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The biological properties of the human amniotic membrane (HAM) and its characteristic ability to be a reservoir of growth factors promoting wound healing make it an ideal biological dressing for the treatment of different clinical conditions, such as burns and non-healing wounds. However, the application of a preservation method on the HAM is required during banking to maintain biological tissue properties and to ensure the release overtime of protein content for its final clinical effectiveness after application on the wound bed. Although cryopreservation and freezing are methods widely used to maintain tissue properties, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced within tissue cellular components during their switching from frozen to thawed state. Consequently, these methods can lead to oxidative stress-induced cell injury, affecting tissue regenerative properties and its final clinical effectiveness. Taking advantage of the antioxidant activity of the natural compound quercetin, we used it to improve the antioxidant and regenerative properties of frozen or cryopreserved HAM tissues. In particular, we evaluated the oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde) as well as the regenerative/biological properties (bFGF growth factor release, wound healing closure, structure, and viability) of HAM tissue after its application. We identified the effectiveness of quercetin on both preservation methods to reduce oxidative damage, as well as its ability to enhance regenerative properties, while maintaining the unaltered structure and viability of HAM tissue. The use of quercetin described in this study appears able to counteract the side effects of cryopreservation and freezing methods related to oxidative stress, enhancing the regenerative properties of HAM. However, further investigations will need to be performed, starting from these promising results, to identify its beneficial effect when applied on burns or non-healing wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction. Methods: Prospective study including 23 eyes of 21 patients who underwent amniotic membrane transplantation at Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR) and at Cirurgia e Diagnose em Oftalmologia do Paraná (CDOP) clinic, located in Curitiba, PR, Brazil, from may 2015 to july 2019. The amniotic membrane was collected from elective and term cesarean delivery, and conserved in preservation medium and glycerol 1:1, stored at -80° Celsius. The membrane was fixed on the ocular surface with 10-0 nylon, 8-0 vicryl, biological glue or a combination of these materials. Results: The ocular surface reconstruction was successful in 22 eyes (95.6%). Failure was observed only in 1 case (bullous keratopathy) in which the condition was maintained postoperatively. Patients' age ranged from 11-82 years, with a mean age of 37.4 years. There was a higher incidence in males (66.6%). A difference was perceived in the distribution of the affected eye (which was greater in the right eye - 65.2%). As for the previous ophthalmic surgery history, 12 of the 23 eyes had a positive history (52.2%). It was observed that all patients who had preoperative visual acuity assessed showed improvement or maintenance of corrected visual acuity. In the postoperative period, complications associated with the underlying disease were observed, although not particularly related to the amniotic membrane transplantation. There were not any cases of postoperative infection. Conclusions: There was an improvement in the general state of the ocular surface in almost all of the cases in which the transplant was performed. Therefore, the amniotic membrane can be considered a good alternative for reconstructing the ocular surface, as a single or supporting treatment.

Background: Early surgery to remove dead tissue with early closure of burn wounds has now been identified as one of the most important factors contributing to the survival of patients with major burn injuries. This study, the efficiency and safety of temporary cover wound dressing with agicoat was compared with allograft (cadaver) in burned patients. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, hospitalized patients in the age group of 18-45 years with burning of 20-30 percent and grade 2 deep and 3, were divided into two groups of control and test. Treatment was carried out in the operating room after debridement, covered with wounds or cadaver wounds, and patients were also treated for signs of infection such as warmth, discoloration, redness of the fluid, and fever. Patients were evaluated in two groups, and the surgeon checked the need for re-debridement, and recorded it in the checklist. Findings: A total of 50 burn patients met the inclusion criteria. Debridement in cadaver group was significantly lower than that of Agicoat group (P = 0.003). Mean pain score during the first to sixth days of surgery, and also on the ninth day of surgery was significantly lower in cadaver group (P < 0.050). The mean daily morphine injected over 24 hours was significantly lower in the cadaver group as well (P < 0.050). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study and other similar studies, it can be concluded that the use of cadaver reduces the need for debridement and morphine consumption in comparison with Agicoat.

Radiotherapy is an integral part of modern oncology, applied to more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer. It can be used alone or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. However, despite the high precision of radiation delivery, irradiation may affect surrounding healthy tissues leading to the development of toxicity. The most common and clinically significant toxicity of radiotherapy is acute and chronic radiation dermatitis, which could result in desquamation, wounds, nonhealing ulcers, and radionecrosis. Moreover, preoperative radiotherapy impairs wound healing after surgery and may lead to severe wound complications. In this review, we comprehensively discuss available types of dressings used in the management of acute and chronic radiation dermatitis and address their efficacy. The most effective ways of preventing acute radiation dermatitis are film dressings, whereas foam dressings were found effective in its treatment. Data regarding dressings in chronic radiation dermatitis are scarce. This manuscript also contains authors' consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unfolding pandemic necessitated optimalization of treatment methods and assurance of the highest precautionary standards to prevent transmission of COVID-19 to burn patients. One of them included an expanded access treatment with the minimally invasive method - enzymatic burn wound debridement using Nexobrid® concentrate. The study assessed the effectiveness and usefulness of the expanded treatment project using enzymatic burn wound debridement with Nexobrid® concentrate in patients (n=11) during the pandemic (2020) when compared with the results of the same method in a corresponding period of 2019. The concentrate was applied to the wound on the third day following injury at the latest. All patients were treated with the same accepted standards, including initial debridement of the wound, application of Nexobrid® concentrate, and removal of devitalized tissue and dressing. Clinical visual assessment of the wound sites confirmed successful debridement of dead tissue following the application of the concentrate. No allergic or adverse reaction, nor significant deterioration of CBC parameters were observed in any patient. Although surgical excision of necrosis is recognized as the method of choice, enzymatic wound debridement using Nexobrid® concentrate may contribute to a reduction in epidemiological risk when treating burn patients for several reasons; the procedure can be performed at the patient's bedside, it limits the number of required surgeries, helps to improve medical equipment and supplies management, and saves human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in burn care have led to an overall improvement in mortality in high-income countries, but in low-middle income countries mortality remains relatively high. In a limited resource setting where temporary wound closure options were unavailable, it was determined whether early excision as a preliminary treatment could improve prognosis. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Burn Unit to evaluate the outcomes of acute burn patients admitted from January 2013 to December 2018 using mortality and lethal area 50 (LA50), and to compare the outcomes between groups who underwent early excision without skin graft (EEWG), early excision with skin graft (EESG), delayed excision without skin graft (DEWG), or delayed excision with skin graft (DESG). Out of 390 patients available for screening, 256 were eligible for further study. The overall mortality was 17.9% with an increase linear with age and total body surface area (TBSA). The overall LA50 was 49%. Preliminary data showed the highest percentage of deaths in the no treatment group, with no deaths seen in treatment groups EESG and DESG. The odds ratio for mortality in the EEWG group was 2.11 (p-value 0.201, CI95% = 0.65-6.80) compared to the DEWG group. LA50 is more objective compared to crude mortality and enables future internal and external comparison. The highest mortality was in the no treatment group with mortality in the EEWG group higher than in the DEWG, but not statistically different. Early excision without skin grafting as a preliminary procedure may still be considered in a limited resource setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active wound dressing with physicochemical and biological characteristics is more effective in healing diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). In this study, a 3-layer electrospun nanofiber wound dressings was fabricated, while its outer, middle and inner layers of the scaffold were made of PCL, PCL/collagen and collagen nanofibers, respectively. Various amounts of Melilotus officinalis extract were also loaded in the collagen nanofibers as a biologically active compound. The diameter and morphology of the obtained nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR spectroscopy to analyse the composition of prepared dressings. The efficacy of the fabricated dressings as wound healing agent was assessed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The results demonstrated that the mean diameter of nanofibers are 373 ± 179 nm, 266 ± 108 nm, 160 ± 52 nm, and 393 ± 131 nm for PCL, PCL/collagen, pure collagen, and collagen nanofibers containing 0.08 g extract, respectively. The histo-pathology and histomorphometry assessments demonstrate the herbal extract-loaded electrospun dressings (especially containing 0.08 g of the extract) are promising in improving the diabetic ulcer healing. Our results indicated that the combination of drug did not compromise the physicochemical characteristics of wound dressing, while improving its biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, Gelatine (GEL)/Chitosan (CH) wound dressing was prepared and irradiated with gamma rays from 60Co source for wound healing applications. GEL-CH composite characterization and functional properties were determined. The structural changes occurring after γ-irradiation at doses from 5 to 25 kGy were studied by using physico-chemical techniques such as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) studies. The antioxidant capacity was studied using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical) scavenging and the antibacterial activities of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were measured using liquid medium. Results revealed that EPR spectroscopy of un-irradiated GEL-CH showed 2 paramagnetic centers associated with g= 2.077 and g= 2.079. After irradiation, no active centre was appeared. A dose-dependent decrease in the central signal intensity was detected, and the EPR signal intensity almost disappeared at 20 kGy. Gamma rays caused a slight increase in ionic conductivity. FTIR suggested a slight crosslinking phenomenon at 20 kGy. The XRD analysis did not show peaks indicating crystallinity in the 2θ range of 15-30°. Moreover, γ-irradiation elevated the Scavenging DPPH radical activity (0.75 ± 0.07%). Gamma rays did not affect the antibacterial activity of GEL-CH wound dressing against pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that the required γ-radiation for sterilization ranged from 5 to 25 kGy. The radiation improved the physico-chemical and biological properties while maintaining the native structural integrity of the GEL/COL wound dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium hyaluronate (SH) is recognized as the strongest natural humectant, since it contains a large number of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in its structure, and can absorb 1000 times its own weight of water. The porcine acellular dermal matrix (pADM) has been widely used in biological materials for its biological activities, such as promoting cell proliferation and promoting wound healing. Enhancing the hydrophilic and moisturizing properties of the pADM is expected to further improve its ability to promote wound healing. However, there are no strong chemical bonds between SH and pADM. Therefore, SH was oxidized by sodium periodate in this study, and was further used to cross-link it with pADM. The microstructure, hydrophilicity, moisture retention, degradation and cytotoxicity of pADM cross-linked with different oxidation degrees of oxidized sodium hyaluronate (OSH) were studied. The results show that OSH-pADM maintained the secondary structure of natural collagen, as well as the good microporous structure of native pADM after cross-linking. With increasing oxidation degree, the surface hydrophilicity and moisture retention capacities of OSH-pADM increased; among them, OSH-pADM cross-linked with 40% oxidation degree of OSH was found to have the strongest moisture retention capacity. The hygroscopic kinetics at 93% RH were conformed to the second-order hygroscopic kinetics equation, indicating that the hygroscopic process was controlled by chemical factors. The degradation resistance of OSH-pADM also increased with increasing oxidation degree, and the cytotoxicity of OSH-pADM was acceptable. The in vivo full-thickness wound healing experiments showed that OSH-pADM had an obvious ability to promote wound healing. It can be speculated that OSH-pADM, with its good hydrophilic and moisturizing properties, physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, has great potential for facilitating wound repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a protective layer of a wound, the medical dressing plays an important role in the healing of the wound. The hydrogel dressing is appeared as a new type of medical dressings and has become a research hotspot. Silk fibroin is a natural polymer protein with excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and various plasticity. In this paper, a drug-loaded silk fibroin hydrogel by the polyethylene glycol was coated on cotton fabrics. The obtained biomedical functional textile dressing had antibacterial properties and biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine adhesions, also known as Asherman syndrome, is mostly secondary to transuterine surgery or infection. The main clinical manifestations are abnormal menstruation and fertility complications. With the advancement of society and medical technology, the popularity of hysteroscopy and the increasing number of intrauterine operations, the incidence of intrauterine adhesions has gradually increased. Accordingly, the female infertility rate has increased. Since the incidence of re-adhesion after transcervical resection of adhesion is relatively high, and the pregnancy rate and live birth rate are low, postoperative application of various anti -adhesion materials has become the focus of attention of gynecologists. At present, the common anti-adhesion materials include intrauterine devices, biological dressings, saccule, amnion, hyaluronic acid gel, tissue scaffolds, stem cells, and so on. Using these materials to isolate the wounds in the uterine cavity from each other to reduce the incidence of re-adhesion and the degree of endometrial fibrosis. Summarizing the application of anti-adhesion materials in animal experiments and clinical research, which can provide a basis for choosing appropriate treatments for patients with intrauterine adhesions after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a disease characterized by a hypersensitivity reaction mediated by immunocomplexes that generates the separation and / or detachment of the dermoepidermal junction with a commitment of more than 30% of the body surface. It is considered multifactorial, being triggered in a greater proportion by drugs, and presents a mortality of up to 30. Currently, there is no standard management, and due to its complexity, treatment in a burn unit is recommended. To highlight one posible way of treatment, we present the case of a patient with TEN treated with an amniotic membrane with rapid reepithelialization and a good result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilapia skin has a non-infectious microbiota and a morphological structure similar to human skin. Phase II clinical studies, not yet published, have shown promising results in their use for the treatment of burns. In the protocols of these studies, patients with lesions in areas of skin folds, such as genitals and inguinal regions, were excluded, as it was thought that the biomaterial would not adhere properly, resulting in a lower degree of healing. Case report of a female patient, 18 years old, without comorbidities, with deep second-degree burns in the abdomen, inguinal region, part of the genitalia and upper half of both thighs, involving 13.5% of the total body surface area. Tilapia skin was applied to the lesions leading to a complete re-epithelialization with 16 days of treatment. No side effects were observed. Tilapia skin, therefore, brings the promise of an innovative product, easy to apply, and highly available, which can become the first animal skin nationally studied and registered by the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, for use in the treatment of burns. This case report contributes to reduce the limitations concerning the anatomical areas appropriate for the application of tilapia skin, since, even with the need for skin replacement, good results were obtained with application to the genitalia and inguinal region.

Clinical work and research on diabetic wound repair remain challenging globally. Although various conventional wound dressings have been continuously developed, the efficacy is unsatisfactory. The effect of drug delivery is limited by the depth of penetration. The sustained release of biomolecules from biological wound dressings is a promising treatment approach to wound healing. An assortment of cell-derived exosomes (exos) have been proved to be instrumental in tissue regeneration, and researchers are dedicated to developing biomolecules carriers with unique properties. Herein, we reported a methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) microneedles (MNs) patch to achieve transdermal and controlled release of exos and tazarotene. Our MNs patch comprising GelMA/PEGDA hydrogel has distinctive biological features that maintain the biological activity of exos and drugs in vitro. Additionally, its unique physical structure prevents it from being tightly attached to the skin of the wound, it promotes cell migration, angiogenesis by slowly releasing exos and tazarotene in the deep layer of the skin. The full-thickness cutaneous wound on a diabetic mouse model was carried out to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of GelMA/PEGDA@T + exos MNs patch. As a result, our GelMA/PEGDA@T + exos MNs patch presents a potentially valuable method for repairing diabetic wound in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. It is known that due to plant diseases, seed treatment before sowing is necessary, because for this reason, up to 2.96% of the raw cotton crop per year is lost. Etching with one preparation, with a single fungicidal activity, does not lead to a positive effect. Therefore, it is necessary to rely on a rational combination of fungicides, insecticides, and plant growth stimulants. Purpose: to evaluate the biological effectiveness of seed treaters, based on the identification of the most promising, biologically active drugs. Methodology. Laboratory experiments on germination and germination of cotton seeds. Biological activity was evaluated according to the indicators of sowing qualities of UzNIIKh. Originality. For the first time, a biological assessment of new synthesized seed dressing compounds was given. Findings. The selection of effective compounds was carried out, the optimal concentrations of protectants were identified, from the action of which no toxic effect was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study summarises the nursing experience of a patient with grade III hand foot syndrome (HFS) caused by the oral anti-tumour drug Xeloda. The key points of nursing were a multi-disciplinary team consultation to make a clear diagnosis of grade III HFS, effectively control infection, apply a biocellulose dressing, and promote granulation growth and epidermal cell regeneration on the premise that the anti-tumour drug Xeloda cannot be reduced or stopped. After 98 days of comprehensive nursing intervention the wound healed completely; 6 months later, the ulcer did not reoccur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burns disrupt the protective skin barrier with consequent loss of cutaneous temperature regulation, infection prevention, evaporative losses, and other vital functions. Chronically, burns lead to scarring, contractures, pain, and impaired psychosocial well-being. Several skin substitutes are available and replace the skin and partially restore functional outcomes and improve cosmesis. We performed a literature review to update readers on biologic and synthetic skin substitutes to date applied in acute and reconstructive burn surgery. Improvement has been rapid in the development of skin substitutes in the last decade; however, no available skin substitute fulfills criteria as a perfect replacement for damaged skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Skin allografts (SA) are outstanding temporary skin substitutes; however, cadaveric skin donation and procurement, a common source of SA, remains low. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of using skin from abdominoplasties as a source of SA. Materials and Method: A prospective cohort was analyzed from August 17th, 2020 and February 28th, 2021, with 14 female patients submitted to abdominoplasty surgeries for aesthetic motives, who authorized skin donation from the redundant abdominal flap which was posteriorly cryopreserved. Cryopreserved total skin allografts (CTSA) was used in 10 patients with the following diagnoses: diabetic foot (4), contained laparostomy (2) complex wound of the lower limb (2), relapsing sarcoma of the scalp (1), and melanoma (1). Results: 14 CTSA were obtained, which were processed, obtaining an average area of 302 cm2 and 8.3 sheets of different sizes and clinical applications from each patient. In all patients who received CTSA, an initial attachment was observed, followed by the appearance of a necrotic scar in an average of 21 days. The peeling of the latter revealed a vital tissue tightly adhered to the receptor and rich in fibroblasts. Some of the patients received autografts, and others were managed with secondary intention scarring as a definite treatment. Discussion: CTSA provide an intermediate coverage since one part is definitely adhered to, acting as a biologic scaffolding for the formation of an interface that can be autografted or left for a secondary intention scarring, and the host rejects the other portion. Conclusion: skin procurement from a living donor in patients submitted to body contour surgeries is a feasible process and significant source of CTSA, which permits a new intermediate coverage with multiple clinical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Safeguarding the integrity of the donor site during the initial suspension phase of an interpolation flap is difficult. There are a variety of approaches and no consensus on post‐operative management of the donor site or pedicle following the creation of the flap. The use of xenografts at the donor site of postauricular interpolation flaps simplifies post‐operative wound care and prevents infection, desiccation of tissue, reduces pain, and assists with hemostasis. Methods: A porcine acellular dermal skin substitute can be utilized for the purpose of care‐free interpolation flap wound care. First, the flap is designed and raised using standard surgical technique. The porcine xenograft is then sutured into the donor site and to the exposed subcutaneous side of the flap pedicle using nylon suture material. The flap then is interpolated and sutured into the surgical defect of the auricle. Silicone gel is applied to the surface of the xenograft. A pressure dressing is then placed over the surgical site. Results: A total of 4 patients had postauricular interpolation flaps to the ipsilateral helix. All four patients had a xenograft placed at the donor site and flap pedicle at the time of the flap creation and suspension. No infections and no incidence of post‐operative bleeding requiring intervention were noted. Conclusion: Utilizing a dermal skin substitute as a biological dressing for an interpolation flap prior to division and inset of the flap provides a useful alternative to traditional wound care during this interim period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amniotic membrane is the innermost layer of the placenta. It consists of stem cells with reduced immunogenicity that secrete cytokines and growth factors, which have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects and promote epithelialization. Membranes are obtained from women who are undergoing elective cesarean delivery. These allografts are typically used in ophthalmology for ocular surface reconstruction but have the potential for other applications, such as wound healing.

Monitoring wound progression over time is a critical aspect for studies focused on in-depth molecular analysis or on evaluating the efficacy of potential novel therapies. Histopathological analysis of wound biopsies can provide significant insight into healing dynamics, yet there is no standardized and reproducible scoring system currently available. The purpose of this study was to develop and statistically validate a scoring system based on parameters in each phase of healing that can be easily and accurately assessed using either Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) or Masson's Trichrome (MT) staining. These parameters included re-epithelization, epithelial thickness index, keratinization, granulation tissue thickness, remodeling, and the scar elevation index. The initial phase of the study was to (1) optimize and clarify healing parameters to limit investigator bias and variability; (2) compare the consistency of parameters assessed using H&E versus MT staining. During the validation phase of this study, the accuracy and reproducibility of this scoring system was independently iterated upon and validated in four different types of murine skin wound models (Excisional; punch biopsy; pressure ulcers; burn wounds). A total of n = 54 histology sections were randomized, blinded, and assigned to two groups of independent investigators (n = 5 per group) for analysis. The sensitivity of each parameter (ranging between 80% and 95%) is reported with illustrations on the appropriate assessment method using ImageJ software. In the validated scoring system, the lowest score (score:0) is associated with an open/unhealed wound as is evident immediately and within the first day postinjury, whereas the highest score (score:12) is associated with a completely closed and healed wound without excessive scarring. This study defines and describes the minimum recommended criteria for assessing wound healing dynamics using the SPOT skin wound score. The acronym SPOT refers to the academic and scientific institutions that were involved in the development of the scoring system, namely, Stellenbosch University, Polish Academy of Sciences, Obatala Sciences, and the University of Texas Southwestern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the standard of life has increased with the advancement of the time, there has been an increasing stress on healthcare with the aging diet, and pressure sores occur in elderly hospitalized subjects. Of course, the emergence of related medical devices, especially auxiliary foam dressings, is constantly improving. Pressure ulcers are extremely harmful to the elderly. The use of virtual reality technology to simulate the treatment of foam excipients is to test the role of medical devices in virtual reality. In particular, the use of foam dressings in the management of pressure deposits is the most relevant study for this paper, which reviews the relevant literature and conducts a thematic study on patients in a specific urban hospital. The relevant materials were designed, the experiments were designed, and the relevant research data were obtained. Studies show that virtual reality-based preventive medical devices can improve the efficiency of pressure ulcer treatment in hospitals by about 12%. Pressure ulcers have different incidences among people of different ages. The probability is much higher than that of adolescents. Foam dressing is very effective in preventing pressure ulcers. The probability of pressure ulcers after using foam dressing is about 35% lower than that when it is not used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of biological dressings has received widespread attentions due to their good breathability, biocompatibility, wettability, and the ability to absorb wound exudate without sticking to the wound. However, current proposed antibacterial hydrogels are limited antibacterial ability, short service life and insufficient biocompatibility, which are still challenging to address intricate practical applications. Here we develop a cationic peptide-based, salt-responsive hydrogel dressing with triple functions of antifouling, bactericidal, and bacterial release by combining ε-poly- l -lysine, poly(ethylene gly co l) diglycidyl ether, and poly(DVBAPS- co -GMA) via a one-pot method. These designed hydrogels enabled to further quaternize to enhance antibacterial property due to the presence of amine residues. The resultant hydrogels present good antibacterial activity (>90%), biocompatibility, cell proliferation efficacy (~400%) and adhesiveness. Through in vivo and in vitro antibacterial capability tests, it is also found that hydrogels have good antifouling and sterilization capabilities, and the sterilization rate could reach up to ~96%. In addition, ~94% of the attached bacterial can be released after saline/water switching for several cycles. Taken together, the designed multiple antibacterial dressing prolongs the lifespan relying on reversible salt-responsive release and meet special requirements for wound healing. This work not only provides a platform to highlight its promising potentials in wound management but also gives a custom strategy to biomedical applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To demonstrate the usefulness of lyophilized pig skin dressings versus usual management with silver sulfadiazine in wound healing treatment for diabetic foot ulcers. Materials and Method: In this quasi-experimental study, we included patients diagnosed with diabetic foot. We established two groups with a distribution (2:1), the exposure group treated with lyophilized pig skin dressings (10 patients) and the control group (5 patients), the standard of care with silver sulfadiazine. Usefulness was measured with wound healing in treatment weeks. Statistical analysis included t-test, z-test, simple logistic regression, and calculation of probability of an event. Results: Wound healing time was shorter in the group treated with lyophilized pig skin dressing (10.20 weeks) than in the group treated with silver sulfadiazine (13.8 weeks). At 9 weeks after treatment started, 50% of patients treated with lyophilized pig skin dressings had complete wound healing compared with the patients in the group managed with silver sulfadiazine. (20%). The probability of wound healing been completed at 11 weeks in a patient managed with silver sulfadiazine is 20%, compared to lyophilized pig skin dressings is 80%. Conclusion: Lyophilized pig skin dressings had better outcomes than silver sulfadiazine in wound healing treatment for diabetic foot ulcers inside the study. Is mandatory develop another study with a randomized design to determinate the effectiveness as a therapeutic alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abrasions and superficial burns are painful conditions that heal slowly and cause scarring. These are common entities found in clinical practice and dressings play a major role in the treatment of burns and abrasions. There is a need for a method in which there is early healing with minimal pain, discomfort, and scarring. The use of collagen for wound healing has drawn tremendous interest from scientists in the past few decades as it claims to help in healing wounds. Aim of the study: A need is felt to study the effectiveness of collagen dressing in comparison to conventional dressing (povidone-iodine, silver sulfadiazine). Materials and methods: Both inpatients and outpatients of Govt. Kilpauk Medical College and Hospital were included. 76 patients with 2nd degree burns and 76 patients of abrasions were studied. These patients were randomized into collagen or conventional group of 38 each one group managed traditionally with a topical antibiotic (povidone-iodine/silver sulphadiazine) and the other with occlusive collagen sheet dressing. Abrasions, single or multiple, due to trauma, road traffic accidents, and sports/athletic activities and 2nd degree burn less than 15% total body surface area due to flame or hot liquids less than 24 hours old were included in the study. Results: Results obtained were compared with various authors. In the case of abrasions, the average pain score in the range of 0 to 10 was 6.7 in conventional dressing whereas it was 1.9 in the collagen group. In burns, the average pain score in the range of 0 to 10 was 6.8 in conventional dressing whereas it was 2.4 in the collagen group. In abrasions, infection was present in 20% of patients in the conventional group and only 8% of the patients in the collagen group. In burns, infection was present in 24% of patients in the conventional group and only 16% of the patients in the collagen group. In abrasions in the conventional dressing group healing was achieved on an average of 8.6 days whereas in collagen dressing it took 7.6 days. In burns in the conventional dressing group healing was achieved on an average of 17.7 days whereas in collagen dressing it took 12.2 days. In abrasions, 40% of patients in the conventional group had good scars and 92% of patients in the collagen group had good scars. In burns, 28% of patients in the conventional group had good scars and 80% of patients in the collagen group had good scars. In abrasions, patient compliance in the conventional group was good in 60% of cases whereas in the collagen group it was 96%. In burns, patient compliance in the conventional group was good in 56% of cases whereas in the collagen group it was 84%. Conclusion: Collagen sheet promotes early healing, reduces pain and decreases the need for analgesics, and decreases associated complications like infection as compared to the conventional dressing. The morbidity of the affected patients is reduced as the resultant scar is better in the majority of the patients using collagen. Because of the simple application and good tolerance of the membrane, collagen membrane can be advocated as a temporary biological dressing material in2nd degree Burns and Abrasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound management is a major global issue, and there is a growing challenge to develop more effective hemostatic dressings to control bleeding and prevent pathogen infections. In this study, a multifunctional wound dressing was developed to meet the clinical need. The hemostatic layer of wound dressing can quickly stop the bleeding. Meanwhile, the detection layer is used for real-time fluorescence monitoring of the bacterial colonization. When infection occurs, wound dressing is further subjected to illumination for in-situ photodynamic antibacterial treatment. In the rabbit ear artery hemostasis model, the hemostasis time of the wound dressing was 1 s. The detection limit of the wound dressing was 1.4 × 105 CFU/cm2 for Escherichia coli , 5.9 × 105 CFU/cm2 for Staphylococcus aureus , and 3.8 × 106 CFU/cm2 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa , respectively. Compared with the control group, an enhanced wound closure (up to 97.3%) were observed in mice treated with the wound dressing. In vitro and in vivo experiment results suggested that the wound dressing was effective in killing pathogenic bacterial and exhibited good biological compatibility, and induced no inflammatory reaction. The proposed design prevents massive bleeding and wound infection, and further promotes wound healing. In this work, we developed a multifunctional wound dressing, capable of rapid hemostasis, colorimetric monitoring of bacterial infection, and in situ photodynamic antibacterial. The hemostatic layer can quickly stop the bleeding due to its large specific surface area and adsorption pore size for platelet at bleeding site. Meanwhile, the detection layer can intelligently monitor the bacterial infection and respond to report bacterial infection by emitting fluorescence. When infection occurs, wound dressing can be used for in-situ photodynamic antibacterial treatment. In vitro and in vivo results showed that the wound dressing was biocompatible, prevented massive bleeding and wound infection, and further promoted wound healing. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic fractures are severe complications after hip arthroplasty. The treatments could be varied. However, there is still a lack of validated comparison of these treatments. OBJECTIVE: To compare different treatments of Vancouver type B2 fracture based on finite element analysis. METHODS: The data of femurs of 30 healthy volunteers, primary and revision prosthesis and locking compress plate were collected. The data were input into finite element analysis software. Different surgeries for Vancouver type B2 fracture and different types of loads were simulated. The fracture end offset of the cortical bone plate group, locking plate group, cortical bone plate + cortical bone plate group, and cortical bone plate + locking plate group under different loads were recorded, and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under 2 300 N force load, the offset of cortical bone plate group was significantly greater than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05). The offset of locking plate group was significantly greater than that of cortical bone plate + cortical bone plate group and cortical bone plate + locking plate group (P < 0.05). However, the offset of cortical bone plate + cortical bone plate group was not significantly different from that of cortical bone plate + locking plate group (P > 0.05). (2) Under 40 N•m torque load, there was no significant difference in offset between cortical bone plate group and cortical bone plate + cortical bone plate group (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the offset between the locking plate group and the cortical bone plate + locking plate group (P > 0.05). The offset of cortical bone plate group and cortical bone plate + cortical bone plate group was significantly greater than that of locking plate group and cortical bone plate + locking plate group (P < 0.05). (3) For Vancouver type B2 fracture, after stem revision, if it is not stable enough, locking plate should be used as first choice, and adding a allograft strut could be sensible if necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of biological grafts are useful for the replacement of infected prostheses in vascular surgery. In cases, when autologous grafts or homografts are not available, xenografts can be an alternative choice. To reduce immunogenicity, decellularization of the xenogeneic graft is necessary. Our goal was to determine the long-lasting stability of our decellularized porcine vascular grafts, in the mirror of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and routine histological examination. In the first experiment, light and electron microscopic confirmation of adequate decellularization of our used protocol was assessed. In the second series, DSC measurements were performed both on native and on treated samples; thereafter, histological evaluation of the analyzed samples was performed. Light and electron microscopy evaluation showed complete removal of cells and preserved connective tissue fiber structure after decellularization in the first series. In the second part of our investigation, DSC measurements demonstrated reversible change in the structure of elastic fibers and irreversible change in the structure of collagen fiber structure supported by histological findings. Our examination strengthens the earlier observations that decellularized biological grafts can tend to late aneurysmatic degeneration, due to their weakened fiber structure, besides the known immunological circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In human medicine, skin grafting is an innovative surgical technique widely used in reconstructive surgery to repair skin loss. This case evaluated the effectiveness of a treatment with dermal micro-grafting obtained through the Rigenera® technology in a chronic open wound resulting from a suture dehiscence of a limb amputation in a cat. Significant differences were observed between the aesthetic aspects of the injury using traditional treatments (cleaning and curettage) and the regenerative technology. The results showed that the healing periods were significantly reduced after the Rigenera® treatment and that, moreover, a perfect skin status and a complete reduction in the wound area (100%) were achieved in one month. Given these results, Rigenera® has proven to be a simple yet highly effective method in the treatment of inactivated chronic wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present effort elaborates the fractional analyses for Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid nanoliquid flow over a porous spinning disk. Temperature and concentration slip conditions are utilized at the surface of the spinning disk. A specific type of nanoparticles known as Silver- Ag and Magnesium-oxide MgO is added to the base fluid, to synthesis the hybrid nanoliquid. By using Karman's approach, the system of partial differential equations is depleted into a dimensionless system of differential equations. The obtained equations are further diminished to the first-order differential equation via selecting variables. To develop the fractional solution, the proposed model has been set up by Matlab fractional code Fde12. For accuracy and validity of the resulting framework, the outputs are compared with the fast-approaching numerical Matlab scheme boundary value solver (bvp4c). The impact of several flow constraints versus velocity, mass and thermal energy profiles have been portrayed and discussed. Magnesium oxide MgO compound is consists of Mg 2+ and O 2− ions, together bonded by a strong ionic bond, which can be synthesized by pyrolysis of magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH) 2 and MgCO 3 (magnesium carbonate) at a very high temperature (700–1500 °C). It is more convenient for refractory and electrical applications. Similarly, the antibacterial upshots of silver Ag nano-size particles could be used to manage bacterial growth in several applications, such as dental work, burns and wound treatment, surgery applications and biomedical apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One hundred thirty-five rice endophytes were isolated from rice seeds and shoots. • Eighteen strains significantly reduced bakanae disease severity in vivo. • Five strains were selected as the most effective and safest BCAs. • In vitro efficacy of selected strains does not correlate with in vivo results. • First report of Epicoccum catenisporum and Methylobacterium oryzae as BCAs. Rice bakanae disease, caused by Fusarium fujikuroi , nowadays represents the main threat for rice seed producers. With recent European guidelines progressively reducing the use of chemical fungicides, new disease management strategies are urgently needed. The plant endosphere constitutes a source of potential microbial biocontrol agents (BCAs) against fungal pathogens. Endophytic antagonists, with their close association with the host, are more likely to withstand harsh field conditions, the main bottleneck of BCAs selection. For this reason, 135 fungal and bacterial endophytes were isolated from rice seeds and shoots. As previously observed, in vitro screenings rarely correlate with biocontrol efficacy in planta , thus each isolate was tested in vivo under controlled conditions via seed treatment against F. fujikuroi to select endophytes that significantly reduced bakanae disease severity. Among the 18 selected isolates, 12 were excluded after a further screening step based on their potential role as plant or human pathogens. The 5 remaining strains, belonging to Epicoccum layuense , Epicoccum catenisporum , Microbacterium testaceum and Methylobacterium oryzae species, were tested in vitro to assess their capacity to inhibit F. fujikuroi through agar diffusible or volatile antimicrobial compounds. The biocontrol efficacy of these endophytes was further confirmed in vivo , by observing a significant decrease in disease severity and incidence, as well as an increase in total fresh biomass. This represents the first report of E. layuense , E. catenisporum , M. testaceum and M. oryzae strains with biocontrol potential against F. fujikuroi as promising biological seed dressing alternatives to chemical fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which investigated the effectiveness of amniotic membrane (AM) dressings in newborn infants with aplasia cutis congenita (ACC), conducted by M. Kadivar and colleagues, published in a 2024 issue of "Pediatric Dermatology" journal. Topics explored include the AM dressing application process performed in neonates, the completion of re-epithelialization, and the advantages of AM dressings compared to conventional skin grafting.

The article discusses the clinical use of bioartificial skin produced by a 3D bioprinter with the ability to create Langer's lines. The study explores the capability of the 3D bioprinter to produce multi-layer vascularized skin grafts for clinical and biomedical applications, offering a promising approach to treating acute skin wounds, chronic injuries, and severe burns. The bioartificial skin created through 3D bioprinting presents an innovative alternative for skin reconstruction, with a focus on inhibiting scar formation in burn wounds by mimicking Langer's lines. [Extracted from the article]

Silver is a widely used antimicrobial agent, yet, when impregnated in macroscopic dressings, it stains wounds, can lead to tissue toxicity, and can inhibit healing. Recently, polymeric nanofilms containing silver nanoparticles were reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity at loadings and release rates of silver that are 100× lower than conventional dressings. Here, fabrication of composite microfilm constructs that provide a facile way to transfer the silver-loaded polymeric nanofilms onto wounds in vivo is reported. The construct is fabricated from a silver nanoparticle-loaded polymeric nanofilm that is laminated with a micrometer-thick-soluble film of polyvinylalcohol (PVA). When placed on a moist wound, the PVA dissolves, leaving the silver-loaded nanofilm immobilized on the wound-bed. In vitro, the immobilized nanofilms release

Introduction: The production and distribution of human skin by Brazilian skin banks is insufficient to meet the country's demand, supplying less than 1% of the need for treating burn victims. The objective of this work was to present the elaboration and development of the first animal skin bank of Brazil for the treatment of burns. Methods: This methodological study elaborated, developed, and installed The Aquatic Animal Skin Bank in terms of the development of tilapia skin processing after a systematic review of studies referring to animal skin banks based on visits to the pisciculture center in Jaguaribara-CE, technical visits to human skin banks in Brazil, technical consultation and training in the Recife Skin Bank, the observation of all phases of tilapia skin processing, and the identification of the physical structure of the area where the processes occur. Results: In addition to the production and distribution of tilapia skin for studies on burn victims, the bank is processing more than 5000 tilapia skin samples and is in the distribution phase of this skin for multicentric studies in other states and specialties including gynecology, orthopedics, endoscopy, stomatherapy, vascular surgery, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. Conclusion: This work enabled the elaboration, development, and implementation of Brazil's first animal skin bank and the world's first aquatic skin bank.

Introduction: The development of skin tissue engineering as an alternative for burn therapy has advantages over biological dressing. Using Polycaprolactone (PCL) with chitosan in skin tissue engineering is expected to produce materials that meet the standards in skin tissue engineering. This research aims to study the variations of PCL in chitosan/PCL skin tissue engineering. Methods: From the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results, there were no difference in functional groups between four chitosan/PCL samples with variations in PCL concentration. They were all non toxic due to cytotoxicity assay. Results: The addition of PCL concentration also decreases the samples degradation rate but increases the sample contact angle. Conclusion: Based on these results, chitosan/PCL composites can be product innovation for skin tissue engineering based on the characteristics of fiber size, tensile strength, degradation rate, and biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Wound healing is the result of interactions between cytokines, growth factors, blood, and extracellular matrix. Facing this challenging issue has become one of the essential concerns in health and medical fields, needing different remedies. One of the newest treatments in wound healing is the application of probiotic bacteria. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum probiotic bacteria on acute wound healing and exploring the potential of their supernatant on increasing angiogenesis in female mice in the form of biological dressing. Materials and Methods: 44 female BALB/c mice were studied into six groups in two phases of 7 and 14 days. After the wounding process, wound sizes were measured by a digital caliper every 48 hours. Mice were dressed and treated. Histological samples were studied, and the results were analyzed statistically. Results: Bifidobacterium b. probiotic bacteria not only show exciting potential as a therapeutic and effective agent but also our examination proved that application of this probiotic plus Aloe vera hydrogel (experimental group 1) can significantly reduce the wound healing duration and increases angiogenesis (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the designed biological dressing, including Bifidobacterium b. supernatant and Aloe vera hydrogel, can be used in acute wound healing after further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nylon is a human‐made material and has been applied in many industrial fields. This literature review explores the use of nylon in biomedical applications and discusses the properties and three‐dimensional (3D) printability of this material. Nylon is studied due to its versatility as an engineering plastic that can be easily transformed into fibers, films, and molded parts. Due to nylon's biocompatible nature, it has desirable chemical stability and tunable mechanical properties making this material and its derivatives widely used as sutures, catheters, dentures, and so on. However, the interactions between nylon and human body tissues have yet to be fully understood. Nevertheless, nylon is hybridized with different materials and used as skin dressings. In recent years, nylon composites have been actively researched in tissue engineering as an alternative to metallic implants with an appropriate bioactivity potential for bone growth. As nylon is supposed to be in contact with the tissue for a long time, hence researchers are developing antimicrobial strategies for the nylon materials to even promote their potential a step further. The 3D printing of nylon is currently confined to specific applications due to the printing technology's current limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social grooming behaviors can be defined as the behavior of constructing social relationships by using different social grooming methods including primitive methods (face -to-face communication) and modern methods (email and social networking sites). Thus, the social grooming behaviors comprise behaviors of surfing the web, and social interaction for the purpose of maintaining social relationships. Also, they include web surfing, visiting websites and personal files check-up of users together with clicking on likes, and leaving out messages or comments in other personal files. The current study aims at identifying the social grooming behaviors among the social media users and the statistically significant differences in the social grooming behaviours according to gender (malefemale), field of specialization(scientific-literary). Results show that the sample of the study is described of having social grooming behavior towards others with high level. There are statistically significant differences in the social grooming according to the variable of gender in favor of female and there are statistical significant differences in the social grooming according to the variable of field of specialization in favor of scientific field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic debridement (ED) has become a reliable tool for eschar removal. Although ED application is simple, wound bed evaluation and therapy decision post-intervention are prone to subjectivity and failure. Experience in ED might be the key, but this has not been proven yet. The aim of this study was to assess interrater reliability (IR) in post-intervention wound bed evaluation and therapy decision as well as the impact of experience. In addition, the authors introduce video assessment as a valuable tool for post-ED decision-making and education. A video-based survey was conducted among physicians with various experiences in ED. The survey involved multiple-choice and 5-point Likert scale questions about professional status, experience in ED, confidence in post-ED wound bed evaluation, and therapy decision. Subsequently, videos of 15 mixed pattern to full-thickness burns immediately after removal of the enzyme complex were demonstrated. Participants were asked for evaluation of each burn wound, including bleeding pattern and consequent therapy decision. IR ≥ 80% was considered as a consensus. Responses were stratified according to participants' experience in applying ED (<10, 10-19, 20-49, and ≥50 applications). IR was assessed by chi-square test (raw agreement [RA]; ≥80% was considered as a consensus) and by calculation of Krippendorff's alpha. In addition, expert consensus for therapy decision was compared with the actual clinical course of each shown patient. Last, participants were asked for their opinion on video as an assessment tool for post-ED wound bed evaluation, decision-making, and training. Thirty-one physicians from 11 burn centers participated in the survey. The overall consensus (raw agreement [RA] ≥ 80%) in post-ED wound bed evaluation and therapy decision was achieved in 20 and 40%, respectively. Krippendorff's alpha is given by 0.32 (95% confidence interval: 0.15, 0.49) and 0.31 (95% confidence interval: 0.16, 0.47), respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that physicians with high experience in ED achieved significantly more consensus in post-intervention wound bed evaluation and therapy decision compared with physicians with moderate experience (60 vs 13.3%; P = .02 and 86.7 vs 33.3%; P = .04, respectively). Video analysis was considered a feasible (90.3%) and beneficial (93.5%) tool for post-intervention wound bed evaluation and therapy decision as well as useful for training purposes (100%). Reliability of wound bed evaluation and therapy decision after ED depends on the experience of the rating physician. Video analysis is deemed to be a valuable tool for ED evaluation, decision-making, and user training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining drugs is an efficient tool in fighting bacterial infections. It has been proven to enable an increased antimicrobial activity compared to mono‐drug therapies. Current commercial dressings for treatment of infected wounds provide delivery of one drug only. Therefore, there is an obvious need to develop a technology enabling incorporation and release of two and more actives. Ideally, such technology should prevent potential cross‐reactions between the drugs during long‐term storage. Here, a concept of drug compartmentalization within distinct glycerol domains of glycerol‐silicone elastomer membranes is presented. Multiple drugs are encapsulated within different types of glycerol domains hampering any cross‐reactions. The drugs are simultaneously released upon contact with aqueous media and the release kinetics can be precisely adjusted by tuning various material parameters, such as glycerol content and membrane thickness. Ultimately, the drug release capabilities and the antimicrobial potential are evaluated against a variety of bacteria in an agar diffusion assay. The membranes are proven effective against different bacterial species, which confirms the efficiency of release even at minimum moisture levels. The glycerol‐silicone platform technology enables delivery of virtually unlimited combinations of drugs from different drug families (e.g., antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and pain relief agents) facilitating new ways of treating wound disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hydrogels play an important role in the field of wound repair because of its three-dimensional network structure, excellent moisture absorption and retention properties and biocompatibility. OBJECTIVE: To review the application of hydrogel dressings as scaffold materials in sustained drug release, debridement and hemostasis for skin traumas. METHODS: We took “hydrogels, wound healing, diabetic foot, skin ulcer, burns, radiodermatitis, chronic wounds, drug Carriers” as the key words in Chinese and English, respectively, to retrieve the related literature published from 2000 to 2019 in PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang databases based on internet search. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hydrogels have a three-dimensional structure similar to extracellular matrix and possess good plasticity, moisture retention, self-healing and long-lasting sustained release properties. As scaffold materials, hydrogels loaded with one or more drugs on skin wounds can enhance the anti-infection, hemostatic and debridement ability of drugs, promote cell adhesion and growth factor expression, induce angiogenesis, collagen deposition, macrophage polarization and granulation tissue formation, and finally, lead to the sweat glands and hair follicles formation, epithelialization acceleration, and shorten the healing process. However, the development and application of multi-functional hydrogels are mostly in the basic research stage of animal experiments, and there is still a lack of large-scale clinical studies to prove their efficacy and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blisters are characteristic finding of second-degree superficial burns. Varied opinions for the management of burn blisters are available in literature. Most accepted one is to puncture it in a sterile way, keep the overlying skin as a biological cover, and over that put a moist sterile biological dressing. Fluid in the blister is ultrafiltrate of the plasma, which is rich in proteins such as immunoglobulins, various cytokines, prostaglandins, and interleukins. This fluid is pro-inflammatory, and the evidence regarding its effect on wound healing is varied. Instead of drainage, the burn blister fluid can be aspirated and immediately sprayed over the other areas of the same wound. We found this method feasible as an adjuvant therapy for second-degree superficial burn wounds. In this case report, we share our experience of the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burn is an injury to the skin or other tissue. Mostly, it caused by contacting with hot liquids, solids, and flames. The important thing that should be consider in burn incident is the severity of burn and it based on the depth and area of the burn injury. The severity of burns will cause differences of pathophysiological responses. This was a literature review study. Various articles were collected from online database including reports, journals, and published in the last 10 years. The articles were from the scholar journals. The systemic inflammatory response in severe level of burns was not given good response to disappear of lesion burn and initiating tissue repair. Moreover, it was given an organ failure to the patient. The body responded to this incident by releasing antiinflammatory mediators. This response is very strong and prolonged, so it caused immunosuppression and increase the risk of secondary infection to the patients. Burns affects the patient’s immune system. The ratio between pro and antiinflammatory mediators are determining the patient’s subsequent status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound dehiscence is the most frequent complication after ridge augmentation and causes postoperative infection, inadequate bone healing, or graft failure. In the oral cavity, conservative treatment for dehiscence is difficult to maintain until secondary healing occurs because of its normal flora, dynamic masticatory muscle movement, and humid environment. This paper reports an effective conservative method using an oral wound dressing material with an omnivec splint and presents three wound dehiscence cases: (1) autogenous tooth bone graft material with a collagen membrane, with dehiscence occurring at postoperative 5 days. (2) Autogenous bone graft covering titanium mesh, with dehiscence occurring at postoperative three weeks. The mesh was removed after 10 weeks with histologic analysis. (3) Autogenous bone and autogenous tooth bone graft covering a titanium mesh, with dehiscence occurring at postoperative 1 week. The exposed titanium mesh was maintained for 6 months after the graft. All cases achieved secondary healing and acceptable outcomes for a dental implant by conservative treatment without infection after the dehiscence after ridge augmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]