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Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) learn quickly from examples in one pass and asymptotically achieve the Bayes-optimal decision boundaries. The major disadvantage of PNN is that it requires one node or neuron for each training sample. Various clustering techniques have been proposed to reduce this requirement to one node per cluster center. A new fast optimization of PNN is investigated here using iteratively computing the centers of each class samples unrecognized and add their nearest neighbors to pattern layer. For fast constructing the classification model, weight and incremental technique is introduced to improve the learning speed. To further decrease the structure of PNN, KL transform is adopted to compress feature dimension. The approach proposed here decreases redundancy not only in samples using nearest neighbor but also in features using KL transformation. Experiments on UCI show the appropriate tradeoff in training time and generalization ability.

It is shown that the momentum density of free electromagnetic field splits into two parts. One has no contribution to the net momentum due to the transversality condition. The other yields all the momentum. The angular momentum that originates from the former part is spin, and the angular momentum that originates from the latter part is orbital angular momentum. Expressions for the spin and orbital angular momentum are given in terms of the electric vector in reciprocal space. The spin and orbital angular momentum defined this way are used to investigate the angular momentum of nonparaxial beams that are described in a recently published paper [Phys. Rev. A 78, 063831 (2008)]. It is found that the orbital angular momentum depends, apart from an $l$-dependent term, on two global quantities, the polarization represented by a generalized Jones vector and another characteristic represented by a unit vector $\mathbf{I}$, though the spin depends only on the polarization. The polarization dependence of orbital angular momentum through the effect of $\mathbf{I}$ is obtained and discussed. Some applications of the result obtained here are also made. The fact that the spin originates from the part of momentum density that has no contribution to the net momentum is used to show that there does not exist the paradox on the spin of circularly polarized plane wave. The polarization dependence of both spin and orbital angular momentum is shown to be the origin of conversion from the spin of a paraxial Laguerre-Gaussian beam into the orbital angular momentum of the focused beam through a high numerical aperture.

Motivated by the realization of the Dirac point (DP) with a double-cone structure for optical field in the negative-zero-positive index metamaterial (NZPIM), the reflection, transmission, and Goos-H\"{a}nchen (GH) shifts inside the NZPIM slab are investigated. Due to the linear Dirac dispersion, the transmission as the function of the frequency has a gap, thus the correspond reflection has a frequency or wavelength window for the perfect reflection, which is similar to the Bragg reflection in the one-dimensional photonic crystals. Near the DP, the associated GH shifts in the transmission and reflection can be changed from positive to negative with increasing the wavelength. These negative and positive shifts can also be enhanced by transmission resonances, when the frequency is far from that at the DP. All these phenomena will lead to some potential applications in the integrated optics and optical devices., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and differential diagnosis of primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma.The clinico-pathological data of 8 patients with primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma, all female, aged 55.7 (45 - 69), were analyzed retrospectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of pan-cytokine, cytokine (CK) 7, CK20, CA125, CEA, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), vimentin, calretinin, and P63 in the specimens of tumor obtained during tumor reduction surgery. Microscopy was conducted for pathological examination.The common clinical symptoms of these 8 patients included abdominal distention and ascites. Pre-operationally, 6 cases were diagnosed as with ovarian cancer, I case as with malignant mesothelioma, and I as with peritoneal carcinoma. The misdiagnosis rate was 87.5%. Post-operational pathological examination showed 7 cases of serous papillary adenocarcinoma and one case of mucinous adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry showed the positive rates of the different biological markers as follows: pan-CK (8/8), CK7 (8/8), CK20 (1/8), CA125 (7/8), CEA (7/8), EMA (8/8), vimentin (1/8), calretinin (1/8), and P53 (8/8).A rare malignant tumor arising from the secondary Müllerian system, primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma shares similar histopathological characters with ovary carcinoma, so is easy to be misdiagnosed. Immunohistochemical staining is helpful to the differential diagnosis.

Analyzed here is a dynamic learning fault localization algorithm based on directed graph fault propagation model and feedback control. Input and output of the algorithm are named as fault and hypothesis respectively. Because of the complexity and uncertainty of fault and symptom, it's difficult to accurately model the relationship of them in probabilistic fault localization. Fault localization algorithm depends on the prior specified model, and the parameter and structure of model is approximate correct and often differ from the real situation. So we propose DMCA+ algorithm which has 3 features: reduce the requirement for accuracy of initial conditions; statistically learn to automatically adapt the probability distribution of fault occurrence while localizing fault; generalize the MCA+ algorithm of no feedback. The feedback learning is similar with proportional adjusting of PID control, but increment is sensitive to detection rate because little increment adjusts output too slowly and big will result in a large number of error hypotheses. The simulation results show the validity and efficiency of dynamic learning under complex network. In order to promote detection rate, optimizing measures are also discussed.

The new symmetry axis of a well-behaved electromagnetic beam observed in a previous paper [Phys. Rev. A 78, 063831 (2008)] is not purely a mathematical concept. The experimental data reported by Hosten and Kwiat [Science 319, 787 (2008)] are shown to demonstrate the existence of such a symmetry axis that is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the propagation axis. Specifically, it is shown that the idea of this symmetry axis was implicitly used by Hosten and Kwiat in their calculations and exists in their results.

We have investigated that the Goos-H\"anchen (GH) shifts in frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) studied with wave packet propagation. In the first-order approximation of the transmission coefficient, the GH shift is exactly the expression given by stationary phase method, thus saturates an asymptotic constant in two different ways depending on the angle of incidence. Taking account into the second-order approximation, the GH shift always depends on the width of the air gap due to the modification of the beam width. It is further shown that the GH shift with second-order correction increases with decreasing the beam width at the small incidence angles, while for the large incidence angles it reveals a strong decrease with decreasing the beam width. These phenomena offers the better understanding of the tunneling delay time in FTIR., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures

To explore the effect of salvia injection (SI) combined with composite amino acid (CAA) in treating fetal growth restriction (FGR).A retrospective analysis was conducted on 106 pregnant women with FGR hospitalized from January 2007 to January 2008. Patients were randomized into 2 groups equally, the treated group (53 cases) treated with SI plus CAA, and the control group treated with CAA alone, all for 7 days. The clinical effect and umbilical blood flow (S/D) in patients were observed.(1) The total effective rate in the treated group was 81.13%, it was 88.80% (16/18) for patients in the gestation period of 24+ -28 weeks, 80.00% (12/15) for those of 28+ -32 weeks, and 75.00 (15/20) for 32+ -36 weeks, while in the control group, the corresponding rates were 69.81%, 77.77% (14/18), 66.66% (10/15), and 65.00% (13/20), respectively. The difference between the two groups was significant (P0.05). (2) After treatment, S/D significantly lowered in patients of the treated group (P0.05, P0.01), no matter how long the gestation period was, but it was insignificantly changed in the control group.The combined treatment with SI and CAA on FGR could improve the condition of the fetus.

It is investigated that the lateral shifts of the ballistic electrons transmitted through a semiconductor quantum slabs can be negative as well as positive, which are analogous to the anomalous lateral shifts of the transmitted light beam through a dielectric slab. The necessary condition for the shift to be negative is advanced. It is shown that the lateral shifts depend not only on the structure parameters of semiconductor quantum slab, but also on the incidence angle and the incident energy. Numerical calculations further indicate that the lateral shifts can be tuned from negative to positive by the external applied electric field. The voltage-tunable lateral shifts may lead to potential applications in quantum electronic devices., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, submitted to J. Appl. Phys

The experimental data reported in Science 319, 787 (2008) are shown to demonstrate the existence of a new characteristic vector of light beams advanced in a previous paper Physical Review A 78, 063831 (2008).

To prepare nanospheres coupled with the anti-human liver cancer monoclonal antibody HAb18 and evaluate its immunoreactivity and antitumor effects.The nanosphere coupled with the antibody was prepared by intermolecular cross-linking the anti-human liver cancer monoclonal antibody, HAb18, with human serum albumin nanospheres containing ADM [termed HAS(ADM)-NS] via a new hetero-bifunctional cross-linker SPDP. Condensation test and immunofluorescence assay were used to evaluate the immunoreactivity of the nanospheres, and specific binding of HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS with liver cancer cell line SMMC-7721 was observed with optical and electron microscopes. The specific cytotoxic effects on the target cells were evaluated in vitro by MTT assay. HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS, HAS(ADM)-NS and ADM were injected separately into nude mice bearing human liver carcinoma to evaluate the inhibitory activity of HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS in vivo.The immunoreactivity of HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS was well preserved. HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS could bind specifically with the SMMC-7721 cells. The IC(50) of HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS against SMMC-7721 cells was 44.6 microg/ml, lower than that of HAS(ADM)-NS (345.5 microg/ml) and ADM (365.5 microg/ml). The inhibition rate of HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS on the growth of liver cancer xenografts was significantly higher than that of HAS(ADM)-NS and ADM (P0.001).HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS has immunoreactivity and can actively and specifically target the liver cancer cells. The antitumor activity of HAb18-HAS(ADM)-NS is significantly higher than that of HAS(ADM)-NS and ADM.

We investigate the lateral displacements for ballistic electron beams in a two-dimensional electron gas modulated by metallic ferromagnetic (FM) stripes with parallel and antiparallel (AP) magnetization configurations. It is shown that the displacements are negative as well as positive, which can be controlled by adjusting the electric potential induced by the applied voltage and the magnetic field strength of FM stripes. Based on these phenomena, we propose an efficient way to realize a spin beam splitter, which can completely separate spin-up and spin-down electron beams in the AP configuration by their corresponding spatial positions.

A representation theory of finite electromagnetic beams in free space is formulated by factorizing the field vector of the plane-wave component into a $3 \times 2$ mapping matrix and a 2-component Jones-like vector. The mapping matrix has one degree of freedom that can be described by the azimuthal angle of a fixed unit vector with respect to the wave vector. This degree of freedom allows us to find out such a beam solution in which every plane-wave component is specified by the same fixed unit vector $\mathbf{I}$ and has the same normalized Jones-like vector. The angle $\theta_I$ between the fixed unit vector and the propagation axis acts as a parameter that describes the vectorial property of the beam. The impact of $\theta_I$ is investigated on a beam of angular-spectrum field scalar that is independent of the azimuthal angle. The field vector in position space is calculated in the first-order approximation under the paraxial condition. A transverse effect is found that a beam of elliptically-polarized angular spectrum is displaced from the center in the direction that is perpendicular to the plane formed by the fixed unit vector and the propagation axis. The expression of the transverse displacement is obtained. Its paraxial approximation is also given., Comment: 16 pages. The final version appears in the Phys. Rev. A

Thin annular sources, either Coherent or completely incoherent from the spatial standpoint, have played a significant role in the synthesis of diffraction-free and J(0)-correlated fields, respectively. Here, we consider thin annular sources with partial correlation. A scalar description is developed under the assumption that the correlation function between two points depends on their angular distance only. We show that for any such source the modal expansion can easily be found. Further, we examine how the correlation properties of the radiated fields change on free propagation. We also give a number of examples and present possible synthesis schemes. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America

We report that the transmitted evanescent light beam under total reflection will experience a lateral displacement similarly to that of the reflected beam, called Goos-Hanchen (GH) effect. By a dielectric thin film coated onto the dielectric surface, which is usually considered as the near-field enhanced configuration in atom optics, we indicate that the displacement of the transmitted evanescent beam can be greatly enhanced to several tens of wavelengths at transmission resonance under total internal reflection. Numerical simulations have been performed and it is shown that the transmitted evanescent beam maintains well the shape of the incident beam when the thickness of the thin film is required to be of the order of wavelength. Further, it is demonstrated that the stationary-phase approach is also applicable to transmitted evanescent beam and the GH displacement of the transmitted beam is just half the GH displacement of the reflected beam. The discussions presented here may arouse interest in atom optics and near-field microscope.

A unified description of the free-space cylindrical vector beams is presented, which is an integral transformation solution to the vector Helmholtz equation and the transversality condition. The amplitude 2-form of the angular spectrum involved in this solution can be arbitrarily chosen. When one of the two elements is zero, we arrive at either transverse-electric or transverse-magnetic beam mode. In the paraxial condition, this solution not only includes the known $J_1$ Bessel-Gaussian vector beam and the axisymmetric Laguerre-Gaussian vector beam that were obtained by solving the paraxial wave equations, but also predicts two new kinds of vector beam, called the modified-Bessel-Gaussian vector beam., 8 pages and 1 figure

A unified theory is advanced to describe both the lateral Goos-H\"{a}nchen (GH) effect and the transverse Imbert-Fedorov (IF) effect, through representing the vector angular spectrum of a 3-dimensional light beam in terms of a 2-form angular spectrum consisting of its 2 orthogonal polarized components. From this theory, the quantization characteristics of the GH and IF displacements are obtained, and the Artmann formula for the GH displacement is derived. It is found that the eigenstates of the GH displacement are the 2 orthogonal linear polarizations in this 2-form representation, and the eigenstates of the IF displacement are the 2 orthogonal circular polarizations. The theoretical predictions are found to be in agreement with recent experimental results., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures

It is investigated that the Goos-Hanchen-like displacement of light beams transmitting through periodical multiple-layered structures can be negative as well as positive. The numerical simulations for Gaussian-shaped beam are made to demonstrate the validity of the stationary phase approach.

To evaluate the conversion of macular function in diabetic macular edema (DME) after vitreous surgery.Seventeen eyes of 16 patients were assessed after pars plana vitrectomy for DME. Multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) techniques were used to evaluate the effects of treatment on macular visual function, and retinal foveal thickness was determined by optical coherence tomography before and after vitrectomy. Patients were followed up continually for 7 months. The correlation between the change of tomographic features and visual functions were analyzed.During the follow-up period, the retinal function in macular areas recovered and the foveal thickness decreased gradually. While compared with preoperative values, the response of positive wave (P1) have shown decreases in implicit time and increases in amplitude since the forth and fifth postoperative month respectively (P0.05). While compared between each postoperative period, the P1 responses have increased significantly since the forth postoperative month. The correlation between the increase of P1 amplitude in macular area and the decrease of retinal foveal thickness was significant (r = 0.954, P0.001).Macular function get improvement gradually in DME after vitreous surgery; The restoration of macular function is coincident with the reduction of macular edema.

The boundary condition under which the Aharonov-Bohm scattering solution was obtained is examined. It is shown that when α = integer (where α = Φ/Φ0 represents the magnetic flux in the long cylindrical solenoid, and Φ0 = h/e), scattering does not happen only if the electron enters the region where the magnetic field exists. This result is not only in contrast with Aharonov and Bohm's results that there will be no scattering if the electron does not enter the field, but is also rather surprising, because it means that the electron passing through the magnetic field does not experience any effect.

It is predicted that large and opposite generalized Goos-Hänchen (GGH) shifts may occur simultaneously for TE and TM light beams upon reflection from an asymmetric double-prism configuration when the angle of incidence is below but near the critical angle for total reflection, which may lead to interesting applications in optical devices and integrated optics. Numerical simulations show that the magnitude of the GGH shift can be of the order of beam's width.

To investigate the effect of vitrectomy combined with full endocular panretinal photocoagulation in patients with late stage of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).Pars plana vitrectomy combined with full panretinal photocoagulation were undergone in 56 eyes (56 cases) with late stage of PDR, including 32 eyes with tractive retinal detachment. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, anterior segment by slit lamp and fundus examination by indirect ophthalmoscopy, as well as fluorescein angiography (FFA) were analyzed.Retina were reattached in 52 eyes. Vitreous hemorrhage, retinal bleeding, exudation and neovascular changes were not observed in these eyes. Non-irrigated areas were not found in 28/32 eyes in which FFA examination has been performed. Final visual acuity was improved in 52 eyes.Full endocular panretinal photocoagulation with low energy is an effective and safe procedure with low rate of complications for the late stage of PDR.

The properties of group delay for Dirac particles traveling through a potential well are investigated. A necessary condition is put forward for the group delay to be negative. It is shown that this negative group delay is closely related to its anomalous dependence on the width of the potential well. In order to demonstrate the validity of stationary-phase approach, numerical simulations are made for Gaussian-shaped temporal wave packets. A restriction to the potential-well's width is obtained that is necessary for the wave packet to remain distortionless in the travelling. Numerical comparison shows that the relativistic group delay is larger than its corresponding non-relativistic one., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

It is reported that when a light beam travels through a slab of left-handed medium in the air, the lateral shift of the transmitted beam can be negative as well as positive. The necessary condition for the lateral shift to be positive is given. The validity of the stationary-phase approach is demonstrated by numerical simulations for a Gaussian-shaped beam. A restriction to the slab's thickness is provided that is necessary for the beam to retain its profile in the traveling. It is shown that the lateral shift of the reflected beam is equal to that of the transmitted beam in the symmetric configuration., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures

It has been stated recently by J.Q. Liang with the introduction of a multivalued phase factor eiαϕ, that the eigenvalues of canonical angular momentum M z = − i h ∂/∂ϕ and kinetic angular momentum L z = − i h (( ∂ ∂ϕ ) − i α) are ( m + α) h and m h , respectively, in the Aharonov-Bohm vector potential field. This conclusion is argued to be in error. Also an essential consideration on the single valuedness of wave functions is presented.

Recent papers [1, 2] on the Goos-Hanchen (GH) shift [3] are still in the wake of the original effort to find new situations that allow for the occurrence of the GH shift. Previously found GH shifts are in general the order of the wavelength. Rare effort has been made to find the way of obtaining large GH shifts. Last year, Lai and Chan [4] and Broe and Keller [5] reported large GH shifts for TM beams in different configurations. In this paper, I report a new phenomenon that large and opposite GH shifts may occur simultaneously for TE and TM beams in an unsymmetrical double-prism configuration.

It is found that when a light beam travels through a slab of optically denser dielectric medium in air, the lateral shift of the transmitted beam can be negative. This is a novel phenomenon that is reversed in comparison with the geometrical optic prediction according to Snell's law of refraction. A Gaussian-shaped beam is analyzed in the paraxial approximation, and a comparison with numerical simulations is made. Finally, an explanation for the negativity of the lateral shift is suggested, in terms of the interaction of boundary effects of the slab's two interfaces with air.

An amendment is made to the nonparaxial beam solution advanced by Barnett and Allen for the purpose of exploring the problem of angular momentum.

This paper investigates the influence of the trailing edge flap on integrated loads and the flow field structure of wind turbine blades. The dynamic trailing edge flap under sinusoidal wind velocity is simulated using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method, and SST k-ω turbulence model coupled with γ-Reθ transition model is adopted to model the turbulence. The results show that the variation of root flap bending moments can be reduced by up to 38%. A proper phase difference added to the flap deflection could improve the ability of loads reduction for some cases. The flap deflection impacts almost all sections of the blade, and the blade elements momentum method should be modified to obtain better results.

Systems involving nonlinear media and their interaction with electromagnetic waves are potentially useful in various important practical applications. In the last decade or so, the availability of high-quality gyromagnetic crystal has led to a growing interest in nonlinear magnetic waves14. The interactions of gyromagnetic crystals with infrared waves or microwaves have drawn much attention. And many distinguishing features have been discovered in gyromagnetic waveguides. Recently. we have studied the frequency characteristics of magnetic spatial solitons on the surface of two-sublattice uniaxia! antiferrornagnetic crystal241. The striking feature of the soliton is the existence of the frequency passband(s) and stopband(s) that can be switched into each other by varying the power. In this article we studied the TE (transverse electric) surface waves, in the region of microwave frequency, on the interface between a linear ferromagnet and a two sublattice Un iaxial nonlinear antiferromagnet.

The analogies between optical and electronic Goos-H\"{a}nchen effects are established based on electron wave optics in semiconductor or graphene-based nanostructures. In this paper, we give a brief overview of the progress achieved so far in the field of electronic Goos-H\"{a}nchen shifts, and show the relevant optical analogies. In particular, we present several theoretical results on the giant positive and negative Goos-H\"{a}nchen shifts in various semiconductor or graphen-based nanostructures, their controllability, and potential applications in electronic devices, e.g. spin (or valley) beam splitters.

The three dimensional intensity distribution of focused spatial-variant polarized vector Bessel–Gauss beams is investigated in the vicinity of the focal plane by using the Richards–Wolf vectorial diffraction method. The local polarized states of the incident beams vary between linearity and ellipse, and can be easily controlled in real time by a new parameter, namely the phase delay angle, which is introduced by a liquid crystal variable retarder. Our analysis proves the existence of a focal shift toward the focusing objective for this type of beam. The dependence of the focal shift on the different parameters of the beams is discussed in detail. Numerical results indicate that the magnitude of the focal shift is associated with the mode number, the local polarization, the beam width and the wavelength of the incident beams. The controllability of the focal shift indirectly caused by the phase delay angle will have great potential applications in optical micro-manipulation.

This paper is concerned with an observable effect of an unusual quantal degree of freedom that is compatible with the constraint of the transversality condition. The dependence of the barycenter of a diffraction-free light beam on this degree of freedom is investigated.

A different way of producing the magnetic waveguide by loading gradually varied magnetic fields on graphene is proposed. The vector potential induced by the magnetic fields is connected by two square magnetic barriers and one magnetic well with linear variation. We investigate the guided modes and probability current density distribution within the graphene waveguide. It provides channels freely propagating and enables strong confinement for the modes by the gradually varied magnetic fields. The guide modes are caused by the electron reflection at the interfaces of the magnetic barriers. At the specific incident energy of electrons, there exist stable waveguide modes analogous to those in an optical waveguide. The hierarchy of guided modes decreases with the increasing incident angles. We hope that these results may lead to the potential applications in graphene-based waveguide structure.

Cylindrically symmetric electron beams in spin polarization are reported for the first time. They are shown to be the eigen states of total angular momentum in the $z$ direction. But they are neither the eigen states of spin nor the eigen states of orbital angular momentum in that direction.

It is observed that a constant unit vector denoted by $\mathbf I$ is needed to characterize a complete orthonormal set of vector diffraction-free beams. The previously found diffraction-free beams are shown to be included as special cases. The $\mathbf I$-dependence of the longitudinal component of diffraction-free beams is also discussed., 8 pages and 2 figures

We investigate guided modes in the asymmetric waveguide structure with a left-handed material (LHM) layer surrounded by air and metal. A graphical method is proposed to determine the guided modes. New properties of the oscillating and surface guided modes, such as absence of the fundamental mode, coexistence of the oscillating and surface guided modes, fast attenuation of the surface guided modes, and mode degeneracy, are analyzed in detail. We also investigate dispersive characteristics of the metal-LHM-air optical waveguide. The propagation constant increases with decreasing slab thickness for the first-order oscillating mode, which is different from that in traditional metal-cladding waveguides.