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Introduction: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has prompted concern about the compatibility of IPC guidelines with health care workers, their working practices and behaviours. These guidelines can be difficult and time-consuming to adhere to in practice. By identifying barriers and facilitators to IPC guideline adherence, especially using personal protective equipment (PPE), we can identify focussed strategies that will support health care workers to undertake the IPC measures needed at such a critical time in health care internationally. Material & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study designed during the COVID-19 pandemic management in the South Gujarat region, to analyse the knowledge, attitude and practices of health care workers about their usage of personal protective equipment. A semi-structured questionnaire-based study was prepared, deriving pointers from our previous experience of seasonal flu outbreaks. 225 participants enrolled who were doctors, resident doctors, nurses, lab technicians, ward boys and food distributors. Result: Analysis of the barriers-related questions show good preparedness by the medical institution. Overall we found good knowledge, attitude and practice related to PPE during COVID-19 pandemic management. There are few gaps found in the knowledge of donning of PPE (p-0.0075), N-95 mask related knowledge (p-0.01) and the attitude that PPE use causes discomfort while nursing patients (0.0001).

The emergence of COVID -19 pandemic has impacted individuals in each and every field of life. The rapid spread of the disease to nearly all parts of the country has posed enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the entire human population. In the absence of any effective drugs and vaccines for treatment, social distancing and Wearing mask are important measures. But these measures were not followed properly so Lockdown was among one of the options suggested by World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce spread of the virus. On March 22, 2020 In India world’s largest COVID lockdown came into existence. In this lockdown there was a kind of fear different theories of virus spread were in existence. So People have to change their life style. Cinema hall, resurents were closed online food delivery system was also under suspicion so it was a question how to adopt healthy food habit and keep healthy to himself . In this critical time application of ayurvedic principles and follow them properly was a heat of hope Keywords: COVID, lockdown, mask.

The year 2020 marked a watershed for the tourism industry the world over, and this book comes at a critical time given how many destinations are focusing on the future of tourism in the wake of COV...

Background: Categorization of hospital emergency capability (CHEC) is a policy implemented worldwide to regionalize critical emergent care. The CHEC policy mainly uses time-based indicators as emergency care quality measurements.Objectives: We aimed to explore the CHEC policy spotlight effect on critical time-sensitive diseases with and without the influence of time-based surveillance indicators and guidelines. Research Design: We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study between 2005–2011. Regarding critical time-sensitive diseases, our study targeted acute ischemic stroke (AIS), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), septic shock, and major trauma. We selected diagnosis and treatment guideline adherence as process quality measures and defined medical utilization, upward transfer rate, and short-term mortality rate as outcome indicators. Subjects: The Taiwan National Health Insurance 2005 Longitudinal Health Insurance Database contains one million random cases, including medical records and hospital information. Results: During this 7-year study AIS, STEMI, septic shock, and major trauma, respectively. AIS and STEMI cohorts had significantly higher rates of guideline adherence and better process quality than those of septic shock and major trauma cohorts. Furthermore, AIS and STEMI cohorts had a significant increase in diagnosis costs. Conclusion: The CHEC policy spotlight effect exists in critical time-sensitive diseases with time-based quality indicators. Importantly, disease entities without these indicators may experience decreases in diagnosis and treatment guideline adherence, indirectly jeopardizing their outcomes.

I don’t support the British Medical Association’s view that NHS general practitioners in England should consider taking industrial action.1 I think this will alienate the public and lose GPs support at a critical time. NHS England is not going to invest adequately in the current independent contractor model of general practice. Why does the BMA not ballot GPs about the NHS salaried option instead, whereby …

SummaryIn a volatile world, during a time of multiple crises and amid a projected upsurge in mental illnesses as an aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, now is a critical time to consider how art and psychiatry can entangle with each other. Submissions like that of Lily Aston can create new spaces for conversation, reflection and constructive collisions. This can help disrupt and extend the state of psychiatry, management of psychiatric services, and education and training in mental healthcare, and advance how we understand other bodies and minds around us, and how knowledge can be created.

All face-to-face studies were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, as they could not be run in person due to rules and guidance linked to social distancing which were in force during the outbreak. Finding and testing an available COVID-secure approach for both participants and researchers was important as was the need to continue conducting such studies during this critical time. At present, the extant literature indicates a clear gap in research that elucidates how to carry out a Q methodology study online, step by step. This paper describes an option for online Q methodology using an approach that simulates all of the steps performed in a face-to-face setting using an open-source software known as Easy-HtmlQ. Using a case study in telemedicine adoption as illustration, this paper also considers the perspective of both research participants and Q methodology researchers via semi-structured interviews. Using Easy-HtmlQ V1.1 in online Q methodology studies appears to be an affordable, practical and user-friendly solution. Some of the benefits associated with running Q methodology studies online were the decreased costs, enabling the recruitment of wider number of participants, providing a COVID-19-secure environment and offering convenience to both participants and researchers during the research process. The findings of this study may contribute to increasing the number of online Q methodology studies in the future, as it has succeeded in offering a feasible approach for Q methodology researchers.

Prominent politicians, as well as the press, have been fanning the flames of public anger towards general practitioners. Health secretary Sajid Javid endorsing thoughtless criticism over face-to-face appointments is deeply unhelpful.1 We need a government that invests in people and systems and supports general practice at a critical time, not one that stokes antagonism leading to violent attacks on NHS staff as in …

The transportation of a backfill mixture prepared on the basis of enrichment waste of water-soluble ores and an emergency stop of its movement were modeled in laboratory conditions. The rheological characteristics of the backfill mixture were obtained experimentally: viscosity; ultimate shear stress. It was found that the deterioration of the rheological characteristics of the backfill mixture occurs with an increase in the time of movement of the mixture. After 14 min the characteristics do not satisfy the criterion that allows the use of gravity delivery, which corresponds to a delivery length of 1.35 km, at a movement speed of 1.8 m / s. It was revealed that the critical time for gravity transportation is 10–11 min, which corresponds to the ultimate delivery length of up to 1.1 km. It has been established that stopping the transportation at this level for more than 25–30 min is critical and causes the backfill mixture to harden and block the pipeline. The use of lingosulfonate as an activating additive in an amount of 1% of the total dry mass improves the rheological properties, which increases the length of transportation by 25–30%.

Estimation of temporal changes undergone by municipal solid waste (MSW) in its physico–chemico–geomechanical properties in a bioreactor landfill (BLF) is essential for: (i) efficient landfilling, (ii) establishing the state of decomposition of MSW with time and (iii) deciding upon the appropriate time to initiate landfill mining. To achieve this, a series of destructive (DTs) and non-destructive tests (NDTs) can be conducted on the MSW samples in the BLF. With this in view, several DTs were conducted on these samples retrieved from different depths of the two cells of a fully operational BLF in Mumbai, India. Subsequently, the physical and chemical properties of these samples such as composition, moisture content, volatile solids (VS), elemental content, lignocellulosic content (i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content) and bio-methanation potential, were determined by following the laboratory testing, as a function of time. Also, NDTs such as cone penetration test and multichannel analysis of surface waves were conducted on these cells of BLF to obtain geomechanical parameters (viz. cone resistance, sleeve resistance, friction ratio and shear wave velocity) of the MSW. Based on the data obtained from these tests, and reported in the literature, it has been observed that the VS, elemental content, lignocellulosic content and bio-methanation potential of MSW exhibits very well-defined trends, as compared to the geomechanical parameters, with time. Furthermore, it has been observed that the VS, hydrogen-, carbon- and nitrogen-content reduce significantly (≈62%, 70%, 50% and 30%, respectively), following an exponential decay, until the critical time ( tcr) (≈4 years) has been achieved. As, beyond tcrthese parameters remain practically unchanged, which corresponds to the ‘stabilized MSW’, mining of the BLF can be initiated without further delay.

This chapter focuses on university-based Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages/teacher educators’ (TESOL TEs) involved in a formal, accredited preservice TESOL education program in Australia. TESOL TEs play an essential role in preparing the next generation of teachers for working in increasingly diverse and dynamic TESOL contexts. TEs’ self-positioning, filtered through different lenses such as beliefs and role identification, has also been the subject of interest in a number of studies. In comparison with the studies that examine TEs’ self-positionings reviewed above, there are fewer studies on how other people view the role of a TE in TESOL. As a practicum focus TE, Joanne’s other- and self-positionings are mostly related to the practicum. Analysis of the data reveals that Joanne positions TESOL PSTs as facing a number of challenges during the practicum, and as a result, they need support during this critical time.

The theory of regularity structures enables the definition of the following parabolic Anderson model in a very rough environment: $\partial_{t} u_{t}(x) = \frac12 \Delta u_{t}(x) + u_{t}(x) \, \dot W_{t}(x)$, for $t\in\mathbb{R}_{+}$ and $x\in \mathbb{R}^{d}$, where $\dot W_{t}(x)$ is a Gaussian noise whose space time covariance function is singular. In this rough context, we shall give some information about the moments of $u_{t}(x)$ when the stochastic heat equation is interpreted in the Skorohod as well as the Stratonovich sense. Of special interest is the critical case, for which one observes a blowup of moments for large times., Comment: The paper has been split. The construction of Stratonovich solution has been removed from this version

IntroductionIndividuals who engage with sex work face barriers to maintaining overall health and well-being such as criminalization, stigmatization, and violence. An emerging approach to facilitating exiting sex work for individuals is through programs applying the Critical Time Intervention (CTI) model. CTI represents a time-limited practice that supports vulnerable individuals during periods of transition. The objectives of this study were to apply an existing CTI fidelity assessment to the sex work exiting program Exit Doors Here (EDH) to (1) report on the program’s fidelity and (2) discuss the effectiveness of CTI for supporting these groups. MethodsTo determine the applicability to the EDH of an existing fidelity assessment tool, we consulted with program staff through in person meetings. Staff highlighted areas for adaptation. We adapted the tool based on this feedback and used it to assess program fidelity by analyzing data from 8 participants’ CTI notes. Fidelity ratings were computed and interpreted according to established guidelines. ResultsConsultations with program staff resulted in adaptations to seven items out of the 12 comprising the fidelity assessment tool. The majority of adaptations surrounded the time-limited nature of CTI and unique needs of the program participants. In regards to the fidelity assessment using the adapted tool, half of the items were ideally implemented, one was well implemented, one was fairly implemented and two were respectively found to be poorly implemented and not implemented at all. Conclusions Difficulties in implementing selected program components with high fidelity can be attributed to specificities of the target population and to contextual factors, which are hard to control from a staff and program standpoint. This assessment reiterates the importance of considering such factors when developing and implementing programs aimed at improving the health and well-being of marginalized women such as those who engage in sex work.

In today's competitive and fast-evolving business environment, it is a critical time for organizations to rethink how to deal with the talent and management related tasks in a quantitative manner. Indeed, thanks to the era of big data, the availability of large-scale talent data provides unparalleled opportunities for business leaders to understand the rules of talent and management, which in turn deliver intelligence for effective decision making and management for their organizations. In the past few years, talent and management computing have increasingly attracted attentions from KDD communities, and a number of research/applied data science efforts have been devoted. To this end, the purpose of this workshop, i.e., the 2021 International Workshop on Talent and Management Computing, is to bring together researchers and practitioners to discuss both the critical problems faced by talent and management related domains, and potential data-driven solutions by leveraging state-of-the-art data mining technologies.

Mammalian evolution has shaped milk into a species-specific vehicle for post-natal development, continuing what began within the mother’s womb. Increased consumption of the mother’s breast milk is associated with the most adequate metabolic programming and lowers the incidence of the diseases of civilization during adulthood. An abundance of short sequences of RNA, known as microRNA, exists in mammalian breast milk, enclosed within robust small extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. These microRNAs can epigenetically regulate over 60% of human genes. When cow’s milk is consumed by humans, the bovine exosomes are transported through the gastrointestinal tract, detected intact in the blood stream, and taken up by target cells, where they alter protein expression. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of dairy exosomes and microRNA, and of the type of dairy product consumed, in human diseases. Given that microRNAs are involved in a vast array of physiological processes and associated with several diseases, perhaps caution should be practiced with regard to human consumption of dairy, particularly for individuals within developmentally critical time frames, such as pregnant and lactating mothers, and young children.

Background Physicians are considered one of the most vulnerable groups who might develop pandemic grief during this critical time of COVID-19 infection, and this grief reaction might have deleterious effects on their life. This cross-sectional observational online study aimed to investigate the pandemic grief reaction among physicians and its burden on their aspects of life. Results Socio-demographic characteristics of 900 physicians were collected. The Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) was used to detect the grief reaction among them and also Patient Health Depression Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to evaluate the depressive manifestations. Sheehan Disability Scale was considered to investigate the burden of this grief on different aspects of life. The study revealed high mean score of Pandemic Grief Scale: 11.12 ± 2.34; the mean score of Sheehan Disability Scale was 17.63 ± 5.17, and the mean score of Patient Health Depression Questionnaire-9 was 19.89 ± 4.27. Conclusion Pandemic grief is commonly experienced by the physicians during this COVID-19 era due to sudden loss of loved one or the cases themselves. This pandemic grief has drastic effect on domains of physicians’ life.

We investigate the impact of the delay in compulsory mask wearing on the spread of COVID-19 in the community, set in the Singapore context. By using modified SEIR-based compartmental models, we focus on macroscopic population-level analysis of the relationships between the delay in compulsory mask wearing and the maximum infection, through a series of scenario-based analysis. Our analysis suggests that collective masking can meaningfully reduce the transmission of COVID-19 in the community, but only if implemented within a critical time window of approximately before 80–100 days delay after the first infection is detected, coupled with strict enforcement to ensure compliance throughout the duration. We also identify a delay threshold of about 100 days that results in masking enforcement having little significant impact on the Maximum Infected Values. The results therefore highlight the necessity for rapid implementation of compulsory mask wearing to curb the spread of the pandemic.

BACKGROUND The American Academy of Pediatrics regards literacy promotion as essential. Medical professionals are in a key position to promote children's early literacy, however this requires knowledge of existing literacy programmes. This study describes medical student training, awareness, experiences, and attitudes towards early literacy and the 'Reach Out and Read' (ROR) initiative. METHODS An anonymous online survey was sent to all medical students at a medical school in the Midwest with two campuses. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS We received data from 275 medical students. Almost half (46.5%) had completed their paediatric clerkship, 22.9% had observed ROR, and only 2.9% had received any training. Most (67%), wanted to learn more about early literacy, and 59% expressed a desire for more ROR training. Most respondents expressed preference for learning from residents and faculty in clinic followed by online training. 47% agreed that it was a role of medical students to assess and encourage reading. DISCUSSION Medical students understand the importance of early literacy in primary care and emphasising this during clinical encounters. Most are eager to learn more about early literacy promotion and ROR. This interest decreases during third and fourth year so targeting the first 2 years of medical school is an important strategy. Providing formal literacy promotion training and education for medical students should be considered during this critical time in their education.

This new 190-page book is power-packed. It’s one of the most direct, informed, and pragmatic takes on the urban design of and for this century. And it comes at a critical time when cities can eithe...

Students branches of the IEEE Women in Engineering (WIE) Affinity Groups (AGs) provide undergraduate and graduate students an opportunity to mentor, volunteer, learn, and work alongside other like-minded engineers. They're more than a vehicle for networking; at a critical time, they provide a cohort of passionate, supportive students and mentors who also want to engage with science and technology for the betterment of their communities. Assistant Professor Vanessa Batista Schramm is an advisor of the WIE AG at the Federal University of Campina Grande in Brazil. The group, which was founded in 2015 and has grown to approximately 60 volunteers, is one of the most active IEEE WIE student affinity branches in Region 9.

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The article presents the derivation of equations describing the pre-buckling behavior of three-layer rods in the presence of shear deformation and creep of the middle layer. The test problem for a rod with a filler made of polyurethane foam is solved. A technique has been developed for calculating the critical time under loads which values exceed the long critical ones.

Psychiatrists have valuable training, knowledge, and experience to serve as champions for physician health. The prevalence of physician burnout, suicide, and depression negatively affects the health care system at a critical time when the country faces a physician shortage, increasing costs, and a push toward higher quality of care. Psychiatrists are in prime position to serve as the "Physician's Physician" and lead their organizations to increase awareness, build capacity, and drive cultural change. New leadership opportunities exist for psychiatrists, including the role of chief wellness officer, serving on physician well-being committees, and learning skills required to treat other physicians as patients.

The changes in the physiological status of dairy animals during the transition period from dry and pregnant to the nonpregnant and lactating stage is the most critical time faced by a dairy cow dur...

Understanding the critical time of weed removal (CTWR) is necessary for designing effective weed management programs in popcorn production that do not result in yield reduction. The objective of this study was to determine the CTWR in popcorn with and without a premix of atrazine and S-metolachlor applied PRE. Field experiments were conducted at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, South Central Agricultural Laboratory near Clay Center, NE in 2017 and 2018. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with PRE herbicide as the main plot and weed removal timing as the subplot. Main plots included no herbicide or atrazine/S-metolachlor applied PRE. Subplot treatments included a weed-free control, a non-treated control, and weed removal timing at V3, V6, V9, V15, and R1 popcorn growth stages and then kept weed free throughout the season. A four-parameter log-logistic function was fitted to percentage popcorn yield loss and growing degree days separately to each main plot. The number of growing degree days, when 5% yield loss was achieved, was extracted from the model and compared between main plots. The CTWR was from the V4 to V5 popcorn growth stage in absence of PRE herbicide. With atrazine/S-metolachlor applied PRE, the CTWR was delayed until V10 to V15. It is concluded that, to avoid yield loss, weeds must be controlled before the V4 popcorn growth stage when no PRE herbicide is applied, and PRE herbicide, such as atrazine/S-metolachlor in this study, can delay the CTWR until the V10 growth stage.

Introduction: Young adulthood is a critical time for the emergence of risk behaviors including smoking. Psychological health is associated with smoking, but studies rarely track both over time. We used longitudinal data to assess whether average patterns of psychological health influenced average patterns of smoking and whether short-term fluctuations in psychological health influenced fluctuations in smoking. Method: Young adults aged 18–30 from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics were followed from 2007 to 2013, and mean trajectories of smoking were modeled. Psychological health variables included ever having a mental health diagnosis and time-varying distress. Results: In regression models, individuals with poorer psychological health (higher distress or a diagnosis) were more likely to be smokers and to smoke greater number of cigarettes. The association of diagnosis with number of cigarettes smoked increased with age. Conclusions: Smoking-related interventions should target individuals with poorer psychological health, even if they have no formal mental health diagnosis.

We develop a symmetric incomplete-information continuous-time two-player war-of-attrition game with an option to fight decisively. We show that there exists an essentially unique symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium. Under equilibrium, the game does not end immediately, and a costly delay persists even with the availability of the fighting option that ends the game if chosen. In addition, there exists a critical time in which a fight occurs unless a player resigns before that time.

From the moment the US Congress adopted the draft in September 1940, the Army refused to give in to demands of racial integration expressed by Black activist organizations and the African-American press. The General Staff kept repeating that the war was not an appropriate time to try an « experiment » in racial integration, and that the country was not ready for it. In order to respect the 10% quota for African-Americans that President Roosevelt had agreed on, the Army extended the Southern regime of race relations to all its posts, and created all-black units, including two all-black divisions that were trained in the Arizona desert at Fort Huachuca. Paradoxically, this all-black post (one of only two in the country) was the site of an experiment in integration. It took place in what was designed to be a deluxe all-black hospital, under the leadership of medical officers coming from civilian practice and the North Eastern part of the country. A few other experiments in racial integration happened in the army during the war, but mostly abroad and at the end of the conflict. Fort Huachuca’s racial regime was therefore unique. This article examines the conditions that made this experiment possible in the medical sphere, thus connecting the fields of race and medicine, and attempts to evaluate the effect it had on the post-war army and medical practice.

Since middle school is a critical time for literacy learning in general and comprehension in particular, educators are left to ponder how best to teach these students. In addition, what role might ...

Widespread and repeated use of glyphosate resulted in an increase in glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds. This led to an urgent need for diversification of weed control programs and use of PRE herbicides with alternative sites of action. Field experiments were conducted over a 4-yr period (2015 to 2018) across three locations in Nebraska to evaluate the effects of PRE-applied herbicides on critical time for weed removal (CTWR) in GR soybean. The studies were laid out in a split-plot arrangement with herbicide regime as the main plot and weed removal timing as the subplot. The herbicide regimes used were either no PRE or premix of either sulfentrazone plus imazethapyr (350 + 70 g ai ha-1) or saflufenacil plus imazethapyr plus pyroxasulfone (26 + 70 + 120 g ai ha-1). The weed removal timings were at V1, V3, V6, R2, and R5 soybean stages, with weed-free and weedy season-long checks. Weeds were removed by application of glyphosate (1,400 g ae ha-1) or by hoeing. The results across all years and locations suggested that the use of PRE herbicides delayed CTWR in soybean. In particular, the CTWR without PRE herbicides was determined to be around the V1 to V2 (14 to 21 d after emergence [DAE]) growth stage, depending on the location and weed pressure. The use of PRE-applied herbicides delayed CTWR from about the V4 (28 DAE) stage up to the R5 (66 DAE) stage. These results suggest that the use of PRE herbicides in GR soybean could delay the need for POST application of glyphosate by 2 to 5 wk, thereby reducing the need for multiple applications of glyphosate during the growing season. Additionally, the use of PRE herbicides could provide additional modes of action needed to manage GR weeds in GR soybean.Nomenclature: Glyphosate; imazethapyr; pyroxasulfone; saflufenacil; sulfentrazone; soybean; Glycine max (L.) Merr

Gender-equitable attitudes are often constructed during adolescence making this a critical time to alter gender perceptions. However, there is little research on gender attitudes and gender equity in early adolescence, especially in India. This study is a cross-sectional sample of 1,691 participants 8–18 years from three Northern India states. Surveys were collected on mobile tablets and assessed gender perceptions and attitudes. Gender-equitable scores were categorized into low, medium and high. Gender-equitable attitudes and gender vary by grade (p < .001). Gender-equitable attitudes improved with grade, but boys were 46% less likely to be in the moderate category compared to the low category as grade increased (p < .01). Compared to girls, boys were 56% less likely to be in the high category compared to the low category as grade increased (p < .001). Early adolescence is a unique opportunity to address gender attitudes before they become more solidified.

Young adolescents’ endorsement of help-seeking and reported levels of connectedness are vital for culturally-tailored prevention initiatives. There is a dearth of information on how younger adolescents attending middle schools (ages 11–15) obtain help from trusted adults, especially among Hispanics. This is problematic as Hispanics, especially female high school students, have consistently reported higher rates of depression and suicidal behaviors for over 30 years. This pilot study included 72 young adolescents (86% Hispanic) in Central Texas. Surprisingly, although there were significant gender and age differences, no group strongly endorsed seeking help during times of distress. Yet, females were more likely to report that they would talk to a counselor or other adult at school when distressed compared to males. While no gender differences were found endorsing trusted adults as helpful, younger female adolescents held higher beliefs these individuals could help during times of distress. What is most pivotal is that this study suggests that changes in help seeking attitudes can occur from one grade to another. Therefore, early adolescence, instead of the more common period of high school, might be a critical time to offer upstream mental health prevention approaches.

Conventional accounts of missionary and settler colonialism in California have overemphasized the loss experienced by Native Americans. For indigenous Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo people of the San Francisco Bay Area, a story of loss contrasts sharply with their casino—a symbol of prosperity—established in 2013. Each narrative is anchored to highly visible places that commemorate either loss or success. These places, examined here using two case studies, also conceal an important “heritage in-between”—that is, the critical time period, spaces, and things that reflect native resilience and transformation—that might serve to better contextualize both narrative projects.

In this study the dynamic stability of viscoelastic functionally graded cylindrical shells (VEFGCSs) under an axial load with different initial conditions is investigated. Mathematical models are constructed for the problem of dynamic stability of the VEFGCSs, which is characterized simultaneously by taking into account both viscoelastic and FGM features. The basic equations of VEFGCSs are described by integro-differential equations using the linear viscoelasticity theory. An approach is developed to the determination of the critical times (CTs) for VEFGCSs with different initial conditions. Finally, the numerical analyzes are performed to demonstrate the influences of the initial conditions, the FGM profiles and the rheological parameter on the critical times for various geometric characteristics of the cylindrical shells.

In this paper, the emergence phenomenon in the assembly process was studied. First, we constructed the SIRS model of the assembly process and obtained the threshold condition of the extinction of defects through phase trajectory analysis. Second, we discretized the SIRS model and studied the emergence phenomenon during the assembly process. Third, the screening process was added to decrease the basic reproduction number in the SIRS model. It showed that the propagation of defects and emergence phenomenon could be suppressed to some extent through simulations. Finally, we found the relationship between the critical time point and other parameters during the assembly process, which is helpful for the assembly process.

In the present paper, the microbuckling or internal stability loss in the viscoelastic composites containing unidirected fibers under compression along the fibers is studied by use of piecewise homogeneous body model. In this model, it is used the 3-D geometrically non-linear exact equations of viscoelasticity theory. The composite material was considered as an infinite viscoelastic body with a row unidirected periodically located elastic fibers that have an initial infinitesimal imperfection. When the initial imperfection starts to increase and becomes indefinitely, this is taken as a stability loss criterion and co-phase microbuckling mode out of plane are taken into account. The numerical results about the influence of the interaction between the fibers on the values of the critical time are obtained and presented.

Determining the critical time for weed removal (CTWR) is essential for the development of an integrated weed management plan. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of two planting patterns (standard and twin-row) with and without PRE-applied herbicides on CTWR in corn. Experiments were laid out in a split-plot arrangement with two main plots: (i) standard row planting (SRP) that is 70 cm wide, and (ii) twin-row planting (TRP) with 50 cm distance between each set of double rows. Each main plot was divided into two sub-plots (with and without PRE herbicides). The sub-sub-plots consisted of seven weed removal timings for PRE herbicides, and tank mixes were utilized (S-metolachlor (1.44 kg a.i. ha−1) + terbutylazine (0.75 kg a.i. ha−1)). The CTWR without PRE herbicides was similar in both the SRP and TRP systems, where it was around the V1 to V2 (16 to 19 d after emergence (DAE)) growth stages. The use of PRE-applied herbicides delayed CTWR in SRP to the V4 to V10 (25 to 58 DAE) stages and up to the V11 (60 DAE) stage in TRP. These results clearly indicate that PRE herbicides are important for protecting corn yields regardless of the planting pattern. In more meteorologically favorable seasons (sufficient heat and precipitation) in both sowing systems, corn plants produce their biological maximum with the fact that over the number of plants per unit area (SRP = 80,000 plants ha−1, TRP = 93,900 plants ha−1) provide higher yields in variants with PRE herbicides, and thus the advantage of the TRP system can be justified.

International audience; Background: Despite the limited evidence, accelerated early postnatal growth (EPG) is commonly believed to benefit neurodevelopment for term-born infants, especially those small for gestational age.Objectives: To investigate the existence of critical time windows in the association of EPG with neurodevelopment, considering birth size groups.Study design: In the French ELFE birth cohort, 12,854 term-born neonates were classified as small, appropriate or large for gestational age (SGA, AGA, LGA, respectively). Parents reported their child's development by using the Child Development Inventory (CDI-score) at age 12 months and the MacArthur-Bates Development Inventory (MAB-score; 100 score units) assessing language ability at age 24 months. Predictions of individual weight, body mass index (BMI), length, and head circumference (HC) from birth to age 24 months were obtained from repeated measurements fitted with the Jenss-Bayley mixed-effects model. For each infant, conditional gains (CG) in these growth parameters were generated at four-time points (3, 6, 12 and 24 months) representing specific variations in growth parameters during 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, 12-24 months, independent of previous measures. Using multivariable linear regression models, we provided the estimate differences of the neurodevelopmental scores according to variation of each growth parameter CG, by birth size group.Results: For SGA infants, the MAB-score differed by 5.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.2, 11.8), 6.7 (95% CI -0.1, 13.3), and 9.7 (95% CI 1.9, 17.5) score units when CG in BMI, weight, and HC at 3 months varied from -2 to 1 standard deviation, respectively. For all infants, MAB-score was linearly and positively associated with length conditional gains at 12 months, with stronger magnitude for SGA infants. Results for the CDI-score were overall consistent with those for MAB-score.Conclusions: For term-born SGA infants, moderate catch-up in HC, BMI and weight within the first 3 months of life may benefit later neurodevelopment, which could guide clinicians to monitor EPG.

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has become a global problem in recent times due to the rapid spread of this disease. Almost all the countries of the world have been affected by this pandemic that made a major consequence on the medical system and healthcare facilities. The healthcare system is going through a critical time because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Modern technologies such as deep learning, machine learning, and data science are contributing to fight COVID-19. The paper aims to highlight the role of machine learning approaches in this pandemic situation. We searched for the latest literature regarding machine learning approaches for COVID-19 from various sources like IEEE Xplore, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and Scopus. Then, we analyzed this literature and described them throughout the study. In this study, we noticed four different applications of machine learning methods to combat COVID-19. These applications are trying to contribute in various aspects like helping physicians to make confident decisions, policymakers to take fruitful decisions, and identifying potentially infected people. The major challenges of existing systems with possible future trends are outlined in this paper. The researchers are coming with various technologies using machine learning techniques to face the COVID-19 pandemic. These techniques are serving the healthcare system in a great deal. We recommend that machine learning can be a useful tool for proper analyzing, screening, tracking, forecasting, and predicting the characteristics and trends of COVID-19.