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The article demonstrates the NP-completeness of the 3-PARTITION problem with Bkm. It shows that a reduction from 3-PARTITION to a decision version of a single machine makespan minimization problem with ready times. It indicates that the transformation used in the proof of the complexity result of a single machine makespan minimization with ready times is still pseudopolynomial.

Objective: To understand the current status of pubertal sexual characteristics development of girls aged 6-18 years in Tongzhou District of Beijing and to compare the differences in sexual characteristics development among girls characterized as thin, normal, overweight, and obese. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2 844 girls aged 6-18 years in Tongzhou District of Beijing from September 2022 to July 2023. The developmental stages of breast and pubic hair were assessed on site, and menarche status was inquired. Weight and height were measured. The girls were subsequently characterized into thin, normal, overweight and obese groups. Basic information (including family and personal history) was obtained through questionnaires. Probit probability unit regression was applied to calculate the age of each Tanner stage of sexual characteristics development and the age of menarche. The χ 2 test was applied to compare the counting data between two or multiple groups. Results: A total of 2 844 girls were surveyed and 2 704 girls met the inclusion criteria, resulting in a valid response rate of 95.1%. Among these girls, 1 105 (40.9%) were aged 6-9 years, 1 053 (38.9%) were aged 10-13 years, and 546 (20.2%) were aged 14-18 years. The of height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), and body mass index-for-age Z-score (BAZ) were 0.46(-0.23,1.16), 0.69(-0.16,1.67), and 0.67(-0.27,1.73) respectively. The prevalences of thin, overweight, and obesity were respectively 1.7% (45/2 704), 17.3% (467/2 704), and 19.9% (538/2 704), respectively. There were 45 girls in the thin group, 1 654 girls in the normal weight group, 1 005 girls in the overweight and obesity group. The age of Tanner stage breast 2 (B2), Tanner stage pubic hair 2 (P2), and menarche was 9.0 (95% CI 8.9-9.1), 10.5 (95% CI 10.4-10.6), and 11.4 (95% CI 11.3-1.5) years, respectively. The current status of breast and pubic hair maturity in girls with pubertal development shows that 64.6% (1 211/1 874) of these girls had breast development preceding pubic hair development, 32.4% (607/1 874) had concurrent breast and pubic hair development, and 3.0% (56/1 874) had pubic hairs development preceding breast development. The interval age between B2 and B5 was 4.7 (95% CI 4.6-4.8) years, between P2 and P5 was 4.5 (95% CI 4.4-4.6) years, and between B2 and menarche was 2.4 (95% CI 2.3-2.5) years. The ages of sexual characteristics development in overweight and obese groups were earlier than that in normal and thin groups. The ages of B2 in thin, normal, overweight, and obese groups were 10.0 (95% CI 9.5-10.6), 9.3 (95% CI 9.2-9.4), and 8.6 (95% CI 8.4-8.7) years, respectively. The age of menarche in thin, normal, overweight, and obese groups were 13.1 (95% CI 12.4-13.7), 11.6 (95% CI 11.4-11.7), and 11.1 (95% CI 11.0-11.2) years, respectively. The interval ages between B2 and B5 and between P2 and P5 was 4.5 and 4.1 years, respectively in the overweight and obese groups, and those in normal group and thin group was 4.7 and 4.5 years, 4.6 and 4.7 years, respectively. Conclusions: The ages of sexual characteristics development and menarche tend in Tongzhou District of Beijing to be earlier than that being reported of Beijing's survey 20 years ago. Girls characterized as overweight and obese not only start puberty at an earlier age than girls of normal weight, but also have a shorter developmental process.

At present, the late diagnosis of HIV-infected patients is not optimistic, which has a significant impact on the efficacy, cost, and prognosis of HIV antiretroviral therapy and HIV transmission. Late diagnosis is an important indicator for evaluating HIV testing. This article reviews the influencing factors of late diagnosis of HIV-infected patients and provides a reference for formulating and improving HIV testing strategies and measures in China.

Objective: To understand the monkeypox knowledge awareness, risk perception and vaccination intention in men who have sex with men (MSM) in five cities in northeast China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by using electronic questionnaire in MSM selected by convenience sampling in five cities in northeast China (Shenyang, Panjin, Changchun, Harbin and Jiamusi) from June 28 to July 8, 2023 by local centers for disease control and prevention and MSM communities. The sample size was estimated to be 220. Information about their demographics, monkeypox-related knowledge awareness, perceived concern about epidemic risk perception, and monkeypox vaccination intention were collected. Logistic regression model was used to analyze related factors for MSM's monkeypox vaccination intention. Results: In 355 MSM, 63.9% (227/355) had monkeypox vaccination intentions, and 55.5% (197/355) had high awareness of monkeypox related knowledge with a mean knowledge awareness score of 3.7±1.5. MSM with education level of high-school and above (a OR =1.93, 95% CI :1.01-3.69), higher knowledge awareness score (a OR =1.19, 95% CI :1.02-1.40) and higher risk perception of monkeypox infection (a OR =1.82, 95% CI :1.15-2.88), were more willing to receive monkeypox vaccination. The main reasons for willingness to receive monkeypox vaccine were preventing monkeypox (86.3%, 196/227) and worrying about appearance being affected (62.1%, 141/227). The main reasons for unwillingness for the vaccination included concerns about vaccine safety (53.1%, 68/128), clinical progression of AIDS being affected (46.1%, 59/128) and efficacy of antiretroviral therapy being affected (44.5%, 57/128). Conclusions: The levels of knowledge awareness and vaccine intentions still need to be improved among MSM in five cities of northeast China. It is necessary to improve the awareness of monkeypox and intention of monkeypox vaccination, promote protected sex behavior and self-assessment of infection risk, reduce vaccine hesitancy and increase monkeypox vaccination intention in MSM in 5 cities in northeast China.

Objective: To analyze characteristics of mortality density and the influencing factors of HIV/AIDS after diagnosis in Jiamusi of Heilongjiang province. Methods: The data were retrieved from HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information System and selected cases diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Jiamusi of Heilongjiang province during 2010-2020 and aged 15 years or older as the study objects. The method of retrospective cohort study was used to collect baseline and follow-up information, and characteristics of mortality density after HIV diagnosis were described. Death after HIV diagnosis was divided into 1-6 months, 7-12 months, and ≥13 months after HIV diagnosis. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the associated factors of mortality density within six months after HIV diagnosis. Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0 software were used for data processing and statistical analysis. Results: A total of 953 HIV/AIDS with 173 deaths were included during the study period. Most HIV/AIDS were men (89.19%, 850/953), single or divorced or widowed (76.50%, 729/953), educated in middle school and lower level (51.84%, 494/953), and men who have sex with men (77.02%, 734/953). There was a cumulative follow-up of 3 944.59 person-years, with an overall mortality density of 4.39 (95% CI : 3.79-5.07)/100 person- years. The mortality density was highest in 21.60 (95% CI : 18.04-25.86) 100 person-years within the first six months after diagnosis, then decreased to 2.02 (95% CI : 1.59-2.58)/100 person-years over 13 months or more after HIV diagnosis. HIV/AIDS who died within the first six months after diagnosis had a higher proportion of first CD4 + T lymphocytes (CD4) counts untested (51.61%, 48/93) and AIDS-related deaths (32.26%, 30/93). In the multivariate analysis of the Cox proportional hazards regression model, mortality density within the first six months after HIV diagnosis was greater among HIV/AIDS who were older at diagnosis, detected by medical institutions, with lower first CD4 counts or no testing, and never receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Conclusions: Mortality density was generally low in Jiamusi of Heilongjiang province during 2010-2020 and declined over the follow-up time. However, early diagnosis and immediate ART initiation should be strengthened. Attention should also be paid to follow-up care management and referral services for HIV/AIDS within the first six months after HIV diagnosis to reduce the risk of death after HIV diagnosis.

Objective: To construct a multi-state Markov model and analyze the disease outcomes and its influencing factors in HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted in HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy in Luzhou of Sichuan province from 2010 to 2021. The disease status was divided into CD4 + T lymphocytes (CD4) counts >500 cells/μl, 350-500 cells/μl, 200-349 cells/μl, ≤199 cells/μl and death indicated by S1-S5 in turn. A reversible continuous-time discrete-state multi-state Markov model was constructed for the analysis of disease progression features. Results: A total of 7 542 HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy were included, and the median age ( Q 1 , Q 3 ) was 53.4 (41.2, 64.5) years old. The transition intensity of S3→S2 was higher. During follow-up, the transition probability of S4→S5 increased gradually. Influencing factors analysis of disease outcomes in HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy showed that compared with individuals 15-24 years old, the transition intensities of S2→S1, S3→S2 and S4→S3 were lower and the transition intensity of S3→S4 was higher in individuals ≥45 years old. Compared with single individuals, the transition intensities of S3→S2 and S4→S3 were higher and the transition intensities of S3→S4 and S4→S5 were lower in married individuals. The transition intensity of S1→S2 was higher in individuals with baseline CD4 counts ≤500 cells/μl than in individuals with baseline CD4 counts >500 cells/μl. The transition intensity of S3→S4 in individuals diagnosed during 2011-2015 was lower than that in individuals diagnosed in 2010 and before. Conclusions: HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy tended to shift to the previous disease status, suggesting that antiretroviral therapy was conducive to immune reconstitution. Older age (≥45 years old), being married, low baseline CD4 counts and being diagnosed in 2010 and before were the risk factors for disease progression.

Objective: To understand death's mortality and risk factors among HIV-positive injecting drug users (IDU) aged 15 or above in China and provide further reference to future prevention and treatment policies. Method: Retrospective cohort study was conducted to calculate the mortality rate of HIV-positive IDU based on HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. Cox proportion hazards regression model was performed to assess the risk factors for deaths. The Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0 software was used for data cleaning and statistical analysis. Results: Between 2001 and 2020, 119 209 HIV-positive IDU were reported with 59 094 deaths. The all-cause mortality rate was 6.96 per 100 person-years (py), and the AIDS-related mortality rate was 1.91 per 100 py, with a decreasing trend over the years. Multivariate Cox regression indicated for all-cause death risks of HIV-positive IDU, compared with those baseline T + lymphocyte cells (CD4) counts above 500 cells/μl, the HR (95% CI ) of those CD4 counts untested, between 0-199, 200-349, 350-500 cells/μl was 2.85 (2.78-2.93), 2.47 (2.40-2.54), 1.58 (1.53-1.62) and 1.24 (1.21-1.28) respectively. The HR (95% CI ) of antiretroviral treatment (ART) naïve was 7.13 (6.99-7.27) compared with those under ART. The HR (95% CI ) of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) naïve was 1.07 (1.04-1.10) compared to those receiving MMT. As for AIDS-related death risks, compared with baseline T+ lymphocyte cell CD4 counts >500 cells/μl, the HR (95% CI ) of those CD4 counts untested, between 0-199, 200-349, 350-500 cells/μl was 3.26 (3.08-3.46), 5.54 (5.24-5.85), 2.35 (2.21-2.50) and 1.41 (1.32-1.50). HR (95% CI ) of ART naïve was 5.96(5.74-6.18) compared to those under ART. Conclusions: Further efforts should be made timely on diagnosis, treatment, and harm reduction programs such as MMT for improvement compliance to reduce mortality risks of HIV-positive IDU.

Duplex polymerase chain reaction with lateral flow dipsticks (duplex PCR-LFD) was developed for the simultaneous detection of beta-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (bla KPC ) and beta-lactamase New Dehli metallo-beta-lactamase (bla NDM ) genes in body fluid samples. This method was validated using well-characterized isolates. The assessment of the specificity of duplex PCR-LFD showed that there was no cross-reactivity with other targets. The detection limit of the duplex PCR-LFD assay was 20 CFU per ml for bla KPC and bla NDM . Among 177 sterile body fluid samples tested by the duplex PCR-LFD assay, 40 were bla KPC -positive and five were bla NDM -positive. The results obtained from 122 corresponding Gram-negative bacteria which were isolated from these clinical samples and tested by duplex PCR-LFD assay showed that there were 37 strains carrying bla KPC genes in 40 bla KPC -positive samples and three strains carrying bla NDM genes in five bla NDM -positive samples. Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant difference between the direct detection of bla KPC and bla NDM genes in clinical sterile body fluid samples and their corresponding clinical isolates. Therefore, duplex PCR-LFD can be effective for the simultaneous detection of bla KPC and bla NDM in clinical isolates and directly from clinical samples, which may be helpful for the administration of appropriate antimicrobial treatment., (© 2021 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

Due to the latent characteristics of HIV infection, exceptionality of HIV high-risk population, social discrimination and insufficient awareness of AIDS prevention, timely testing and diagnosis of HIV infection is still a challenge worldwide. Until recently, it is difficult to exactly understand the overall HIV epidemic only using routine surveillance data. Therefore, epidemiological and statistical modeling is widely used to address this issue. Almost at the same time when AIDS was firstly discovered firstly, scientists also began to study the methods for the estimation and prediction of HIV infection epidemic. This article summarizes the development of global and domestic HIV epidemic estimation for the further understanding of its current performance and methods applied to provide reference for the future work.

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of HIV-infected adolescents outside school in China and provide reference to targeted prevention and control of HIV infection in this population. Methods: All the HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school reported during 2011-2019 were included this study. The information about their demographics, transmission routes and migration were collected from HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. The χ 2 test was done for comparison among groups. The Joinpoint 4.9.0 software was applied to the annual percent change (APC) for time trends analysis using the Joinpoint regression model. The Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0 software were used for data cleaning and statistical analysis. Results: A total of 4 919 HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school were reported accumulatively in China between 2011 and 2019, accounting for 63.4% (4 919/7 757) of total reported HIV-infected cases in this age group. Analysis on trend revealed that the new HIV infection diagnosis rate has become stable since 2016 (APC=2.5%, P =0.173) after the increase between 2011 and 2015 (APC=36.4%, P <0.001). The migration across provinces was discovered in 13.9% (684/4 919) of the HIV-infected adolescents outside school. Males, workers, and those diagnosed in detention centers or transmitted by injecting drugs or homosexual contacts accounted for a larger proportion in migrated cases compared with non-migrated cases. The adolescents outside school mainly got HIV infected by sexual contacts route, in which 66.5% (280/421) of the males were infected by homosexual contacts, while 97.8% (182/186) of the females were infected by heterosexual contacts in 2019. Conclusions: HIV-infected adolescents aged 15-17 years outside school were mainly infected by sexual contacts. However, adolescents outside school have low awareness of sexual health and high mobility, to whom close attention should be paid to improve their awareness of sexual health and to provide them with appropriate HIV infection prevention and treatment service.

This paper analyzed the clinical data of 17 patients with inhalation dimethyl sulfate poisoning in Changzhou Third People's Hospital, in order to understand the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of patients with inhalation dimethyl sulfate poisoning, and guide clinicians to make effective measures in time. Dimethyl sulfate poisoning progresses rapidly and dangerously. The prognosis is usually better if the patients are separated from the toxic environment as soon as possible, given glucocorticoids in early and short-term, closely observed respiratory tract injury, and treated with endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation when necessary.

Objective: To analyze the influence of obesity status on the development of cardiometabolic disorders in school-age children. Methods: Information about children's body weight, body height and cardiovascular risk factors were collected in baseline survey in 2017 and follow-up survey in 2019. The school-age children were divided into four groups based on their baseline and follow-up obesity status, i.e. sustained non-obesity group, restored obesity group, newly classified obesity group, and persistent obesity group. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the difference of change in levels of cardiometabolic factors among the four groups. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between obesity status and the incidence risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Results: The present study included 11 379 school-age children (boys accounting for 49.6%). During the 2 years, the incidence of obesity was 3.2% (95% CI : 2.9%-3.5%) with the restoration ratio of obesity of 4.4% (95% CI : 4.0%-4.8%). Compared with the sustained non-obesity group, increases in SBP, DBP, TG, LDL-C and non-HDL-C were much higher in newly classified obesity group and persistent obesity group, but lower in restored obesity groups except for DBP (all P <0.05). In addition, the incidence risk of hypertension, high glucose, dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic disorders (≥2 risks) were much higher in newly classified and persistent obese children than in sustained non-obese children. No difference was found in incidence risks of most cardiovascular disorders between restored obese children and sustained non-obese children, except for hypertension and cardiometabolic risks. Conclusion: Both newly classified obesity and persistent obesity increased the incidence risks for multi cardiovascular disorders, while these risks could be reduced when non-obese status restore.

The rapid spread of COVID-19 global outbreak will inevitably pose great challenges for public health and medical care, especially for major concerns of public health such as HIV. In the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, UNAIDS is urging countries to remain steadfast in their HIV prevention efforts. Few studies of COVID-19 have been focused on marginalized populations, especially those with HIV infection. This study aims to review the studies and researches of COVID-19 among people living with HIV, covering the impacts of COVID-19 on their disease progression, HIV-related medical services, HIV epidemics, and measures on relieving the above-mentioned impacts, which might provide references for targeted scientific research and prevention practice of COVID-19 in HIV population, and optimizing prevention and treatment services in the context of this pandemic.

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the influences of micro ribonucleic acid (miR)-150 on the proliferation and apoptosis of mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL) cells and to investigate the potential underlying mechanism., Patients and Methods: Differentially expressed miRNAs in MCL tissues were excavated via microarray analysis of miRNA expression profiles. Subsequently, the expression of miRNAs were verified by quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). The influence of miRNA expression on the survival of patients was detected based on clinical data. Besides, the potential targets of miRNAs were determined using Luciferase reporter gene assay combined with qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Primary tumor cells were extracted, and the influences of miR-150 expression on cell proliferation were detected via Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining assay. Finally, Western blotting and flow cytometry were performed to explore the impact of miR-150 on the apoptosis of primary tumor cells., Results: Microarray analysis of miRNA expression profiles and RT-qPCR verified that the expression levels of hsa-miR-486, hsa-miR-4746, and hsa-miR-3158 rose considerably in MCL tissues, while those of hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-150, and hsa-miR-142-5p remarkably declined. According to the results of survival analysis, the survival time was notably prolonged in patients with higher expression levels of miR-150 and miR-486, especially in those with higher expression level of miR-150. Luciferase reporter gene assay and RT-qPCR and Western blotting results demonstrated that miR-150 negatively regulated the expression level of MET. Subsequent CCK-8 assay and EdU staining results revealed that up-regulation of miR-150 significantly suppressed the proliferation of primary MCL cells. Finally, Western blotting and flow cytometry found that increased expression of MET remarkably facilitated the apoptosis of primary MCL cells., Conclusions: MiR-150 inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of MCL cells by negatively regulating MET expression.

Objective: Using the changing patterns of CD(4)(+) lymphocytes (CD(4)) counts of HIV/AIDS cases, we tried to estimate the number of newly infected HIV in Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefecture (Honghe prefecture) Yunnan province, and to provide reference for evaluating the trend of local HIV epidemic. Methods: Among diagnosed HIV infections, those who were at ≥15 years old, having available initial CD(4) records of testing, initiating antiviral therapy before the end of 2018, were selected from the case reporting system of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan province. Both Depletion model of the square root on CD(4) and the time of infection were used to back-calculate the seroconversion time of each individual. Both direct probability distribution method and life table method were used to calculate the distribution rates of diagnosis and the weight of delay. The number of diagnoses over the years was used to reversely estimate the total number of newly HIV infections. Results: At the end of 2018, the total number of HIV infections was estimated 35 977 with the rate of diagnosis as 77.50 % in Honghe prefecture of Yunnan province. The number of new HIV infections appeared as 23 792 in 2008-2018. Cumulatively, the number of new HIV infections was 12 185 up to 2007. The estimated number of new HIV infections decreased from 2 602 in 2008 to 1 480 in 2018. The weight of diagnostic delay decreased from 5.49 in one year to 1.00 in 20 years, and the diagnosis rate increased from 18.2 % to 100.0 % during 20 years. Conclusion: In Honghe prefecture of Yunnan province, the number of newly infection showed a declining trend but the diagnostic rate was still far from reaching the "first 90 % target" . It is expected to expand the timeliness on detection and case-finding so as to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.

Objectives: To explore changes in the quality of life(QoL)in patients with non-severe aplastic anemia(NSAA)after 2 years of cyclosporine A(CsA)therapy, and possible factors may affect the QoL. Methods: Patients with de novo NSAA from January 2014 to 2016 who had been treated with only CsA for at least 2 years in the outpatient department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were instructed to fill-in the SF-36 form before and after 2 years of CsA treatment. Data from NSAA were compared with those of normal controls; patients' information such as age, sex, education, annual income, type of payment, and compliance were collected, disease severity and response to treatment were also evaluated. Results: A total of 52 patients were included in our study with 27(51.9%)men and 25(48.1%)women, with the medium age of 48(21-85)years. After 2 years of treatment, 15(28.8%)patients achieved complete response(CR), 25(48.1%)achieved partial response(PR), and 12(23.1%)patients had no response(NR). The overall response rate(ORR)was 76.9%. Before the therapy, SF-36 scores in patients with NSAA were significantly lower than that of normal controls either in physical or mental component summaries( P <0.05). However, after 2 years of therapy, patients with NSAA had significant improvement of mental component summaries and recovered to normal with even higher scores in mental health(MH)(65.9±17.6 vs 59.7±22.9, P =0.014)and energy/vitality(VT)(58.8±20.1 vs 52.3±20.9, P =0.023)compared with normal controls, although they still had comparatively lower scores in physical component summaries. No associations were found between QoL and age, sex, educational level, family income, type of payment, patient adherence, or transfusion dependency. Patients with higher ECOG (the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score)at the beginning experienced greater progress in QoL compared to those with lower ECOG. Both patients with CR and PR had shown significant improvement in QoL. Conclusion: Patients with NSAA had impaired QoL compared with normal patients. CsA treatment can improve the QoL, especially in mental component summaries. Patients can benefit from the treatment regardless of their social status, and patients with lower ECOG at the beginning seem to benefit more from the therapy.

Objective: To analyze the characteristics and trends of newly reported HIV infection cases in young students in China between 2010 and 2019 and provide evidence for the formulation of AIDS prevention and control measures in young students. Methods: Data were collected from the Basic Web-based HIV/AIDS Case Reporting System. The HIV infection cases in students aged 15-24 years reported between 2010 and 2019 were selected. Their basic characteristics were described, and Joinpoint Regression Model was used to analyze the temporal trends of new diagnosis rates in different age groups. Results: A total of 23 307 HIV/AIDS cases were reported in young students, the male to female ratio was 33.9∶1 (22 640∶667), and the mean age was (19.9±2.05) years. The temporal trends of new diagnosis rates showed two stages, it increased rapidly between 2010 and 2015 (annual percentage changes, APC =32.1), and kept stable between 2015 and 2019 ( APC =0.1, P >0.05). The new diagnosis rates in all age groups showed increasing trends between 2010 and 2015, and the APC of age group 15-17 years was highest (30.2). Between 2015 and 2019, the new diagnosis rates in age group 23-24 years showed decreasing trend ( APC =-17.0). The transmission route was mainly homosexual contact for males, and heterosexual contact for females. For most heterosexual transmission cases, they were infected through non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual contact. The male cases mainly came from HIV voluntary counseling and testing clinics, but the female cases were mainly found in hospitals. The male cases had higher mean first CD(4)(+)T cells counts (CD(4)) compared with female cases ( t =3.917, P =0.000). Conclusions: The overall increase trend of newly reported HIV infection in young students slowed slow down trend between 2010 and 2019, but the newly reported HIV infections in age group 15-17 years still showed an increase trend. It is necessary to carry out sex health education effectively in young students to reduce the high-risk sexual behavior and expand HIV test coverage in students.

Objective: To understand the progression of CD(4)(+) T cells (CD(4)) declining rate in different age groups among MSM and to further explore the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Methods: Data regarding MSM who were diagnosed as HIV positive, aged ≥15 years, with homosexual route of transmission and with more than two records of CD(4) count retained before antiretroviral therapy (ART), were collected from the National AIDS Comprehensive Prevention Information System until May 31, 2019. Linear mixed effect model was used to fit the linear elimination relationship between the square root of CD(4) cell count and infection time before taking up the ART. To get the intercept estimation, we used the results from CD(4) count which containing the dates of last negativity and first positivity on HIV antibody testing. Both t test and Z test were used to test the model parameters. Median intervals from HIV seroconversion to CD(4)<500, <350, <200 cells/μl were estimated. Results: A total of 26 754 individuals were included in the study including 146 of them having records on the last date of being test negative. Their median age was 27 years old ( M =27, P ( 25 )- P ( 75 ):23-35). The intercept of the liner mixed models among 15-, 25- and ≥35 year olds were 24.84 (95 %CI : 23.76-25.92), 23.94 (95 %CI : 22.86-25.02), 23.44 (95 %CI : 21.91-24.96) and the slope of the liner mixed models among the 15-24, 25-34, 35-44 and ≥45 year olds were -1.31 (95 %CI : -1.33--1.25), -1.37(95 %CI : -1.40--1.33), -1.53 (95 %CI : -1.58--1.47) and -1.59 (95 %CI :-1.68--1.51), respectively. Estimation on the median intervals from HIV seroconversion to CD(4) <500, <350, <200 cells/μl counts were 1.29 (95 %CI : 0.79-1.81), 3.92 (95 %CI : 3.36-4.48) and 7.21 (95 %CI : 6.58-7.81), respectively. The median time of 15-24 age group from HIV seroconversion to reach the three CD(4) thresholds appeared the longest, as 1.89 (95 %CI : 1.05-2.85), 4.68(95 %CI : 3.80-5.77) and 8.17 (95 %CI : 7.23-9.42) years, respectively, the median time of ≥45 age group from HIV seroconversion to reach the three CD(4) thresholds appeared the shortest, as 0.68 (95 %CI : 0.00-1.72)、2.98 (95 %CI : 1.91-4.14)、5.85 (95 %CI : 4.62-7.16) years, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the CD(4) declining rate had been accelerated along with ageing. Progression time from HIV seroconversion to different CD(4) thresholds appeared different, which was shorter in the older age group. Again, these findings showed the great impact of HIV infection among older age groups in the MSM population. Early diagnosis and treatment were bound to delay the progression of the disease.

Objective: To describe the body composition related developmental characteristics in Chinese children and adolescents aged 3-17 years. Methods: Data were obtained from the 'China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) cross-sectional survey' in 2015, which including seven cities. Questionnaire survey, anthropometric measurements were carried out with body composition also measured, using the Hologic Discovery Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. BMI, fat mass percentage (FMP), fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) were calculated. SAS 9.4 and SPSS 20.0 softwares were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 10 867 participants aged 3-17 years were involved in this study, including 5 512 boys (50.7 % ). FMP in boys decreased obviously between 10-15 years old[ β =-1.811 (95 %CI : -1.987 - -1.635)]. FMP in girls decreased between 3-7 years old[ β =-0.896 (95 %CI : -1.100 - -0.691)] and increased obviously between 12-15 years old [ β =0.989 (95 %CI : 0.753-1.224)]. In general, FMP in girls were higher than that in boys in every age group, except for the 9 and 10 years old groups ( all P <0.05). FFMI of boys was higher than that in girls at all ages. Differences on FFMI were getting bigger between boys and girls in the 11 years old group and above. FMI increased with age [boys: β =0.033 (95 %CI : 0.018-0.048); girls: β =0.192 (95 %CI : 0.181-0.204)] and intersected between genders. Adiposity rebound age was earlier in the obese group than that in both overweight and normal weight groups. FMI in normal weight boys decreased with age and remained lower than 5 kg/m(2), while FMI in overweight [ β =0.114 (95 %CI : 0.091-0.136)] and obese [ β =0.211 (95 %CI : 0.176-0.245)] boys increased with age. FMP in boys decreased with age from 10 years old in all weight status groups [normal weight: β =-0.836 (95 %CI : -0.924 - -0.748); overweight: β =-1.090 (95 %CI : -1.269 - -0.910); obese: β =-1.144 (95 %CI : -1.321- -0.967)]. BMI, FFMI, FMI in girls changed with age similarly in all weight status groups and increased from 8 years old[normal weight: β =0.174 (95 %CI : 0.165- 0.182); overweight: β =0.325 (95 %CI : 0.304-0.346); obesity: β =0.447 (95 %CI : 0.406-0.488)]. Changes in FMP in girls increased significantly with age after 12 years old [normal weight: β =0.963 (95 %CI : 0.851-1.074); overweight: β =0.910 (95 %CI : 0.695-1.125); obesity: β =0.895 (95 %CI : 0.569-1.221)]. In total, correlation indexes of BMI and FMI were strong (boys: r =0.767; girls: r =0.873) and were different in various weight status groups. Conclusions: The growth chart of BMI presented inconsistently with the different developmental characteristics of body fat, and gender. Measurement on body composition needs to be developed for children and adolescents to give more precisely assessment on growth and development of children.

Objective: To understand the AIDS awareness and related factors as well as the demands for AIDS-related health education programs, among first-grade students from three senior high schools in Tianjin. Methods: A cross-sectional study using both stratified cluster and convenient sampling methods was conducted. Anonymous questionnaires including social demographic characteristics, AIDS-related knowledge and needs for AIDS health education were distributed to the first-grade students from two general middle schools and one vocational senior middle school in Tianjin. Results: A total of 1 082 students were responding to the questionnaires. Among them, the overall awareness rates of AIDS-related knowledge were 34.3 % (371/1 082), 71.9 % (778/1 082) of the students had received knowledge about AIDS and 59.4 % (643/1 082) of the students had received knowledge about sexual health in the past, from the three schools. There appeared statistical differences among the two types of schools. 7.0 % (76/1 082) of the students reported having had sexual behaviors. Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, in vocational senior middle school, the awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was lower (compared with general middle school, OR =0.41, 95 %CI : 0.29-0.59) and in the following items, including no need in receiving safe sex health knowledge (compared with needs of safe sex health knowledge, OR =0.62, 95 %CI : 0.43-0.91), no interests in reading AIDS-related health education materials (compared with attention to AIDS health education materials, OR =0.41, 95 %CI : 0.30-0.56), not aware of safe sex behavior (compared with aware of safe sex behavior, OR =0.55, 95 %CI : 0.39-0.77), not aware of correct condom use, compared with aware of correct condom use ( OR =0.33, 95 %CI : 0.24-0.46). Conclusions: The overall awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was low among the first-grade students in Tianjin. Some students reported of already having had insertive sex, sexual health knowledge has a significant impact on AIDS knowledge, suggesting that sexual health education and AIDS health education among high school students be strengthened in Tianjin.

The number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV), new HIV infections, and deaths due to HIV in China were estimated. These data provided evidences for the analysis on current HIV/AIDS epidemic in China, development of AIDS prevention and control strategies and public health education. However, whether the estimation results could be fully used in practice depends on appropriate interpretation. Since the differences in estimation methods and data to produce the estimates for each year, it is not suitable to directly use the estimation results of different years to conclude the HIV/AIDS epidemic trends. The 2018 estimation results indicated that the number of PLHIV is already beyond one million by the end of 2018 and would keep growing, causing much pressure of for HIV/AIDS prevention and control. With the increased burden of case management, innovative strategies are needed to reduce secondary transmission of HIV and control the aggravating spread to general population. Less than 70 % , which is significantly lower than the goal of China's 13th Five-year Action plan for AIDS prevention and control. All local governments have the necessity of analyzing percentage of PLHIV who know their status, to conduct targeted strategies and measures for the improvement of HIV case finding. New HIV infection is the core indicator for HIV epidemic evaluation. The number of estimated new HIV infections is around 80 000 in 2018. It is necessary to further improve the strategy and increase the intensity to effectively reduce the new infection of HIV.

Objective: To know condom use negotiation with clients and regular sex partners and condom use in female sex workers (FSWs), and provide reference for the development of comprehensive HIV/AIDS intervention for FSWs. Methods: The cross sectional survey was conducted in Jianshui county and Mengzi county in Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefecture. A total of 476 FSWs aged 16 years and above were recruited from entertainment venues, and the information about their demographic characteristics, condom use negotiation and condom use were collected by using questionnaires. Logistic regression model was used to analyze related factors of condom use after negotiation between FSWs and clients unwilling use condom. Results: A total of 852 FSWs who aged (24.29±8.44) years old participated in the survey. In past month, 499 FSWs had negotiation for condom use with unwilling clients (58.6 % , 499/852), after negotiation, 441 FSWs (88.4 % , 441/499) had consistent condom use in each sex with the clients. In the past one month, 99 FSWs had negotiation for unwilling use condom with regular sex partners (14.4 % , 99/687), after negotiation, 54 FSWs (54.5 % , 54/99) had consistent condom use in each sex with regular sex partners. Among the FSWs, 266 (53.3 % , 266/499) reported that they could say "It is a mandatory requirement" to persuade clients who were unwilling to use condom. 97(19.4 % , 97/499) reported that they could say "There is risk for infection" to persuade clients who were unwilling to use condoms. 115 (23.1 % ,115/499) reported that they could say "It is a mandatory requirement" and "there is risk for infection" to persuade their unwilling clients to use condoms. 21 (4.2 % , 21/499) reported that they used other strategies. 22 (4.4 % , 22/499) felt that it was difficult to persuade clients to use condoms. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with FSWs who felt difficult in persuading clients to use condoms, FSWs who felt moderate difficulty were more likely to have consistent condom use after negotiation ( OR =4.00, 95 %CI : 1.55-10.32) and FSWs who felt easy in persuading clients to use condoms were also more likely to have consistent condom use ( OR =30.17, 95 %CI : 3.22-282.44). Compared with FSWs used other strategies to persuade their clients to use condoms, FSWs who said it was a mandatory requirement were more likely to have consistent condom use after negotiation ( OR =4.44, 95 %CI : 1.41-14.01) and FSWs who said it was a mandatory requirement and there was risk for infection were also more likely to have consistent condom use ( OR =5.52, 95 %CI : 1.55-19.73). Conclusions: Negotiation for condom use increased the rate of condom use in FSWs in sex with clients who were unwilling to use condom. The negotiation strategy of "It is a mandatory requirement" would promote condom use in FSWs in sex with clients who were unwilling to use condom. Besides, the negotiation strategy of saying "there is risk for infection" had additional effects.

Due to the continuous improvement on HIV surveillance system and the diversity of data sources, various methodologies on estimation and projection of HIV/AIDS present greater contribution in exploring the natural history and related burden of HIV in the future. Different kinds of methods have been developed by professionals, both at home and abroad. This paper reviews the rationale, requirement, application, strength and limitation of the related methodologies that have been widely used in this field, to provide reference and evidence for the application and selection of related methodologies in the future.

Objective: To investigate the clinical presentation pathological diagnostic features and molecular genetics of paediatric-type follicular lymphoma (PTFL). Methods: Eight cases of PTFL at Fujian Cancer Hospital between January 2003 and May 2018 were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin stain, immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The relevant literature review was performed. Results: All patients were male with age ranging from 12 to 27 years (median age of 18 years and average age of 19 years). Clinical manifestations included painless lymph adenopathy, primarily involving head and neck lymph nodes (6/8). According to Ann Arbor stage, there were 7 patients at stage Ⅰ A and 1 patient at stage Ⅱ A. Histologically, the structure of the lymph nodes was effaced with pushing borders visible at the tumor periphery. The lesions consisted of expanding, irregular follicles that were arranged in back to back fashion along with thinning or disappearing sleeves. The starry sky phenomenon in the follicle was prominent with loss of polarity. Under high power magnification, the follicles were composed of uniform, medium-sized blastic cells in 5 cases or centroblast in 3 cases. The neoplastic cells were positive for B cell markers and germinal center markers primarily confined to the germinal center. Bcl-2 was negative in 7 cases and 1 case showed weak bcl-2 staining. MUM1 was negative in all cases. Ki-67 demonstrated a high proliferation index of great than 70% in 7 of 8 cases. Eight cases showed Ig clonal rearrangement. No bcl-2, bcl-6, and IRF4/MUM1 gene rearrangements by FISH were detected in all cases. One patient was treated with 6 cycles of CHOP after surgical resection. Other patients underwent only simple surgical resection. All patients were alive upon clinical follow-up. Conclusion: PTFL is a rare subtype of B cell lymphoma with unique clinical and pathological features. It should be distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia, nodal marginal lymphoma in children, large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement and usual follicular lymphoma.

Objective: To investigate the effects of preoperative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage on surgical treatment of type Ⅲ and Ⅳ hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: Clinical data of 72 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma of the Bismuth-Corlette type Ⅲ and Ⅳ treated at Department of General Surgery,First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College from January 2010 to December 2017 were analyzed retrospectively.Patients were divided into two groups based on whether PTBD was performed:a drained group and an undrained group.In the drained group,there were 31 patients,20 males and 11 females,aged (59.9±9.7)years (range: 39-73 years).Among them,14 patients underwent hepatectomy with half or more than half of the liver removed (extended hepatectomy)and 17 patients underwent non-anatomical hepatectomy in the hilar region (limited hepatectomy).In the undrained group,there were 41 patients, 26 males and 15 females, aged (60.8±7.8)years(range: 45-75 years).Among them, 17 patients underwent hepatectomy with half or more than half of the liver removed (extended hepatectomy)and 24 patients underwent non-anatomical hepatectomy in the hilar region (limited hepatectomy).Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage(PTBD)was used in the drained group.Under the guidance of ultrasound,one or more hepatobiliary ducts could be sufficiently drained,which had good effect and was not restricted by the obstruction location of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.The analysis of the measurement data was performed using t test,and the analysis of the count data was performed using χ(2) test,and the survival curve was plotted using Kaplan-meier method. Results: In total, 72 jaundiced patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent surgical treatment: 31 had PTBD prior to operation while 41 did not had PTBD.There were significant differences in ALT((93.2±21.4)U/L vs.(207.4±65.1)U/L),AST((87.6±18.1)U/L vs.(188.9±56.6)U/L)and total bilirubin((68.8±12.6)μmol/L vs.(227.5±87.7)μmol/L)between the patients after treatment and those before treatment( t =10.958, P =0.000; t =10.845, P =0.000; t =10.386, P =0.000).Compared with those in the undrained group, the operation time was shorter, the amount of intraoperative bleeding and the incidence of complications were lower in the drained group( t =-2.840, P =0.006; t =-3.698, P =0.000; χ(2)=4.108, P =0.043).There were no perioperative death cases in drained group and 2 perioperative death cases in undrained group.There was no significant difference in R0 resection rate between the two groups(χ(2)=0.778, P =0.378).The 1-,3-,5-year survival rate of patients in the drained group and the undrained group was 72.7%,34.2%, 13.7% and 72.8%, 31.5%, 11.8%, respectively.The difference was not statistically significant(all P >0.05). Conclusions: The preoperative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma of Bismuth-Corlette type Ⅲ and Ⅳ could effectively shorten operative time, reduce amount of intraoperative bleeding and incidence of postoperative complications,but have no significant effect on the R0 resection rate and survival rate.

Objective: To investigate the clinical presentation, clinicopathologic features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Methods: Four cases of ATLL from Fujian Cancer Hospital between October 2017 and May 2018 were analyzed using hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical stains and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HTLV-1 provirus genes. The relevant literature was reviewed. Results: There were two males and two females, age range 38-80 years. All patients were from coastal cities of Fujian province. Clinical presentations including lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were detected in most patients; skin lesion, hypercalcemia and lymphocytosis were also commonly detected.Histologically, there was diffuse effacement of the normal architecture by tumor cells infiltration. The inflammatory background is usually sparse, with scanty eosinophils. The atypical lymphoid cells were typically medium to large sized with pronounced nuclear pleomorphism, irregular nuclei, chromatin clumping and prominent nucleoli. Blast-like cells with transformed nuclei were present in variable proportions. Giant cells with convoluted or cerebriform nuclear contours may be present. Rare cases may be composed predominantly of anaplastic tumor cells. Characteristic "flower cells" with large multi-lobated nuclei can be seen. The tumor cells were strongly positive for CD2, CD3, CD5, CD4 and CD25, but negative for CD7, CD8 and cytotoxic molecules (including TIA-1, Granzyme B and perforin). In three cases, the large transformed cells were positive for CD30. In one case, the anaplastic large cells were diffusely and strongly positive for CD30. All cases were negative for EBER, but positive for HTLV-1 provirus. Conclusions: ATLL is a rare type of T cell lymphoma with unique clinical and pathological features, and should be distinguished from peripheral T cell lymphoma, NOS, ALK negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides. Hypercalcemia, systemic disease, characteristic "flower cells" and specific immunophenotypic profile of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD25(+), and CD7(-) are highly suggestive. However, ATLL can only be confirmed if the presence of HTLV-1 provirus.

Objective: To analyze the influencing factors and mechanism for unprotected sexual behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Methods: MSM who are more than 16 years old and have had homosexual sexual behaviors in recent years were recruited from five cities (Tianjin, Harbin, Nanjing, Chongqing and Xi'an) with active MSM population during 2013-2014 through network, site recruitment and peer recommendation using convenient sampling method. 3 519 subjects were included in this study. The sexual behavior related information of MSM in five cities was investigated using questionnaires. The confirmatory factor analysis was used to construct the measurement model by using the robust estimation method based on the weighted least square method to estimate parameters, and the final model was determined through evaluation and modification. Results: A total of 3 519 subjects were (29.9±8.76) years old, with a clear sexual orientation of 3 223 (91.6%), and 2 287 (65.0%) were aware of free HIV/AIDS treatment policies. The proportion of using condom last time was 77.2% ( n =2 718), and the proportion of using condom every time was 36.9% ( n =1 299) and 43.2% ( n =1 521) respectively for the past six months with fixed and temporary partners. Structural equation model provided a good fit, the root mean square error of approximation, comparative fit index and non-normed fit index was 0.07, 0.97, 0.95, respectively. Knowing AIDS knowledge, educational level and sexual orientation had direct effects on unprotected sexual behavior, and the path coefficients were 0.179,-0.049 and -0.159, respectively. While the role of interventions was indirect, the path coefficient was 0.147. Conclusion: Lower education and unclear sexual orientation are disadvantages for reducing unprotected sexual behavior. Interventions mainly affect the unprotected sexual behavior by improving the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge. Increasing the comprehensive knowledge of MSM through intervention should be highly valued.

Objective: To describe characteristics of cardiometabolic risk factors of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in 7 cities in China from 2013 to 2015. Methods: Data was from the China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) study. 12 590 children and adolescents were selected from 24 schools (3 kindergartens, 7 primary schools, 7 junior high schools and 7 senior high schools) in seven cities (Changchun, Yinchuan, Beijing, Jinan, Shanghai, Chongqing and Tianjin) during 2013-2015 by using a stratified cluster random sampling method. The demographic characteristics, e.g. birth date, feed status and history of disease, were collected by questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements, i.e. weight, height, waistline, blood pressure, total cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein, were also collected. The detection rate of metabolic syndrome was calculated respectively according to "international diabetes federation standard " and "definition and prevention of metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents " . Results: The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia was 12.0%(1 497/12 491), 18.2%(2 193/12 035), 24.4%(3 028/12 422) and 15.8%(1 977/12 490), respectively. The prevalence of these four cardiometabolic risk factors in males was significantly higher than that in females (all P values<0.05). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 3.3%(272/8 328) with international diabetes federation 2007 definition and 5.4% (453/8 325) with Chinese definition among children above 10 years old. The prevalence of hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high total cholesterol, low high-density lipoproteincholesterol and dyslipidemia increased with the change of obesity type from non-obesity to complex obesity (all P values<0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was still high in children and adolescents, which has become an important factor threatening the healthy growth of children and adolescents.

Objective: To describe the status of cardiovascular health (CVH) of children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing during 2017-2018. Methods: The school-based Cardiovascular and Bone Health Promotion Program(SCVBH) was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018. 15 391 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years were selected from grade 1 to 4 in 8 primary schools, grade 1 in 21 middle schools and senior grade 1 in one twelve-year education school in Dongcheng, Fangshan, Miyun and Haidian Districts of Beijing by using a cluster sampling method. Seven cardiovascular health indicators, including smoking, body mass index, dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol, were categorized as poor, intermediate, and ideal according to American Heart Association (AHA) criteria. The status of CVH was evaluated according to the criteria of the ideal CVH related behaviors and factors defined by AHA. Results: The proportion of children and adolescents with an ideal smoking, dietary intake and physical activity indicators reached 99.2%(4 982/15 108), 19.7%(2 921/14 805), 17.8% (2 499/14 056), respectively. The proportion of children and adolescents with 7 and 4-5 ideal cardiovascular health indicators was 1.7%(209/12 560) and 65.1%(8 176/12 560). The proportion of children and adolescents with 4-7 ideal cardiovascular health indicators, 2-4 ideal health behavior indicators and 2-3 ideal health factors was significantly higher in urban than that in rural all P values<0.001. The proportion of females with 4-7 ideal cardiovascular health indicators, 2-4 ideal health behavior indicators and 2-3 ideal health factors was significantly higher than that in males (all P values<0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health of children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing during 2017-2018 was very low, particularly for healthy dietary intake and physical activity. Effective public health interventions should be implemented to improve the status of cardiovascular health of them.

Objective: To identify the spatial clustering and its temporal trends among newly detected female HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years or older, in China from 2010 to 2016. Methods: Newly detected HIV/AIDS cases among aged 15 years or older women in China during 2010-2016 were collected, to describe their demographic characteristics, changing trends and spatial autocorrelation. This program was conducted at county level, using the ArcGIS 10.3. Results: The number of newly detected HIV/AIDS cases among aged 15 years or older women was increasing annually from 16 603 to 26 196 in 2010 and in 2016. As the main route proportion of heterosexual transmission increased from 84.25 % (13 988/16 603) in 2010 to 96.29 % (25 224/26 196) in 2016. Both the number and proportion of HIV/AIDS cases among elderly women ≥50 years of age increased significantly from 17.82 % (2 959/16 603) to 38.10 % (9 981/26 196) in 2016. Results from spatial analysis demonstrated a county-level clustered distribution of HIV/AIDS cases across the country with a rising global Moran's I value=0.55 over the years ( Z =51.46, P <0.001), which was concentrating on western and southern China, covering 9 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities (Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Guangdong, Chongqing, Henan and Hunan). The temporal trends of hot spots differed by age groups, with the trend of epidemic shifting towards western border and southern coastal regions among women aged 15-49 years old, while the elderly women aged ≥50 years old were spreading northward from the southwestern regions. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that an increasing trend of clusters appeared on HIV epidemic among newly detected female HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years or older in China, particularly in the western and southern regions. Prevention and intervention strategies should target on women according to their age distribution, particularly in regions with increasing trend of HIV epidemics.

Effective capture and release of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with high viability is still a challenge in medical research. We design a novel approach with efficient yield and high cell activity for the capture and release of CTCs. Our platform is based on TiO 2 nanorod arrays coated with transparent MnO 2 nanoparticles. We use hydrothermal synthesis to prepare TiO 2 nanorod arrays, the MnO 2 nanoparticles are fabricated through in situ self-assembly on the substrate to form a monolayer and etched by oxalic acid with low concentration at room temperature. Up to 92.9% of target cells are isolated from the samples using our capture system and the captured cells can be released from the platform, the saturated release efficiency is 89.9%. Employing lower than 2 × 10 -3 M concentration of oxalic acid to dissolve MnO 2 , the viability of MCF-7 cancer cells exceed 90%. Such a combination of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional platforms provides a new approach isolate CTCs from patient blood samples.

Objective: To understand the effect of sirolimus on the erythropoiesis of K562 cell line and bone marrow cells from pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) patients and normal controls. Methods: Different concentrations (10, 100, 1 000 nmol/L) of sirolimus were added to the K562 cell line or bone marrow cells from PRCA patients or normal controls and cultured 14 days for BFU-E formation. Meanwhile, sirolimus was also added to the serum treated PRCA bone marrow cells to cultivate for the same priod of time. Results: Neither K562 cells, bone marrow cells from PRCA patients or normal controls showed any difference when sirolimus was added to the culture system for BFU-E. However, BFU-E formation decreased after serum was added in PRCA patients (76.40±22.48 vs 136.33±12.58, t =-4.329, P =0.001) and this suppression of BFU-E was partly corrected by 1 000 nmol/L sirolimus treatment (97.14±15.83 vs 76.40±22.48, P =0.038). Conclusions: Sirolimus may modulate the suppression of erythropoiesis by serum instead of directly stimulate the growth of red blood cells in PRCA patients.

Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium widely used in medicine and agriculture. So far, little is known about its pathogenicity in animals. In this study, a strain of Bacillus subtilis, HFBF-B11 isolated from brain tissue of ducklings co-infected with Riemerella anatipestifer was characterized. The strain demonstrated consistent characteristics of B. subtilis in staining and morphological, biochemical and physiological analyses. Moreover, its DNA sequence, which was obtained via PCR sequencing of 16S rRNA, exhibited 99% homology with the B. subtilis reference strain. In in vitro cultures HFBF-B11 exhibited β-hemolysis. The results of experiments showed that a single infection of HFBF-B11 in 9-day-old ducklings did not result in clear clinical symptoms. However, following co-infection with HFBF-B11 and R. anatipestifer, the animals demonstrated liver injury and blood-brain barrier disruption leading to infection and brain damage with a mortality rate of 100%. These results suggest that the HFBF-B11 strain of B. subtilis is an opportunistic pathogen of ducklings. This is the first report about the isolation of a B. subtilis strain with pathogenicity in ducklings., (Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.)

Objective: Cellular stress response 1 (CSR1) is a tumor suppressor gene that was frequently down-regulated in prostate cancer. CSR1 has critical roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis via inactivation of CPSF3 or preventing the interaction of XIAP with caspases. However, whether CSR1 plays a role in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is completely unknown., Patients and Methods: The expression of CSR1 in HCC clinic samples and cell lines was detected by Real-time PCR and Western blot. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 system was used to knockout CSR1 gene in HepG2 cells. The proliferation of HCC cells was measured by MTT assay. The migration and invasion abilities of HepG2 cells were determined by in vitro scratch wounding and matrigel invasion assays. Co-immunoprecipitation assay was used to determine the interaction between CSR1 and hematopoietic PBX interacting protein (HPIP)., Results: The mRNA and protein levels of CSR1 were down-regulated in human HCC cell lines and clinic HCC tissues. Over-expression of CSR1 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in human HCC cell lines. Knockout of CSR1 gene by CRISPR-Cas9 in HepG2 cells achieved the opposite effects. At the molecular level, we found that CSR1 associated with HPIP and inhibited the activation PI3K/AKT pathway., Conclusions: For the first time we demonstrated that CSR1 inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion through inactivation of HPIP and its downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and suggested CSR1 as a potential therapy target for HCC treatment.

In this study, 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed in Scomber japonicus and were examined on 30 individuals collected from the North Pacific. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 17. The observed and expected heterozygosities per locus ranged from 0.2759 to 0.8621 and from 0.43071 to 0.9177, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) was from 0.3931 to 0.8939. One locus showed moderate polymorphism (0.25 < PIC < 0.5), while the rest were highly polymorphic (PIC > 0.5). Two loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni corrections (P < 0.005). No linkage disequilibrium was detected among the loci. Results of cross-species amplification showed that 10 microsatellite markers were successfully amplified in 29 individuals of S. australasicus and 9 indicated polymorphisms. These markers will be useful for investigating the genetic structure, gene flow, and species identification of S. japonicus and S. australasicus, its closely related species.

Objective: To explore the clinical application value of prognostic nutritional index(PNI) for predicting overall survival(OS) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: 123 patients with histologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled in this study, and their clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. The PNI was calculated as 10×serum albumin value+ 5×total lymphocyte countin peripheral blood.Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the potential prognostic factors for advanced NSCLC. Results: PNI of the 123 NSCLC patients was 46.24±6.56. PNI was significantly associated with age, weight loss and pleural effusion ( P <0.05). However, it showed no relationship with sex, smoking, hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea, histological type, clinical stage, and administration of chemotherapy ( P >0.05). The median OS of the 123 patients was 19.5 months. The median OS in the higher PNI group (PNI≥46.24) and lower PNI group(PNI<46.24) were 25.2 months and 16.4 months, respectively.The 1-year survival rates were 80.6% and 63.9%, and 2-year survival rates were 54.8% and 19.6%, respectively ( P <0.01). Univariate analysis showed that PNI, age, dyspnea, and weight loss were related to the OS of the advanced NSCLC patients ( P <0.05). Multivariate analysis identified PNI as an independent prognostic factor for OS of advanced NSCLC ( P <0.001). Conclusion: PNI can be easily calculated, and may be used as a relatively new prognostic indicator for advanced NSCLC in clinical practice.