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The COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown forced business firms to undertake employee work from home (WFH). The pandemic situation created a general negative sentiment. Employees, while practicing WFH, worked remotely. They worked collectively using network technology in the virtual context and achieved job efficacy even in challenging times. Employees' achievement of job efficacy helped achieve better results in terms of work performance at organizational team levels. Data were collected from Indian managers during COVID-19 unlock phase. Three hundred twenty-six managerial responses were collected and analyzed using structured equation modeling. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions was applied for the study. A theoretical model was developed with a positive feeling as an antecedent variable, effort as a mediating variable, and collective technology in virtual team efficacy as the dependent variable. The findings of the study adhered to the perspectives of broad and build theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landwehr and colleagues (2023) surveyed climate change perceptions in Bavaria, focusing on the influence of socio-demographic and local environmental factors. They found that farmers exhibited higher climate change skepticism than other societal actor groups. In our attempt to explain these Dndings, we attribute climate change skepticism among farmers to motivated cognitions and social identity processes. Farmers may be motivated to deny climate change due to cognitive dissonance arising from perceptions of being especially afected. ConsequentlY, a climate change skeptical group norm may have developed amongfarmers, shapingthe attitudes and behaviors of individual group members, which is potentially intensified by perceived intergroup contrasts in political conflicts. We propose that climate-skeptical attitudes are context-dependent and can be changed through inducing intrapersonal conflicts or social identity-based interventions. Understanding farmers' group dynamics, motivated cognitions, and efcacY beliefs is crucial for effective climate change communication and policy implementation, in order to counter skepticism and promote pro-environmental action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: As a part of the framework of the EU-funded Energy efficiency through Behavior CHANge Transition (ENCHANT) project, the present paper intends to provide a "Research Protocol" of a web-based trial to: (i) assess the effectiveness of behavioral intervention strategies––either single or in combination––on electricity saving, and (ii) unravel the psychological factors contributing to intervention effectiveness in households across Europe. Methods and materials: Six distinct interventions (i.e., information provision, collective vs. individual message framing, social norms, consumption feedback, competitive elements, and commitment strategies) targeting electricity saving in households from six European countries (i.e., Austria, Germany, Italy, Norway, Romania, and Türkiye) are evaluated, with an initial expected samples of about 1500 households per country randomly assigned to 12 intervention groups and two control groups, and data is collected through an ad-hoc online platform. The primary outcome is the weekly electricity consumption normalized to the last seven days before measurement per person per household. Secondary outcomes are the peak consumption during the last day before measurement and the self-reported implementation of electricity saving behaviors (e.g., deicing the refrigerator). The underlying psychological factors expected to mediate and/or moderate the intervention effects on these outcomes are intentions to save electricity, perceived difficulty of saving energy, attitudes to electricity saving, electricity saving habit strength, social norms to save electricity, personal norms, collective efficacy, emotional reaction to electricity consumption, and national identity. The intervention effectiveness will be evaluated by comparing psychological factors and consumption variables before and after the intervention, leading to a 14 (groups including 2 control groups) × 6 (time) mixed factorial design, with one factor between (group) and one factor within subjects (time)–6 measurements of the psychological factors and 6 readings of the electricity meters, which gives then 5 weeks of electricity consumption. Results: Data collection for the present RCT started in January 2023, and by October 2023 data collection will conclude. Discussion: Upon establishing feasibility and effectiveness, the outcomes of this study will assist policymakers, municipalities, NGOs, and other communal entities in identifying impactful interventions tailored to their unique circumstances and available resources. Researchers will benefit from a flexible, structured tool that allows the design, implementation and monitoring of complex interventions protocols. Crucially, the intervention participants will benefit from electricity saving strategies, fostering immediate effectiveness of the interventions in real-life contexts. Trial registration: This trial was preregistered in the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/9vtn4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community-of-knowledge framework explains the extraordinary success of the human species, despite individual members' demonstrably shallow understanding of many topics, by appealing to outsourcing. People follow the cues of members of their community because understanding of phenomena is generally distributed across the group. Typically, communities do possess the relevant knowledge, but it is possible in principle for communities to send cues despite lacking knowledge—a weakness in the system's design. COVID-19 in the United States offered a natural experiment in collective-knowledge development because a novel phenomenon arrived at a moment of intense division in political partisanship. We review evidence from the pandemic showing that the thought leaders of the two partisan groups sent radically different messages about COVID, which were, in turn, reinforced by close community members (family, friends, etc.). We show that although actual understanding of the individual plays a role in a key COVID-mitigation behavior (vaccination), it plays a smaller role than perceived understanding of thought leaders and beliefs about COVID-related behaviors of close community members. We discuss implications for theory and practice when all communities are in the same epistemic circumstance—relying on the testimony of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ubiquitous type of collective behavior and decision-making is the coordinated motion of bird flocks, fish schools, and human crowds. Collective decisions to move in the same direction, turn right or left, or split into subgroups arise in a self-organized fashion from local interactions between individuals without central plans or designated leaders. Strikingly similar phenomena of consensus (collective motion), clustering (subgroup formation), and bipolarization (splitting into extreme groups) are also observed in opinion formation. As we developed models of crowd dynamics and analyzed crowd networks, we found ourselves going down the same path as models of opinion dynamics in social networks. In this article, we draw out the parallels between human crowds and social networks. We show that models of crowd dynamics and opinion dynamics have a similar mathematical form and generate analogous phenomena in multiagent simulations. We suggest that they can be unified by a common collective dynamics, which may be extended to other psychological collectives. Models of collective dynamics thus offer a means to account for collective behavior and collective decisions without appealing to a priori mental structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving global sustainability in the face of climate change, pandemics, and other global systemic threats will require collective intelligence and collective action beyond what we are currently experiencing. Increasing polarization within nations and populist trends that undercut international cooperation make the problem even harder. Allegiance within groups is often strengthened because of conflict among groups, leading to a form of polarization termed "affective." Hope for addressing these global problems will require recognition of the commonality in threats facing all groups collective intelligence that integrates relevant inputs from all sources but fights misinformation and coordinated, cooperative collective action. Elinor Ostrom's notion of polycentric governance, involving centers of decision-making from the local to the global in a complex interacting framework, may provide a possible pathway to achieve these goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: South Sulawesi Province ranks in the top 7 with a percentage of 58.9% coverage of TTD provision to adolescent girls. Based on data from the Gowa District Health Service in 2021, it shows that the number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets among young women is 57% of the accumulated achievements of 26 health centers, where the health center with the lowest number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets is one of the Kanjilo Community Health Centers with an achievement of 18% of 1239 targets targets. Youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a peer-group approach allows for continuous interaction between peer educators and their peers so that the delivery of information is more intensive. This research aims to determine the effect of peer group empowerment to increase adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets at the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center, Barombong District, Gowa Regency. Methods: This research uses a quantitative method of quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test group approach. The population in this study were all members of the youth Integrated Healthcare Center in the Kanjilo health center working area, Barombong sub-district, South Sulawesi province, who were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group, each with 40 people. Results: The results of the study showed that there was a significant effect of peer group empowerment intervention on intention, self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, parental support, and teacher support in the intervention group and control group in consuming blood supplement tablets in youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a p-value < 0.05. Apart from that, the results showed that adolescent Integrated Healthcare Center participants were more disciplined in consuming blood supplement tablets because of peer invitations which made changes in adolescent behavior in a more positive direction. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between the intervention group and the control group before and after being given counseling and peer group empowerment training on adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-centered vs. collective-oriented perceptions and beliefs have bearings on an individual's behavior. In the context of the global coronavirus pandemic, this study attempts a cross-cultural analysis of public compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures in China and the United States. Using data collected from two parallel surveys, we explore how individualism and collectivism have affected respondents' efficacious beliefs, perception bias and compliance behaviors. Findings show that higher self-efficacy in individualistic cultures tends to produce a wider self-other perceptual gap. Further, we found that individual-referenced variables (i.e. self-efficacy and perceived media effects on threat perception on oneself) play a stronger role in predicting public compliance in America. In comparison, collective-oriented and other-referenced measures (i.e. collective efficacy and perceived media effects on threat perception on others) are a stronger predictor of compliance in China than in the United States. The theoretical implications of the culturally rooted locus of reference (self vs. others) for compliance behaviors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the interaction of team efficacy and team trust on feeling of reduced personal accomplishment. Data were obtained from a survey conducted with 270 teams made up of 1,787 individual employees of a multinational shipbuilding corporation headquartered in South Korea. We found that when team trust was low, team efficacy was positively related to individual burnout, whereas the relationship was nonsignificant when team trust was high. The feeling of reduced personal accomplishment, was, in turn, negatively related to individual creative performance. Contrary to common intuition about the positive effects of team efficacy, the results suggest that high team efficacy can lead to increased burnout and, ultimately, have a negative impact on creativity under conditions of low team trust. In the process, we also discussed the relative salience of the team as an extension of the self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a framework of the theories of trait activation and conservation of resources, we tested the three-way interactions of self-enhancement motivation, group efficacy, and directive leadership on employees' turnover intention with two separate samples. Participants were employees of a company in South Korea. We proposed that self-enhancement motivation would affect employees' turnover intention, with group efficacy and directive leadership jointly affecting this relationship. That is, we proposed that high group efficacy would activate self-enhancement motivation, and directive leadership would modify the activated influence of self-enhancement motivation on turnover intention. Results were generally supportive of the predictions. The findings in this study confirm the interaction between group efficacy and directive leadership (group-level variables) and self-enhancement motivation (individual-level variable) that influence turnover intention, and provide implications for what managers can improve to reduce turnover. The hypotheses in this study will need to be further tested in various cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributed to a limited body of research on empowerment evaluation by examining its processes, principles, and outcomes. Objectives included: 1) determining implementation fidelity to the three empowerment evaluation models; 2) determining evidence of empowerment evaluation process principles; 3) determining whether empowerment evaluation outcome principles resulted from the evaluations reported on; and 4) determining whether variation in empowerment and self-determination was explained by the interaction between model fidelity and percentage of steps implemented, process principles in evidence, outcome principles in evidence, and evaluator characteristics. Results indicated individual empowerment and self-determination were likely outcomes of evaluations reported on; evidence of all ten empowerment evaluation principles indicated they were empowerment evaluations; evaluators adhered with fidelity to all three models, no model was privileged over another, and steps were chosen from across all three models. Empowerment and self-determination are more likely when empowerment evaluations are conducted by female evaluators living and working in an African country and SEEPPO was a successful first attempt at assessing the process and outcomes of empowerment evaluation work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The last decade has witnessed the rapid development of immersive virtual reality (IVR) and its application in various contexts. However, its application in supporting real-time virtual collaboration has been quite rare due to technical barriers and the lack of validated design principles. To address this research gap, this study designed and developed an IVR space to enable multiuser synchronous co-located collaboration to complete a fantasy game. An evaluation study (N = 95) was conducted to explore its useful design considerations and the influencing factors for collaboration experience in the game. The IVR space was enabled by the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)-based inside-out tracking technique and was informed by four essential design considerations for promoting effective collaboration in IVR, namely, the role script, learning task, collaboration mechanism, and communication design. The study results revealed that students in general were satisfied with their collaboration experience in IVR, with social presence and collaboration competency as significant predictors of collective efficacy and social experience. Based on both quantitative and qualitative results, this study proposes four validated principles for designing effective IVR spaces to support synchronous co-located collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One factor receiving contemporary interest from virtual team researchers is collective‐level efficacy, that is, a team's shared belief in its collective abilities to work effectively. However, our understanding of this literature leads to two concerns. First, depending on traditional team‐focused collective‐level efficacy concepts conveys an indifferent view of technology that ignores decades of research explaining how virtual teams' reliance on collaborative technologies differentiates them from traditional teams. Second, the information systems literature has largely ignored the concept of collective‐level efficacy in virtual team research. That collective‐level efficacy is underexamined in IS research is disappointing, given the growing recognition (outside the IS literature) that it is crucial to virtual team success. This absence becomes even more concerning given that IS researchers developed the concept of virtual team efficacy (VTE) specifically for virtual team settings. Unlike collective‐level efficacy measures designed for traditional team settings, VTE incorporates technology into its conceptual definition and the operationalization of its measurement indicators. Thus, it is a stronger predictor of virtual team outcomes. To demonstrate its importance to IS research, we used a deductive theory‐driven approach to propose and empirically evaluate whether VTE indirectly acts on virtual team effectiveness through the critical concepts of trust and participants' perceptions of problems associated with the collaboration inhibitors of time difference, geographical separation, and cultural differences. This research contributes significantly to the literature by confirming VTE's relationship to important virtual team success factors and informing IS researchers about the appropriate choice of constructs when studying collective‐level efficacy in virtual team settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective efficacy is the perception of a group of people to have the ability to achieve a common goal. As we explore self-efficacy and collective efficacy in schools, a question remains as to how school counselors, principals, and teachers can increase collective efficacy and foster a positive school climate to support all PK-12 students' needs. We sought to explore school counselor-principal- teacher collective efficacy and perceptions of school counselors' participation in leadership roles to guide comprehensive school counseling programs. Our results inform the acute need for pre-service and in-service training to better support each other and meet PK-12 students' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to investigate the impact of perceptual social disorganization and the collective efficacy of deviant behaviors among University of Mazandaran students. The method of this survey research was stratified random sampling in proportion to the volume. The tool for collecting information in the current research is a questionnaire, and 411 questionnaires have been analyzed. The results of the analysis of the findings show that there is no significant difference between boys and girls in terms of deviant behavior. The results of the path analysis test have also shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between imagined social disorder, imagined physical disorder and deviant behavior. Also, there is a positive relationship between imagined physical disorder and fear of crime; And there is an inverse and significant relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy. According to the findings, people's perception of social disorder has an effect on crime. In other words, disorder increases fear of crime, which in turn reduces social control/collective efficacy and makes neighborhoods vulnerable to criminal invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This constructivist grounded theory study explored a 3-year womanist affinity group for Black women across counseling programs at one university. The core category, homeplace, was identified as the foundation of the group process, with four categories: learning the hidden curriculum, expressing collective care, demonstrating womanish empowerment, and becoming the resistance. The affinity space aided identity and professional development, cultural reflection, and collective consciousness. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet altruistic behavior (IAB) is a kind of positive behavior on the Internet, which plays a certain positive role in individuals, interpersonal relationships, organizations and society. However, its developmental trend over time among adolescents is still unclear. To further explore the trajectory, in this study, 267 adolescents were tracked for 4 times by questionnaires in three years. Latent growth modeling was used to explore the development trajectory of IAB, the differences in IAB changes between different genders, and the effect of collective efficacy on IAB changes among Chinese early adolescents. The results showed that, in early adolescents, (a) The IAB of individuals decreased linearly in three years, and there were significant individual differences at the initial level and growth rate. (b) There was no significant gender difference in the development trajectory of IAB over time. (c) The initial level of collective efficacy can positively predict the initial level of IAB, and the growth of collective efficacy can positively predict the growth of IAB. (d) The initial level of IAB can negatively predict the growth of collective efficacy, which was the protective factor for the development of adolescents' collective efficacy. In a word, the present study provided a theoretical guidance for the development of IAB in early adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principal instructional leadership (PIL) is significant for school effectiveness due to its direct and indirect influences on school-, teacher-, and student-level variables. A considerable number of studies have provided persuasive evidence that PIL is associated with both collective efficacy (CEF) and teacher self-efficacy (TSEF), two significant variables to sustain the quality of instruction. These studies were conducted with a variety of participants from various contexts. The current study aims to investigate the association between PIL and TSEF, and the mediating role of CEF in this association using meta-analytical structural equation modeling (MASEM). This analysis was conducted using the correlation values obtained from 26 studies focusing on their relationship and included data from a population of 19.584 participants from around the world, thus providing a more generalizable perspective on these variables. The results indicated that PIL was correlated with both CEF and TSEF, and the combined influence of PIL and CEF on TSEF was 31%. The study findings also showed that the scales used to measure PIL could produce different results regarding these relationships, while gender did not have a significant effect. These results suggest significant implications for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to sustain school effectiveness in the fast-changing context of schools in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world, we witness not only growing levels of economic inequality but also the rise of protests whereby people from different social classes are demanding a more equal society. Our research uses a person‐centered approach to examine subgroups of participants in a social movement against inequality on the basis of their social class, intention to participate in conventional and/or radical collective actions, and social identification with the movement. We used longitudinal data from the Chilean student movement (two time points; total N = 1226) to conduct latent profile and latent transition analysis. We identified four profiles of participants: (1) inactive supporters (mostly from the upper class), (2) low radicals (mostly from the middle class), (3) moderate radicals (mostly from the middle class), and (4) high radicals (mostly from the middle class). The four profiles were generally stable over the one‐year period. We further found that group efficacy and a "nothing to lose" mindset predicted the profile membership of participants. Group efficacy also predicted transitions of participants between different profiles. Our findings highlight the key role that the middle class plays in diverse forms of collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common-pool resource theory suggests that the direct participation of local natural resource users in the management of common-pool resources can lead to effective management regimes. Nevertheless, the drivers of participation in common-pool resource management, including policy decision processes, and the effects of participation on stakeholder attitudes and policy preferences are relatively understudied. Here, we combine the social-ecological system (SES) framework with the political science concept of political efficacy to examine both contextual and personal drivers of farmer participation in California, USA’s 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), as well as the effect of participation on support for policy mechanisms from the SGMA. We surveyed a total of 553 farmers in three counties across the California Central Valley and Central Coast. Overall, we find that < 50% of the farmers surveyed have participated in any SGMA-related events, with attending a meeting being the most common (45%), and testifying before a board being the least common (6%). Participation in any type of SGMA policy event was associated with multiple characteristics of the groundwater SES context, including the resource system (farm size) and actor attributes (farm bureau membership and receiving information about the policy), that likely combine to indicate a higher level of social, financial, and built capital. Higher participation was also associated with higher internal efficacy ratings, i.e., an individual’s self-assessment of their ability to understand and participate in the political process. Higher levels of internal efficacy were also correlated with support for both incentive- and regulatory-based policy mechanisms, as well as the perception that groundwater impacts are occurring now or soon, and exclusive reliance on groundwater. These results demonstrate that political competence and experience with policy processes and programs are not only associated with participation in current policy issues, which is widely recognized in existing research, but are also associated with policy mechanisms, in particular, with potentially more costly regulatory-based mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives : While there has been significant study of the relationship between police legitimacy and its key antecedents - procedural justice (PJ) and police effectiveness (PE) at the individual level, little attention has been paid to what impacts general evaluations of PJ and PE. Our paper focuses on these perceptions at places. Methods : Our analyzes utilize survey data collected on 447 street segments in Baltimore City, MD, in two waves. We first used EFA to determine the latent structure of PJ and PE measures. We then used mixed effects OLS regression modeling techniques to examine the antecedents of a "scorecard" of perceptions of the police. Results : The results of the EFA show a single latent structure that we term the scorecard for PJ and PE. While we find that experiences with the police and street conditions that the police are presumed to impact influence the scorecard, street conditions that are less likely to be influenced by police (collective efficacy and concentrated disadvantage) also have strong influence. Conclusions : Both the research and policy-oriented literature often view the police as primarily responsible for their public image. Our data suggest that at the place level, such perceptions are also strongly impacted by factors primarily outside police influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the Composite Rating Method (CRM), a novel approach for the integrated evaluation of basketball player and team performances across multiple leagues. Utilizing data from Euroleague, EuroCup, and Basketball Champions League, the presented method provides comprehensive and accurate rankings, including accounting for actions not included in personal statistics. Drawing inspiration from established methodologies such as ELO, PER, Offensive and Defensive ratings, CRM offers a balanced assessment of player and team capabilities. The paper delineates the data collection and preprocessing procedures, details the algorithmic framework of CRM, and showcases its predictive capacity. By presenting a well-rounded approach to ranking, this paper aims to contribute to the advancement of performance evaluation methods in basketball and sports in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that subversive humor may be used to challenge existing societal hierarchies by confronting people with prejudice. Expanding on this literature, we hypothesized that humor would create two simultaneous and offsetting psychological mechanisms: increasing collective action motivation by signaling speaker power and inspiring efficacy and decreasing collective action motivation by reducing negative emotions towards men as the powerful group. We tested our hypotheses in two experiments, conducted among self-identified women. Study 1 (N = 374) compared videos featuring a comedian (subversive humor vs. non-humor vs. unrelated humor) and Study 2 (N = 224) utilized vignettes depicting a woman's response to a sexist workplace interaction (subversive humor vs. non-humor vs. amenable response). Subversive humor (vs. unrelated humor/amenable response) increased group efficacy and subsequently collective action intentions. Simultaneously, and as an offsetting mechanism, subversive humor (compared to non-humor) reduced negative emotions toward men and subsequently lowered collective action intentions. Our results call into question the efficaciousness of humor responses to inspire women observers toward collective action for gender equality and emphasize the need for a deeper understanding of humor as a tool to promote action for equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social and ecological crises require people to act together, for instance, against climate change or social injustice. Psychological scholarship suggests that human agency, in terms of individuals' self-efficacy and collective efficacy, plays a crucial role in motivating people to act for a better world. However, progress in this field and hence the utilization of its accumulated knowledge is hindered by manifold conceptualizations and operationalizations. We therefore identify key problems in how the concept of self-efficacy has evolved and been used in the domain of environmental protection and then present a conceptual solution: the triple-A framework. This framework organizes and integrates theoretical insights by differentiating which agents, actions, and aims are involved in assessments of efficacy. We then illustrate the framework's broader application and highlight recommendations for improved measurement of self-efficacy beliefs. We further offer a research agenda on how human agency can be utilized to promote social and ecological aims. Many people do not act together against climate change or social inequalities because they feel they or their group cannot make a difference. Understanding how people come to feel that they can achieve something (a perception of self-efficacy) is therefore crucial for motivating people to act together for a better world. However, it is difficult to summarize already existing self-efficacy research because previous studies have used many different ways of naming and measuring it. In this article, we uncover the problems that this raises and propose the triple-A framework as a solution. This new framework shows which agents, actions, and aims are important for understanding self-efficacy. By offering specific recommendations for measuring self-efficacy, the triple-A framework creates a basis for mobilizing human agency in the context of climate change and social injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, schools had to continuously adapt to new pandemic-related regulations and challenges, including the ad hoc transition to remote learning. According to theories on school improvement and professionalisation, sharing knowledge and experiences with digital learning is helpful when dealing with related issues. However, no existing empirical studies analyse longitudinally how pre-pandemic experiences with sharing knowledge and digital learning impacted perceived professionalisation during the pandemic and how this relationship is mediated both by schools' strategies to improve learning and by schools' collective efficacy. For this study N = 280 school principals from Germany, Austria, and German-speaking Swiss cantons participated in two online questionnaires in 2020 and 2021. Results from the structural equation model reveal that schools' pre-pandemic experiences with knowledge sharing and digital learning are positively indirectly related to the schools' perceived professionalisation in the first and second year of the pandemic. The relationship is mediated by the schools' collective efficacy in dealing with the pandemic and the schools' use of strategies to improve teaching. The results highlight the importance of building school improvement capacity and supporting schools in digital learning to navigate through unexpected emergencies like a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School leaders have the potential to contribute to the collective efficacy of teachers by brokering knowledge and beliefs; however, they are not always supported or accompanied in this role. By examining the characteristics and network positions of key actors who broker knowledge and beliefs, this study explores opportunities for all educators to be accompanied. Using social network analysis to measure the centrality of educators, key actors were identified. The data were collected in schools across the province of Québec, Canada and revealed a dynamic form of distributed leadership that was not dependent on a single leader, but rather on the type of knowledge or beliefs being brokered. The findings suggest the importance of accompaniment for teachers and leaders of all experience levels and positions to foster collective teacher efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how perceived organizational support and collective efficacy affect the job satisfaction of primary school teachers in China, and explored whether collective efficacy mediates the relationship between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. We gathered data from 245 teachers using the Job Diagnostic Survey, the Organizational Support Measurement Scale, and the Collective Teacher Efficacy Scale. Our results confirmed there were positive correlations between job satisfaction and perceived organizational support, and between job satisfaction and teachers' collective efficacy, supporting our initial hypotheses. Notably, perceived organizational support directly influenced teachers' job satisfaction and also indirectly influenced their job satisfaction through collective efficacy, highlighting the potential for future research to explore strategies that enhance both organizational support and collective efficacy, ultimately ensuring teachers find satisfaction in their job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe health crisis associated with COVID-19 led to a period of increased demand on the operational and social organization of healthcare centers, which often had a negative impact on the psychological and social wellbeing of healthcare workers. In order to tackle this issue, an intervention plan was designed to develop collective competences through various participatory strategies. This study sought to determine the effect of this intervention on the variables collective efficacy, psychological wellbeing, and social wellbeing in healthcare workers by performing a pretest and posttest comparison with a control group.MethodThe variables were evaluated using a non-probability, purposive sample of 80 healthcare workers from three Family Healthcare Centers (CESFAM) located in the Coquimbo Region, Chile, within health crisis context. The intervention group was composed of voluntary participants, while the control group only completed the evaluations. The intervention consisted in 6 training workshops focused on improving collective management, group synergy, collaborative problem-solving, communicative strategies, and overall team care.ResultsThe analysis shows that the collective competence intervention had a positive effect on the collective efficacy, psychological wellbeing, and social wellbeing of the participating healthcare workers during the COVID-19 crisis. Only specific factors of these variables did not undergo a significant impact.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that interventions aimed at improving collective organizational competences, apart from increasing collective efficacy, can have a positive impact on healthcare workers' psychological and social wellbeing in a context of occupational adversity.

Background: Studies that were carried out previously on learning outcomes focused mainly on the student's cognitive domain while identifying factors that predicted it. More so, most of the learner's assessments in school are largely dependent on the score obtained from specific subjects by the learner, and efforts to address other domains of instruction such as affective and psychomotor domains have been minimal or absent in regard to the variables selected for the study. This study therefore sought to address that gap by finding out the relative and composite contribution of academic optimism and capital indicators to the learning outcomes (of students. Methods: The study adopted a correlational design with a multistage sampling technique to select a total of 534 senior secondary class II students. Two research instruments, the Academic Optimism and Capital Indicators Scale (AOCIS) and the Learning Outcomes Scale (LOS), were used for data collection. Exploratory and confirmatory factors analysis were used to assess the dimensionality of the items and factor structure of the scales. The psychometric properties obtained for scale were adequate for the instrument to be adjudged valid and reliable.The collected data were analysed using the hierarchical regression approach (HRA). Results: The findings of the study revealed that academic emphasis, collective efficacy, faculty trust, social capital, economic capital, and cultural capital, relatively and jointly, predict overall learning outcomes (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor construct). The result showed that there was an increased proportion of variance with each addition of a predictor to the model. Social capital reduced the percentage change at the initial time, but with the addition of economic capital, the proportion of change increased among others in the subsequent model examination. Conclusion: /implication: The study provides knowledge and empirical evidence that academic optimism and capital indicators, with their dimensions, affect composite learning outcomes among students. This study will help school ministries, policymakers, and curriculum planners make sure that the educational objectives, philosophies, and programmes are planned to reflect the total learner in order to produce the total learner that will effect changes in the society. This study has provided evidence that academic inputs and capital indicators are crucial indices of their learning outcomes in the three area of learning. The ability of the school to emphasise academics, ensure that all school agents are committed to instructional delivery, and gain the trust of parents is crucial for adequate support to enhance students learning outcomes. The outcome has implication for policy development and providing a climate that can stimulate equity, trust and motivation.

This systematic integrative review provides a unique pioneering perspective on community support practices in social, community, and cooperative housing, improving our understanding of the practice and its outcomes. Two research questions guided this work: 1) What are the community support practices in social and community housing serving individuals in the context of socioeconomic deprivation in permanent housing structures? And 2) What are the outcomes of the community support practices in social and community housing? Studies describing and/or reporting on outcomes of community support practices in social and community housing (psychosocial, economic, and health/mental health) were included from the journals' inception to September 2022. A total of 42 studies were included in the systematic review, of which 20 were qualitative, 14 quantitative, and eight mixed-method studies. Of them all, 34 studies reported on public housing, four on community housing, and four on cooperative housing. Results inform practitioners and decisionmakers on issues related to community practices in permanent supportive housing and their outcomes in relation to tenure orientations and potential impact. Community practice workers are pillars in housing settings who provide bridging, bonding, and linking that builds social capital in adverse conditions. This review provides insight into innovative research avenues in this domain, while bringing to the forefront the fundamental challenges of individual support pathways to collective empowerment, increased health needs, and unequalled peer-tenant support engagement, as well as their precarious conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative programming helps improve students' computational thinking and increases their confidence in solving programming problems. However, the effect of collaborative learning is not ideal because it is difficult for students to mobilize metacognition to regulate learning spontaneously. To guide students to effectively regulate the learning process when they collaborate to solve programming problems, this study develops a collaborative learning approach and a Collaborative programming System (MR‐CPS) based on metacognitive regulation to support students' collaborative programming learning. A quasi‐experimental study was conducted in a junior high school programming course in Taiwan to assess the effects on students. The impacts of MR‐CPS from both individual and collaborative perspectives were investigated. Students' learning achievement and computational thinking tendencies were examined from an individual perspective. From a collaborative perspective, group self‐efficacy and group metacognition were investigated. Participants were divided into MR‐CPS (n = 115) and No‐MR‐CPS (n = 107). The MR‐CPS group used the collaborative programming approach with metacognitive regulation mechanisms as the experimental group. In contrast, the No‐MR‐CPS group used the collaborative programming approach without metacognitive regulation mechanisms as the control group. The results show that the MR‐CPS group statistically significantly outperformed the No‐MR‐CPS group in learning achievements. It was also found that the MR‐CPS group had statistically significantly better computational thinking tendency, collective efficacy and metacognitive planning and evaluation skills than the No‐MR‐CPS group. This finding suggests that the MR‐CPS has the potential to improve students' learning achievements, computational thinking tendency, group metacognition and collective efficacy. The study results have implications for the design of collaborative programming systems consistent with metacognitive regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A broad body of research suggests that interactions with the police can have a negative impact on emotional and behavioral outcomes among youth. Therefore, developing interventions that simultaneously reduce youth involvement in criminalized activities and promote positive outcomes for youth are foundational to creating a just society. The present study examines the emotional and behavioral impact that police contact, community and extracurricular activities, and collective efficacy have on youth. Our findings suggest that participation in community and extracurricular activities is associated with positive youth outcomes. Of the two components of collective efficacy, social cohesion had a strong association with emotional and behavioral outcomes whereas informal social control did not. Our findings emphasize the importance of community engagement and community involvement when developing community-level interventions that simultaneously address participation in criminalized behaviors and promote positive emotional and behavioral outcomes for youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel, public behaviors, such as masking, should be susceptible to normative influence. This paper advances the theory of normative social behavior by considering a new set of moderators of normative influence — superdiffuser traits — and by clarifying the antecedents and consequences of exposure to collective norms. We use data from a two-wave survey of a cohort living in one U.S. county during the pandemic (N = 913) to assess normative effects on masking. We also used a bipartite network (based on people shopping for food in the same stores) to examine exposure to collective norms. The results show different superdiffuser traits have distinct effects on the relationship between perceived injunctive norms and masking intentions. Exposure to collective norms influences masking, but this influence depends on how people interact with their social environments. Network analysis shows that behavioral homophily is a significant predictor of selective exposure to collective norms earlier (but not later) in the pandemic. Implications for understanding normative influence in a context where opinion leadership matters are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of identity leadership (Haslam et al., The new psychology of leadership: Identity, influence and power, Routledge, 2020) in the 1988 'Candlelight Demonstration' in Bratislava which was a precursor to the 1989 Velvet Revolution. The analysis is based on interviews with the five remaining leaders of the demonstration and addresses three core issues. First, how leaders use performative means (identity impresarioship) as well as limited rhetorical means (identity entrepreneurship) to assemble protestors and create a sense of shared identity amongst them. Second, how these strategies of mobilization are linked to the highly repressive context in which the demonstration took place. Third, we analyse the extent to which these strategies are rooted in a psychological understanding of the processes of mobilization. We conclude by addressing the implications for our general understanding of leadership and the mobilization of collective action and the need for more research into these processes under conditions of repression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wellbeing issues among international students in the UK higher education have been recognised as a crisis. To address this, we integrate social identity and felt understanding approaches to wellbeing and mental health, testing whether felt understanding (the belief that others understand oneself) is an important process through which social identity predicts better wellbeing, over and above other, more established mediators (social support, life meaning, and personal control). International university students (including both undergraduates and postgraduates, N = 301) completed an online survey that measured three sets of variables: social identity variables (ingroup identification, multiple identities, multiple identity compatibility); process variables (social support, felt understanding, life meaning, personal control); and wellbeing outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress). Path analyses confirmed that felt understanding predicted better wellbeing outcomes over and above the other mediators. Additionally, indirect effects from social identity variables to wellbeing via felt understanding were consistently significant, even when adjusting for the other mediators. The results are consistent with the idea that felt understanding is an under‐acknowledged resource through which social identities protect wellbeing. The findings contribute to "social cure" research and have implications for promoting wellbeing services from the perspective of group memberships. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What distinguishes real-world communities from their online counterparts? Social and cognitive neuroscience research on social networks and collective intentionality will be used in the article to answer this question. Physical communities are born in places. And places engage "we-mode" neurobiological and cognitive processes as behavioral synchrony, shared attention, deliberate attunement, interbrain synchronization, and so on, which create coherent social networks of very different individuals who are supported by a "wisdom of crowd." Digital technologies remove physical boundaries, giving people more freedom to choose their activities and groups. At the same time, however, the lack of physical co-presence of community members significantly reduces their possibility of activating "we-mode" cognitive processes and social motivation. Because of this, unlike physical communities that allow interaction between people from varied origins and stories, digital communities are always made up of people who have the same interests and knowledge (communities of practice). This new situation disrupts the "wisdom of crowd," making the community more radical and less accurate (polarization effect), allowing influential users to wield disproportionate influence over the group's beliefs, and producing inequalities in the distribution of social capital. However, a new emergent technology—the Metaverse—has the potential to reverse this trend. Several studies have revealed that virtual and augmented reality—the major technologies underlying the Metaverse—can engage the same neurobiological and cognitive "we-mode" processes as real-world environments. If the many flaws in this technology are fixed, it might encourage people to engage in more meaningful and constructive interactions in online communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study seeks to examine the role of knowledge-oriented leadership in the health sector to achieve team outcomes in the Covid-19 context. Drawing from the leader–member exchange (LMX), social cognitive and social identity theory, the present study develops a model linking knowledge-oriented leadership and team performance through the underlying psychological mechanisms of team efficacy, team cohesion, team commitment and team collaboration. Design/methodology/approach: Utilizing quantitative data methodology, data were obtained from the pharmaceutical employees (health sector) of Pakistan during the pandemic. The partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Findings: The findings support the hypothesis that knowledge-oriented leadership significantly influences team outcomes. The study also verified that team collaboration effectively mediates the relationship between knowledge-oriented leadership and team performance. Originality/value: The study is unique in the sense that it explores the newly established leader behavior (knowledge-oriented leadership) in understanding team outcomes in the health sector. The study concludes by making significant implications to overcome the challenges raised by Covid-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between teachers' collective efficacy and their perceptions of organizational identity. In addition, it aims to reveal whether teachers' collective efficacy and organizational identity perceptions show significant differences by demographics. For this reason, relational research design was adopted. The study group of the research consists of 322 teachers, vice principals and school principals working in pre-school, primary, secondary and high schools in Bolu province. Collective Efficacy Scale and Teacher Perception of Organizational Identity Scale were used as data collection tools. The fndings suggested that teachers' perceptions of collective efficacy and organizational identity were at a high level. A positive and significant relationship was found between teachers' perceptions of collective efficacy and organizational identity. In addition, it is seen that some personal variables cause a significant difference in teachers' perceptions of collective efficacy and organizational identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional learning communities (PLCs) support the growth of educators to improve learning outcomes for all students. Guided by social constructivist and social cognitive theories, this longitudinal participatory action research study explored the implementation of an interdepartmental PLC across Hord's five dimensions of a successful PLC—supportive and shared leadership, shared beliefs values and vision, collective learning and its application, shared personal practice, and supportive conditions. Additionally, this study explored how engaging with an interdepartmental PLC influenced participants' collective efficacy. During the PLC, the collective expertise of mathematics teachers, administrators, and additional educational specialists (such as occupational therapists and speech and language pathologists) (n = 13) were leveraged to develop strategies for the improvement of mathematical problem solving among elementary and middle school students with disabilities. Our findings indicate statistically significant increases in the five dimensions of the PLC over time, with qualitative evidence supporting the PLC's effectiveness. However, our findings revealed no significant increase in participants' overall collective efficacy, a group's shared belief that together they can achieve a desired result. Implications for practice and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political demands are a relevant factor in protest participation. However, most studies examined demands as a tactical tool, and it remains unclear how the endorsement of collective demands may contribute to creating the mobilization potential. This analysis examines how collective demands facilitate links of collective identity, efficacy, and grievances with sympathy for normative and non‐normative protest actions in the context of Hong Kong's anti‐extradition law amendment bill social movement. The results show that collective demands are directly and indirectly related to sympathy for protest action and moderate the role of political dissatisfaction in forming the mobilization potential. The analysis also reveals distinct associations of sympathy for normative versus non‐normative protest action with facilitating factors. These results are discussed with respect to their theoretical and practical relevance in forming the mobilization potential and how they may contribute to understanding social movements more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transorbital approaches represent a paradigm shift in skull base surgery, focusing on minimally invasive techniques that prioritize patient outcomes and surgical precision. The scientific community, recognizing the significance of these advances, necessitates a possible review and meta-analysis to encapsulate the collective efficacy, safety, and developmental trajectory of these approaches. Methods: This was a literature review targeting literature in the past 10 years to present evidence for studies on surgical approaches transorbital. The included articles were analyzed. In addition, the references list of the included papers was searched for further articles. Results: Studies based on the endoscopic endonasal and transorbital approach have emphasized that it is minimally invasive; on the other hand, it offers an advantage to maximal resection success in the case of skull base tumors with advanced endoscopic skills. Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery was criticized for being highly technical and narrow in its scope, with reduced morbidity. Superior Eyelid Approach involves a direct access with hidden incisions, potential for eyelid complications. Lateral orbitotomy entailed some inherent risks, such as muscle and nerve injury, but it gave excellent exposure to lesions that are lateral in the orbit. The transorbital endoscopic intraconal approach and the transconjunctival approach give direct advantages but are, however, limited to the type of lesion and location. Conclusion: The main technique focused on in this overview is the approaches through orbits, which greatly contribute to further innovation brought into the surgical panorama of skull base interventions. All such techniques do have their characteristics and applications, keeping them moving toward less invasiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative content learning (CCL) has recently gained prominence in the research literature as a process of learning that contributes to effective learning of the content of the courses in EFL contexts. This quantitative ex-post facto research was conducted among TEFL students at the MA level selected based on purposive and convenience sampling. It was an attempt to investigate the attitudes of TEFL students toward the contribution of CCL to collective efficacy (CE). To this end, sixty male and female participants in the master's program participated in the study. The participants have already been exposed to implementing CCL based on its principles and have been familiar with the underlying assumptions of CCL. Statistical analysis of students' responses to the CE questionnaire revealed that most learners believe that CE in CCL is important in EFL teaching and learning context, and learners have positive attitudes towards working collaboratively on the content. They stated that working collaboratively on the content positively changes their group members' learning and leads to successful learning because it encourages them when a similar group successfully conducts a task. The study's findings suggest the beneficial role of CCL in raising students' awareness of skillful collaboration for maximum learning of the content and for their CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a research paper that explores the effect of external efficacy on the moral courage and self-efficacy of internal auditors in Tunisia. The study collected questionnaires from internal auditors in Tunisian companies and used a statistical model to test their hypotheses. The findings show that external efficacy has a positive impact on internal auditors' moral courage and self-efficacy. The study offers practical solutions for organizations aiming to encourage internal auditors to report fraud and corruption. The document also includes a questionnaire for further research on internal auditing in Tunisia. [Extracted from the article]

The COVID-19 pandemic's effects on people's lives and society induced a need for rapid individual and collective sensemaking, including communication forums enabling stakeholders in the health ecosystem to share information, solve problems, and learn. This study specifically focused on the needs of the patients and family caregivers living with cystic fibrosis (CF) or primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), conditions that lead to chronic infections and inflammation in the airways. We explored how CF and PCD patients, family caregivers, and clinicians collectively received, processed, and used information about COVID-19 to facilitate self-care and health care decisions at the beginning of the pandemic. We applied macrocognitive theory to analyze qualitatively the questions and answers exchanged in a series of six webinars facilitated by a CF learning network at the beginning of the pandemic (March – April 2020). We identified three macrocognitive functions: sensemaking, decision-making, and replanning. We further generated nine themes: (a) understanding the nature of COVID-19, (b) exploring self-care needs and possibilities, (c) understanding health care possibilities, (d) making decisions about prevention and testing, (e) managing COVID-19 within families, (f) adjusting planned care, (g) replanning chronic care management, (h) defining COVID-19 health care strategies, and (i) refining health care policies. The exchange of questions and answers played a central role in facilitating important cognitive processes, which enabled a rapid anticipation of needs and adaptation of services to support patients, family caregivers, and clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Structural oppression affects health behaviors through residence in suboptimal neighborhoods and exposure to community violence. Youth and parents report perceptions of neighborhood factors that can affect youth substance use behaviors. Given that Latinx youth report higher levels of perceived community violence than other racial and ethnic groups, it is imperative to examine how youth- and parent-perceived neighborhood-level factors may relate to youth substance use. Methods: Data were collected using clinical interviews with family triads (fathers, mothers, and youth) and parent–child dyads (father or mother and youth) enrolled in the Seguimos Avanzando study of 344 Mexican-origin families in Indiana. Neighborhood measures, including perceptions of exposure to violence, neighborhood characteristics, and neighborhood collective efficacy, were included in parent and youth surveys. Self-report measures for past year alcohol and drug use were included in the youth survey only. T-tests were conducted to estimate differences in neighborhood reports among the sample triads. A series of linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between youth-, mother-, and father-reported perceptions of neighborhood factors and youth substance use. Results: Preliminary results indicate that fathers reported higher levels of exposure to violence than mothers [t(163)  =  2.33, p  =  0.02] and youth [t(173)  =  3.61, p  <  0.001]. Youth reported lower negative neighborhood characteristics than mothers [t(329)  =  6.43, p  <  0.001] and fathers [t(169)  =  3.73, p  <  0.001]. Youth reported significantly better neighborhood collective efficacy than mothers [t(296)  =  3.14, p  =  0.002], but not statistically different from fathers. Results from the primary analysis showed that youth exposure to violence was positively associated with youth substance use (b  =  0.24, SE  =  0.06, p  <  0.0001), but the youth’s neighborhood characteristics and collective efficacy were not significantly associated with youth substance use. None of the parent-reported neighborhood variables were associated with youth substance use. Conclusion: The discrepant findings between parent and youth reports of perceived neighborhood characteristics and substance use have important implications for researchers and community stakeholders, and for developing targeted interventions and prevention strategies. Our study highlights the need to address youth experience of community violence and to prioritize creating safe and inclusive neighborhood environments. Potential strategies include improving community resources, strengthening social support networks, promoting open communication about neighborhood risks, and fostering collaborative efforts to address substance use behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation leads to specific patterns of LMX quality within a team. These patterns are typically assessed through multiple properties that have different consequences for individuals and teams. Although a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the consequences of LMX differentiation can be achieved by incorporating these properties in a single framework, studies of this nature have been scarce. Drawing on the social comparison perspective and distributive justice principles, this study proposes a multilevel model to examine the motivational mechanisms through which two distinct properties that arise from the LMX differentiation process — LMX variation and LMX relative position — simultaneously affect individual and team performance. We also examine the cross-level moderating effect of LMX variation. Using a multilevel, multisource, and multiwave research design, we collected data from 1098 healthcare professionals nested in 95 teams in 27 emergency care units and from more than 3000 patients to explore the effects of LMX differentiation on individual and team performance outcomes. The results revealed that, at the individual level, LMX relative position was positively associated with individual performance via employees' psychological empowerment. At the team level, however, LMX variation showed a negative indirect effect on team performance via collective efficacy. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings for teams and organizations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many cities have addressed urban population shrinkage by adopting strategies to re-purpose vacant lots in ways that leave them beautified and groomed. This study investigates leisure behavior resulting in beautified and groomed vacant lots that resist dominant discourses – referred to as green leisure. We applied a mixed-methods research design with property owners who purchased vacant lots through the Chicago Large Lot Program. Our focus group findings (n = 25) indicated that participants framed their activities as resistance tied to (a) vacant lot beautification, (b) providing places to socialize, (c) efficacy, and (d) neighborhood transformation. Using survey data (n = 197), results from a path model show that behavioral investment in greening – as measured by a Cues to Care Action Scale – is influenced by social normative beliefs, collective-efficacy, self-efficacy, and perception of gardening as leisure. Our findings lend support to policies that encourage resident-based private ownership of vacant land to revitalize urban neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]