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Eschscholtzia californica Cham. and Valeriana officinalis L. have long been used for the management of sleep disorders and anxiety. Use of a fixed combination of these two plant extracts (Phytostandard® d’Eschscholtzia et de Valériane, PiLeJe Laboratoire, France) was investigated in an observational study. Adults with adjustment insomnia according to the criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders and with an insomnia severity index (ISI) score >7 enrolled by GPs took a maximum of four tablets of the eschscholtzia and valerian combination every night for four weeks. Within one month, ISI score decreased by approximately 30% (from 16.09 ± 3.67 at inclusion (V1) to 11.32 ± 4.78 at 4 weeks (V2); p

In this paper, we investigate the benefit of intentionally added noise to observed data in various scenarios of Bayesian parameter estimation. For optimal estimators, we theoretically demonstrate that the Bayesian Cramér-Rao bound for the case with added noise is never smaller than for the original data, and the updated minimum mean-square error (MSE) estimator performs no better. This motivates us to explore the feasibility of noise benefit in some useful suboptimal estimators. Several Bayesian estimators established from one-bit-quantizer sensors are considered, and for different types of pre-existing background noise, optimal distributions are determined for the added noise in order to improve the performance in estimation. With a single sensor, it is shown that the optimal added noise for reducing the MSE is actually a constant bias. However, with parallel arrays of such sensors, bona fide optimal added noise, no longer a constant bias, is shown to reduce the MSE. Moreover, it is found that the designed Bayesian estimators can benefit from the optimal added noise to effectively approach the performance of the minimum MSE estimator, even when the assembled sensors possess different quantization thresholds.

This article traces a widespread misunderstanding in Western Tibetological literature that mdos are synonymous with ‘thread-crosses’ (nam mkha’) used in various rituals. In fact, the term mdos has a much broader implication. The article explores the nature, function and origin of the mdos to show that mdos rituals have in general the function of removing spiritual and material obstacles

Background: Increasing evidence suggests the beneficial effects of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but little is known about how they can impact the gut microbiota. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a multistrain probiotic on IBS symptoms, gut permeability and gut microbiota in patients with diarrhoea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Methods: Adults with IBS-D were enrolled in an open-label trial to receive a multistrain probiotic for 4 weeks. Abdominal pain, stool frequency, quality of life, gut permeability, and the luminal and adherent microbiota from colonic biopsies were evaluated before and after supplementation. Results: Probiotics significantly improved symptoms and quality of life, despite having no impact on permeability in the global population. In the population stratified by the response, the diarrhoea responders displayed reduced colonic permeability after supplementation. The luminal and adherent microbiota were specifically altered depending on the patients’ clinical responses regarding pain and diarrhoea. Interestingly, we identified a microbial signature in IBS-D patients that could predict a response or lack of response to supplementation. Conclusions: The multistrain probiotic improved the symptoms of IBS-D patients and induced distinct effects on the gut microbiota according to the patient’s clinical response and initial microbiota composition. Our study further supports the need to develop individualised probiotic-based approaches regarding IBS.

Abstract Background Most guidelines recommend both pelvic packing (PP) and angioembolization for hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures, however their sequence varies. Some argue to use PP first because orthopaedic surgeons are more available than interventional radiologists; however, there is no data confirming this. Methods This cross-sectional survey of 158 trauma medical directors at US Level I trauma centers collected the availability of orthopaedic surgeons and interventional radiologists, the number of orthopaedic trauma surgeons trained to manage pelvic fractures, and priority treatment sequence for hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures. The study objective was to compare the availability of orthopaedic surgeons to interventional radiologists and describe how the availability of orthopaedic surgeons and interventional radiologists affects the treatment sequence for hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures. Fisher’s exact, chi-squared, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used, alpha = 0.05. Results The response rate was 25% (40/158). Orthopaedic surgeons (86%) were on-site more often than interventional radiologists (54%), p = 0.003. Orthopaedic surgeons were faster to arrive 39% of the time, and interventional radiologists were faster to arrive 6% of the time. There was a higher proportion of participants who prioritized PP before angioembolization at centers with above the average number (> 3) of orthopaedic trauma surgeons trained to manage pelvic fractures, as among centers with equal to or below average, p = 0.02. Arrival times for orthopaedic surgeons did not significantly predict prioritization of angioembolization or PP. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that orthopaedic surgeons typically are more available than interventional radiologists but contrary to anecdotal evidence most participants used angioembolization first. Familiarity with the availability of orthopaedic surgeons and interventional radiologists may contribute to individual trauma center’s treatment sequence.

Currently, no treatments available for Parkinson’s disease (PD) can slow PD progression. At the early stage of the disease, only a subset of individuals with PD progress quickly, while the majority have a slowly progressive form of the disease. In developing treatments that aim to slow PD progression, clinical trials aim to include individuals who are likely to progress faster, such that a treatment effect, if one exists, can be identified easier and earlier. The aim of the present study was to identify baseline predictors of clinical progression in early PD. We analyzed 12-month data acquired from the PASADENA trial Part 1 (NCT03100149, n = 76 participants who were allocated to the placebo arm and did not start symptomatic therapy) and the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) study (n = 139 demographically and clinically matched participants). By using ridge regression models including clinical characteristics, imaging, and non-imaging biomarkers, we found that Hoehn and Yahr stage and dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography specific binding ratios (Dat-SPECT SBR) in putamen ipsilateral to the side of motor symptom onset predicted PD progression at the early stage of the disease. Further studies are needed to confirm the validity of these predictors to identify with high accuracy individuals with early PD with a faster progression phenotype.

Macrolide antimicrobial agents have been in clinical use for more than 60 years in both human and veterinary medicine. The discovery of the non-antimicrobial properties of macrolides and the effect of immunomodulation of the inflammatory response has benefited patients with chronic airway diseases and impacted morbidity and mortality. This review examines the evidence of antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial properties of macrolides in human and veterinary medicine with a focus toward veterinary macrolides but including important and relevant evidence from the human literature. The complete story for these complex and important molecules is continuing to be written.

In this paper, we present how complementary characterization techniques, such as electrical measurements with a vector network analyzer (VNA), optical measurements with a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), and numerical simulations with the finite element method, coupled with spectral domain analysis (FEMSDA), allow us to independently access different properties of a SAW device and fully characterize its operation using the coupling-of-modes theory (COM). A set of chemical SAW sensors coated with parylene C layers of different thicknesses (1, 1.5, and 2 µm) and an uncoated sensor were used as test samples. The sensors represent dual-channel electroacoustic delay lines operating in the vicinity of 77 MHz. The IDTs consist of split aluminum electrodes deposited on a AT-cut quartz substrate. The thickness-dependent influence of the parylene C layer was observed on the operating frequency (SAW velocity), static capacitance, attenuation, crosstalk, and reflection coefficient. COM parameters were reported for the four cases considered; measured and simulated data show good agreement. The presented approach is suitable for the design, characterization, and validation of polymer film-coated SAW sensors.

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are a major aquaculture species that live in habitats with fluctuating salinities that are sometimes higher than in seawater (SW). Atlantic and West-Mediterranean genetic lineages were compared regarding intestinal neuropeptide receptor expression in SW (36%) and following a two-week transfer to hypersalinity (HW, 55%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven neuropeptide receptors belonging to the arginine vasotocine (AVTR) family and two isotocin receptors (ITR). Among AVTR paralogs, the highest mRNA levels were recorded for v1a2, with a two- to fourfold upregulation in the European sea bass intestinal sections after transfer of fish to HW. Principal component analysis in posterior intestines showed that v1a2 expression grouped together with the expression and activity of main ion transporters and channels involved in solute-coupled water uptake, indicating a possible role of this receptor in triggering water absorption. v1a1 expression, however, was decreased or did not change after transfer to hypersaline water. Among ITR paralogs, itr1 was the most expressed paralog in the intestine and opposite expression patterns were observed following salinity transfer, comparing intestinal sections. Overall, different expression profiles were observed between genetic lineages for several analyzed genes which could contribute to different osmotic stress-related responses in D. labrax lineages.

Background: Currently available treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) do not slow clinical progression nor target alpha-synuclein, a key protein associated with the disease.Objective: The study objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of prasinezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds aggregated alpha-synuclein, in individuals with early PD.Methods: The PASADENA study is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment study. Individuals with early PD, recruited across the US and Europe, received monthly intravenous doses of prasinezumab (1,500 or 4,500 mg) or placebo for a 52-week period (Part 1), followed by a 52-week extension (Part 2) in which all participants received active treatment. Key inclusion criteria were: aged 40–80 years; Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) Stage I or II; time from diagnosis ≤2 years; having bradykinesia plus one other cardinal sign of PD (e.g., resting tremor, rigidity); DAT-SPECT imaging consistent with PD; and either treatment naïve or on a stable monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor dose. Study design assumptions for sample size and study duration were built using a patient cohort from the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). In this report, baseline characteristics are compared between the treatment-naïve and MAO-B inhibitor-treated PASADENA cohorts and between the PASADENA and PPMI populations.Results: Of the 443 patients screened, 316 were enrolled into the PASADENA study between June 2017 and November 2018, with an average age of 59.9 years and 67.4% being male. Mean time from diagnosis at baseline was 10.11 months, with 75.3% in H&Y Stage II. Baseline motor and non-motor symptoms (assessed using Movement Disorder Society—Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS]) were similar in severity between the MAO-B inhibitor-treated and treatment-naïve PASADENA cohorts (MDS-UPDRS sum of Parts I + II + III [standard deviation (SD)]; 30.21 [11.96], 32.10 [13.20], respectively). The overall PASADENA population (63.6% treatment naïve and 36.4% on MAO-B inhibitor) showed a similar severity in MDS-UPDRS scores (e.g., MDS-UPDRS sum of Parts I + II + III [SD]; 31.41 [12.78], 32.63 [13.04], respectively) to the PPMI cohort (all treatment naïve).Conclusions: The PASADENA study population is suitable to investigate the potential of prasinezumab to slow disease progression in individuals with early PD.Trial Registration: NCT03100149.

Currently, the number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) jobs are expanding faster than the U.S. labor market; yet many individuals with STEM degrees choose to work in other fields. The present study uses social cognitive career theory as a framework for researching the impact of several variables on future expectations to continue in STEM. We measured math self-efficacy with the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales and impostorism from the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale. New measures of interest and future intentions were created. One hundred twenty-one undergraduates (47.1% women; median age = 21.00) enrolled in STEM majors completed an online survey. We hypothesized that math self-efficacy and interest would significantly predict future expectations and that impostorism would significantly add to this prediction. This theory was analyzed with a hierarchical multiple regression, and the hypothesis was supported by data from men. In the women's model, only interest emerged as a significant predictor. Implications are discussed.

Distinct absorption peaks, with maxima at around 328 nm and a shoulder at 360 nm, were observed in the UV region of the absorption spectra for both the particulate and dissolved fractions of water samples collected in Keppel Bay (NE Australia) during the presence of sporadic Trichodesmium colonies. The largest absorption coefficients for these peaks were observed in samples collected in the near-surface waters (top 2–3 cm). Values approximately 3.5–6 times greater for aCDOM(328) and 13–36 times greater for ap(328) were observed in the near-surface samples compared to those collected from the top 20 cm of the water column at the same sites. Similar UV-absorption peaks observed in other studies have been attributed to the presence of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Increased UV absorption can affect both the magnitude of the absorption coefficients in the blue end of the visible region and the spectral slope of the exponential model commonly used to describe the CDOM absorption coefficient. This, in turn, can significantly affect the accuracy of satellite retrieved estimates of ocean colour products related to CDOM and particulate absorption coefficients. In tropical waters where Trichodesmium blooms are prevalent, regional ocean colour algorithms need to be developed using in situ bio-optical measurements from both the UV and visible regions of the spectra.

Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) was first observed in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) in January 2019. This disease affects at least 20 scleractinian coral species; however, it is not well understood how reef diversity affects its spread or its impacts on reef ecosystems. With a large number of susceptible species, SCTLD may not follow the diversity-disease hypothesis, which proposes that high species diversity is negatively correlated with disease prevalence. Instead, SCTLD may have a higher prevalence and a greater impact on reefs with higher coral diversity. To test this, in 2020 we resampled 54 sites around St. Thomas previously surveyed in 2017 or 2019 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. These sites represented a variety of species diversity values [categorized into poor (

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is increasingly considered a source of energy and materials rather than an environmental and socioeconomic problem. Incineration using the grate-firing technique is one of the best available technologies for thermal treatment of non-recyclable MSW with energy recovery. The transition to a circular economy brings a new challenge to the Waste to Energy (WtE) industry. Due to advanced waste management schemes, the calorific value of the input waste is likely to decrease. Nevertheless, WtE plant designers and operators have aimed to increase the energy and material recovery efficiency of their installations, while maintaining or even decreasing operation and maintenance costs. For these reasons, there is a need for better understanding of the chemical and physical phenomena involved in the MSW incineration process. Accurate numerical modelling of MSW packed bed combustion can substantially contribute to this objective.The literature on similar fields such as coal and biomass combustion has delineated many crucial aspects of modelling solid fuel combustion in grate-firing applications. However, the know-how obtained in these fields cannot be one on one transferred to MSW incineration because MSW is much more inhomogeneous in composition and thermophysical properties. This paper first presents an overview of MSW's chemical and thermophysical properties. Then, the heterogeneous nature of MSW and its complex thermal degradation behaviour are used as a basis to discuss the suitability of the available numerical methodologies. Finally, current challenges in the modelling of waste beds are identified, with relevance to improving the performance of industrial WtE plants.

In this paper, analytical and numerical studies of the influence of the long-range interaction parameter on the excitability threshold in a ring of FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) system are investigated. The long-range interaction is introduced to the network to model regulation of the Gap junctions or hemichannels activity at the connexins level, which provides links between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons. Results show that the long-range coupling enhances the range of the threshold parameter. We also investigate the long-range effects on the network dynamics, which induces enlargement of the oscillatory zone before the excitable regime. When considering bidirectional coupling, the long-range interaction induces traveling patterns such as traveling waves, while when considering unidirectional coupling, the long-range interaction induces multi-chimera states. We also studied the difference between the dynamics of coupled oscillators and coupled excitable neurons. We found that, for the coupled system, the oscillation period decreases with the increasing of the coupling parameter. For the same values of the coupling parameter, the oscillation period of the Oscillatory dynamics is greater than the oscillation period of the excitable dynamics. The analytical approximation shows good agreement with the numerical results.

BACKGROUNDIn previous clinical trials involving children with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), a Moloney murine leukemia virus–based γ-retrovirus vector expressing interleukin-2 receptor γ-chain (γc) complementary DNA successfully restored immunity in most patients but resulted in vector-induced leukemia through enhancer-mediated mutagenesis in 25% of patients. We assessed the efficacy and safety of a self-inactivating retrovirus for the treatment of SCID-X1.METHODSWe enrolled nine boys with SCID-X1 in parallel trials in Europe and the United States to evaluate treatment with a self-inactivating (SIN) γ-retrovirus vector containing deletions in viral enhancer sequences expressing γc (SIN-γc).RESULTSAll patients received bone marrow–derived CD34+ cells transduced with the SIN-γc vector, without preparative conditioning. After 12.1 to 38.7 months of follow-up, eight of the nine children were still alive. One patient died from an overwhelming adenoviral infection before reconstitution with genetically modified T cells. Of the remaining eight patients, seven had recovery of peripheral-blood T cells that were functional and led to resolution of infections. The patients remained healthy thereafter. The kinetics of CD3+ T-cell recovery was not significantly different from that observed in previous trials. Assessment of insertion sites in peripheral blood from patients in the current trial as compared with those in previous trials revealed significantly less clustering of insertion sites within LMO2 , MECOM, and other lymphoid proto-oncogenes in our patients.CONCLUSIONSThis modified γ-retrovirus vector was found to retain efficacy in the treatment of SCID-X1. The long-term effect of this therapy on leukemogenesis remains unknown. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01410019, NCT01175239, and NCT01129544.)

BACKGROUND: There are 3 pillars upon which the foundation of a teaching program in health care is founded: research, education, and clinical care. However, in a busy academic trauma practice, the unfortunate reality is that research is often a low priority in the frenzy of mandates for clinical productivity. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this report is to advise hospitals on how to create a modest trauma research program that supports research interests without significantly impacting the overall clinical productivity of the department. METHODS: Relevant literature related to the development of an academic trauma research department was reviewed. Relevant articles were then compared to this manuscript to assess the novelty of the topic. RESULTS: There are 4 essential components of a trauma research program: (1) a zealot, (2) institutional commitment and support, (3) a statistician, and (4) registry data access. CONCLUSION: The creation of a trauma research program may seem like a herculean effort, but this work is necessary for institutions hoping to achieve status as a Level I/II trauma center. Following the steps outlined in this report, trauma providers can create a robust research program at their institution without sacrificing clinical productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological excavations on a WW1 battlefield in Argonne (Servon-Melzicourt, France) led to the discover of a metallic sculpture representing a pipe-shaped soldier head. The stratigraphic position in a French trench of the first year of the war led to propose a hypothetical handicraft product origin considered as an uncommon Art-trench case. The head was analyzed with a XRF chemical study and compared with WW1-artillery items discovered on the same excavated area. It revealed that the pipe-head is made of a zamac alloy enriched with tungsten, that reflects specific alloy used during the war by German armament industries for compensating metallic shortages. Stylistic and manufacturing technical studies indicates an expert work that points out the high forge and sculpture knowledge of the statuary craftsman who could have recycled bombshell items on battlefield. Several technical characters restrict the interpretation as an Art-trench product, demonstrating the lack of knowledge and complexity of handicraft processes within the front area.

Abstract Background Patients with hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures have high mortality due to delayed hemorrhage control. We hypothesized that the availability of interventional radiology (IR) for angioembolization may vary in spite of the mandated coverage at US Level I trauma centers, and that the priority treatment sequence would depend on IR availability. Methods This survey was designed to investigate IR availability and pelvic fracture management practices. Six email invitations were sent to 158 trauma medical directors at Level I trauma centers. Participants were allowed to skip questions and irrelevant questions were skipped; therefore, not all questions were answered by all participants. The primary outcome was the priority treatment sequence for hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures. Predictor variables were arrival times for IR when working off-site and intervention preparation times. Kruskal-Wallis and ordinal logistic regression were used; alpha = 0.05. Results Forty of the 158 trauma medical directors responded to the survey (response rate: 25.3%). Roughly half of participants had 24-h on-site IR coverage, 24% (4/17) of participants reported an arrival time ≥ 31 min when IR was on-call. 46% (17/37) of participants reported an IR procedure setup time of 31–120 min. Arrival time when IR was working off-site, and intervention preparation time did not significantly affect the sequence priority of angioembolization for hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures. Conclusions Trauma medical directors should review literature and guidelines on time to angioembolization, their arrival times for IR, and their procedural setup times for angioembolization to ensure utilization of angioembolization in an optimal sequence for patient survival.

Abstract Background Mortality from hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures remains high. Guidelines offer varying care approaches including the use of pelvic packing (PP), which was recently adopted for potential control of bleeding for this condition. However, the implementation of PP is uncertain as the debate on the optimal resuscitation strategy, angioembolization or PP continues. The study was designed to assess current practices among level 1 trauma centers in the US in regard to PP treatment for hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures. Methods A cross-sectional survey was created to assess when to apply PP, application approach, and the respondent’s anecdotal perception on safety and effectiveness. Trauma Medical Directors at 158 US level 1 trauma centers were sent biweekly email invitations for 3 months. Participants were allowed to skip questions for any reason. The study hypothesis was that PP practices vary by US census bureau region, annual trauma admissions, and length of time in years since each trauma center received their respective level 1 trauma center designation. Results Twenty-five percent (40/158) of trauma medical directors participated and 75% (118/158) of the trauma medical directors did not participate. Of those who took the survey, 36/40 (90%) completed the survey and 4/40 (10%) partially completed the survey. Only 36 trauma medical directors responded on their perception of safety and effectiveness; 72% (26/36) of participants perceived PP as safe, whereas only a third (12/36) of participants perceived PP as effective. There were 25 trauma medical directors who provided the sequence of treatment modalities utilized at their level 1 trauma center, 76% (19/25) of participants reported that PP is utilized as the third or fourth priority. None of the participating level 1 trauma centers reported a preference towards utilization of PP as the first priority treatment. Half of the participants reported a preference towards applying PP only as a last resort to control hemorrhage. Northeastern and Western level 1 trauma centers were significantly more likely than Midwestern and Southern level 1 trauma centers to have reported application of PP to all hemodynamically unstable patients (p = 0.05). Midwestern, Southern, and Western level 1 trauma centers were significantly more likely to have perceived PP as safe than Northeastern level 1 trauma centers (p = 0.04). All low-volume and 38% high-volume level 1 trauma centers perceived PP to increase infection risks, (p = 0.03). We observed no association between the length of time each trauma center was designated a level 1 trauma center, and all participant responses. Conclusion Controversy and varying anecdotal perception regarding safety and effectiveness of PP prevails among trauma medical directors at level 1 trauma centers in the US.

Zoë Zuilhof, Sandhaya Norris, Claude Blondeau, Pierre Tessier, Pierre Blier Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, The Royal Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada Introduction: This study investigated if optimized dose regimens of escitalopram and bupropion combination from treatment initiation can be superior to either drug alone in speed of onset, remission rate, and maintenance of therapeutic efficacy.Methods: Patients from a single site (N=85) within a larger double-blind 12-week trial (N=245) showed a lower dropout rate (14% vs 40%) and used higher doses; therefore, this cohort was analyzed separately. Uniquely at this single site, after 12 weeks, non-remitters on a single drug received the other one in addition and combination non-remitters underwent a switch of escitalopram for duloxetine for a 6-week period. Escitalopram could be given up to 40 mg/day and bupropion up to 450 mg/day. A 6-month prolongation was then implemented in remitters, maintaining the double-blind design throughout. Remission was defined as ≤7 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, as in the initial publication.Results: At week 2, combination treatment was superior in remission rate (5/28) compared with both bupropion (0/26) and escitalopram monotherapies (0/31; P=0.03 and P=0.02, respectively). The week 12 remission rate of combination treatment showed a higher rate (15/28) relative to bupropion monotherapy (7/26; P=0.04), but not statistically different from escitalopram monotherapy (11/31; P=0.13). The 6-week augmentation produced remission in 7/21 monotherapy non-remitters and 0/6 in the switch group (P=0.13). Remission was sustained in 28/31 patients enrolled in the 6-month maintenance.Conclusion: These results suggest that combination of escitalopram and bupropion from treatment initiation is superior to either monotherapy in speed of onset. The addition of a second drug in non-remitters can lead to additional remissions, as shown with other combinations of medications. Treatment prolongation using optimized regimens leads to low relapse rates. Keywords: antidepressant, escitalopram, bupropion, action onset, augmentation, prolongation

Le AL : quali risultati?

Cet article souligne l’importance de ce que les auteures appellent « Littératures des migrations et des exils » dans le processus d’élaboration des autobiographies langagières. Les textes autobiographiques ou autofictionnels choisis, produits par des écrivain.e.s ayant fait l’expérience de “déplacements” géographiques, culturels, linguistiques, économiques, sociaux, genrés… sont considérés comme espaces de réflexion et d’ouverture aux trajets plurilingues/pluriculturels et permettent d’interroger les certitudes identitaires. Ils sont aussi déclencheurs et inspirateurs d’écriture pour les élèves tout comme pour les enseignants. Le module de formation de formateurs élaboré dans le cadre du projet européen IRIS est un exemple concret de la mobilisation de ces littératures dans les dispositifs des autobiographies langagières. Literature of migration and exile: spaces for sharing and reflection on the imagery of languages This article highlights the importance of what the authors call “Literature of migration and exile” in the process of elaborating linguistic autobiographies. The chosen autobiographical or auto-fictional texts, produced by writers who have experienced geographical, cultural, linguistic, economic, social, gendered … “displacements”, are considered to be spaces for reflection and openness to plurilingual / pluricultural journeys that allow us to question the certainty of identity. They also trigger and inspirer both student and teacher writing. The trainers’ training module developed as part of the European IRIS project is a concrete example of the mobilization of this literature thanks to linguistic autobiographies. Letterature di migrazione e di esilio: spazi di condivisione e di riflessione sull’immaginario delle lingue Questo articolo sottolinea l’importanza di quelle che gli autori chiamano “letterature della migrazione e dell’esilio” nel processo di elaborazione delle autobiografie linguistiche. I testi autobiografici o ‘autofictional’ scelti, prodotti da scrittori che hanno fatto esperienze di “spostamenti” geografici, culturali, linguistici, economici, sociali, di genere, sono considerati come spazi di riflessione e di apertura ai viaggi plurilinguistici/pluriculturali e permettono di mettere in discussione le certezze identitarie. Sono anche i fattori scatenanti e ispiratori della scrittura, sia per gli studenti che per gli insegnanti. Il modulo di formazione dei formatori sviluppato nell’ambito del progetto europeo IRIS è un esempio concreto della mobilitazione di queste letterature per la scrittura delle autobiografie linguistiche.

In questo articolo le due autrici ricostruiscono il loro itinerario professionale, le influenze che hanno potuto orientare il loro percorso (ricerca in Didattica delle lingue straniere, Scienze dell’Educazione, lavori del Consiglio d’Europa, passione per la letteratura...) il processo che le ha portate ad adottare il dispositivo delle autobiografie linguistiche (AL) nel loro insegnamento della lingua materna, straniera o seconda. Presentano poi la loro concezione delle AL, gli approcci pedagogici che ne facilitano la realizzazione, e analizzano gli effetti del processo di scrittura sulla memoria e sui rapporti con le lingue. Infine esaminano l’impatto dell’analisi riflessiva sia individuale che collettiva su questi scritti autobiografici, capace di trasformare l’insegnamento/apprendimento delle lingue, trasformazione che potrebbe prodursi se gli insegnanti fossero formati al paradigma della consapevolezza e della prassi. Autobiographies langagières : pour une conscientisation des trajets existentiels et professionnels des enseignants Dans cet article, les deux auteures retracent leur parcours professionnel, les influences qui l’ont infléchi (recherches en Didactique des langues étrangères, en Sciences de l’éducation, travaux du Conseil de l’Europe, passion pour la littérature…) et le cheminement qu’elles ont emprunté pour parvenir à adopter le dispositif des autobiographies langagières (AL) dans leur enseignement de langue maternelle, étrangère ou seconde. Elles présentent leur propre conception des AL, les démarches pédagogiques favorisant leur mise en place, puis analysent les effets du processus d’écriture sur la mémoire et les rapports construits aux langues. Elles abordent enfin les impacts des retours réflexifs, à la fois individuels et collectifs, sur ces écrits autobiographiques, susceptibles de transformer l’enseignement/apprentissage des langues, transformation qui pourrait advenir si les professeurs étaient formés au paradigme relevant de la conscientisation et de la praxis. Linguistic autobiographies: reflexive reconstruction of teachers’ existential and professional itineraries In this article, the two authors reconstruct their professional itineraries, the influences that guided their paths (research in Foreign Language Teaching, Educational Sciences, working with the Council of Europe, passion for literature...). The process led them to adopt the device of linguistic autobiographies (AL) in their teaching of mother tongue, foreign or second languages. They then present their conception of ALs, the pedagogical approaches that facilitate their implementation and analyze the effects of the writing process on memory and language relationships. Finally, they examine the impact of both individual and collective reflective analysis on these autobiographical writings, capable of transforming language teaching/learning, a transformation that can occur if teachers are trained according to the paradigm of mindfulness and praxis.

La formazione e le competenze di un insegnante riflessivo

Le AL: come proporle, produrle, analizzarle, valutarle

Il plurilinguismo e la didattica delle lingue e delle culture