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Three studies examine the validity of the Preschool Form of the Cognitive Abilities Scale—Second Edition (CAS-2). Significant high concurrent criterion-related validity correlations, corrected for restricted range, are found between the CAS-2 and the Detroit Test of Learning Ability—Primary: Third Edition for 26 three-year-olds ( rc = .86) and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development—Second Edition for 20 two-year-olds ( rc = .63). Significant correlations also are evident for the CAS-2 and the Test of Early Language Development—Third Edition for 26 three-year-olds ( rc = .77) and the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System—Second Edition for 20 two-year-olds ( rc = .65). Predictive power is critical when making interpretations regarding future performance. A high, significant correlation ( r c = .72) is observed for the CAS-2 for 37 children at ages 2 and 3 and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition administered 6 years later. Results expand validity evidence for the CAS-2, increasing confidence in interpretations regarding young children's performance.

Autism is a low-incidence disability that is complex to assess and for which rates continue to increase. Assessment options for autism are reviewed and presented in the context of recent research and a comprehensive, multidisciplinary assessment model. The model involves three levels that yield data progressing from more subjective and general to more objective and specific. Each level provides unique information critical to verifying eligibility, planning instruction, and monitoring progress. Because of the complexity of autism, a systematic and comprehensive assessment approach is critical to reducing error in decisions regarding eligibility and treatment.

We have constructed a cryogenic induction motor to turn the rotor of a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB). Both the motor and the SMB are operated at liquid He temperatures. We give a model for the motor and present measurements of its operation. The rotation speed is very stable. Over 8 h it shows an RMS variation of only 0.005 Hz from a mean of 2 Hz. The speed variation within one period of rotation is 3% ± 1% implying that the angular position of the rotor can be determined to an accuracy of 1° for all angles of rotation even if angular position is encoded only once every period. Friction and heat dissipation in this motor is dominated by eddy currents. We discuss the application of the motor to astrophysical polarimetry.

Ignoring the adequacy of floors and item gradients for tests used with young children can have serious consequences. Thus, because of the importance of early intervention for reading and math problems, we used the criteria suggested by Bracken for adequate floors and item gradients, and reviewed 15 reading tests and 12 math tests for ages 4-0 through 7-11. Results indicate that few of these tests have adequate floors at the age at which their norms begin. Although most of the reading tests have adequate item gradients, only 4 of the 12 math tests did not have item gradient problems. If test floors and item gradients are not considered, examiners risk misdiagnosing young children and drawing invalid conclusions for research and program evaluation, especially for low-performing children.

Purpose: To compare high-order aberrations in patients who had cataract surgery and implantation of different types of intraocular lenses (IOLs). Setting: Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. Methods: Fifty eyes of 48 patients were included in this study. The optical aberrations were measured with the Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor (Zyoptix, Bausch & Lomb) before and after surgery using a 5.0 mm wavefront aperture diameter for all comparisons. The eyes were divided into 4 groups according to the type of IOL (material and curvature). A fifth group of 10 eyes of 6 elderly patients with normal crystalline lenses had the same examination. Results: There was no statistical difference in high-order aberrations between the 2 acrylic IOL groups with different curvatures ( P >.05) or between the silicone and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOL groups ( P >.05). However, the measured high-order aberrations were significantly higher (3rd through 5th order) in the 2 acrylic IOL groups than in the PMMA and silicone IOL groups ( P Conclusions: An increase in IOL high-order aberrations contributed to the decline in retinal image quality. An IOL modifies the entire aberration pattern of the eye. There was a statistically significant increase in aberrations in patients with an acrylic IOL compared to those with a silicone or PMMA IOL. The exact mechanism is uncertain. Further study is required to optimize IOL design.

Thirty students with profound mental retardation (age range: 3-5 to 19-11) and 30 healthy, full-term infants (5-8 months) were shown 12 stimuli, three times each. Four patterned stimuli were presented one to a card and each pattern appeared in black-and-white, black-and-yellow, and red-and-yellow. Both groups looked significantly longer at face patterns than other patterns. Students with profound mental retardation looked longer at black-and-white patterns than other color combinations. Infants looked longer at red and yellow cards than did students with profound mental retardation. The measurement method was practical, reliable, and sensitive to both within and between group differences. Results from this assessment method may help determine the most salient visual stimuli for evoking active-alert states for students with profound mental retardation. Individual variability was evident in the data, which demonstrates the importance of examining preferences for each individual when planning intervention. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.

The vegetation, environment, and ecological gradients present on three calcareous mires in the South Park valley, Park County, Colorado, were investigated. Vegetation was classified into four habitat classes, nine subclasses, and twelve species associations using two-way species indicator analysis (TWINSPAN). Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to ordinate vegetation samples along two axes representing the three predominant ecological gradients: water table height, miremargin to expanse, and region. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to directly relate local environmental conditions to vegetation. Water table depth, microtopographical development, soil and water pH and nutrient level, soil organic matter, and hydraulic head were significantly correlated with vegetation gradients. The mire soils consist of intermixed areas of organic and mineral soils. Mire soils and water are highly alkaline and nutrient-rich. Mean pore water calcium concentration on these mires is 115 mg/L, electrical conductivity averages 575 µS, and mean pH is 7.4. Owing to these conditions, the fen floras include a number of highly minerophilic species. Based on water chemistry and species criteria, each site was classified as rich to extremely rich fen, with the two fen types mixing in complex patterns according to local environmental conditions. The species Trichophorum pumilum, Salix candida, Salix myrtillifolia, Carex microglochin, Carex viridula, Carex scirpoidea, Eriophorum gracile, Triglochin maritimum, Triglochin palustris, Kobresia myosuroides, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Thalictrum alpinum, Scorpidium scorpioides, Scorpidium turgescens, and Calliergon trifarium were determined to be indicative of extremely rich fen conditions in the southern Rocky Mountains.Key words: Colorado, canonical correspondence analysis, detrended correspondence analysis, extremely rich fen, gradient analysis, mire.

The construct stability of the Infant Form of the Cognitive Abilities Scale-Second Edition (CAS-2) was examined with 54 children who were assessed when they were between 3 and 23 months old. They were assessed again with the Preschool Form of CAS-2 when they were 2- or 3-year-olds. The two forms have no overlapping items and employ different formats. The correlation for children assessed initially when less than 1 year of age was .28 (.46 corrected for restricted range). For those assessed initially at 12 to 23 months, a correlation of .65 (.76 corrected) was obtained. Results for the majority of individuals remained stable over time. Implications for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Purposes of the study were to determine the type and format of information pediatricians receive from schools regarding diagnosis and treatment of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), their preferences for this information, and their opinions on referral rates and treatment. Results from a random sample of members of the American Academy of Pediatrics indicate that for both diagnostic and treatment information, significant discrepancies exist between what pediatricians prefer and the information schools always or usually provide. The majority of pediatricians believe schools overrefer and over one-third believe parents overrefer for ADHD. Pediatricians recommend behavior management at home and school more often than stimulant medication. To improve referral, diagnosis, and treatment, discussion of discrepancies in expectations between school psychologists and pediatricians could be helpful. Additional training in some areas for both groups also may be beneficial. ********** Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a major clinical and public health problem, affecting approximately 3% to 5% of school-age children (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In a survey of school children in Maryland, Safer and Malever (2000) found that about 3% were on medication for ADHD. Because many children diagnosed with ADHI) are not on medication, these data suggest that more than 3% of children are diagnosed with the condition. ADHD is one of the most common reasons for referrals to clinics for pediatrics, family practice, neurology, and child psychiatry (Biederman, Faraone, Keenan, Knee, & Tsuang, 1990). Historically, the most favored treatment option for children with ADHD has been stimulant medication. Stimulants have been shown to have beneficial effects including improving attention, reducing disruptive and impulsive behavior, and increasing compliance with instructions from adults (Brown & Sawyer, 1998). However, the medications are not without side effects, some of which include insomnia, irritability, and loss of appetite. The use of stimulants for ADHD has increased considerably over the years. A recent study examining frequency of use from 1991 to 1995 indicates that the most prominent use of methylphenidate (Ritalin) is with students from 5 through 14 years of age; the largest increase in use occurred for students from 15 through 19 years. Even with children as young as 2 to 4 years of age there has been a substantial increase (Zito et al., 2000). Results of a large, multisite, multimodal treatment study for ADHD suggest that for 7to 9-year-olds medication monitored monthly with teacher input is more effective than behavior treatment in treating ADHD symptoms. However, to obtain some important outcomes such as improved family interaction and academic performance, a combination of medication and behavior treatment is needed (The MTA Cooperative Group, 1999a, 1999b). Misperceptions and inaccurate interpretation of the results of this study have occurred and the results have raised important issues needing further research, especially with regard to diagnosis (Carey, 2000). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP; 1987) noted that the use of medication should not be the first approach for ADHD; further, the AAP recommended that medication should not be considered a complete treatment program (AAP, 1996). Likewise, in their position statement on ADHD, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP; 1995) strongly recommended that when medication is a consideration: (a) instructional and behavioral interventions should be used before beginning medication trials, (b) behavioral data should be collected for baseline conditions and during medication trials to evaluate medication effects, and (c) communication among school, home, and medical personnel should stress mutual problem solving and cooperation. …

The vegetation, environment, and ecological gradients present on three calcareous mires in the South Park valley, Park County, Colorado, were investigated. Vegetation was classified into four habitat classes, nine subclasses, and twelve species associations using two-way species indicator analysis (TWINSPAN). Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to ordinate vegetation samples along two axes representing the three predominant ecological gradients: water table height, miremargin to expanse, and region. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to directly relate local environmental conditions to vegetation. Water table depth, microtopographical development, soil and water pH and nutrient level, soil organic matter, and hydraulic head were significantly correlated with vegetation gradients. The mire soils consist of intermixed areas of organic and mineral soils. Mire soils and water are highly alka- line and nutrient-rich. Mean pore water calcium concentration on these mires is 115 mg/L, electrical conductivity aver- ages 575 µS, and mean pH is 7.4. Owing to these conditions, the fen floras include a number of highly minerophilic species. Based on water chemistry and species criteria, each site was classified as rich to extremely rich fen, with the two fen types mixing in complex patterns according to local environmental conditions. The species Trichophorum pumilum, Salix candida, Salix myrtillifolia, Carex microglochin, Carex viridula, Carex scirpoidea, Eriophorum gracile, Triglochin maritimum, Triglochin palustris, Kobresia myosuroides, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Thalictrum alpinum, Scorpidium scorpioides, Scorpidium turgescens, and Calliergon trifarium were determined to be indicative of extremely rich fen conditions in the southern Rocky Mountains.

The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) is a balloon-borne cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimeter designed to search for evidence of inflation by measuring the large-angular scale CMB polarization signal. BICEP2 recently reported a detection of B-mode power corresponding to the tensor-to-scalar ratio r = 0.2 on ~2 degree scales. If the BICEP2 signal is caused by inflationary gravitational waves (IGWs), then there should be a corresponding increase in B-mode power on angular scales larger than 18 degrees. PIPER is currently the only suborbital instrument capable of fully testing and extending the BICEP2 results by measuring the B-mode power spectrum on angular scales $\theta$ = ~0.6 deg to 90 deg, covering both the reionization bump and recombination peak, with sensitivity to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio down to r = 0.007, and four frequency bands to distinguish foregrounds. PIPER will accomplish this by mapping 85% of the sky in four frequency bands (200, 270, 350, 600 GHz) over a series of 8 conventional balloon flights from the northern and southern hemispheres. The instrument has background-limited sensitivity provided by fully cryogenic (1.5 K) optics focusing the sky signal onto four 32x40-pixel arrays of time-domain multiplexed Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers held at 140 mK. Polarization sensitivity and systematic control are provided by front-end Variable-delay Polarization Modulators (VPMs), which rapidly modulate only the polarized sky signal at 3 Hz and allow PIPER to instantaneously measure the full Stokes vector (I, Q, U, V) for each pointing. We describe the PIPER instrument and progress towards its first flight., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures. To be published in Proceedings of SPIE Volume 9153. Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2014, conference 9153

Current norm-referenced cognitive measures (the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition, Cognitive Abilities Scale, Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised, Mullen Scales of Early Learning, and Stanford-Binet-Fourth Edition) were reviewed and evaluated in terms of their use with children from birth through 2 years of age. Also, relevant literature on issues critical to appropriate use of the tests is discussed. Careful evaluation of the strengths and problems of each test is critical to accurate diagnosis and evaluation of children's progress. To aid psychologists responsible for assessing the youngest children, variables relevant to test selection and interpretation are discussed.

In Louisa May Alcott's Little Women (1868), after Jo March realizes that she can earn money by writing "a sensation story," her principal concern becomes "whether the duel should come before the elopement or after the murder" (312). Alcott's jab at the standardized plots and exaggerated themes of much sentimental fiction runs against the literary current of the 1860s.(1) Only a year earlier Augusta Jane Evans had published St. Elmo, a sensational novel that would become one of the best-selling works of the nineteenth century (Fidler 129). Evans' novel, replete with duels and seductions, confirms Alcott's view that such literature was financially successful. The reformation of Evans' rakish hero, St. Elmo, led to the appropriation of his name for plantations, schools, thirteen towns, and a recipe for punch (Calkins 3).(2) St. Elmo, however, simultaneously refutes Alcott's charge of superficiality as Evans uses the rhetoric of the sentimental mode to criticize the complicity of men in power structures, such as the formalized violence of the duel, which threatened the domestic sphere. Joanne Dobson argues that the authors of sentimental fiction employ stock themes and characters such as abandoned wives, orphans, and widows who, rather than becoming "reductive narrative cliches," actually serve as "evocative metaphors for a looming existential threat" and "as vehicles for depictions of all-too-common social tragedies and political outrages" (272). As a writer of sentimental fiction, Evans uses the same metaphors in her works; as the southern writer of St. Elmo, she also presents duels, not simply as dramatic plot devices, but as metaphorical representations of masculine violations of legal, religious, and familial codes, St. Elmo resonates with the language of the duel, and the social chaos that the novel attempts to resolve is brought about by dueling. Furthermore, Evans uses dueling to indicate the relationship between patriarchy and sexual predation. Before proceeding to Evans' critique of dueling, some remarks about the code of honor as well as Evan's allusive rhetorical style are necessary. To understand the importance of the duel in Augusta Jane Evans' South, one need only look to the list of politicians, intellectuals, and folk heroes who participated in "affairs of honor." Men like Sam Houston, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Jim Bowie, John Randolph, and Alexander Stephens fought duels and believed in their expediency for resolving questions of honor. Others, such as Mark Twain, Jefferson Davis, Nathan Bedford Forrest, and Stonewall Jackson resolved their challenges before shots were exchanged. Southern men fought duels to defend and enhance honorable reputations. As a set of formal regulations, the "code of honor" dictated that antagonists (the principals) attempt to settle their differences through the negotiation of representatives (the seconds), and the duel was intended as the final term of an irreconcilable conflict. Adherents to the code also emphasized that duels should only be conducted by gentlemen of the same class, with horse-whipping and caning reserved as the punishment for insolent poor whites and slaves. In essence, the formality of the duel allowed upper-class white men to regulate acceptable and unacceptable forms of violence, thereby strengthening their hold on the southern patriarchy.(3) Resistance to the duel fits neatly into the form and purpose of the sentimental mode. Nina Baym argues that this mode involves clear patterns in which a girl "is deprived of the supports she had rightly or wrongly come to depend on to sustain her throughout life and is faced with the necessity of winning her own way in the world." When her actions and values prevail, she "ensures the reconstruction of a beneficent social order" (11, 12). With specific reference to Augusta Jane Evans, Mary Kelley adds that these writers sought to improve their own roles in the domestic sphere, rather than remain "social functionaries of gentlemen's lives" (304). …

Calls for change in the role of school psychologists have appeared in the literature over a period of nearly 50 years. Evidence of change exists for some outstanding individual school psychologists and in a number of model programs, but not on a widespread basis. This paper discusses ideas for role change that have appeared rather consistently in the literature: an emphasis on indirect service, application of the science of psychology, an emphasis on prevention, systematic evaluation of services, involvement of various stakeholders, and consideration of diversity from a broad perspective. Hopefully the 21st century will bring more widespread implementation of these ideas because there is likely to be an even greater need for such services in the schools. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Purpose: An animal model of glaucoma is necessary for the study of its pathogenesis and treatment. The purpose of this study was to create open-angle glaucoma using a laser in rabbits. Methods: The trabecular meshwork of anaesthetized, adult, pigmented and albino rabbits was ablated internally using a diode laser via a gonioscopy lens, or externally through the limbus. In albino rabbits we used Chinese ink to pigment the angle and methylcellulose to open the iridocorneal angle. The eyes were examined weekly and histological assessment was performed. Results: The success rate of intra-ocular hypertension was low (15%) and a result of synechial angle closure. A narrow angle prevented access of the laser beam to the trabecular meshwork and promoted damage to the ciliary processes located on the posterior iris. Conclusions: Due to the unique anatomy of the rabbit eye, laser-induced glaucoma is difficult to achieve. To create a successful model it is necessary to widen the iridocorneal angle, selectively damage the trabecular meshwork and reduce inflammation.

Ratings by 23 parents and 21 regular education teachers on the Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS) for elementary-age students who were blind were compared to ratings for the SSRS sighted norm group. No significant differences were found in the overall ratings of social skills or on the Self-Control or Responsibility subscales, but several important differences were noted on the Assertion and Cooperation subscales. Students who were blind were rated as less academically competent and higher on problem behaviors than the sighted norm group, even though stereotypical behaviors were not assessed by the SSRS. Implications for instruction are discussed.

The tree population size structure and relationship between tree diameter and age were examined in a subalpine fen and surrounding Picea-Abies forest in northern Colorado. The fen grades from a sedge fen, through an ecotone, to a treed fen (i.e. fen colonized by trees). Tree growth rate varies across the vegetational gradient, with the sedge fen having the slow- est growth, and the upland forest having the fastest growth. Differences in growth rate are related to the average size of peat hummocks, with areas containing tall hummocks exhibit- ing the highest tree growth rates. Size structures display the characteristic reverse-J distribution generally indicative of stable populations, but forest vegetation is expanding into the open regions of the fen, and within the treed fen an increase in Abies lasiocarpa is occurring. These changes are primarily attributed to a positive feedback situation wherein the fen's surface is built up by peat accumulation. Distinct hummocks form first on the open fen but then coalesce to form raised peat islands in the treed fen. This new substrate provides habitat with a comparatively low water table and allows the growth of mesophytic forest vegetation. A pathway for this vegetational development is proposed.

The vegetation of a subalpine fen in Colorado was studied. Insight was sought into the community structure and factors influencing species distribution of a vegetation type heretofore undescribed in the southern Rocky Mountains. A vegetational gradient was evaluated using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Four types of vegetation were subjectively defined; these same types were distinguished by the DCA. DCA further revealed marked differences in the vegetation occurring on peat hummocks versus in hollows. Species composition was related to environment using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Water-table depth, hummock height, shading, groundwater temperature, and conductivity were significantly correlated with species distribution, accounting for 51% of the total species variance. Univariate regression was used to examine how tree density varied with environment. The above factors, except for shading and conductivity, were also significantly correlated with tree density. It is suggested that the peat hummocks that form on this moderate fen provide an environment similar to that of an ombrotrophic bog and that these "miniature bogs" form in areas unable to support expansive bogs. Further, these hummocks provide small-scale environmental heterogeneity that exerts a strong control over species composition that would not be evident in studies based on samples of a large areal extent. Keywords: Colorado, gradient analysis, ordination, heterogeneity, peatlands, phytosociology.

The investigational biotherapeutic agent, B43(anti-CD19)-pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) immunotoxin, has shown substantial anti-leukemic activity in SCID mouse models of human B-lineage leukemia and lymphoma. In this report, we describe the results of a comprehensive preclinical toxicity study which determined the toxicity profile of B43-PAP in BALB/c mice. Administration of un-conjugated B43 monoclonal antibody was not associated with any toxicity, whereas B43-PAP caused dose-limiting and cardiac and renal toxicities which were fatal. In addition, B43-PAP also caused multifocal skeletal myofiber necrosis, which was associated with abnormal gait and lethargy. Notably, parenteral administrations of methylprednisolone, pentoxyphylline, or dopamine were able to markedly reduce B43-PAP related toxicity. This study provides a basis for further evaluation of the toxicity of B43-PAP in monkeys and humans.

Current educational reforms and their influences are examined against a backdrop of historical change in education. A suggestion for the future direction of school psychology is presented in light of this historical perspective. A renewed emphasis on science is proposed. Assessment is reexamined with a focus on empirically based intervention and systematic evaluation of outcomes. The implications and benefits of such changes in the role of school psychologists for regular and special education students, individual school psychologists, and the profession are discussed.

Aim The MHC harbors non-protein coding informative regulatory elements such as microRNAs in the intronic and intergenic regions in addition to protein coding regions. MicroRNAs are 20–22 nucleotide RNAs which bind to target transcripts and regulate gene expression. The MHC encodes for 12 microRNAs including miR-6891, which is transcribed from within intron 4 of HLA-B and formed following splicing of the HLA-B transcript. The aim of this work was the functional characterization of miR-6891-5p. Methods We used the COX B-lymphocyte cell line and a lentivirus construct engineered to express the antisense miR-6891-5p to examine the effects on mRNA expression as quantified by expression microarray analysis, using mRNA from cells transfected with a scrambled antisense miR-6891-5p lentivirus expression vector as a control. Q-PCR and ELISA methods were used to assess gene transcription and protein expression of heavy chain of IgA. Results Primary B-cells and B-lymphoblastoid cells express miR-6891-5p as observed by Q-PCR. We inhibited miR-6891-5p by expressing its antisense and identified putative direct mRNA targets through microarray analysis. A significantly enriched transcript encodes the heavy chain of IgA. Both mRNA transcript of IgA heavy chain and secreted IgA protein expression were significantly increased when miR-6891-5p function was attenuated (as measured by qPCR and ELISA). Since, miRNAs are known to primarily target 3′ Untranslated regions (UTRs) of transcripts, we cloned the 3′ UTR of IgA heavy chain mRNA downstream of a luciferase reporter to assess direct targeting. Additionally, a mutant IgA heavy chain mRNA 3′ UTR was generated in which the predicted miR-6891-5p binding site was scrambled. When transfected in HEK 293T cells, luciferase expression from the wild-type IgA heavy chain 3′ UTR reporter was inhibited by miR-6891-5p overexpression and enhanced by miR-6891-5p antisense expression, whereas the mutant construct was resistant to effects of miR-6891-5p overexpression and inhibition. Conclusions This is the first report to show (1) functional characterization of any HLA-derived microRNA and (2) that a miRNA directly regulates antibody expression through targeting 3′ UTR of an immunoglobulin gene.

The molecular pathogenesis of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) has been suggested to involve oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, resulting in mutations of tumor-suppressor genes and activation of pro-oncogenic pathways. However, the exact relationship between inflammation and colorectal cancer is not well understood due to the lack of a human model system that not only recapitulates in vivo growth/differentiation patterns, but also can be easily manipulated. In order to gain insight into the mechanism of colitis-associated colorectal cancer, we explored human intestinal enteroids as an ex vivo model to study the interaction of intestinal epithelial cells with immune cells under inflammatory conditions. Human intestinal crypts were isolated from adult intestinal tissue and grown in Matrigel culture to form enteroids. To model inflammation, we incorporated MHC-mismatched human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into the Matrigel. TH1 immune response was induced by a cocktail of cytokines including IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15. A TH1 response was confirmed by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines INFγ and TNFα over the course of 6-day treatment with the cytokine cocktail. Several cytokines related to TH1 and TH2 responses were induced. Interestingly, co-culture with human intestinal enteroids significantly enhanced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines INFγ, IL-6 and TNFα, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, as well as TH2 cytokine IL-13. Immunophenotyping of PBMCs shows that both CD4+ T cells (10-30%) and CD8+ T cells (1-10%) were activated upon TH1 induction. In addition, the percentage of activated CD8+ T cells was much higher in co-culture than in PBMC alone controls. Moreover, the cytokine cocktail dramatically induced the production of INFγ by purified CD4+ or CD8+ T cells but only when in co-culture with enteroids and not when cultured alone. In the enteroids, the TH1 response significantly inhibited cell proliferation and increased the apoptosis of epithelial cells when in co-culture only. Increased γH2AX (DNA damage marker) and impaired integrity of intestinal enteroids were also observed when in co-culture with the TH1 response. Cell-cell contact between enteroids and immune cells is required for these effects. Moreover, the TH1 response increases the mRNA levels of GRP78 (master regulator of ER stress) and Nrf2 (regulator of oxidative stress); decreases the mRNA level of Lgr5 [marker of active intestinal stem cells (ISCs)], but has no obvious effect on Bmi1 (marker of quiescent ISCs) in co-culture. Taken together, our data provide insight into the interaction of intestinal epithelial cells with immune cells at the molecular and cellular levels and establish this approach as a viable model for exploring the mechanism of CAC. Future studies will examine specifically for oxidative DNA damage and the effects of specific tumor suppressor inactivation on epithelial cell responses. Citation Format: Fang Wang, Dorottya Laczkó, Mary Ann Crissey, Gary Falk, Bradley Johnson, Anil Rustgi, John Lynch. Modeling the effects of inflammatory stress on human intestinal epithelial cells in 3D enteroid co-culture system. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4253.

These two studies examined the stability reliability for the Woodcock-Johnson-Revised (WJ-R; Woodcock & Johnson, 1989) and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievment (KTEA; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1985) with approximately a 2-week retest interval for elementary-age students. Results indicated that across grade levels, the Broad Reading Cluster for the WJ-R remained stable. Most correlations for the clusters for mathematics and written language as well as the subtests for reading, mathematics, and written language were less than .90. Correlations for all composites and subtests for the KTEA exceeded .90. These data illustrate the need for more specific information in test manuals on test-retest reliability in order to enable examiners to select the most reliable measures.

The reliability and validity of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) for Braille readers was evaluated. Passage sample lengths of 1-, 2-, and 3-minutes were examined for 15 students in Grades 3 throu...

We evaluated the effects of white noise played through headphones on off-task behavior, percentage of items completed, and percentage of items completed correctly for 3 students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Headphones plus white noise were associated with decreases in off-task behavior relative to baseline and headphones-only (no white noise) control conditions. Little change in academic responding occurred across conditions for all participants.

Thirteen American Indian students in the fifth through ninth grades were administered the WISC-R under standardized conditions; another twelve were tested under standardized procedures, but received token reinforcement immediately following each correct response. Tokens were exchangeable for a variety of back-up rewards. Performance IQ scores were significantly higher than verbal IQ scores for both groups. The token reinforcement group scored significantly higher (12 points) than the control group on the full scale IQ. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

In Study 1, the effect of making tokens contingent on correct performance of low social position preschoolers on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilitieswas examined. Preschoolers in a token reinforcement group scored significantly higher (mean=8 IQ points) than subjects in a control group. In Study 2, the effect of tokens on McCarthyresults was examined as a function of social position in a 2×2 design. The high social position control group scored significantly above the low social position control. The low social position token reinforcement group, however, performed as well as both the high social position control and token reinforcement groups. Use of systematic reinforcement contingencies to reduce test error is discussed.

The survey reported on in this paper replicated and modified Levine's (1974) nationwide survey of the psychological services provided for deaf and hard of hearing students. The purpose of our survey was to up date the information in light of the requirements of PL 94-142 (1975) and current practice. We noted several changes in practice since the first survey, but unfortunately, little change has taken place in many important areas. We suggest possible areas for expanding the role of school psychologists and discuss implications for training.

We present the hardware and software systems implementing autonomous operation, distributed real-time monitoring, and control for the EBEX instrument. EBEX is a NASA-funded balloon-borne microwave polarimeter designed for a 14 day Antarctic flight that circumnavigates the pole. To meet its science goals the EBEX instrument autonomously executes several tasks in parallel: it collects attitude data and maintains pointing control in order to adhere to an observing schedule; tunes and operates up to 1920 TES bolometers and 120 SQUID amplifiers controlled by as many as 30 embedded computers; coordinates and dispatches jobs across an onboard computer network to manage this detector readout system; logs over 3~GiB/hour of science and housekeeping data to an onboard disk storage array; responds to a variety of commands and exogenous events; and downlinks multiple heterogeneous data streams representing a selected subset of the total logged data. Most of the systems implementing these functions have been tested during a recent engineering flight of the payload, and have proven to meet the target requirements. The EBEX ground segment couples uplink and downlink hardware to a client-server software stack, enabling real-time monitoring and command responsibility to be distributed across the public internet or other standard computer networks. Using the emerging dirfile standard as a uniform intermediate data format, a variety of front end programs provide access to different components and views of the downlinked data products. This distributed architecture was demonstrated operating across multiple widely dispersed sites prior to and during the EBEX engineering flight., Comment: 11 pages, to appear in Proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010; adjusted metadata for arXiv submission