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In this paper we give asymptotics for the conjugacy growth of the soluble Baumslag-Solitar groups BS(1, k), k ≥ 2, with respect to the standard generating set, by providing a complete description of geodesic conjugacy representatives. We show that the conjugacy growth series for these groups are transcendental, and give formulae for the series. As a result of our computation we also establish that in each BS(1, k) the conjugacy and standard growth rates are equal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although agriculture is one of the main economic sectors of Romania, its contribution to GDP has constantly decreased over the last 28 years, from 23.00% in 1989 to 4.37% in 2017. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that Romania’s economy past from being an economy based on an agricultural structure to one based on services. Even though the contribution of agriculture to GDP formation is declining, Romania still has the largest share of the agricultural sector in the GDP structure from all the countries of the European Union – about 3 times higher than the European average, and also the highest share of agricultural land in the total land area. These aspects show that within the member countries of the European Union, Romania is the country most dependent on agriculture, with the largest number of people involved in agriculture and with the largest share of agricultural areas in total. In this context, the paper analyzes the impact of the agricultural sector on Romania’s economic growth, between 2000-2017. The empirical analysis is based on three independent variables (agricultural production, public expenditure on agriculture and direct investment in agriculture) and one dependent variable (GDP at constant prices). The data panel consists of information provided by the NIS (National Institute of Statistics), and the data are analyzed using multiple regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivin conjectured that the conjugacy growth series of a hyperbolic group is rational if and only if the group is virtually cyclic. Ciobanu, Hermiller, Holt, and Rees proved that the conjugacy growth series of a virtually cyclic group is rational. Here we present the proof confirming the other direction of the conjecture, by showing that the conjugacy growth series of a non-elementary hyperbolic group is transcendental. We also present and prove some variations of Rivin's conjecture for commensurability classes and primitive conjugacy classes. We then explore Rivin's conjecture for finitely generated acylindrically hyperbolic groups and prove a formal language version of it, namely that no set of minimal length conjugacy representatives can be unambiguous context-free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Inside CAP, concerns regarding the improvement of the structural frame for the high valorification of inputs have become more pronounced after the accession of the countries from EU12. Creating agricultural structures compatible with the market economy under the conditions of the Romanian agriculture may be a long process. Area payments had a significant impact on the structural changes in agriculture. They represented an incentive to increase the size of the farm that received the payment. The bipolarity of the agricultural structures, specific for Romania, makes the distribution of the subsidies the most unequal from EU. The new CAP approaches, from the current year, may have direct implications in reducing the support for very large and very small farms. The study aims to analyze the influence of decoupled direct payments on the evolution of the agricultural structures from the Romanian agriculture and to identify the best opportunities for the modernization of all farms, as a result of the new European legislation on direct payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful transfer of knowledge is dependent on a number of features of the information transmitted, of the receiver, of the source and not least of the relationship that is created between them. This research highlights a number of issues related to the process components mentioned above such as the knowledge capacity to be expressed in a comprehensible language, the incorporation of knowledge, the distance between source and receiver in a multiple approach - physical, organizational, cultural, the priority given by the receiver to the knowledge transmitted / received as well as its predisposition to learning. This gathering of factors which are in a strong interdependence with each other, creates the context for the transfer of knowledge and this is why we considered it appropriate to point out in what way they contribute to the success or on the contrary to the failure of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNCOT) system consists of an air/oxygen supply system capable of delivering up to 100% humidified and heated oxygen at a flow rate of up to 80 L/min. The system includes a blender, active humidifier, single heated tube, and nasal cannula. HFNCOT has many physiological advantages compared with other standard oxygen therapies, such as anatomical dead space washout, more constant fraction of inspired oxygen, positive end-expiratory (PEEP) effect, supplement of adequate humidification and maintenance of muco-ciliary function. HFNCOT is mostly used for hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, although it also has other indications. HFNCOT is a common choice of physicians as its technology makes it more silent and comfortable. Though HFNCOT is used in many clinical settings, there is a lack of publications addressing devices and initial settings. We present a review on HFNCOT, with focus on device and application methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we derive a generating series for the number of cellular complexes known as pavings or three-dimensional maps, on n darts, thus solving an analogue of Tutte's problem in dimension three. The generating series we derive also counts free subgroups of index n in Δ + = Z 2 ∗ Z 2 ∗ Z 2 via a simple bijection between pavings and finite index subgroups which can be deduced from the action of Δ + on the cosets of a given subgroup. We then show that this generating series is non-holonomic. Furthermore, we provide and study the generating series for isomorphism classes of pavings, which correspond to conjugacy classes of free subgroups of finite index in Δ + . Computational experiments performed with software designed by the authors provide some statistics about the topology and combinatorics of pavings on n ≤ 16 darts., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

Introduction: Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is associated with several complications. Placement of a long-term airway (tracheostomy) is also associated with short and long-term risks for patients. Nevertheless, tracheostomies are placed to help reduce the duration of IMV, facilitate weaning and eventually undergo successful decannulation., Methods: We performed a narrative review by searching PubMed, Embase and Medline databases to identify relevant citations using the search terms (with synonyms and closely related words) "non-invasive ventilation", "tracheostomy" and "weaning". We identified 13 publications comprising retrospective or prospective studies in which non-invasive ventilation (NIV) was one of the strategies used during weaning from IMV and/or tracheostomy decannulation., Results: In some studies, patients with tracheostomies represented a subgroup of patients on IMV. Most of the studies involved patients with underlying cardiopulmonary comorbidities and conditions, and primarily involved specialized weaning centres. Not all studies provided data on decannulation, although those which did, report high success rates for weaning and decannulation when using NIV as an adjunct to weaning patient off ventilatory support. However, a significant percentage of patients still needed home NIV after discharge., Conclusions: The review supports a potential role for NIV in weaning patients with a tracheostomy either off the ventilator and/or with its decannulation. Additional research is needed to develop weaning protocols and better characterize the role of NIV during weaning., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in asthma has been a point of debate over the past several years. Various studies, including those on animals and humans have attempted to understand the role and pathophysiology of CPAP in patients with either well controlled or poorly controlled asthma. The aim of this manuscript is to review the currently available literature on the physiologic and clinical effects of CPAP in animal models of asthma and on humans with stable asthma.

The discovery of the relationship between smoking and genetic factors has been the focus of research over the last 10 years. In the following material we will approach the intervention of genetic factors in nicotine addiction, but also the protection against starting and continuing smoking, the influence on smoking withdrawal, on tobacco-induced medical conditions, the implication in the association of smoking with other types of drugs intake and the way in which these discoveries will influence genetic therapies in the future.