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With FinFETs technology reaches 14nm and beyond, Fin bridge defect has become the one of most major yield killer defects in Fin loop. In this paper, the formation mechanism and improvement methods of Fin bridge defect were studied. The results showed that the pre-layer related defects such as bump defect and residue related defect, e.g., mandrel spacer residue and resist scum produced in self-aligned multi-pattering process could induce Fin bridge defect. This defect could be effectively eliminated by improving film roughness, optimizing the wet clean condition and adding de-scum in substrate etch process.

Dental pulp-capping is done to preserve vital teeth when the pulp is exposed due to caries, trauma or instrumentation. Various materials are used as pulp-capping agents. The introduction of newer materials requires scientific studies to assess their clinical efficacy. The study was designed as a split-mouth randomized analysis of four pulp-capping agents (calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine and EndoSequence root repair material (ERRM)). Based on selection criteria, 15 orthodontic patients requiring the extraction of four premolars (60 teeth total) were included in the study. After pulp-capping, the teeth were extracted after 8 weeks. We analyzed the extracted teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and histological sections to determine the quality of the dentinal bridge and the pulpal response. Ordinal scores were given based on the completeness of the dentinal bridge, the type of bridge and the degree of pulpal inflammation. Results were analyzed using a Kruskal–Wallis test (p &lt, 0.05) with post hoc Conover values being used when applicable. All four pulp-capping materials elicited dentinal bridge formation (60/60). MTA had the highest scores (10/15) in dentinal bridge formation followed by ERRM (8/15). Both materials showed more samples with complete dentinal bridges (9/15 each) and a favorable pulpal response (15/15). Teeth capped with calcium hydroxide showed more cases of incomplete bridge formation (9/15) and pulpal inflammation. These differences in dentinal bridge formation and pulpal inflammation were statistically significant (p 0.001 and p 0.00005, respectively), with post hoc tests revealing no significant differences between MTA and ERRM (p 0.49 and p 0.71, respectively). MTA and ERRM performed better than the other pulp-capping materials but did not differ significantly from each other. The individual preference for a pulp-capping material may be based on clinical efficacy and handling characteristics.

A finite element analysis was used to determine the loading behavior of a full "All-on-4" bridge in the maxilla made from different framework materials. The model was generated based on data from an edentulous maxilla. Four implants were positioned according to the All-on-4 concept and a full arch restoration was created on top of the implants. Separate thrust dies were modeled directly above each of the units of the bridge. Forces of 500 N were applied to each thrust die separately. Simulations were repeated with the following variations and results were compared to determine the influence of each variation: point of force application (from tooth 16 to 26), framework material (high performance polymer HPP, titanium Ti, cobalt chromium CoCr), and healing state of the bone/implant interface. Depending on the point of force application, the bone below the HPP framework showed increased stresses (median: 180 MPa at 13) compared to the CoCr and Ti frameworks (110 MPa at 16) under immediate loading. After osseointegration, the framework material had no obvious influence on the stresses in the bone. In the osseointegrated state, maximum stresses are decreased by the tenfold. Stresses in the framework were clearly decreased with HPP compared to CoCr and Ti (75, 125, 115 MPa). Loading the anterior teeth induced higher stresses than loading the molar region due to torsional deformation. This effect increased with decreasing framework material stiffness. The framework stiffness had less distinct influence on the stresses in the restoration than the point of force application.

Although lateral locking plates are often a preferred and successful fixation construct for the treatment of periprosthetic proximal and distal femur fractures, specific complications and modes of failure have been associated and well-described with their use. We present two cases of implant failure in the Non-Contact Bridge Periprosthetic Plating System (Zimmer Biomet) in which a nonlocked screw fretted through the annular seating of the plate. One case demonstrates failure in the setting of a proximal femur periprosthetic fracture, whereas the other demonstrates failure in the setting of a distal femur periprosthetic fracture. This unique mode of failure has not previously been reported in the literature.

Design This study is a monocentre cohort study with a primary aim to assess the five-year survival of alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) implants (Metoxit AG, Thayngen, Switzerland). Secondary aims were to evaluate peri-implant marginal bone loss (MBL), soft tissue health and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The implants were placed into healed ridges and, following a period of temporisation, were restored with either IPS e.max CAD LT or IPS e.max ZirCAD veneered with IPS e.max ZirPress (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). Patients were followed up at prosthetic delivery, one-year and five-years post-implant placement. The clinical parameters recorded were clinical attachment levels (CAL), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), modified bleeding index (mBI) and modified plaque index (mPI). MBL was evaluated using standardised radiographs. PROMs were used to assess patients' satisfaction utilising a visual analogue scale (VAS) to rate function, aesthetics, sense, speech and self-esteem. The null hypothesis assumed there was no difference in implant survival between one and five years post-operatively. This study was approved by the ethics committee at the University of Freigburg, Germany (No. 354/07).Cohort selection Forty patients from the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry requiring either an implant supported single crown or a three-unit implant-supported bridge were included in the study. Patients ranged from age 18 to 70 and were selected on a 'convenience basis'. Inclusion criteria stipulated patients must have good oral hygiene, compliance and be systemically healthy. Additionally, they were to have a stable occlusion, no signs of significant bruxism and sufficient bone volume to allow implant placement without the need for larger augmentative procedures.Data analysis Implant success was defined by three main criteria: (1) no local or systemic reactions; (2) no signs of radiolucency on an intraoral radiograph; and (3) provides support to a functional restoration. The MBL was classified as successful when at a one-year follow-up, implants demonstrating no clinical or radiographic signs of pathology are assigned a grade I success with

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare color and translucency stability of three-dimensional (3D) printable dental materials for crown and bridge restorations. Five different materials were investigated, and twelve disc-shaped specimens of two different thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) were prepared using a digital light processing 3D printer. Color measurements were made according to the CIELAB color scale (L*, a*, and b*) using a spectrophotometer 1 h, 1 day, 1 week, one month, and six months after post-curing of the materials, and the translucency parameter (TP) was calculated. The L*, a*, b*, and TP values were compared among the different materials and storage periods using repeated measures analysis of variance. Color and translucency changes of the specimens after the different storage periods were compared with 1 h measurements to determine whether they exceeded clinically perceivable thresholds. The L*, a*, b*, and TP values showed significant differences according to the storage periods, as well as among the materials. Until one month, some materials demonstrated distinct color differences, while others showed small color differences below a clinically perceivable threshold. The translucency differences were not clinically perceivable for any specimen. After six months, all specimens demonstrated large color changes, whereas the changes in translucency were relatively small. In conclusion, the color of 3D printable dental materials changed with time, and the differences varied with the materials used. On the contrary, the changes in translucency were small. Overall, the materials became darker, more yellowish, and more opaque after six months of water storage.

Objectives Evaluation of seating accuracy of implant immediate provisional prostheses fabricated prior to fully guided static computer-assisted implant surgery (sCAIS). Materials and methods Two maxillary training models were used to plan for single anterior (S-Ant) and single posterior (S-Post) implant prostheses, and a bridge (B) spanning from an anterior implant (B-Ant) to a posterior implant (B-Post). A commercial software was used to plan the implant location, design the surgical guides and design the provisional prostheses. The master models with the provisional prostheses were scanned to generate virtual master models. For each maxillary model, a total of 10 guides and 10 surgical models were produced. Following implant placements in each surgical model, the provisional prostheses were attached to the implants and were scanned to produce virtual surgical models. The virtual master and surgical models were superimposed to measure the vertical error, the proximal contact error and the proximal contact quality. Results The vertical error was greatest for the S-Post (0.41 mm), followed by B-Post (0.29 mm), B-Ant (0.26 mm) and S-Ant (0.21 mm). There was no significant difference in vertical errors among the prostheses. For the proximal contact, the S-Ant had significantly greater error (0.45 mm - 0.46 mm) than S-Post (0.15 mm) and B (0.09 mm - 0.15 mm). A similar pattern was observed for proximal contact quality. Conclusions All prostheses were associated with errors vertically and at the proximal contacts. Therefore, the clinicians who plan to use this workflow should be prepared to adjust the prosthesis after implant insertion.

Edentulism is one of the most significant problems given the increase in the elderly population. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate a case report with angled screwdriver solutions and new kinds of low-profile attachments in full arch rehabilitation with divergent implants. In this clinical case we will analyze how low-profile abutments with angled screwdriver channel in the OT Bridge system (Rhein83, Bologna, Italy) can be a predictable solution over time to create a fixed prosthesis on disparallel implants with a digital structure (New Ancorvis, Bologna, Italy) for the satisfaction of the patient and of the work team.

A dental implant is a surgical fixture that forms an interface with the jaw bone to support dental prostheses, including crowns, bridges, dentures, and facial prostheses; it can also act as an orthodontic anchor. A treatment for replacing missing teeth, a dental implant can last for the long term and requires adequate care and hygiene compared to fixed partial dentures (FPDs). Implant success relies on the strength of the individual who accepts this treatment, drugs that influence osseointegration odds, and oral tissue health. FPDs are prone to various complications including debonding, gingivitis, periodontitis, secondary caries, occlusal trauma, pulpal necrosis with associated periapical disease, and prosthesis fracture that usually occurs due to the porcelain material. In cases for which a fixed or nonremovable bridge has been planned, a temporary replacement is used until the permanent bridge is inserted. The aim of this study is to provide knowledge and awareness regarding dental implant treatment versus FPDs. A 15-question survey was completed by 250 Chennai, India participants; results were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software; and each output variable is depicted with a pie chart and bar graph. Results of the questionnaire show that 68.4% of participants are aware of dental implants, and 62.8% are moderately informed. For 62.4%, the source of information about implants or FPDs was from dentists. Our results find that the majority of questioned subjects are aware of dental implant treatment for replacing missing teeth, including implant uses, advantages, and disadvantages.

Objectives To evaluate radiographic bone level (RxBL) at dental implants and its associated factors in Spain. Material and methods This cross-sectional study was performed by a network of sentinel dentists from regions of Spain. RxBL was defined as the distance from the implant shoulder to the first clearly visible contact between the implant surface and the bone. Radiographic measurements were performed by two trained and experienced periodontists. Implant and patient data were also collected. Descriptive, bivariate, discriminative and multivariate analyses were done. Results A total of 49 sentinel dentists provided data 275 patients. Mean RxBL from 474 implants (5-13 years) was 1.87 mm (range: 0.00-13.17 mm). Statistically significant associations between RxBL and clinical output variables (bleeding on probing, oedema, plaque, probing depth, suppuration, keratinized tissue) were found. In the multiple regression analysis, statistically significant associations for RxBL were found for smoking habit, implant diameter, years of follow-up and type of prosthesis (p Conclusions Peri-implant RxBL ranged from 0 to 13.17 mm. It was significantly associated with clinical output variables and with some potentially predictor variables, at patient- (smoking >10 cigarettes/day) and implant- (diameter, years of follow-up, Toronto bridge) levels.

CASE A 70-year-old man sustained a ballistic injury to the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of his left index finger. He was treated with bridge plate osteogenesis with staged bone grafting using an antibiotic spacer to manage bone loss. The patient demonstrated union, excellent functional recovery, and the ability to make a composite fist by 6 months. CONCLUSION Ballistic injury to the PIP joint of the finger is a challenging injury to manage. This case demonstrates that length and alignment can be maintained with good functional range of motion using a combination of bridge plate distraction osteogenesis and the Masquelet technique.

Endo-osseous implants are considered an ideal dental fixture. It is becoming the preferred choice of the edentulous patient to rehabilitate toothlessness because of their aesthetic and functional outcome. Despite the successful surgery and implant placement, complications occur, which may be related to several factors, like operative assessment, treatment planning, patient-related factors, surgical procedures, and surgeons' experience. Comprehensive radiological assessment plays a vital role in clinical analysis for better treatment planning, avoiding complications, and increasing the Implant's success rate. However, despite the variety of dental imaging, choosing the right imaging technology has become difficult for clinical experts. The investigative survey conducted in this paper aims to determine the correlation between different imaging modalities, their essential role in implant therapy. This review extensively discussed which types of computational operations applied to image modalities in the existing literature address various noises and other relevant issues. These study findings reveal significant issues with various dental imaging modalities and provide an understanding to bridge all existing research gaps towards building cost-effective classification and predictive models for accurate dental treatment planning and higher implant success rates.

Introduction: Partial edentulousness has always been a challenge for dental treatment, especially if the patient needs complex dental treatment. The purpose of this article is to represent the possibilities of treatment for patients with partial edentulousness. Case series: For the purpose of this study, three patients have been examined, diagnosed and treated for their diagnosis - partial edentulousness. The patients were treated in accordance to their skeletal classes, imitating nature. The persisting natural teeth were examined, treated and prepared for the complex fixed - removable dental constructions using attachments. The stomatognathic system was carefully examined, with extraoral and intraoral measurements. Conclusion: Every patient needs to be individually treated for optimal results. Still, the combination of fixed-removable complex construction remains the golden standard for patients who have healthy (or treated) permanent teeth and, for several reasons, are not candidates for implants. The individual characteristics of each patient need to be imitated, thus mimicking nature. The combination of fixed - removable dental constructions is a good solution from a functional - aesthetic aspect for the mutual satisfaction of the patient and the prosthetic team. KEYWORDS partial edentulousness, imitating nature, fixed-removable dental constructions, precision attachments

In peripheral nerve injuries with nerve defects, several surgical materials have been developed to bridge the nerve gaps. Autologous nerve grafts remain the gold standard method for their nerve regeneration capacities. In this chapter, we describe the basic mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration and the advantages and disadvantages of artificial nerve conduits and autologous nerve grafts. To overcome the disadvantages, we have developed Bio 3D nerve conduits. We found these Bio 3D nerve conduits to be useful and to have clinical applicability.

Objectives It was shown, that Connective Tissue Grafts (CTG) retrieved from the tuberosity tends to determine hyperplastic responses and may induce a beneficial over‐keratinization of non‐keratinized mucosa. Clinically evaluate and compare CTG from tuberosity ability to increase soft tissue thickness and the keratinization potential after recipient area is either prepared using split or full thickness flap in edentulous mandible. Materials and methods Fourty implants were placed in 10 edentulous patients with atrophied mandible (Class IV of Misch) presenting less than 1.0 mm of keratinized tissue using a flapless approach and immediately restored with acrylic temporary bridge on multi‐unit abutments. The surgical sites were split‐mouth randomized and prepared as CTG recipients by a tunneling procedure. Twenty benefited of a partial thickness approach and 20 of a full thickness one. The CTG was placed buccally using partial thickness or full thickness flap according to the randomization schedule. The width of keratinized tissue (KT), the horizontal soft tissue thickness (STT), the marginal hard and soft tissue levels as well as the implant success parameters were collected and analyzed. Results After a 3 year follow‐up period the increase of KT was statistically significantly (p

Currently, fiber-reinforced magnesium phosphate cement-based nanocomposites are being used in various projects. The unique physical properties of this material allow it to bear the load together with the material in the inherent structure, and it will be better used in the field of bridge structure repair and reinforcement. The purpose of this article is to study the application of fiber-reinforced magnesium phosphate cement-based nanocomposites in the field of bridge structure repair and reinforcement. Through the use of finite element analysis software and various stress sensor materials, the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced magnesium phosphate cement-based nanocomposites are used to analyze the mechanical properties of damaged bridges in our area after reinforcement treatment and establish a control group (using magnesium phosphate cement-based nanocomposite materials) for comparative experiments. The reinforcement effect of the bridge repair structure under different ballast conditions is studied. Studies have shown that fiber-reinforced magnesium phosphate cement-based nanocomposites can provide excellent reinforcement for damaged bridge structures. Compared to the control group, the strength and stiffness of the repaired structure were significantly improved, the strength increased by 15.7%, and the stiffness increased by 12%. The carrying capacity has also been improved compared to the previous one, from the original 120 t to 150 t.

We present the case of a 26-year-old male laborer, who sustained a high-energy, intra-articular distal radius and ulna styloid fracture. He developed subsidence and loss of fixation after index open reduction and internal fixation with a volar locking plate construct and was referred for revision surgery. Given a history of new onset seizure disorder and disuse osteopenia 6 weeks after the original injury, we performed revision ORIF via a volar approach utilizing fragment-specific fixation and augmentation of the construct with a dorsal bridge plate (DBP).

Posterior shoulder dislocations are an uncommon cause of glenohumeral instability; they are frequently missed and are associated with humeral head defects and capsulolabral lesions. Despite surgical treatment often being mandatory, there is still no standardized treatment for anterior impaction fractures of the humeral head (reverse Hill-Sachs lesions). Arthroscopic surgery is typically indicated, with a tendency toward resorting to knotless techniques in recent years. We present a method for the treatment of posterior shoulder dislocations with engaging reverse Hill-Sachs lesions that achieves full defect coverage using an arthroscopic all-in-the-box knotless subscapularis bridge technique with 2 anchors—with one crossing the subscapularis tendon and the other embracing it—along with posterior capsulolabral complex restoration. This promising technique is a potentially superior alternative for the treatment of these lesions that can also be used in the presence of concomitant partial subscapularis tears.

Full-guided surgery may be of enormous help, especially in full-arch edentulous cases. Due to the esthetic and hygienic challenges in full-arch crown and bridge prostheses, the use of a removable denture, such as an overdenture supported by a bar, telescope, or individual attachments, may be recommended in individual cases. A temporary tooth setup without the anterior labial flange can be used as a diagnostic tool to plan either a removable or a fixed full-arch prosthesis.

Abstract Objective Preliminary data on survival and success rates of immediately loaded, maxillary, screw-retained, implant-supported, fixed restorations delivered on narrow and low-profile OT Equator abutments (OT Bridge, Rhein’83) were evaluated. Materials and Methods This retrospective study evaluated data collected from patients rehabilitated with OT Bridge prosthetic concept between November 2017 and February 2019 in six different centers. Outcome measures were implant and prosthetic survival rates, biological and technical complications, marginal bone loss (MBL), oral health impact profile (OHIP), bleeding on probing, and plaque index. Results A total of 76 implants were inserted in 14 patients. Patients were followed for a mean period of 15.8 months (range = 12–24). All the patients receive OT Equator (Rhein'83) as intermediate abutments. One year after loading, one implant failed (1.3%). None of the prosthesis failed. One prosthetic complication was experienced in one patient. Three out of 76 implants were connected to the prosthetic framework using only the Seeger system, without screw. Difference in OHIP values was statistically significant (71.9 ± 8.5; p = 0.000). One year after loading, MBL was 0.21 ± 0.11 mm and p-value was 0.000. One year after loading, 8.7% of the examined implant sites present positive bleeding on probing, while 6.4% of the implant sites presented plaque. Conclusion The OT Equator abutments (Rhein'83) showed successful results when used to support maxillary fixed dental prosthesis delivered on four to six implants. High implant and prosthetic survival rates, very low complications, high patient satisfaction, and good biological parameters, including only 0.2 mm of bone remodeling were experienced one year after function. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

OBJECTIVE To determine if a recent bioactive cement provides acceptable lithium disilicate crown retention after long-term aging with monthly thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracted molars prepared with flat occlusal, 20° taper, ~4 mm axial. Prepared teeth assigned to two groups for equal mean surface areas per group. Lithium disilicate crowns fabricated with occlusal bar to facilitate removal. Crowns etched with 9.5%HF and cleaned. Cements were Ceramir Crown & Bridge QuikCap (CM) and Ketac Cem Maxicap (KC). Before cementation, specimens stored in 37°C water. Crowns cemented with 196 N force, placed in 37°C, 100% humidity oven for setting. Specimens thermocycled (5-55°C) 5000 cycles monthly for 6 months; otherwise stored in phosphate buffered saline solution. Crowns removed axially at 0.5 mm/min. Removal forces recorded and stresses calculated using areas. Independent t-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS Levene test not significant (P = 0.649). CM removal stresses and forces (P

Purpose: To evaluate preliminary data on survival and success rates of immediately loaded, screw-retained, restorations delivered on lower arches using narrow and low-profile OT Equator abutments. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data of patients rehabilitated with OT Bridge (fixed prosthetic system built on OT Equator) prosthetic concept from November 2017 to February 2019 in five different centers. Outcome measures were implant and prosthetic survival rates, biological and technical complications, marginal bone loss (MBL), oral health impact profile (OHIP), bleeding on probing, and plaque index. Results: A total of 60 implants were inserted in 12 patients. Patients were followed for a mean period of 15.8 months (range 12&ndash, 24). All the patients received OT Equator as intermediate abutments. Four out of 60 implants were connected to the prosthetic framework using only the Seeger system, without a screw. One year after loading, three implants failed (implant survival rate of 95.0%) in two patients. No prosthesis failed and no major biological and technical complications were experienced. One year after initial loading, the marginal bone level was 0.32 &plusmn, 0.2 mm. The OHIP before treatment was 87.7 &plusmn, 6.0. One year after treatment, OHIP was 23.6 &plusmn, 1.2. The difference was statistically significant (64.1 &plusmn, 7.2, p = 0.0000). One year after loading, 8.9% of the examined implant sites present positive bleeding on probing, while 5.8% of the implant sites presented plaque. Conclusions: The OT Equator abutments showed successful results when used to support mandible fixed dental prosthesis delivered on 4&ndash, 6 implants. Whole prosthetic survival and success rates, high patient satisfaction, and good biological parameters were experienced one year after function. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

As scaling-down of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) has been continued, the pitch of metal-line already reached sub-50nm where it is hard to define the soft bridge and normal one. Moreover, the metal bridge failure at system level cannot be corrected with in-situ system error-code correction (ECC) modules. In order to screen these failures in the wafer or/and package level electrical tests, high voltage stress methods are necessary. Therefore, accurate stress quantity decided by combination temperature, voltage and time, and effective stress methodologies are essential for high quality and reliability. For a mass production environment, a wafer level burn-in (WBI) can enable multiple word-lines simultaneously and consistently is appropriate. Moreover, we confirmed the actual voltage level on real cells in WBI and optimized stress parameters in terms of time and voltage. Finally, it was proven through the WBI evaluation for over 60k DRAM chips.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly being utilized in the dental field. After fabricating a prosthesis using a 3D printed resin, a post-curing process is required to improve its mechanical properties, but there has been insufficient research on the optimal post-curing conditions. We used various 3D printed crown and bridge materials in this study, and evaluated the changes in their properties according to post-curing time by evaluating the flexural strength, Weibull modulus, Vickers hardness, color change, degree of conversion, and biocompatibility. The obtained results confirmed that the strength of the 3D printed resin increased when it was post-cured for 60–90 min. The Vickers hardness, the degree of conversion, and biocompatibility of the 3D printed resins increased significantly around the beginning of the post-curing time, and then increased more gradually as the post-curing time increased further. It was observed that the color tone also changed as the post-curing time increased, with some groups showing a ΔE00 value of ≥ 2.25, which can be recognized clinically. This study has confirmed that, after the printing process of a 3D printed resin was completed, a sufficient post-curing time of at least 60 min is required to improve the overall clinical performance of the produced material.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of porcelain veneering methods on the marginal and internal fit of a three-unit zirconia framework. A zirconia master model, in which the lower-left second premolar and the second left molar were used as the abutment, was obtained using an intraoral scanner. Based on the data, three-unit zirconia frameworks for fabricating all-ceramic bridges were designed and milled (FW group). Two types of all-ceramic bridge were fabricated by veneering porcelain onto these frameworks using the press-over technique (P group) and the layering technique (L group). The replica technique was used to measure the gap size between the abutments and the bridges. Measurements were taken in the marginal opening area (MO), chamfer area (CH), axial area (AX), and occlusal area (OC). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U-test. There was no significant difference in MO and CH between the P and L groups. However, in AX, the L group had a significantly larger gap size than that of the P group (p = 0.003). In addition, compared with the FW group, the P group showed a significantly larger gap size in MO (p

Most of the hydraulic failures of bridges occur due to the formation of the scour hole at the corner of the abutment and in front of the pier. When the scour hole is more, the grip length of the foundation of the abutment and pier reduces causing destabilization of the bridge as a whole. Scour studies around the abutments and pier in clay bed attracts more studies due to the swell–shrink characteristics of the soil. In this study, an attempt is made to conduct a series of scour studies for clayey soil with three densities, i.e. 1.15, 1.23 and 1.37 g/cc and four abutment sizes, i.e. 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm. Based on the test results, the effect of the width of abutment on the maximum scour depth at the end of 600 min of flow run was analysed. It is found that the maximum scour depth increases as the width of abutment increases and reduces as density increases. The rate of scour reduces with time and when the time parameter exceeds 4, it approaches to zero asymptotically.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether removing the superstructure of the implant bridge in cases of full-arch implant restorations for edentulous atrophic arches at the abutment level during professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) affects bacterial counts.This crossover clinical trial included 20 patients who received screw-retained prostheses at the abutment level. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups and received PMPR with or without removal of the superstructure. After a three-month washout period, the type of treatment was reversed between the groups. Bacterial counts around the cylinder and abutment were measured and compared before and after PMPR.Bacterial numbers around the cylinder and abutment were significantly reduced after PMPR as compared with before PMPR regardless of whether the superstructure was removed (p0.05). However the ratio of subjects with bacteria at 1.0 × 105 colony forming unit/ml (cfu/ml) or more after PMPR was significantly higher when the superstructure was not removed (p0.05). Among patients with bacterial counts of less than 10 × 105 cfu/ml, bacterial loads were reduced to less than 1.0 × 105 cfu/ml even when superstructures were not removed. Among patients with bacterial load of10 × 105 cfu/ml, bacterial numbers were not reduced to1.0 × 105 cfu/ml when PMPR was performed without removing the superstructure.Removal of the superstructure in cases of full-arch implant restorations for edentulous atrophic arches during PMPR reduces bacterial numbers around the implant bridge at the abutment level.

In this study, three-dimensional finite element (FE) models were developed for determining the stress and displacement distributions in a direct composite dental bridge reinforced with high density etched polyethylene fibres. The accuracy of the FE model was established via a convergence study and an appropriately fine FE mesh with around 21,000 degrees-of-freedom (dof) was adopted for the investigations. Model variations were made by changing the number of the fibre spans and the bond conditions on the proximal surface between the artificial and the abutment teeth. The significance of modelling with and without an adhesive layer was also investigated. The results, based on the finite element analysis, are expected to provide dental clinicians with some structural implications, which will aid the implementation of such composite cantilever dental bridges.

This paper discusses a nondestructive procedure that is applied to detect a crack in bridge eyebar specimens. The nondestructive testing procedure that is used is known as the multireference impact testing method and involves studying changes in the modal characteristic of the test specimens due to cracking. Four identical eyebars specimens are tested before and after a crack has been introduced in the test specimens. The resulting reposes obtained from impact testing have been analyzed to identify the presence of the crack in these specimens.

Graphical abstract, Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a new evolving polymeric material. The present article comprehensively reviewed an overview of various applications of PEKK in prosthodontics and oral implantology, highlighting its prospects for clinical applications. PEKK biomaterials is an elastic material with good shock absorbance and fracture resistance and present ultra-high performance among all thermoplastic composites for excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and high thermal stability. Available articles on PEKK for dental applications were reviewed from January 1957 to August 2020) using MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect resources. PEKK presents suitable physical, mechanical, and chemical properties for applications in prosthodontics and oral implantology. PEKK has good potential for a wide range of dental applications, including tooth restorations, crowns, bridge, endoposts, denture framework, implant-supported fixed prosthesis, and dental implants. PEKK dental implants have shown lesser stress shielding compared to titanium for dental implant applications. Further modifications and improving material properties can result in broader applications in the field of dentistry. Long term evaluations are needed as PEKK is recently applied in dentistry, and there are limited studies published on PEKK.

Objective To evaluate, through microcomputed tomography (μCT), the cement film thickness of veneers and crowns made with different provisional materials. Material and Methods A veneer and a crown preparation were performed on a central incisor and a second molar of a dental model, respectively, scanned with an intraoral scanner, and the .stl files were exported to an LCD‐based SLA three‐dimensional (3D)‐Printer. Twenty‐four preparations were 3D‐printed for each veneer and crown and divided into four groups (n = 6/group): (a) Acrylic resin (Acrilico Marche); (b) Bisacrylic resin (Protemp 4); (c) PMMA computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) (Vipiblock); and (d) 3D‐printed resin for provisional restorations (Raydent C&B for temporary crown and bridge). Veneers and crowns restorations were performed and cemented with a flowable composite. Each specimen was scanned with a μCT apparatus, files were imported for data analysis, and cement film thickness was quantitatively measured. Data were analyzed by 2‐way ANOVA and Tukey post‐hoc tests (α = .05). Results Crowns presented a thicker cementation film than veneers (P < .05).The bisacrylic resin showed the smallest veneer film thickness, similar to the acrylic resin (P = .151), which was not significantly different than the PMMA CAD/CAM material (P = .153). The 3D printed provisional material showed the thicker film, different than all other materials (P < .05). The bisacrylic resin showed a cement film thickness with a high number of voids in its surface. For crowns cementation, the 3D printed provisional material showed the thicker cementation film, different than all other materials (P < .05). Conclusions Different provisional materials present different film thicknesses. The 3D printed provisional material showed the highest veneer and crown film thicknesses. Veneers film thicknesses were smaller than crowns for all provisional materials. Clinical Significance The 3D printed provisional material studied can be satisfactorily used, presenting appropriate adaptation with the tooth preparation, however, it shows the highest cement film thickness for both veneers and crowns cementations when compared with other provisional materials. A better internal fit, or smaller cement film thickness is obtained by CAD/CAM materials, acrylic and bisacrylic resins. Veneer cementation showed a smaller cement film thickness compared with crown cementation for all provisional materials.

BackgroundThis study aims to show the long-time stability of straight and tilted implants loaded immediately with a provisional resin bridge followed by a definitive prosthodontic rehabilitation in edentulous jaws despite difficult hygiene conditions postoperatively.ResultsThis study included the participation of 23 patients and the restoration of 170 dental implants in 32 edentulous jaws. Patient data was analyzed from the start of treatment with a minimum follow-up period of 6 years in order to determine long-term implant success rates. However, the age of patients at time of surgery significantly affected the BOP to the detriment of younger patients (median 62 years old).ConclusionAlthough there was a higher risk of implant failure due to general disease, all the implants in this study survived successfully. As a replacement for a complete dental arch, the reduced number of implants in combination with the avoidance of augmentations reduces treatment costs. The immediate fixed prosthetic restoration of edentulous jaws thus represents a reliable therapeutic alternative to a two- to three-stage procedure. Optimized aftercare including professional teeth cleaning (PTC) (at least twice a year) can minimize the anamnestic effect of smoking, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis on BOP and possible bone loss.

Objective. This case report describes soft-tissue management after a failed GBR procedure to enhance the soft-tissue quality, quantity, and aesthetic outcomes. Case Presentation. A 38-year-old patient visited the Dental Clinic of the Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, for a chief complaint of unsatisfactory aesthetics of the anterior maxillary area. Dental history disclosed failed preimplant vertical bone augmentation with GBR procedure in the area of the left maxillary central incisor resulting in a severe gingival recession of adjacent teeth and compromised soft-tissue quantity and quality and severe ridge atrophy (class III). Multilayered connective tissue grafting technique, in a two-step mucogingival surgery, was used to cover the gingival recessions, reach even gingival margin, and reconstruct the defect. Frenectomy was done after the second mucogingival surgery to relieve the muscle attachment. A definitive cantilever bridge was placed to restore the left and right maxillary central incisors, and a satisfactory aesthetic outcome was reached. Conclusions. Multilayered connective tissue grafting technique might be successful in correcting soft-tissue quantity and quality in class III ridge defects.

The use of pterygoid implants can be an attractive alternative to sinus bone grafting in the treatment of posterior atrophic maxilla. This technique has not been widely used because of the difficulty of the surgical access, the presence of vital structures, and the prosthetic challenges. The use of dynamic computer aided implantology (DCAI) allows the clinician to utilize navigation dental implant surgery, which allows the surgeon to follow the osteotomy site and implant positioning in real time. A total of 14 patients (28 pterygoid implants and 56 intersinusal implants) were enrolled in the study for a full arch implant prosthetic rehabilitation (4 frontal implants and 2 pterygoids implants), using a dynamic navigation system. The reported accuracy of pterygoid implants inserted using DCAI was 0.72 mm at coronal point, 1.25 mm at apical 3D, 0.66 mm at apical depth, and 2.86&deg, as angular deviation. The use of pterygoid implants in lieu of bone grafting represents a valid treatment opportunity to carry out a safe, accurate, and minimally invasive surgery, while reducing treatment time and avoiding cantilevers for a full implant prosthetic rehabilitation of the upper arch.

AIM To evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant diseases and to identify risk/protective indicators of peri-implantitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and forty randomly selected patients from a university clinic database were invited to participate. Those who accepted, once data from their medical and dental history were collected, were examined clinically and radiographically to assess the prevalence of peri-implant health and diseases. Peri-implantitis was defined as the presence of BoP/SoP together with radiographic bone levels (BL) ≧2 mm. An intermediate peri-implant health category between peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis was also identified, defined by the presence of BoP/SoP together with 1 mm ≦BL

Objectives The aim of this study was to observe the dental condition in a group of elderly patients over a period of 10 years in order to clarify important risk factors. Materials and methods Participants were elderly patients (in their eighties) who took panoramic radiographs between 2015 and 2016, and for whom panoramic radiographs taken around 10 year earlier were also available. The number of remaining and lost teeth, the Eichner Index, the presence or absence of molar occlusion, the respective condition of dental pulp, dental crowns, alveolar bone resorption, as well as periapical lesions were investigated through the analysis of panoramic radiographs. Additionally, other important variables were collected from patients' medical records. From the obtained panoramic radiograph sets, the patients' dental condition was investigated, and a systematic comparison was conducted. Results The analysis of the panoramic radiographs showed that the number of remaining teeth decreased from an average of 20.8-15.5, and the percentage of patients with 20 or more teeth decreased from 69.2 to 26.9%. A factor analysis investigating tooth loss risk suggested that tooth loss was associated with the bridge, P2 or greater resorption of the alveolar bone, and apical lesions, and gender (with males having a higher risk compared to females). Conclusions Teeth showing P2 or greater alveolar bone resorption, bridge, and apical lesions on panoramic radiographs are most likely to be lost in an elderly patient's near future. Consequently, this group should be encouraged to visit their dental clinics regularly and receive comprehensive instruction on individual self-care methods.

In this paper, three different types of solid implant bridge (SIB), internal porous implant bridge (IPIB) and external porous implant bridge (EPIB) were modeled to investigate its static mechanical performance. FEA was used to calculate the stress distribution in implant bridges. The 200 N loading was applied to simulate occlusal function. The stress distribution occurred at the gingival surface above the interface in all the groups. The peak stress of IPIB was lower than SIB and EPIB. Further, two porous cylinders with external and internal pore structure were precisely fabricated to better understand its structural responses, stress distribution patterns and micromotions. Results showed that the peak stress and total deformation of internal porous cylinder was much lower than external porous cylinder. This study indicated that IPIB design maintained the better geometric characteristics and exhibited better stress distribution than EPIB design.

Background: Resection of the mandible can lead to bony defect which has a direct bearing on the quality of life of the patient. Reconstruction of such defect is necessary to restore aesthetics but optimal functioning of the oral cavity can only be achieved with prosthodontic rehabilitation. We, hereby, report the impact of oral rehabilitation on patients’ satisfaction and quality of life after mandibular reconstruction in our institution. Materials and Method: Patients who had oral rehabilitation following mandibular reconstruction from January 2010 to December 2015 were included. Patients’ oral health related quality of life [OHRQL] before and after rehabilitation was evaluated using the head and neck module of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC]. Oral functions and denture satisfaction were also evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale [VAS]. Data obtained were analyzed with SPSS version 20 and level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Result: Of the 43 patients who had mandibular reconstruction during the study period, only 21 [48.8%] had dental rehabilitation. Twelve patients [57.1%] had conventional acrylic denture, 5 had fixed denture [bridge] while 4 patients had rehabilitation with dental implants. The mean follow-up period after rehabilitation was 8.42 months [Range: 6 - 22 months]. Although, OHRQL analysis revealed an improvement following rehabilitation, only the social aspect of the evaluation was statistically significant [p < 0.01]. Also, type of rehabilitation had a significant correlation with oral function as patients who received dental implant had better VAS score [p = 0.00]. On the contrary, there was no statistically significant difference in aesthetics amongst the patients regardless of type of rehabilitation [p = 0.26]. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that there is improvement in OHRQL following dental rehabilitation. Also, Patients who were rehabilitated with dental implant had better oral function than those with fixed or conventional denture.

Reconstruction of traumatic composite bone and soft tissue loss (TCBSTL) employs several approaches among which is the bone transport (BT). In this procedure a healthy bone segment is mobilized by means of an external fixator to bridge a bone gap. Mobilization of the bone segment entails advancement of the overlying soft tissue envelop altogether. Between the year 2000 and 2017 the authors have treated 150 cases of TBSTL using distraction histogenesis and external skeletal fixation in all cases. The procedure was performed in two modes, in the first group the transport was performed gradually by distraction-compression of the osteotomy and bone defect sites respectively. In the second group, the procedure was performed by acute shortening and re-lengthening (ASRL) technique. Skin grafts(STSG)were used in six cases (4%) and iliac crest bone graft(ICBG) in 42 cases (28%). No free vascularized tissue grafts were used in any case. No internal fixation was attempted in any case. A few problems have been met with during gradual bone transport, and were manageable without effect on the treatment course or final outcome. Based on our observations in this series, BT was defined as “Bone transport is an instrumented advancement of a local vascularized osteomyocutaneous flap to bridge bone and soft tissue defect either gradual or acute.” When perceived as an osteomyocutaneous flap, bone transport extends the umbrella of the reconstruction ladder to include cases where other procedures could not be safely employed. Bone transport, either gradual or acute, is a powerful tool in the armamentarium of Orthoplastic limb reconstruction.

Introduction. Periodontal pathology accounts for many dental diseases, which encourages dentists and scientists to engage in this problem more actively. For the treatment of generalized periodontitis by the orthopedic component, we have proposed the claimed interdental splints, which were used in the orthopedic treatment of patients with this pathology in addition to the traditional ones. Defects in the lateral areas were recovered with the help of bridge structures. Purpose. To find out which of the splints used in the study are more physiological for the provoked parodontium in their area of ​​responsibility using the bone area destruction factor. Materials and Methods. This clinical study was conducted in a group of 60 patients with generalized periodontitis in stabilization stage. Previously, they had undergone comprehensive treatment for generalized periodontitis. 30 subjects were included into the study group with periodontal condition in stabilization stage ­– the group with the declared tested splints. And the group with known traditional splints included 30 subjects. Results. The study found that after 18 months, the bone area destruction indicator decreased in patients with dentition defects where splints and bridges were used in the control group as compared to the value 6 months after treatment, by an average of 7.0 ± 1,1%, and it was only 2.9 ± 0.1% (p < 0.001) in the study group. Conclusions. During the whole period of the study in the group with dentition defects, the dynamics of restraining the increase in bone destruction in the study group is more obvious as compared to the control group. This indicates the feasibility of applying the claimed structures in this group of patients. The improvement in the percentage ratio was 4.1 ± 1.1% in 18 months.

Stability of space frame structures with bone cement screw reinforcement by biomechanical testing was analyzed. Seven complete human spine specimens with osteoporosis were selected. Three specimens were separated into 18 vertebral bodies. Nine vertebral bodies were randomly selected and bone cement screws were implanted on both sides. Bone cement was used to form a bridge at the front end of the two screws (single vertebral group A). The other nine vertebral bodies were implanted with cement screws on both sides, but the front ends of the two screws were not bridged (single vertebral group B). The remaining spine specimens were used for biomechanical testing of the overall stability of the three-dimensional frame. The four specimens were osteotomized, and then two specimens were randomly selected. Bone cement screws were implanted on both sides of the vertebral body, and a bone cement bridge was formed at the front end of the two screws to establish a three-dimensional frame structure (multi-vertebral group A). The other two spine specimens were implanted with cement screws on both sides of the vertebral body, but the front ends of the two screws were not bridged (multi-vertebral group B). A statistical difference was found between the extractive force of bridged and non-bridged specimens. Group B showed some loosening of screws after the test. The stability of the triangle structure screw, which was formed after the bridge was established at the front end of the single-vertebral bone cement screw, was significantly enhanced. Moreover, the stability was significantly improved after the three-dimensional frame structure was established in the multi-vertebral body group, providing a new method for clinical improvement of the stability and reliability of internal fixation in patients with severe osteoporosis and spinal disease.

CASE Massive bone loss around the elbow is a challenging clinical condition. Short periarticular osseous segments present few reconstructive options in the setting of distal humerus bone loss. We report the case of a 20-year-old man who sustained an open, intra-articular distal humerus fracture with a massive metaphyseal defect of 15 cm after a motorcycle accident. The defect was reconstructed using an induced membrane technique with temporary ulnohumeral bridge plate stabilization. CONCLUSION Temporary ulnohumeral spanning plate fixation is a reliable method for periarticular reconstruction in the setting of massive distal humerus bone loss.

Introduction: For the patient’s dissatisfaction with the prosthesis, dentist must realize that a patient’s judgment of the treatment outcome is what defines prosthodontic success. All patient’s need is to have a denture which is firm and stable during function. An ill-fitting denture not only brings frustration to the patients but to the dentists as well. So all probable reasons for the looseness of complete denture should be evaluated by the dentist and hence every possible attempt should be made by the dentist to correct it. Aims and Obectives: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of looseness of newly fabricated complete denture and its management among dental students of third year, final year and internship, studying in an undergraduate dental college, in the Imphal city of Manipur. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the complete knowledge of complete denture fabrication and their practical implementation in the complete denture fabricational procedure. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire involving the dental students of 3rd, 4th year and the students doing internship in the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge at RIMS, Dental college. Total of 150 students participated in the study. Participants were distributed in three groups having 50 students each from 3rd year, 4th year, and students doing internship. All the participants signed an informed consent before filling the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics included computation of frequencies and percentages. Nonparametric test, namely, chi-square test, was used for further data analysis; p-value

Purpose: We have a high percentage of ageing population that is extensively restored. As the number of restorations will increase so will the chances of restoration failure; subsequently their management will become an ever-increasing challenge to the profession. In cases of Fixed Partial Denture (FPD) supported by multiple abutments or Multiple Connected Full-Coverage Restorations (MCFCR); endodontic/periodontal involvement of even a single abutment negatively affects the prognosis of the prosthesis as a whole. Often the decision made by clinician to remove the fixed bridge or MCFCR, extract the tooth in question and make a new FPD is not appreciated by the patient.

Using the clinical and radiological methods of investigation, the results of an assessment of the state of 287 metal-ceramic prosthetic structures were presented during the warranty period of their use in 186 people (53 men and 133 women) aged from 29 to 62 years who were made dental treatment and prophylactic institutions, located in the city (1 group of patients, 120 people) and rural areas (2 patients, 66 people) in the Krasnodar Territory of various forms of ownership. When assessing the condition of denture prosthesis, prosthetic bed and field, inflammatory changes in the periodontium, mobility and inflammation of the pulp of supporting teeth, recession of the gum, pressure ulcers in the region of the body of the bridge, contact between the prosthesis and antagonizing teeth in the central occlusion or overstrain of the occlusion in several units of dental prostheses structures, the presence of a large washing space in the area of the body of the bridge in the front sections of the dentition rows of the jaws, fracture castings, chips ics, chronic periapical foci of odontogenic infection of teeth under single, welded or supporting artificial crowns, as well as cementing of structures and the presence of hypersensitivity of teeth under artificial crowns. The frequency of occurrence of defects in dentures and complications of prosthetics, which were more often detected in persons who were prosthetically tested in health facilities, was determined, regardless of the form of their property located in rural areas. It is shown that at the moment many of the possible complaints and complaints of patients, in connection with the manufacture of metal-ceramic dentures, can prove to be justified. It is concluded that the introduction of internal quality control of medical care in all dental hospitals, clinics and offices, regardless of their territorial location and form of ownership, is a requirement of the time.

ObjectivesTo describe a new technique to obtain minimally invasive but efficient vertebral body (VB) reconstruction, augmentation, and stabilization in severe osteoporotic and neoplastic fractures, combining two pre-existing procedures. The implant of vertebral body stents (VBS) is followed by insertion of percutaneous, fenestrated, cement-augmented pedicular screws that act as anchors to the posterior elements for the cement/stent complex. The screws reduce the risk of stent mobilization in a non-intact VB cortical shell and bridge middle column and pedicular fractures. This procedure results in a 360° non-fusion form of vertebral internal fixation that may empower vertebral augmentation and potentially avoid corpectomy in challenging fractures.Procedure detailsThis report provides step-by-step procedural details, rationale, and proposed indications for this procedure. The procedure is entirely percutaneous under fluoroscopic guidance. Through transpedicular trocars the VBS are inserted, balloon-expanded and implanted in the VB. Over k-wire exchange the transpedicular screws are inserted inside the lumen of the stents and cement is injected through the screws to augment the stents and fuse the screws to the stents.ApplicationsThis technique may find appropriate applications for the most severe osteoporotic fractures with large clefts, high-degree fragmentation and collapse, middle column and pedicular involvement, and in extensive neoplastic lytic lesions.ConclusionsStent-Screw-Assisted Internal Fixation (SAIF) might represent a minimally invasive option to obtain VB reconstruction and restoration of axial load capability in severe osteoporotic and neoplastic fractures, potentially obviating the need for more invasive surgical interventions in situations that would pose significant challenges to standard vertebroplasty or balloon kyphoplasty.

Bone conditions around abutment tooth is one of the criteria for choosing an orthopedic prosthese. Those can be estimated only by auxiliary radiological methods. The initial changes of jaws cortical plate destruction before its complete destruction, cannot be visualized with help of orthopantomography, and pathological changes can only be observed in the mesiodistal areas of the interdentalsepta. Dentists often use panoramic zonography in their practice, without paying attention to such important indicator as bone resorption near the abutment teeth in vestibular-oral direction. The vestibular-oralprojection of a cone-beam computed tomography (CÂCT) indicates the bias of using a twodimensional image to obtain an accurate X-ray picture of alveolar bone conditions and to assess functional state of studied abutment teeth. Panoramic zonography (medial, distal) was used to assess the bone destruction level around all sides of supporting teeth in the frontal and lateral sites. Detailed study of indicators in vestibular-oral direction was conducted in sagittal projection. A dental tape-measure was used as a tool. We analyzed bone destruction/resorption of about 80 teeth, which were planned as an abutment teeth for non-removable metal-ceramic constructions. The gender was not taken into account when entering the resorption rating table. Bone resorption levels were compared between experimental groups. The feature was determined after comparison of the CBCT- numerical values of bone resorption around future abutment teeth for metal-ceramic prostheses in frontal and lateral sites of dentition. The feature was presented with the increased levels of alveolar bone destruction exactly in vestibular-oral direction of frontal and lateral jaws sites. It was conclude that CBCT is only appropriate method for timely detection of such changes and prognosis of orthopedic treatment duration.

Dento-alveolar trauma with avulsion is common in anterior maxillary region and these injuries are very challenging to manage in young adolescent because of dynamic state of the alveolar and dental development, occlusion and facial growth. The present case report reveals management of dento-alveolar trauma along with missing avulsed tooth and complicated crown fractures of adjacent teeth in esthetically conscious young adolescent with implant supported restoration. Patient was non-compliant and had parafunction which subjected the removable partial denture and resin bonded bridge to repeated failures. However, because of non-compliance, patient's occlusion and high esthetic demands, implant was considered as treatment option at early age which produced not only a functional and esthetic outcome but a satisfied patient as well. Keywords: Avulsed tooth, Dental implant, Tooth fracture, Young adult