1,3--D-Glucan serum levels have demonstrated good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of candidiasis in adult patients, but normal levels for children have not been established. We found higher 1,3--D-glucan levels in children than those previously reported in adults. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of invasive candidiasis is critical because Candida species are the fourth-most-commonly isolated organisms in bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients and are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality across a wide range of patient populations (1, 4, 6). The current gold standard for diagnosis of invasive Candida infections is isolation of the organism in culture from normally sterile body fluids. However, the sensitivity of blood cultures for diagnosing invasive candidiasis has been shown to be 30% in some clinical situations in adult patients (2). The poor sensitivity of blood culture may be exacerbated in children, from whom much less blood can be collected for culture. 1,3--D-Glucan (-glucan) is a cell wall component found in several fungal pathogens, including Candida and Aspergillus, and can be detected through its ability to activate factor G in the coagulation cascade of the horseshoe crab (9). Two commercial kits are available for the detection of -glucan, Fungitec G-test (Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and Fungitell (Associates of Cape Cod, Inc., Falmouth, MA) (8). -Glucan is present in small amounts in the serum of healthy adults, and knowledge of this level in uninfected patients is needed before testing this new assay in the setting of potential invasive fungal infection (8). The quantification of -glucan levels in uninfected and infected adult patients has been performed (10). Baseline -glucan levels in uninfected pediatric patients are unknown, and therefore, this novel diagnostic test is unusable for children until these critical data are determined. In this study, we evaluated -glucan levels in children specifically not at risk for invasive fungal infection, using the Fungitell assay, in order to establish the necessary foundation for future randomized clinical trials of the assay with at-risk and infected children. We collected serum samples from children who underwent venipuncture at Duke University Medical Center for routine clinical care. Subjects were excluded if they were immunosuppressed in any fashion, including patients with chronic renal failure or diabetes or patients receiving systemic immunosuppressive medications (steroids, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressants). In addition, patients were excluded if they were intubated, had central venous catheters in place, or had undergone recent surgery. We purposely used a broad definition of “immunosuppressed” to best guarantee that only immunocompetent and uninfected children were tested. The samples were obtained with the approval of the Duke University Medical Center Institutional Review Board. The Fungitell assay was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Previously determined reference values for the assay in adult patients are as follows: negative, 60 pg/ml; indeterminate, 60 to 79 pg/ml; and positive, 80 pg/ml. The data were analyzed with STATA 8.2 (College Station, TX). Median values and interquartile ranges were calculated for this cohort. We used nonparametric testing with either Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon signed-rank sum in order to calculate two-tailed P values. We determined the -glucan levels from 120 pediatric patients (Table 1). The median age was 9.2 years (range, 7 months to 8 years). The median -glucan level was 32 pg/ml, and the mean value was 68 (128) pg/ml. The mean values did not vary significantly by age stratum or gender. The five highest observations were 348 pg/ml (12-year-old female), 374 pg/ml (2-year-old female), 491 pg/ml (14-year-old male), 754 pg/ml (13-year-old female), and 947 pg/ml (14-year-old male). Ninety-four (78%) of the patients had -glucan levels of 60 pg/ml, 8 (7%) had levels of 60 to 79 pg/ml, and 18 (15%) had levels of