly,the taste of Keroma Delicious brand also significantly differed by age and educational attainment of consumers. Furthermore, while consumers liked the taste parameters of the products, less than half of them liked the beany flavour of the two products. Results from the binary logit regression model indicated that freshness, sourness, and flavour positively and significantly predicted the probability of future purchases of Keroma Fruity bean snack brands. Consumer intentions to buy Keroma Delicious brand were positively predicted by flavour and marginally by sweetness. To accelerate the consumption of precooked bean products, product development and marketing strategies should recognise the role of sensory attributes in driving acceptability of the bean snacks, deploy processing technologies that retain and enhance sensory attributes, create awareness of the products, and segment the market from a gender lens in order to satisfy the diverse consumer needs and preferences.

Traffic crashes at signalized intersections are frequently linked to driver behavior at the onset of the circular yellow (CY) indication. To better understand behavioral factors that influence a driver’s decision to stop or go at an intersection, this study analyzed the behavior of the driver of a subject vehicle at the onset of the CY indication. Driver performance data from 53 participants were collected in the Oregon State University Driving Simulator, simulating scenarios of driving through high-speed intersections under various conditions. Data included interactions where the driver stopped at the stop line (n = 644) or proceeded through the intersection (n = 628) in response to a CY indication. Data were analyzed as panel data while considering 12 indicator variables related to the driver’s stop/go decision. These indicator variables included time to stop line (TTSL), tailway time, following vehicle type, vehicle speed at the onset of the CY indication, and demographics (age, gender, driving experience, level of education, personal vehicle type, number of times driving per week, number of miles driving last year, participation in previous simulation studies. A random-parameter binary logit model was used to determine contributing factors for driver decision making at the onset of CY indication while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity. Four indicator variables were significantly related to the driver’s stop/go decision, but three factors varied across observations. Findings showed that a driver’s stop/go decision in response to a CY indication was associated with the time to the stop line (TTSL), tailway time to the following vehicle, subject vehicle speed at the onset of the CY indication, and driver’s age (20–36 years), but was not significantly associated with classification of the following vehicle. Also, the findings indicated that a shorter tailway increased a subject driver’s red-light running frequency. These findings provide insights into variables that affect driver decisions in a vehicle-following situation at the onset of the CY indication. This information can help make better decisions in smart traffic control systems such as to extend/decrease the green interval slightly to avoid decisions that are more difficult.

Background: The emergence of COVID-19 in 2020 has brought dramatic impacts to the global economy. The resulting health crisis and widespread fear have triggered labor shortage problems such as high job vacancy rate and low labor participation rate. Thus, how to increase the labor supply has become a hotspot among scholars. We aimed to analyze the influences of public medical insurance system on labor health status and supply. Method: Using the China Health and Nutrition Survey five-phase panel data, the new rural cooperative medical system was taken as an example to empirically analyze the influences of public medical insurance system on the individual health status and labor supply via the panel Tobit model and panel binary Logit model. The analysis revealed the mediating effect of health status. Results: First, Public medical insurance system could significantly improve individual health status. Second, public medical insurance system will lengthen the labor supply time and elevate the labor supply rate by improving individual health status. Third, the influences of public medical insurance system on labor health status and supply vary with gender and age. Conclusion: Public medical insurance system will generate positive influences on labor health status and labor supply. Hence, perfecting the public medical insurance system is able to mitigate the negative impacts of population aging and pandemic on the labor supply.

In response to various environmental problems facing the intensive mode of agricultural production, this study analysed the factors influencing the adoption of agri-environmental practices by maize producers organised in co-operatives in the Centre region of Cameroon by using the case study of PIDMA project. For this reason, the survey was undertaken in all the 15 villages grouping maize producers in two out of the four cooperatives under the regional coordinating unit of the project (PIDMA). Data on the socio-economic situation of producers, level of knowledge and applicability of environmental practices were gathered in the study area from 50 out of 88 (i.e. 56.8%) active maize producers. The descriptive field results revealed that the adoption of agri-environmental practices was related to social, psychological and economic characteristics of producers. The binary logit model results indicated that the adoption of agri-environmental practices was associated with the frequency of PIDMA agricultural training and cultivated area under maize. However, certain variables such as gender, age, education level, marital status, cost of implementing practice, lack of funding, labour type, time spent for the implementation of the practice, income source, technical and professional support did not seem to be associated with the adoption of agri-environmental practices. In conclusion, the study recommended to the maize farmers, the setting up of working groups of at least 10 maize producers in order to practice rotations in the fields of each member of the group. The study also recommended the agricultural development projects to define and provide relatively simple mechanisms to enhance farmers’ performance such as financial assistance, demonstration workshops in the fields and to allocate environmental assistants to each co-operative’s headquarters.Keywords: Cooperative, logit model, maize producer, agricultural development project, socio-economic factors.

Increasing private car ownership and car dependency has led to a low share of walking as an active mode as well as congestion, air pollution, and health problems in developing countries. This paper aims to identify and compare the impacts of a selection of socio-economic, travel-related, and built environment variables on walking likelihood and respondents’ sensitivity to the walking distance, both for discretionary and mandatory trips. The analysis drew its origin from 14,463 responses acquired through an extensive travel survey conducted in the city of Qazvin, Iran. The estimated binary logit coefficients show people’s heterogeneity in the walking behavior for discretionary and mandatory trips. The results report a higher likelihood of walking on mandatory trips at almost all distances than the discretionary ones. Furthermore, investigating individual heterogeneity in different trip distances reveals that people aged less than 14 are more likely to choose walking on mandatory trips longer than 2400 m. Besides, those aged 25–44 years old or above 65 have less tendency to choose walking on mandatory trips with distances of 2000–2400 m and 800–1200 m, respectively. These findings are almost different on discretionary trips; compared to other age groups, people aged 15–24 years are less likely to choose walking on discretionary trips with a distance of 800–1200 m. Moreover, in trip distances of 1200–1600 m, the elderlies have a greater tendency to choose walking compared to other age groups. Some implications for more sustainable mobility in human-oriented urban environments are also presented and critically discussed.

This paper suggests policy implications for the mitigation of resident conflict in public rental apartment complexes in South Korea. Employing a nation-wide disaggregate dataset from the 2011 Korea...

This paper measures regional economic and spatial effects on locations of small and large enterprises, by using binary logit models. The econometric results confirm that the location of small firm ...

The political economy literature has put forward a multitude of hypotheses regarding the drivers of structural reforms, but few, if any, empirically robust findings have emerged thus far. To make progress, we draw a parallel with model uncertainty in the growth literature and provide a new version of the Bayesian averaging of maximum likelihood estimates (BAMLE) technique tailored to binary logit models. Relying on a new database of major past labor and product market reforms in advanced countries, we test a large set of variables for robust correlation with reform in each area. We find widespread support for the crisis‐induces‐reform hypothesis, as high unemployment and economic crises are robustly correlated to structural reforms. We also find evidence of reform convergence—that is, countries with tighter regulation are more prone to liberalize. Reforms are more likely when other countries also undertake them and when there is formal pressure to implement them. Other robust correlates are more specific to certain areas—for example, international pressure and political factors are most relevant for product market and job protection reforms, respectively.

Understanding farmers' indigenous knowledge is vital in hybrid maize popularization. Despite different opportunities, adoption was constrained by the failure of infusing local knowledge in the modern extension system. Hence, farmers' capabilities, preferences, and practices towards adoption were studied. Data were collected from key informants and focus group discussion participants. A cross-sectional survey was to collect data from 154 respondents. Knowledge and attitude were assessed by using a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics and econometric analyses were run to analyze data accordingly. The results indicated among demographic characteristics; family and land size, owning of ox and experience have positively affected highland maize adoption at 1 per cent significance level; while education, age, and on-farm income have positively affected highland maize adoption at a 1% significance level. However, religion and sex did not affect highland maize adoption at all. Pearson chi-square result indicated, there was a positive and significant relationship of knowledge (χ2=41.49; p=0.000) to adoption. Consequently, an increase in farmers' knowledge of favoured adoption. Finally, poor institutional support, insufficient involvement of resource-poor farmers, and lack of training were major bottlenecks hampering highland maize adoption. Hence, provision of special training, credit services, and farmers-responsive training should be in place for better adoption.

Vehicle heterogeneity, lack of lane discipline, lack of infrastructure facilities, and weak enforcement of traffic rules are all characteristics of Indian traffic. These characteristics make Indian roads difficult for non-motorized road users, especially pedestrians. Most intersections in urban areas in India are unsignalized, which results in complex interactions between pedestrians and motorists. This study aims to understand pedestrian gap acceptance behavior at unsignalized intersections in India under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Pedestrian data were collected from six unsignalized intersections in the city of Kanpur. The critical gap was estimated using Wu’s (2006) macroscopic model, and then the effects of several variables on the critical gap were studied. A discrete choice model (binary logit model) was developed to understand the choice of accepted and rejected vehicular gaps depending on traffic, road, and peer pedestrian characteristics. The mean critical headway was 3.76 s using Wu’s model. The behavioral analysis revealed that pedestrians accept rolling gaps to cross unsignalized intersections, resulting in a reduction of the size of the critical gap. The adoption of rolling gap behavior can be attributed to the unyielding behavior of motorists, which forces pedestrians to accept short vehicular gaps in the traffic stream.

Background: Online taxis, a travel mode with personalized comfort based on mobile Internet technology, are now rapidly expanding in Indonesia. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the influence of the personal characteristics and travel characteristics on the choice of an online taxi or conventional taxi and to analyze the online taxi performance in the cities of Surabaya and Malang, Indonesia. Methods: A Stated Preference questionnaire was designed and a Google Forms survey was conducted to obtain data; 200 responses were collected. The binary logit model was employed to analyze the influence of the personal characteristics and travel characteristics on the choice modal. Importance-Performance Analysis was proposed to understand the performance of online taxis. Results: By applying the binary logit model, it was found that for variables based on a personal characteristic, age and occupation are the most influential variables that affect the decision to use an online-taxi, while for travel characteristic variables, travel cost is the most influential factor in traveler’s choice-making. According to the sensitivity analysis, the midpoint for travel cost was found to be Rp 9.606,20, and 13,43 minutes for pick up time. Through Importance-Performance Analysis, it was found that no attributes need to be improved. Conclusion: The estimated logit model can describe the personalized travel mode choice well. The users of an online taxi are people of young age and non-working group. If the gap price and the gap pick up time more than midpoint, the majority of travelers will most likely shift to conventional taxis. The online taxi performance has already met passenger satisfaction.

Detailed ridership analytics requires refined data on transit ridership to understand factors affecting ridership (at the stop and/or route-level). However, detailed data for stop-based boarding and alighting information are not readily available for the entire bus system. Transit agencies usually resort to compiling ridership data on a sample of buses operating on the various routes. We propose an approach to infer stop-level ridership for transit systems that only compile route-level ridership information. A joint model structure of binary logit and fractional split model is proposed to estimate stop-level ridership data sourced from route-level ridership. The model is developed for the Greater Orlando region with ridership data for 8 quadrimesters (four-month time periods) from May 2014 through December 2016. In the presence of repeated data measures, panel version of the joint econometric models for boarding and alighting are estimated. The development of such an analytical framework will allow bus systems with only route-level ridership data to generate stop-level ridership data. The model results offer intuitive results and clearly supports our hypothesis that it is feasible to generate stop-level ridership with route-level ridership data. For transit agencies with ridership data at the stop-level, the proposed model can also be employed to understand how various stops along a route interact with one another toward affecting route-level ridership contributions.

PurposeThe study analyzed the profitability of tomato farmers and determinants of farmers' choice of marketing outlets (wholesaler or retailer) in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachA two-stage sampling technique was used to collect data from 100 tomato farmers in Ghana. Analytical tools which include descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis (GM), profitability ratios and binary logit model were employed.FindingsProfitability analysis indicates that farmers who supply to wholesalers have gross margin of Gh¢7.86 (US$1.67) per 25 kg crate, while farmers who supply to retailers recorded a major loss of Gh¢5.36 (US$1.14) per 25 kg crate. The result suggests that farmers selling to wholesalers are better off than farmers supplying to retailers. The binary logit regression analysis reveals a positive relationship between farmers' choice of marketing outlet (wholesaling) and age of respondents, quantity of tomato sold and cost of labor for production. A negative relationship also existed between farmers' choice of marketing outlet and weighted average selling price and household size.Research limitations/implicationsThe results call for policy efforts to provide an enabling environment for more extension education and establishment of farmer associations to make marketing information for price development among farmers available.Originality/valueThe choice of marketing outlet greatly influences profitability of tomato production. This study examines the performance of the various tomato marketing outlets in Ghana.