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The late Miocene is a crucial interval for global climate evolution as well as for the regional geodynamic evolution of the Central Mediterranean area. It spans the transition from the warm Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum, associated with the major Monterey Carbon Isotope Excursion, to the cooler Pliocene, characterized by a bipolar glaciation. Within this climatic transition, during the early Tortonian, a positive carbon isotope excursion related to a global carbon cycle perturbation is recorded, named Carbon Maximum 7 (CM7). In this study, two upper Serravallian-lower Tortonian carbonate ramps of the Central Mediterranean have been analysed: the Latium-Abruzzi and the Apula ramps (Central Apennines, Central Italy). Carbon isotope ratios have been coupled with facies and microfacies analyses with the aims: (1) to identify the CM7 in the Central Mediterranean carbonate ramp successions; (2) to evaluate potential carbonate factory changes or demises related to the CM7; and (3) to discriminate the role of global vs regional factors in affecting the Mediterranean carbonate ramps. The two studied ramps show different evolutions due to regional geodynamics causes. The Latium-Abruzzi ramp drowns in the Tortonian, while the Apula shows a regressive trend, with upper Tortonian middle ramp facies overlying the lower Tortonian outer ramp. Despite the complex geodynamic setting, a positive carbon isotope shift has been identified in both ramps and correlated with the CM7. This positive carbon isotope shift may be linked to the strengthening of the global ocean circulation during the late Miocene cooling. This strengthening of the circulation enhanced the coastal upwelling, bringing nutrient-rich waters to the surface and triggering an enhanced primary productivity consistent with the CM7.

Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-teu-10.1177_1354816620987676 for Together or not? Spill-over effects of cultural goods displacement by Maria Giovanna Brandano and Marta Meleddu in Tourism Economics

Despite data coming from fully developed oil fields are fundamental to validate reservoir models, they are rarely publishable because of confidentiality. In this work, we benefit from an exceptionally dense public dataset represented by 43 wells logs drilled in a carbonate-heavy oil-rich reservoir of the Majella Mountain (Central Italy) over a grid of 200 m × 200 m, with depths in the range of 90–200 m. We tested different modelling solutions, to assess the best modelling approach that fits the available data on hydrocarbon distribution. Both deterministic (using Kriging) and stochastic simulations (using Sequential Gaussian Simulation- SGS) were tested. The role of the variogram resulted as a fundamental parameter for both simulation methods. Wells-derived variogram agrees with the size and orientation of carbonate dunes that drive the hydrocarbon distribution highlighting the importance of an accurate depositional model. Kriging was faster in terms of computation time and better in maintaining the lateral continuity of the layers, however, it excessively smoothed the results. SGS gave a better distribution of computed values but the lateral continuity was not preserved. By adding a main vertical trend derived from the upscaled logs to the SGS, results become more accurate. We then applied the best model to estimate the total volume of hydrocarbon in place in an already exploited area starting from just one well. The computed reserves show a good fit with historical production data demonstrating the reliability of the model.

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INTRODUCTION Although contemporary health care involves complex interactions among clinicians of varying professions, opportunities to learn together are relatively few. The authors assessed participants' views about the educational value of learning with colleagues of mixed health care professions in communication and relational skills training focused on challenging conversations. METHODS Between 2010 and 2013, 783 participants enrolled in 46 workshops hosted by the Institute for Professionalism and Ethical Practice at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA. Participants received pre-, post-, and 3-month follow-up questionnaires with quantitative and qualitative questions about their experiences learning with clinicians of varying professions ("interprofessional learning"). Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to compare participant groups. Responses to open-ended questions were coded according to standard principles of content analysis. RESULTS Seven hundred twenty-two (92%) participants completed surveys. Previous interprofessional learning was reported by 60% of respondents, but generally comprised

The aim of this work is to reproduce a metre-scale facies heterogeneity 3D model of the Chattian Porto Badisco Calcarenite carbonate ramp outcropping in the Salento Peninsula (southern Italy). However, in shallow-water carbonate systems, capturing metre-scale facies heterogeneity in three-dimensional models remains controversial due to the possibility of facies coexistence and because their association can change through time and space. Within this context, the continuous and well-exposed Chattian Porto Badisco Calcarenite carbonate ramp allows detailed study of the distribution of lithofacies association and their architecture along the dip direction depositional profile. The lithofacies and the depositional model of the Porto Badisco Calcarenite are referred to those defined by Pomar et al. (2014). The Porto Badisco Calcarenite is a homoclinal carbonate ramp with a euphotic inner setting characterised by the extensive seagrass meadows, passing basinward into a large rotaliid packstone and coral mounds developed in mesophotic conditions. The deeper part of the oligophotic zone is characterised by rhodolithic floatstone to rudstone and large lepidocyclinid packstone. The distal part of the ramp is characterise by a fine calcarenite. The methodology used in this work combines classical field data collection (e.g., stratigraphic logs and field-facies mapping) and 3D stochastic modeling by using Petrel™. All the data (top and base of stratigraphic logs, cross-section, key surfaces, lithofacies lateral extension etc.) were georeferenced and inserted into the software to build the digital outcrop model. The 3D facies model has been performed after several simulations through specific stochastic algorithms (SISim, TGSim), comparing the models reproduce by the two algorithms, matching the depositional geometries and the lithofacies association observed in the outcrop. The 3D modeling represents a useful tool to better understand the facies architecture and their complex heterogeneity. Moreover, a detailed 3D facies model provides an essential tool to characterise semi-quantitatively sedimentological features for subsurface reservoir studies.

The resilience of cooperatives and their positive contribution to employment in times of crisis is well established. However, their overall economic performance relative to conventional firms is still controversial, casting doubt on the ability of this alternative organizational form to govern the fundamental drivers of productivity. To shed new light on the issue, we study the comparative technical efficiency of agricultural cooperatives (ACs) and conventional firms (CFs), drawing on a unique data set comprising all wine‐producing companies in Sardinia (Italy) from 2004 to 2009. Due to the similarity of the habitats in which the firms operate and the careful measurement of several key inputs, the observed units are ‘twins’ in all non‐organizational respects, providing an ideal setting for comparison. Having generated efficiency scores through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), we regressed the scores on external covariates and ownership type using a pooled truncated maximum likelihood formulation. Our findings, which survive correction for spatial correlations, indicate that cooperatives are less technically efficient than their capitalist counterparts and struggle more to adapt to extreme weather fluctuations. Both results are particularly worrying in light of the main challenges facing the wine industry in the near future: liberalization of EU planting rights and climate change.

Heavy oil and bitumens have been exploited in Italy during the past, in particular over the Maiella Mountain’s northwest flank (Central Italy), where relatively undeformed, hydrocarbon-bearing carbonate-ramp reservoirs of the Bolognano Formation crop out. These reservoirs represent the exhumed analog of a wider petroleum system that has been investigated also in the subsurface by exploration activities, both onshore and offshore (Central Adriatic). Here we present, for the first time, a historical data set composed of 180 shallow wells drilled over the area in 1942 by a company named Azienda Lavorazione Bitumi Asfalti; we digitally reconstructed this data set, integrating it with field observations, laboratory measurements, and thin-section analysis. Using Petrel (mark of Schlumberger) three-dimensional software, we modeled the reservoir and the hydrocarbon distribution, also calculating volumes of hydrocarbons in place. In our work, we demonstrate the presence of these quite homogeneous, porous carbonate reservoirs over the whole region, and we identify internal reservoir geometries characterized by clinoforms, likely resulting from a large-scale depositional cross-bedding and progradation. We also infer a different function of faults in the hydrocarbon accumulations: major faults were able to create independent compartments during migration, whereas minor, more recent elements did not control hydrocarbon accumulation, likely postdating a main lower-Pliocene migration phase. We believe that the observations derived from our work can represent a good analog for carbonate-ramp reservoirs elsewhere, may help in identifying appropriate modeling solutions, and can be used as calibration for future renewed exploration efforts in the region, both onshore and offshore.

This work illustrates a combined modelling approach using digital photogrammetry and geological modelling to create a high detailed 3D facies model of the inner environment of the Monte Carrubba carbonate ramp outcropping in the South Sicily. The Monte Carrubba Formation (Tortonian-lower Messinian) is the youngest marine Miocene carbonate deposit of the Hyblean region, prior to the Messinian crisis of the Mediterranean. In particular, Faro Santa Croce outcrop, which is in vertical thickness up to 8 m shows the most proximal sector of this ramp. The Faro Santa Croce outcrop offers the opportunity to investigate and reproduce a highly-detailed facies heterogeneity 3D model for a very narrow and limited area of few squared kilometers (0.1 Km2), developed in a tectonically stable area. Within this small areal, five facies have been recognized and modelled revealing a high level of facies heterogeneity. In this area marine ooidal shoals (ooidal grainstone to packstone) interfingered with shallow water seagrass environment (green-algal-floatstone facies and bioclastic grainstone-to-packstone facies) with abundant mollusc fauna. The distal part of this vegetated environment (fine-grained mollusc-packstone facies) passed basinward into coral mounds (coral boundstone). The combination of digital photogrammetry and 3D geological modelling software has allowed to obtain a very high-resolution model of facies heterogeneity, evidencing the complexity of facies associations and, in particular, the development of a facies mosaic that can be underestimated by a classical 1D or 2D field analysis, especially in limitedly exposed outcrops.

The Miocene is a key interval in the geodynamic and oceanographic evolution of the Mediterranean marking the transition from a wide open basin to the modern closed basin. We used the Sr and Nd isotope records of two Miocene carbonate successions in the Adriatic to document that the evolution of the Mediterranean Basin controlled its seawater chemistry. During the late Aquitanian (similar to 21Ma), a time of glaciation and sea level lowstand, increased runoff affected the Sr isotope ratios of Mediterranean waters, whereas during the Burdigalian (20.44-15.97Ma) volcanism in the circum-Mediterranean area mainly influenced the Sr isotopic signature. During the Langhian (15.97-13.82Ma), a time of sea level highstand associated with the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum, the Nd isotope values indicate that waters exchanged between the Paratethys and the Central Mediterranean. The Central Mediterranean was well connected with the Atlantic Ocean between the Langhian and the early Tortonian (15.97-11.5Ma), but exchange of water with the Paratethys declined. In the Messinian (6.3Ma), connections between some marginal Mediterranean basins, for example, the proto-Adriatic basin, and the Central Mediterranean, became restricted. In this basin, the Sr isotope values fell below the global reference line, while Nd isotope ratios show a strong affinity with the Atlantic Ocean and also indicate freshwater input. We conclude that the Mediterranean Nd isotope signature differs from that in the open oceans and reflects the basin physiography, reflecting a mix of signals derived from the adjacent oceans and local signals.

The 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio has been widely used as a physical tool to date and correlate carbonate successions due to the long Sr residence time in comparison with the ocean mixing time. If this method works on oceanic successions, marginal basins may show different Sr isotope records in comparison with the coeval ocean one due to sea-level variations, continental run-off and restricted water exchanges. In this work, we present the 87Sr/86Sr isotope record of the upper Miocene carbonate ramp of the Lithothamnion Limestone (Majella Mountain, central Apennines), as an example of the onset of restricted water exchanges between a marginal basin and the ocean water masses. The overall latemost Tortonian-early Messinian Sr isotope record of the Lithothamnion Limestone fits below the global reference line. This deviation has been interpreted as due to the strong control that freshwater input and enhanced continental run-off, linked to the migration of the Apennine accretionary wedge and foredeep system, have had on the central Adriatic water chemistry. These results imply that an accurate oceanographic and geodynamic framework along with diagenetic overprint investigation has to be taken into consideration prior to apply SIS on carbonate successions on marginal basins, even when facies analyses indicate fully marine conditions. This seems to be the case for the upper Miocene Central Mediterranean carbonate successions, but may have more general validity and be extended to other recent or past marginal basins.

To date, few studies have explored the relationship between tourism inflows and city taxes. This study investigates how the introduction of a city tax impacts on both national and international tourism demand by using the synthetic control method. The case study is based on a panel of Italian municipalities, for the time span 2006–2011. Results from estimations with the synthetic control method show that the introduction of a visitor tax leads to a decline in domestic tourism demand. In contrast, there is no effect on international tourism inflows.

Fractures constitute the main pathway for fluids in fault damage zones hosted in low-porosity rocks. Understanding the factors controlling fracture distribution is hence fundamental to better assess fluids circulation in fault damage zones, with evident implications for fault mechanics, hydrogeology and hydrocarbon exploration. Being usually characterized by a strong damage and structural complexity, this is of particularly importance for relay zones.We integrated classical and modern structural geology techniques to investigate the factors controlling fracture distribution within a portion of a relay ramp damage zone pertaining to the Tre Monti fault (Central Italy). The damage zone is hosted within peritidal carbonates and located at the footwall of the relay ramp front segment. We analysed the distribution of the fracture density in the outcrop through (1) scanlines measured in the field, (2) oriented rock samples, and (3) scan-areas performed on a virtual outcrop model obtained by aerial structure-from-motion.Our results highlight structural and lithological control on fracture distribution. Scanlines and virtual scan-areas show that fracture density increases with the distance from the front segment of the relay ramp. Moreover, all the methods highlight that supratidal and intertidal carbonate facies exhibit higher fracture density than subtidal limestones.This apparently anomalous trend of fracture density, that increases moving away from a main fault segment, has two main explanations. (1) The damage is associated with the relay ramp development: approaching the centre of the relay ramp (i.e., moving away from the front segment) an increase in the number of subsidiary faults with their associated damage zones promotes high fracture densities. (2) The increase in fracture density can be attributed to the increasing content in supratidal and intertidal carbonate facies that are more abundant in the centre of the relay ramp.Our results provide important suggestions for factors controlling fracture distribution and fluid flow within relay ramps hosted by shallow water limestones. We show that the trend of fracture distribution with respect to a main fault is not easily predictable in presence of a relay ramp, because it can be modulated by the subsidiary faults formation and slip during the relay ramp development. Moreover, carbonate facies play a non-negligible role in fracture distribution within fault zones hosted in shallow-water carbonates.

During the Miocene, the upwelling is assumed to be important in the formation of many Mediterranean phosphate deposits in carbonate platform successions. There are different types of upwelling mechanisms such as equatorial upwellings, ice-edge upwellings and coastal upwellings. The carbonate platforms are mainly affected by wind-driven coastal upwelling systems. During upwelling season, the seawater in coastal areas is strongly density stratified and the permanent pycnocline rises inshore forming an inclined frontal layer. The liaison between upwellings and internal waves is widely documented in the literature. Internal waves result from perturbations of the hydrostatic equilibrium, where balance is sustained between the force of gravity and buoyant restoring force. Many perturbations of the pycnocline can propagate as an internal wave. In a coastal upwelling, a key role for wave propagation is played by permanent pycnocline. The run-up swash currents develop during the break of internal waves and produce erosional processes. In particular, the backwash return flow may induce the erosion of seafloor sediments and transport these sediments downslope as bedload. Erosion of phosphate-rich intervals has been extensively documented. The deposition of gravity-flow sediments is followed by intervals of non-deposition, incipient lithification, phosphogenesis and erosion. In this work, we evaluate the role of internal waves in the formation of the resedimented phosphate-rich intervals characterising the basal portion of the hemipelagic Orbulina marls. These marls are deposited on the low-angle Latium-Abruzzi carbonate ramp and represent deposition in a foreland basin during the initial stages of evolution of the Central Apennine Belt during the early Tortonian age.

This two-days field trip is focused on the Bolognano Formation, the homoclinal carbonate ramp developed on the Majella Mountain (Central Apennines) from the late Rupelian to the Messinian. The northern sectors of the Majella Mountain show excellent and continuous exposures of this carbonate ramp. In the late Oligoceneearly Miocene, the paleoceanography of the Mediterranean was controlled by different seaways, one of the largest being the proto-Adriatic basin, bounded by the Apulian carbonate platform and by the Dinaride coast. In this context, a strong northward current led to the development of submarine dunes during the Chattian and the Burdigalian. In this fieldtrip, we discuss the relationships among sedimentary structures and depositional processes, stratigraphic architecture and syn/ post-depositional tectonics. Furthermore, the lower Miocene cross-bedded calcarenites of the Bolognano Fm identify an important reservoir rock. In the last two stops, the bitumen shows are analysed and the possible controlling factors of migration and trapping are discussed. The comparison between bitumen-filled fractured and unfractured rocks allows detecting the controlling factors on the migration of the hydrocarbons and its relationship with tectonics. The high primary porosity and the lateral continuity of the calcarenites are identified as the main controlling factor on the hydrocarbon migration.