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Rhodostrophia bisinuata wilemani Prout, 1938 Rhodostrophia bisinuata wilemani Prout, 1938, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 12: 145. Syntypes 4 ���, 3♀, China: Taiwan: Rantaizan; Arizan (NHM). Diagnosis. The wings of R. bisinuata wilemani are larger than those of R. bisinuata bisinuata; the postmedial lines of the two wings are tinged with more greyish brown colour, the grey shade outside is darker terminally (Prout 1920 ���1941; Wang 1998). Distribution. China (Taiwan). Remarks. Material is available at ZFMK., Published as part of Cui, Le, Xue, Dayong & Jiang, Nan, 2019, Description of two new species of Rhodostrophia H��bner, 1823 from China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), pp. 337-353 in Zootaxa 4563 (2) on pages 343-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4563.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/2601267, {"references":["Prout, L. B. (1920 - 1941) The Indoaustralian Geometridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Macrolepid. World, 12. Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 356, pls. 1 - 41, 50.","Wang, H. Y. (1998) Geometer Moths of Taiwan. Volume 2. Taiwan Museum, Taipei, 399 pp."]}

Aquilargilla gen. nov. Type species. Aquilargilla ceratophora sp. nov. Gender feminine. Description. Head. Antennae sub-quadripectinate (longly bipectinate with short additional branches from base, ventral side of each segment) in male; filiform in female. Forewing length: ♂ ♀ 14���16 mm. Frons slightly protruding. Vertex usually pure white. Labial palpi slightly extending beyond frons. Thorax. Male hind tibia without spurs, not dilated and without hair-pencil in male, two pairs of spurs present in female. Frenulum well developed in both sexes. Forewing with apex pointed, hind wing with apex rounded. Postmedial line wavy. Discal spots on fore- and hind wings usually black and faint. Venation. Forewing with one or two areoles within species; veins R 2���4 always from apical angle of areole, veins R 1 and R 5 distally or directly from apex; veins R 5 and R 2���4 sometimes shortly stalked. Vein M 2 closer to M 1; Veins M 3 and CuA 1 unstalked. Hind wing with veins Rs and M 1 usually short-stalked, sometimes separate and from apical of discal cell; M 3 and CuA 1 separated. Abdomen. Male 8 th tergite with posterior margin concave and forming a pair of narrow spine-like lateral processes. Male 8 th sternite with anterior margin strongly concave, cerata horn-like, arising from ventral side of mappa, mappa rounded. Male genitalia. Uncus and gnathos absent. Socii composed of a pair of small processes. Tegumen with one or two pairs of processes on inner margin. Valvula and sacculus separate. Juxta quadrate with a pair of lateral lobes. Coremata present (easily lost during preparation). Saccus concave medially. Aedeagus strongly curved; vesica with a small patch of tiny spines. Female genitalia. Papillae anales rounded. Lamella antevaginalis well developed; lamella postvaginalis not developed. Ostium sclerotized. Ductus bursae narrow. Corpus bursae large and elongate; signum with a patch of small and scobinate sclerites, pointing away from longitudinal axis. Diagnosis. The male antennae in Aquilargilla is sub-quadripectinate and uncommon in the tribe Scopulini, which is similar to Ideae serpentata (H��fnagel, 1767) of the tribe Sterrhini, but the rami in Aquilargilla are much longer. The posterior margin of the male 8 th tergite in Aquilargilla is concave and forms a pair of lateral spines; this character is also present in the type species of the genus Dithalama (D. cosmospila Meyrick, 1888). The shape of the male 8 th sternite in Aquilargilla is unique in the Scopulini, as the anterior margin is strongly concave, and the cerata are present, arising from the ventral side of the mappa. In the male genitalia, the processes on the inner side of the tegumen in Aquilargilla are atypical but not unique among the Scopulini, as a similar structure is found in Somatina mendicaria (Leech, 1897) and Dithalama. The juxta in Aquilargilla is unique in the Scopulini, as it is quadrate with a pair of lateral lobes. Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Latin dark (aquilus-) and clay (argilla), corresponding to the dark colour of the wings of the type species. The name is to be regarded as feminine. Remarks. The DNA work was attempted but failed in our study., Published as part of Cui, Le, Xue, Dayong & Jiang, Nan, 2018, Aquilargilla gen. nov., a new genus of Sterrhinae from China with description of two new species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), pp. 431-437 in Zootaxa 4514 (3) on page 432, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2608156, {"references":["Hufnagel, J. S. (1767) Fortsetzung der Tabelle von den Nachtvogeln, welche die 3 te Art derselben, nehmlich die Spannenmesser (Phalaenas Geometras Linnaei) enthalt. Berlinisches Magazin, oder gesammlete Schriften und Nachrichten fur die Liebhaber der Arzneywissenschaft, Naturgeschichte und der angenehmen. Wissenschaften Uberhaupt, 4, 504 - 527.","Meyrick, E. (1888) Revision of Australian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2, 621 - 1113.","Leech, J. H. (1897) On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 20 (116), 65 - 111 + 228 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939708680620"]}

Aquilargilla ceratophora sp. nov. (Figs 1���2, 4���6, 10, 12) Description. Head. Antennae with dorsal side blackish grey, base diffused with white scales; sub-quadripectinate in male, pectinations about twice diameter of shaft covered with long cilia, V-shaped process arising from base of shaft with long cilia apically (Fig. 12); filiform with very shortly cilia in female. Frons black on posterior part and becoming gradually pale anteriorly. Vertex pure white. Labial palpi black dorsally, yellowish grey ventrally, slightly extending beyond frons. Thorax. Patagia yellowish brown to grey. Tegulae covered with grey coloured scales. Hind tibia not dilated, without spurs in male and with two pairs of long spurs in female. Hind tarsus in male about three-quarters of hind tibia. Forewing with apex pointed and slightly falcate, outer margin straight; hind wing with apex rounded. Wings blackish grey or greyish brown with transverse lines narrow, wavy, black and indistinct. Forewing with costa deep-coloured. Discal spots short, bar-shaped, black and indistinct; postmedial lines forming a small acute protrusion on vein M 2; fringes greyish black on all wings. Abdomen. Male 8 th tergite concave on posterior margin, with two sclerotized lateral spines (Fig. 5). Male 8 th sternite strongly elongate, strongly concave on anterior margin, cerata stout, horn-like, connected to each other at base (Fig. 6). Male genitalia (Fig. 4). Uncus and gnathos absent. Socii narrow and short, acute at apex. Tegumen flatted apically, with a pair of stout spine-like processes on inner margin. Valvula broad at basal part, narrow and digitiform at terminal part; sacculus with terminal half finger-like, sharply narrower than basal half and narrower than valvula, a short lateral process present at base of outer margin. Juxta quadrate and concave on posterior margin, with a pair of semicircular lateral lobes, covered with tiny spines on edge. Saccus developed and inflated and concave medially. Aedeagus strongly curved medially and sclerotized, anterior part broad, slightly pointed apically; cornutus a small spinulose patch. Female genitalia (Fig. 10). Papillae anales oval. Apophyses anteriores about two-thirds of apophyses posteriores in length. Lamella antevaginalis broad and wrinkled, weakly sclerotized; lamella postvaginalis not developed. Ostium strongly sclerotized. Colliculum developed. Ductus seminalis arising from posterior part of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae weakly sclerotized and narrow posteriorly, gradually broadened towards corpus bursae. Corpus bursae larger and oval; signum a large drop-shaped patch of small scobinate sclerites, arranged symmetrically along longitudinal axis. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from A. basifixa by the following characters: the cerata of the male 8 th sternite are stouter apically than in A. basifixa, and the distance between the cerata is shorter in A. basifixa; in the male genitalia, the inner processes of the tegumen are single, short and stout, while A. basifixa has two pairs of inner processes of the tegumen, the posterior one is slender and the anterior is one small and rounded at tip; the aedeagus is more strongly curved than in A. basifixa; in the female genitalia, the ostium is less sclerotized in A. basifixa. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Fujian (IZCAS): Wuyi Shan, Sangang, 700 m, 25���26.VII.2006, coll. Xie Juan (slide No. 3359). Paratypes. Hubei (IZCAS): 1 6, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1300 m, 14.VI.1993, coll. Li Hongxing; 1 6, Shennongjia, Songluo, 920 m, 31.VIII.1981, coll. Han Yinheng; 2 6, Zigui, Jiulingtou, 100���150 m, 11���13.VI.1993, coll. Yao Jian; 1 6, Badong, Sanxia Linchang, 130 m, 26.VI.1993, coll. Yao Jian. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 6 1♀, Hengyang, Nanyue Linchang, 4���9.X.1980, coll. Li Jutao (slide Nos 3362 & 3363). Fujian (IZCAS): 2 6, Sangang, 20.VIII.1979, 3.VII.1982, coll. Song Shimei & Qi Shicheng; 1 6, Wuyi, 4.VII.1982, coll. Jiang Fan. Guangdong (IZCAS): 3 6 1♀, Renhua, Danxia Shan, 130 m, 28���29.V.2013, coll. Cheng Rui. Fujian (ZFMK): 2 6 2♀, Kuatun, 2300 m, 27. 40n. Br. 117. 40��. L. 27.V.1938, 29.V.1938, 26.VI.1938, 22.VI.1946, J. Klapperich & H. H��ne (Fukien). Distribution. China (Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong). Etymology. The species is named on the basis of Greek word ceratophorus, 'horn bearing', which relates to the horn-like spurs on the posterior margin of the male 8 th sternite., Published as part of Cui, Le, Xue, Dayong & Jiang, Nan, 2018, Aquilargilla gen. nov., a new genus of Sterrhinae from China with description of two new species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), pp. 431-437 in Zootaxa 4514 (3) on page 433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2608156

Cui, Le, Xue, Dayong, Jiang, Nan (2018): Aquilargilla gen. nov., a new genus of Sterrhinae from China with description of two new species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Zootaxa 4514 (3): 431-437, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4514.3.8

Aquilargilla basifixa sp. nov. (Figs 3, 7���9, 11) Description. This new species is externally almost identical to A. ceratophora. Male 8 th sternite with cerata slender horn-like. Male genitalia (Fig. 7). Uncus and gnathos absent. Socii small and narrow, acute at apex. Tegumen with two pairs of processes on inner margin, posterior one slender and acute at tip, anterior one small and rounded at tip. Valvula and sacculus digitiform at terminal half; a short finger-like process present at base of valva. Juxta broad and quadrate, concave on posterior margin, with a pair of semicircular lobes on lateral side with spines on edge. Saccus inflated, concave medially. Aedeagus slightly curved, cornuti weak. Female genitalia (Fig. 11). Papillae anales oval. Apophyses anteriores about two-thirds of apophyses posteriores in length. Lamella antevaginalis rounded and wrinkled. Ostium weakly sclerotized. Colliculum narrow. Ductus seminalis arising from posterior part of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae partly sclerotized posteriorly, widening gradually. Corpus bursae oval; signum drop-shaped composed of small and scobinate sclerites opposed to longitudinal axis. Diagnosis. See under Aquilargilla ceratophora sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Sichuan (IZCAS): 1 6, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800���1000 m, 15��� 17.IX.1957, coll. Lu Youcai (slide No. 5297). Paratypes. Gansu (IZCAS): 2 6 2♀, Wenxian, Tielou, 1450 m, 24.VII.1999, coll. Zhu Chaodong (slide No. 3815); 2♀, Chengxian, Feilongxia, 1020 m, 4.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian (slide No. 3361). Sichuan (IZCAS): 13 6, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800���1000 m, 17���30.VI.1957, 15���17.IX.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing et al.; 2 6, Wanxian, Wang���erbao, 1200 m, 11.VIII.1993, coll. Song Shimei (slide No. 5298); 3 6, Guanxian, Qingcheng Shan, 700���1000 m, 23.V.1979, 4.VI.1979, coll. Shang Jinwen & Gao Ping (slide No. 5299); 1 6, Luding, Moxi, 1550 m, 12.IX.1982, coll. Wang Shuyong (slide No. 3360). Sichuan (ZFMK): 1 6, Chasseurs Indig��nes des Missionnaires de T��-tsien-Lo��, 1906; 1♀, de T��-tsien-Lo��, �� Mou-Pin, Mai, Juin, 1892, Chasseurs Thib��tains; 1♀, Siao-Lou, 1900, Chasseurs Indig��nes. Chongqing (IZCAS): 1 6, Youyang, Taohuayuan scenic spot, 983 m, 26.V.2017, coll. Li Henan (slide No. 5300). Distribution. China (Gansu, Sichuan, Chongqing). Remarks. A male specimen labeled ���Tschang Tang, Tibet ��� From ZFMK (1 6, Tibet, Tschang-Tang, Dsagar- Berge, 4500 m, Juli, ex coll. Wehrli, 17/55.) has clearly different antennae and male genitalia. It should be treated as another new species of Aquilargilla (D. St��ning, pers. comm.). However, since the single specimen is in bad condition and the locality is dubious, more specimens need to be collected and studied to enable it to be described in future. Etymology. The species is named on the basis of Latin word basifixus, which relates to the processes arising from the base of the tegumen., Published as part of Cui, Le, Xue, Dayong & Jiang, Nan, 2018, Aquilargilla gen. nov., a new genus of Sterrhinae from China with description of two new species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), pp. 431-437 in Zootaxa 4514 (3) on pages 433-436, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2608156

Problepsis stueningi sp. nov. Figs 4, 5, 33, 54, 75, 94 Description. Head: Antennae bipectinate in male, pectinations slightly longer than diameter of shaft, filiform at terminal one-fifth; filiform in female; dorsal surface greyish brown to blackish grey, black basally, pectination yellowish brown to dark brown in male. Frons and vertex black, frons sparsely diffused with white on ventral surface. Labial palpus blackish brown, suffused with yellowish white ventrally. Thorax: Patagia, tegulae and thorax white. Hind tarsus about one-third length of tibia in male. Forewing length: male 15–18 mm; female 16–17 mm. Wings ground color white. Forewing diffused with dark grey scales on costal area between base and postmedial line; ocellus almost oval, yellowish brown with a complete silvery inner ring and two wedge-shaped black patches on both sides of CuA1; a small rounded yellowish brown marking present behind ocellus, extending to anal margin, with silvery scales; postmedial line arched, pale yellowish brown; submarginal line composed of two rows of cloud-like grey spots, inner ones larger and more distinct than outer ones; terminal line grey; fringes white, mixed with grey on terminal half. Hind wing with a kidney-shaped yellowish brown ocellus, with a complete silvery ring; a small rounded yellowish brown marking present behind ocellus, mostly covered with slivery scales, extending to anal margin, sometimes confluent with ocellus; postmedial line parallel with outer margin, pale yellowish brown. Underside with costa yellowish brown to dark greyish brown, not extending towards behind; principal markings showing through faintly from upperside; ocellus without greyish brown scales and two wedge-shaped black markings visible; postmedial line invisible. Abdomen. First and second abdominal segment white dorsally, remaining segments grey. Male genitalia: Tegumen almost triangular at apex, without spines on internal margin. Socii terminally fused, narrow and digitate. Outer margin of valvula protruding outwards in a triangular shape and irregularly dentate at apex of protrusion; sacculus narrow and curved. Juxta forming an inverted tongue-like lobe with rounded apex, anterior margin concaved centrally, free from sacculus. Aedeagus with coecum penis dilated, short than aedeagus, manica with a small patch of teeth and a sclerotized band at apex; vesica with one triangular and one semicircular cornuti, and one sclerotized band. Anterior margin of eighth sternite bifurcate, forming two broad and rounded lateral protrusions and one large process centrally with square apex. Female genitalia: Lamella postvaginalis semicircle, fused to ductus bursae, with a small ring-like process on each lateral side. Ductus bursae stout, width slightly shorter than length, straight and sclerotized; a trapeziform sclerite on dorsal side of anterior part of ductus bursae extending to corpus bursae, with two acute processes slightly extending outwards. Corpus bursae spheric, membranous; signum an elliptic patch of separate spines, situated on left side. Diagnosis. See P. eucircota. Type material. Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Gansu (IZCAS): Wenxian, Bikou protect station, 645 m, 11.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04616. Paratypes: CHINA: Henan (IZCAS): 11 ♂, Xinyang, Jigong Shan, 250 m, 20–21.VII.2002, coll. Han Hongxiang, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04612. Shaanxi (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Shangnan, Jinsixia, 777 m, 23–25.VII.2013, coll. Cui Le et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04620; 12 ♂, Xunyang, Bailiu, Jinxinyuan Shanzhuang, 386 m, 1–3.VIII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04606, 0 4618, 04619; 1 ♂, Nanzheng, Liping, 1540 m, 27–30.VII.2017, coll. Li Henan. Gansu (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Wenxian, Liujiaping, 2100 m, 27.VI.1998, coll. Yao Jian, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04617; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou, 620 m, 15– 16.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang et al.; 1 ♂, Chengxian, Feilongxia, 1020 m, 4.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04614; 2 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou protect station, 645 m, 6–7.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04585, 04602; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou Bifenggou, 720 m, 8–10.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al. Zhejiang (IZCAS): 1♀, Tienmu Shan, VI.1936, coll. O. Piel; 2 ♂ 1♀, Lin’an, West Tianmu Shan, 400 m, 26–27., 30.VII.2003, coll. Xue Dayong, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03405. Hubei (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Badong, 1450 m, 19.V.1989, coll. Li Wei; 1 ♂, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1280–1350 m, 14.VI.–17.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 3 ♂, Yunxi, Guanyinzhen, 289–305 m, 4–5.VIII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian et al.; 2 ♂, Yingshan, Taohuachong, 590 m, 23– 27.VI.2014, coll. Jiang Nan et al.; 2 ♂, Luotian, Qingtaiguan, 560 m, 1–4.VII.2014, coll. Cui Le et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04613. Jiangxi (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Jiulian Shan, 14, 29.VI.1975, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 1 ♂, Jinggang Shan, 5.VII.1975, coll. Zhang Baolin. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Changsha, 21.VI.1988, coll. Zuo Yuxiang; 1 ♂, Mang Shan, 20.VII.1981; 1 ♂, Yanling, Taoyuandong, 631 m, 4–8.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang; 1 ♂, Guidong, Sidu, 774 m, 9– 12.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang; 1 ♂, Shimen, Hupingshan, Shenjingzhai, 444 m, 19.X.2014, coll. Zhao Kaidong; 1 ♂, Sangzhi, Bamaoxi, Shuitianba, 370 m, 31.VII.2009, 5.VIII.2009, coll. Wei Zhongmin; 3 ♂, Zhangjiajie, Wulingyuan, Wenfeng, 350 m, 2015. IX.17, coll. Zhao Kaidong, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04672; 1 ♂, Zhangjiajie, Wulingyuan, Huanglonglu, 348 m, 18.IX.2015, coll. Zhao Kaidong. Fujian (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Chong’an Xingcun, Caodun, 250–280 m, 11.VI.1960, coll. ZhangYiran; 6 ♂, Wuyi Shan, Sangang (Chong’an, Xingcun, Sangang), 700 m, 24.V.1960, 1.X.1981, 1.VII.1982, 4.VI.1983, 19.VII.1983, 9.VII.2006, coll. Zhang yiran et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04609; 2 ♂, Jiangle, Longqi Shan, 650 m, 13, 21.VIII.1991, coll. Song Shimei; 1 ♂, Meihuashan, Yunshan Station, 459 m, 18.VII.2013, coll. Xue Dayong. Guangdong (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Shixing, Chebaling, 365–401 m, 22– 26.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang. Guangxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Guilin, Yanshan, 200 m, 12.VII.1963, coll. Wang Chunguang; 1 ♂, Mao’er Shan, Gaozhai, 448 m, 13–15.VIII.2012, coll. Yang Chao et al. Sichuan (IZCAS): 5 ♂, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 22.IV.–25.VII.1957, 16–19.IX.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04622, 04623; 1 ♂, Fengdu Shiping, 610 m, 5.X.1994, coll. Song Shimei; 4 ♂, Wanxian, Wang’erbao, 1200 m, 12.VIII.1993, coll. Song Shimei, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04608; 1 ♂, Jianyang, Huaiyuan, 350 m, 7.V.1994, coll. Zhou Ji (presented by insect specimen room of Nankai University), IZCAS slide no. Geom-04621. Chongqing (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Chengkou, 27.VII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui; 4 ♂, Chengkou, Daba Shan, Qinglongxia, 950 m, 28.VII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui. Guizhou (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jiangkou, Fanjing Shan, 500 m, 11.VII.1988, coll. Li Wei. Gansu (ZFMK): 1♀, Kansu orient., Hweisi, Tsinlingschan montes occ., 1500 m, May. Zhejiang (ZFMK): 2 ♂, West-Tien-Mu-Shan, 1600m, 22.VIII.1932, 24.IX.1932, coll. H. Höne; 1 ♂, Wenchow, VI.1939, coll. H. Höne; 5 ♂ 1♀, Mokanshan, 30.viii.1926, 1930, coll. H. Höne. Hunan (ZFMK): 7 ♂, Hoeng-Shan, 900 m, V–VII., IX., XI.1933, coll. H. Höne. Fujian (ZFMK): 6 ♂ 1♀, Kuatun, 2300m, 27,40 n. Br./ 117,40 ö.L., IV–VII.1938, coll. H. Höne. Guangdong (ZFMK): 1 ♂, without data. Chongqing (ZFMK): 1 ♂, Chungking, Sept. 1941, Dr. Noll. Sichuan (ZFMK): 1 ♂ 1♀, Ningwuan, 1933, coll. Wehrli; 1♀, Tibet, Tschang Tang, Dsagar Berge, 4500 m, Juli. Distribution. China (Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou). Etymology. The species is dedicated to Dr. Dieter Stüning, Bonn, Germany, who contribute greatly to the taxonomy of Geometridae.

Problepsis albidior Warren, 1899 Figs 1, 31, 52, 73, 92 Problepsis albidior Warren, 1899a, Novit. zool., 6: 33. Syntypes, India: Kulu. Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished by the following characters: the male antenna is bipectinate, and filiform at terminal one-fourth, the pectinations are about three times the diameter of the shaft; the vertex is black; the hind tarsus of the male is about one-third to two-fifths the length of the tibia; the ocellus of the forewing is rounded, consists of a silvery inner ring, two short slivery lines, and two small black patches on both sides of CuA1; the ocellus of the hind wing is oval, white centrally encircled by greyish brown scales and a slivery ring. In the male genitalia, the fused socii are short and conoid; the apex of the tegumen has acute spines on the internal margin; the valvula and sacculus are narrow and long, the apex of the latter is hook-like; the aedeagus is bifurcate at terminal half, and one of the projection has several small teetch at apex; the cornuti are absent on the vesica. In the female genitalia, the right side of the anterior part of the ductus dursae is connected with the middle sclerite of the signum. Material examined. CHINA: Gansu (IZCAS): 1♀, Wenxian, Bikou, 620 m, 15���16.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang et al.; 1 ♂ 1♀, Wenxian, Bikou conservation station, 645 m, 6���7.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04590, 0 4591. Anhui (IZCAS): 1♀, Huang Shan, 6.IX.2006, coll. Zhang Yanzhuo. Zhejiang (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Hangzhou, 27.V.1976, 28.VI.1976, coll. Chen Ruijin; 1♀, Ningpo, VI.1941. Hubei (IZCAS): 1♀, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 670 m, 22.VI.1993, coll. Yao Jian; 1♀, Shennongjia, Guanmenshan, 1240 m, 23.VII.1998, coll. He Junjian. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Mang Shan, 2.VII.1981; 2♀, Yizhang, 20.VI.1981, 21.IX.1981; 1 ♂ 5♀, Changsha, 11.VI.1956. Fujian (IZCAS): 1♀, Wuyi Shan, Tongmu, 27.VII.1979, coll. Song Shimei; 1♀, Wuyi Shan, Sangang, 700 m, 29.V.2006, coll. Wang Jiashe; 1♀, Longyan, Gutian, 8.VII.2012, coll. Wang Zhibo et al. (presented by insect specimen room of Nankai University). Guangdong (IZCAS): 1♀, Shixing, Chebaling, 365���401 m, 22���26.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang. Hainan (IZCAS): 6 ♂, Ledong, Jianfengling, 934 m, 27.VIII.1981, 14���17.XII.2007, coll. Li Jing et al.; 3 ♂ 1♀, Ledong, Jianfengling, Tianchi, 810���982 m, 30.III.2008, 23���26.XI.2008, 12���13.V.2013, coll. Cheng Rui et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03424, 03425; 1 ♂ 1♀, Lingshui, Diaoluo Shan, 920 m, 3.V.2007, 30.III.2008, coll. Han Hongxiang et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04592; 1 ♂, Wuzhi Shan, Shuiman, 730���900 m, 9.V.2007, coll. Lang songyun; 1 ♂, Wuzhi Shan, 727 m, 6.XII.2007, coll. Li Jing; 1 ♂, Bawangling, Dongliu Linchang, 630���750 m, 20.XII.2007, coll. Li Jing. Guangxi (IZCAS): 3♀, Guilin, Yanshan, 19.VI.1984, 11, 25.VI.1985, coll. Li Tianshan; 1 ♂, Mao���er Shan, Gaozhai, 448 m, 13���15.VIII.2012, coll. Yang Chao. Sichuan (IZCAS): 3 ♂, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800���1000 m, 17���18.VII.1957, 19.IX.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03426; 3 ♂, Xichang, 29.VII.1980, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1 ♂, Dukou, 22.VIII.1980, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1♀, Fengdu, Shiping, 610 m, 5.X.1994, coll. Song Shimei; 1 ♂, Dechang, Dezhou, Daping, 1530 m, 21���23.VIII.2016, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang. Yunnan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Yangbi, Yuejin, 1500 m, 29.VII.1980; 3 ♂, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1520 m, 11���13.VIII.2007, coll. Wu Chunguang et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04589. Tibet (IZCAS): 1♀, M��dog, Yarang, 1091 m, 20���23.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04595. Distribution. China (Gansu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), Japan, India, Indonesia., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 103-105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Warren, W. (1899 a) New species and genera of the family Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, Uraniidae, Epiplemidae and Geometridae from the Old World regions. Novitates Zoologicae, 6, 1 - 66."]}

Problepsis batangnensis sp. nov. Figs 9, 37, 58, 79, 97 Description. Head: Antennae bipectinate in male, pectination short, as long as diameter of shaft; filiform in female; dorsal surface black, blackish grey or dark yellowish brown, pectination blackish grey to yellowish brown in male. Frons and vertex black, frons sparsely diffused with white on ventral surface. Labial palpus blackish brown, suffused with yellowish white ventrally. Thorax: Patagia, tegulae and dorsal side of thorax white, ventral side of thorax dark grey. Hind tarsus about two-sevenths to three-sevenths length of tibia in male. Forewing length: male 17���19 mm; female 17���19 mm. Wings ground color greyish white. Forewing diffused with dark greyish brown scales on costal area between base and postmedial line; ocellus almost oval, posterior half part narrower than anterior half part, inner margin concaved centrally, outer margin often forming two small protrusions at M2 and M3, dark greyish brown; sparse silvery scales present on ocellus, not forming a ring, inside with sparse black scales; a small rounded dark greyish brown marking present behind ocellus, covered with black and silvery scales, fusing to ocellus and extending to anal margin; postmedial line narrow, arched and incurved between M veins, situated close to submarginal spots; submarginal line composed of two rows of cloud-like grey spots, outer ones more continuous; terminal line greyish brown, forming black spots among veins above M2; fringes mostly grey to dark grey. Hind wing with a ocellus, posterior half part broader than anterior half part, greyish brown, outer margin forming one protrusion centrally; sparse silvery and black scales covered on ocellus; marking behind ocellus similar to that of forewing, but without black scales; other transverse lines similar to those of forewing. Underside with costa dark greyish brown; principal markings dark grey, similar to those of upperside. Abdomen. Dorsal surface dark grey. Male genitalia: Tegumen slightly protruding at apex, without spines on internal margin. Socii fused at apex, stout and setose. Valvula strongly curved, very broad at base half, tapered and actue at apex; sacculus spine-like and curved at apex. Juxta forming an inverted triangular lobe, anterior margin concaved centrally, fused to sacculus. Saccus broad and rounded at apex. Aedeagus narrow, bifurcate, with several thorns on one terminal part, coecum penis dilated; vesica with a semicircular cornutus and a narrow and long sclerotized band. Anterior margin of eighth sternite bifurcate, forming two square lateral protrusions and one large central process with actue apex. Female genitalia: Lamella postvaginalis fan-shaped, fused to ductus bursae, with a small concaved frill on each lateral side. Ductus bursae stout and short, sclerotized, width about one-half of all length; a triangular sclerite on ventral side of anterior part of ductus bursae extending to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oval, often membranous; signum an oval patch of partly fused spines, central part longitudinal band-like, situated on dorsal surface of right side, separate from ductus bursae. Diagnosis. See the above species. Type material. Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Sichuan (IZCAS): Batang, Xiaqiong, 2662 m, 28���29.VII.2014, coll. Pan Xiaodan. Paratypes. CHINA: Sichuan (IZCAS): 12 ♂ 5♀, same as holotype, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04566, 04567; 4 ♂ 2♀, Batang, 1974, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03415, 03416; 2 ♂ 2♀, Xiangcheng, 2841 m, 9.VIII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui,, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04673. Sichuan (ZFMK): 2 ♂ 6♀, Batang, Im Tal des Yangtze, 2800 m, VI���IX, H. H��ne; 8 ♂, Untere Urwaldzone, 3800 m, IX.���X.1936, H. H��ne. Distribution. China (Sichuan). Etymology. From the Latin word batangensis, referring to type locality. Remarks. Specimens collected from lower elevation ("Tal des Yangtze" means "bottom of Yangtze valley") are slighly smaller and lighter, the three females collected from June and July are worn, i.e. at the end of their flight period. Specimens collected from August and September is fresh, i.e. next generation. All males from higher elevation from September and October are slightly larger and with stronger, darker pattern, fresh, i.e. probably also second generation (D. St��ning, pers. comm.)., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 111-114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157

Problepsis shirozui Inoue, 1986 Figs 27, 28, 50, 71, 90 Problepsis shirozui Inoue, 1986, Bull. Fac. domest. Sci. Otsuma Wom. Univ., 22: 224, figs 17, 18a. Holotype ♂, Taiwan: Taipei Hsien, Wulai (NHM). Diagnosis. See under P. discophora and P. superans (Butler, 1885). Type material. Holotype, ♂, CHINA: (NHM): N. Formosa [Taiwan], Wulai, 8.VII.1961, coll. T. Shirozn, NHM slide no. 16489, Inoue Coll. B.M. 1992–71. Material examined. CHINA: Jiangxi (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Dayu, 500 m, 13–16.VIII.1985, coll. Song Shimei et al. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Yizhang, 19.VIII.1981. Fujian (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jiangle, 800 m, 14.IX.1990, coll. Yang Bin. Hainan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jianfengling, 30.I.1982, coll. Lin Youdong; 1 ♂, Baisha, Yinggeling, Nankai, Mohao, 336 m, 15–16.IV.2010, coll. Jiang Nan. Guangxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jinxiu, Jinzhong Gonglu, 1100 m, 11.V.1999, coll. Han Hongxiang; 2 ♂, Jinxiu, Luoxiang, 200 m, 14.V.1999, coll. Han Hongxiang; 2 ♂, Huanjiang, Yangmei’ao, 1189 m, 18–22.VII.2015, coll. Jiang Nan et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03400. Yunnan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Xishuangbanna, Menglun, 580 m, 6.IX.1993, coll. Yang Longlong. Distribution. China (Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan)., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Inoue, H. (1986) Further new and unrecorded species of the Geometridae from Taiwan with some synonymic notes (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of Faculty of Domestic Sciences, Otsuma Woman's University, 22, 211 - 267, 67 figs.","Butler, A. G. (1885) Descriptions of Moths new to Japan, collected by Messrs. Lewis and Pryer. Cistula Entomologica, 3 (29), 113 - 136."]}

Problepsis discophora Fixsen, 1887 Problepsis discophora Fixsen, 1887, in Romanoff, M��m. L��pid., 3: 348, pl. 15, fig. 4. Syntypes ♀, Korea. Problepsis superans coreana Bryk, 1949, Ark. Zool., 41A (1): 161, pl. 7, fig. 4. Holotype ♂, Korea: Shuotsu. Problepsis changmei Yang, 1978, Moths of North China, 2: 331, pl. 15, fig. 1. Holotype ♂, China, Beijing, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen. Syn. Nov., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Fixsen, C. (1887) Lepidopter aus Korea. In: Romanoff, N. M, Memoires sur les Lepidopteres. Vol. 3. Imprimerie de M. M. Stassulewitch, St. - Petersbourg, pp. 233 - 365.","Bryk, F. (1949) Zur Kenntnis der Gross-Schmetterlinge von Korcea. Pars II. Arkiv for Zoologi, 41 A (1), 1 - 225, 7 pls.","Yang, C. Z. (1978) Moths of North China. Vol. 2. Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, 227 pp. [pp. 301 - 527"]}

Problepsis vulgaris Butler, 1889 Figs 6, 34, 55, 76, 95 Problepsis vulgaris Butler, 1889, Illust. typical Specimens Lepid. Heterocera Colln Br. Mus., 7: 7, 43, pl. 125, fig. 2. Syntypes, India: Kangra (NHM). Problepsis attenuata Warren, 1909, Novit. zool., 16: 126. Holotype ♂, India (south): Merkara (NHM). Diagnosis. The species is similar to P. paredra Prout, 1917 in the following characters: the ocellus of the forewing is inverted pyriform, the posterior part is narrower than the anterior part, the outer margin is protruding outwards centrally and concaved between M veins; the ocellus of the hind wing is similar to that of the forewing, but it is pyriform; the internal margin of the tegumen of the male genitalia is strongly dentate; the aedeagus has a patch of small teeth at apex, the vesica has sclerotized bands; the central process of the male eighth sternite is very short and not dilated at apex; the lamella postvaginalis of the female genitalia is merged with the ductus bursae. However, the species can be distinguished from P. paredra by the following characters: the pectinations of the male are longer than twice the diameter of the shaft, while those are slightly longer than the diameter of the shaft in P. paredra; the hind tarsus of the male is about one-half the length of the tibia, while in P. paredra, it is about one-third or shorter than one-third the length of the tibia. In the male genitalia, the fused socii is shorter than P. paredra, the valvula is narrower than the sacculus, but it is about equal in width with the sacculus in P. paredra. In the female genitalia, the ductus bursae is much narrower, the length of the ductus bursae are more than twice of its width, while in P. paredra, the length of ductus bursae is less than twice of its width in female genitalia. Material examined. CHINA: Guangdong (IZCAS): 1♀, 80km southwest of Guangzhou, Dinghu Shan, 21.VII.1956, coll. A.K. Zaguljaev, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03419; 2 ♂, Guangzhou, Shipai, 20.VIII.1958, 19.IX.1958, coll. Wang Linyao, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03418; 1♀, Lianping, 12.V.1973, coll. Zhang Baolin; 2♀, Conghua, 5.X.1983, coll. Xie Zhenlun; 16 ♂, Heshan, 9���10.X.2002, 17���18.XII.2002, coll. Zhang Binglan et al. (presented by Insect Collection of Nankai University); 3 ♂, Fengkai, Heishiding, 198 m, 24���25.V.2013, coll. Cheng Rui; 1♀, Zhanjiang, Donghai Island, Dongjian, 20 m, 28.IV.2014, coll. Li Xinxin. Hainan (IZCAS): 1♀, Wanning, 60 m, 13.VII.1963, coll. Zhang Baolin. Guangxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Longzhou, 140 m, 25.IV.1963, coll. Wang Chunguang; 1 ♂, Guilin, 150 m, 16.VII.1976, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1 ♂, Nanning, 26.X.1981, coll. Wang Jijian; 2 ♂, Wuzhou, 2.XI.1988; 1 ♂ 1♀, Fangcheng, Fulong, 200 m, 24���26.V.1999, coll. Li Wenzhu et al.; 1♀, Jinxiu, Shengtangshan, 900 m, 18.V.1999, coll. Zhang Xuezhong; 1 ♂, Napo, Defu, 1350 m, 18.VI.2000, coll. Li Wenzhu; 2 ♂ 2♀, Beihai, Weizhou Island, Dishui, 45 m, 22.IV.2014, coll. Li Xinxin. Yunnan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Menglong, Banna, Mengsong, 1600 m, 22.IV.1958, coll. Meng Xuwu; 1 ♂, Xishuangbanna, Menghai, 1200���1600 m, 19.VII.1958, coll. Wang Shuyong; 2 ♂, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 850 m, 27.VIII.1958, 1.IX.1958, coll. Wang Shuyong et al.; 1 ♂, Shilin, 12.VII.1982, coll. Song Shimei; 1 ♂, Yangbi, Shangjie Linchang, 1650 m, 28.VIII.1980; 1♀, Baoshan, Bawan, 1 0 40 m, 8���10.VIII.2007, coll. Wu Chunguang, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03421; 2 ♂, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1520 m, 11���13.VIII.2007, coll. Wu Chunguang, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03420; 2 ♂, Lushui, Liuku, Laimao, 18.IX.2014, coll. Liuhong. Tibet (IZCAS): 28 ♂ 5♀, Zay��, Cawarong, 1937 m, 11��� 15.IX.2014, coll. Liu Hong, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03414, 0 3422, 0 3423. Distribution. China (Guangdong, Hainan, Hongkong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 108-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Butler, A. G. (1889) Illustrations of typical specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British Museum. Part 7. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, iv + 124 pp., 18 pls.","Warren, W. (1909) New species of Thyrididae, Uraniidae and Geometridae from the Oriental Region. Novitates Zoologicae, 16, 123 - 128.","Prout, L. B. (1917) On new and insufficiently known indo-australian Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae, 24, 293 - 317."]}

Problepsis phoebearia Erschov, 1870 Figs 24���26, 48, 49, 69, 70, 89, 106 Problepsis phoebearia Erschov, 1870, Trudy russk. ent. Obshch., 4: 164, 197. [Replacement name for deliaria Bremer.] Argyris deliaria Bremer, 1864, M��m. Acad. Sci. St. P��tersb., (7) 8 (1): 79, pl. 7, fig. 3. Syntypes, Russia: East Siberia, Bureja Mountains; lower Ussuri. [Junior primary homonym of Argyris deliaria Guen��e, 1858.] Diagnosis. See under P. discophora kardakoffi. Material examined. CHINA: Heilongjiang: 3 ♂ (IZCAS), Yichun, 8.VII.1956, 10.VIII.1956, 31.VII.1957, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03384; 11 ♂ 2♀ (IZCAS), Yichun, Dailing, 390 m, 16.VI.1956, 7.VII.1956, 29.VI.��� 20.VIII.1957, 2���16.VII.1962, coll. Bai Jiuwei et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04576; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Pingshan, 11.VII.2007, coll. Lang Jin; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Muling, Daimagou, 28.VI.2007, coll. Li Chengde; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Harbin, Laoyeling, 24���25.VII. 2008, coll. Han Huilin et al. Jilin: 2 ♂ (IZCAS), Changbai Shan, 3���9.VII.1982, coll. Zhang Baolin, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03411; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Wangqing, Tianqiaoling, 5.VIII.2007, coll. Han Huilin et al. Beijing (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen, 1100 m, 7��� 8.VII.2014, coll. Cheng Rui, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04577. RUSSIA (IZCAS): 1 ♂, S. Primorje, vic. Spank, 200 m, 20.VIII.1989 (presented by D. St��ning); 1 ♂, Amur region, Maliy khingan Mts, 500 m, VII.1992 (presented by D. St��ning), IZCAS slide no. Geom-03410. Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Beijing), Southeast Russia, North Korea. Remarks. In our study, we found the species and P. discophora only show some differences on the shape of ocellus. Besides, we also found one male specimen from Beijing (figs 24, 49, 70) shows a transition between the two species: the ocellus of the forewing is fused to the posterior small marking, smooth on the inner margin, and forms a small protrusion on the outer margin, not reaching the postmedial line; the ocellus of the hind wing is similar to that of P. phoebearia. Therefore we suspect P. phoebearia and P. discophora maybe the same species., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Erschov, A. (1870) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the Russian Empire. Trudy Russkago Entomologischeshkago Obschestva, 4, 139 - 204.","Bremer, O. (1864) Lepidopteren Ost-sibiriens, insbesondere des Amur-landes, gesammelt von den Herrn G. Radde, R. Maack und P. Wulffius. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, Series 7, 8 (1), 1 - 103, pls. 1 - 8.","Guenee, M. A. (1858) Boisduval, J. B. A. D. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species General des Lepidopteres). Vol. 10. Roret, Paris, 584 pp., 22. pls"]}

Problepsis apollinaria (Guenée, 1858) Argyris apollinaria Guenée, 1858, in Boisduval & Guenée, Hist. nat. Insectes (Spec. gén. Lépid.), 10: 13 as appollinaria, 555 (index) as apollinaria. Holotype ♂, Borneo (NHM). Problepsis apollinaria: Prout, 1934, in Strand, Lepid. Cat., 61: 154. Remarks. P. apollinaria is added to the fauna of China for the first time. At present, the species has six subspecies, the other five subspecies are distributed in South India and several islands of Southeast Asia (Prout 1938; Parsons et al. 1999)., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Guenee, M. A. (1858) Boisduval, J. B. A. D. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species General des Lepidopteres). Vol. 10. Roret, Paris, 584 pp., 22. pls","Prout, L. B. (1934 - 1939) Die Spanner des Palaearktischen Faunengebietes. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Bd. 4 (Supplement). Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 253, pls. 1 - 18.","Parsons, M. S., Scoble, M. J., Honey, M. R., Pitkin, L. M. & Pitkin, B. R. (1999) The catalogue. In: Scoble, M. J. (Ed.), Geometrid moths of the world: a Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). CSIRO, Collingwood, pp. 1 - 1016."]}

Problepsis conjunctiva Warren, 1893 Figs 15���17, 42, 43, 63, 64, 84, 101 Problepsis conjunctiva Warren, 1893, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1893 (2): 358. Syntypes ♂, India: Sikkim (NHM). Problepsis conjunctiva subjunctiva Prout, 1917, Novit. zool., 24: 309. Syntypes ♂, China: Hainan, Cheng-Mai (NHM). Syn. nov. Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished by the following characters: the male antenna is dentate; the vertex is black; the hind tarsus of the male is about one-half the length of the tibia; the ocellus of the forewing is almost rounded, consists of an incomplete silvery inner ring, and two black patches on both sides of CuA1, the ocellus of the hind wing is similar to that of forewing, but drip-like without black patches; a grey band is present between the ocellus of the fore- and hind wing, extending to the anal margin; the postmedial lines of both wings are broad, dark grey and indistinct. In the male genitalia, the fused socii are very broad at basal half, tapered at apical half, and have a pair of lateral small triangular lobes subapcially; the juxta is very broad apically; the vesica has three sclerotized bands and two spine-like cornuti; the eighth sternite of the male is narrow and long, the lateral process are shorter than the central one. In the female genitalia, the lamella postvaginalis and the lamella antevaginalis are fused and cup-like, the posterior margin of the lamella postvaginalis is concaved and has two narrow and long digitiform process; the ductus bursae is sclerotized on posterior two-thirds, and with two spines and a patch of teeth centrally. Material examined. CHINA: Gansu (IZCAS): 3 ♂ 1♀, Wenxian, VI.���IX.2002, coll. Wang Hongjian; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Qiujiaba, 2200���2300 m, 16���19.VII.2003, coll. Wang Hongjian. Hubei (IZCAS): 2 ♂ 1♀, Xuan���en, Liangxihe, 796 m, 20���22.IX.2015, coll. Zhao Kaidong. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Yongshun, Shanmuhe Linchang, 600 m, 2.VIII.1988, coll. Chen Yixin; 1 ♂, Heng Shan, 27.VIII.1979, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1 ♂ 1♀, Mang Shan, 4.VII.1981, 11.VIII.1981; 1 ♂, Zhangjiajie, Wulingyuan, Wenfeng, 350 m, 17.IX.2015, coll. Zhao Kaidong. Fujian (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jiangle, Longqi Shan, 800 m, 15.IX.1990, coll. Yang bin; 1 ♂ 1♀, Wuyi Shan, 14, 20.IX.1982, coll. Zhang Baolin, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03385, 03386; 1 ♂, Wuyi Shan, Dazhulan, 1150 m, 28.VII.2006, coll. Yang Chao; 1 ♂, Wuyi Shan, Huangxizhou, 500 m, 16.VII.2013, coll. Pan Xiaodan; 1 ♂, Jianyang, Huangkeng, 4.IX.1982, coll. Wang Jiashe; 1 ♂, Jianyang, Huangkeng, Aotou, 26.VIII.1989, coll. Lin Bin. Guangdong (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Shixing, Chebaling, 330 m, 1���2.VIII.2013, coll. Pan Xiaodan; 1 ♂, Shenzhen, Dapeng Bandao, 4 m, 10���13.V.2015, coll. Cheng Rui. Hainan (IZCAS): 1♀, Tongshi, 340 m, 28.V.1973, coll. Chen Yixin; 1 ♂, Lingshui, Diaoluo Shan, 920 m, 3.V.2007, coll. Han Hongxiang, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03387. Yunnan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Hekou, Xiaonanxi, 200 m, 10.VI.1956, coll. Huang Keren; 1 ♂, Baoshan, Bawan, 1040 m, 8���10.VIII.2007, coll. Xue Dayong; 1 ♂, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1520 m, 11���13.VIII.2007, coll. Wu Chunguang, IZCAS slide no. Geom- 03388; 1♀, Cangyuan, Manglai, 690 m, 30.VII.���1.VIII.2016, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang & Xiang Lanbin. Tibet (IZCAS): 1 ♂, M��dog, Lagong tea plantation, 1250 m, 15.VIII.2015, coll. Yao Jian; 1 ♂, M��dog, Jiagagou Bridge, 805 m, 18���19.VI.2016, coll. Li Xinxin. Distribution. China (Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Tibet), India (Sikkim), Myanmar. Remarks. Problepsis conjunctiva subjunctiva was originally described by Prout (1917). He mentioned the subspecies can be distinguished from the nominate subspecies by the smaller size, the narrower band between the ocellus of the fore- and hind wing, and the less darkly marked underside of the wings. In our study, we found one male specimen from Hainan (Lingshui, Diaoluo Shan, figs 17, 42, 63) well agree with the description of Prout (1917). In addition, we also found one female from Hainan (Tongshen, fig. 16), together with the specimens from Yunnan and Tibet (figs 15, 43, 64), well agree with the description of the nominate subspecies. The specimens from Hunan, Fujian and Guangdong shows transitions between the two subspecies in different extent. The genitalia of the above specimens shows no differences. Therefore, we consider the varied character of subjunctiva as intraspecific individual variations, and treat P. conjunctiva subjunctiva Prout, 1917 as a junior synonym of Problepsis conjunctiva Warren, 1893. We also found the venation also varies in the species: the forewing of some specimens from Gansu, Hubei, Yunnan and Tibet (about one-third of all examined material) has no areole and R1 is free from R2-5, in contrast, the forewing of the remaining specimens has one areole. However, these specimens do not show any differences on the external charcters and the genitalia., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 116-118, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Warren, W. (1893) On new genera and species of moths of the family Geometridae from India, in the collection of H. J. Elwes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893 (2), 341 - 434, pls. 30 - 32.","Prout, L. B. (1917) On new and insufficiently known indo-australian Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae, 24, 293 - 317."]}

Problepsis apollinaria apollinaria (Guen��e, 1858) Figs 11, 39, 60, 81, 98 Diagnosis. The species is characterized by the following characters: the pectinations of the male are longer than five times the diameter of the shaft; the vertex is white, sparsely mixed with greyish brown on the anterior margin; the hind tarsus of the male is about one-fifth the length of the tibia; the ocellus of the forewing is small and rounded, and the silvery white inner ring is incomplete, extending from posterior part to the anal margin; the ocellus of the hind wing is indistinct, but the two slightly wary silvery white lines are visible, sometimes sparse yellowish brown scales are visible. In the male genitalia, the socii are fused to the apex of the tegumen, roofshaped, and has one short digitiform process terminally; the internal margin of the tegumen has several small spines; the sacculus is much shorter than the valvula, and has an acute spine at basal part; the aedeagus has a small process (densely covered with small teeth) at apex, and a long lobe is arising from the terminal of the aedeagus; the vesica has two short sclerotized lobes; the lateral processes of the male eighth sternite are broader and longer than those of P. plagiata. In the female genitalia, the lamella postvaginalis and the lamella antevaginalis are strongly sclerotized and forms a funnel, the former one has two small semicircular processes; the sclerotized ductus bursae is extending to the middle part of the corpus bursae on the left side, and extending to the posterior part of the corpus bursae on the right side; the small spines of the signum are not fused. Material examined. CHINA: Hainan: 1 ♂ (loaned from NWAFU), Bawangling, 5.V.2008, coll. Yao Zhaofu & Men Qiulei, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03444; 1♀ (IZCAS), Lingshui, Diaoluo Shan, 929 m, 11���12.XII.2007, coll. Li Jing, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04599. Distribution. China (Hainan), north India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 114-115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Guenee, M. A. (1858) Boisduval, J. B. A. D. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species General des Lepidopteres). Vol. 10. Roret, Paris, 584 pp., 22. pls"]}

Problepsis superans (Butler, 1885) Figs 29, 30, 51, 72, 91, 107 Argyris superans Butler, 1885, Cistula ent., 3 (29): 122. Syntypes, Japan: Yezo (NHM). Problepsis superans: Strand, 1911, Ent. Rundsch., 28: 122. Problepsis (Problepsiodes) superans: Prout, 1913, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 4: 50, pl. 5: a. Problepsis superans f. summa Prout, 1935, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 4 (Suppl.): 33. Syntypes 2 ♂, China: Tibetan frontier, Tse-ku. Diagnosis. The size of the species is often large (the forewing length is 24–30 mm in male, and 26–31 mm in female); the male antenna is dentate; the vertex is white; the hind tarsus of the male is about one-half the length of the tibia; the postmedial line of the forewing is invisible near the costa; the ocellus of the forewing is large and rounded, consists of a black inner ring which is opened at anterior part, an incomplete silvery ring inside the black ring, two black patches on both sides of CuA1, and strip-like white discal spot; the ocellus of the hind wing is oval and darker than that of the forewing, covered with silvery scales; the central part of postmedial line of the hind wing is very close to the ocellus. The male genitalia are similar to P. shirozui, but the fused socii are shorter; the basal lobe of the valvula is semicircular, while it is triangular in P. shirozui; a large patch of teeth are present at the central of the aedeagus, while they are absent in P. shirozui; the manica has no spines at the apex, and two sclerotized bands arising from the dorsal side, one of them is covered with small teeth on terminal half; the vesica has a narrow and long sclerotized band, which forms a spine-like cornutus apically; the eighth sternite of the male has two long lateral processes and one short digitiform central process. The female genitalia are distinctive in the following characters: the lamella postvaginalis and the lamella antevaginalis are fused to the stout and strongly sclerotized dctus bursae, and a pair of curved digitiform membranous process are present on the ventral surface of the posterior margin; the corpus bursae is slightly sclerotized on right side of the posterior part; the signum is situated on the dorsal surface of the left side of corpus bursae. Material examined. CHINA: Heilongjiang (loaned from NEFU): 1 ♂, Mao’er Shan, 26.VII.2005, coll. Li Chengde; 1 ♂, Harbin, Laoyeling, 2–6.VIII.2009, coll. Han Huilin et al. Jilin (loaned from NEFU): 1 ♂, Wangqing, Tianqiaoling, 5.VIII.2007, coll. Han Huilin et al. Liaoning: 1♀ (IZCAS), Anshan, Qian Shan, 24.VII.1984; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Fushun, 19.VII.2007, coll. Han Huilin et al.; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Huairen, 21.VII.2007, coll. Han Huilin et al.; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Jianchang, 5–8.VIII.2008, coll. Han Huilin et al. Beijing (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Baihua Shan, Huang’antuo, 1100 m, 26.VII.2010, coll. Song Shimei; 1 ♂, Baihua Shan, Shitangpu, 900 m, 29.VII.2010, coll. Yao Jian & Song Shimei; 3 ♂, Mentougou, Liyuanling, 1100 m, 11–12.VIII.2014, coll. Li Hongmei, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04600. Hebei (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Wuling Shan, 600 m, 8.VII.1985, coll. Zhang Baolin. Henan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Baotianman, 4.VII.2006, coll. Shen Xiaocheng; 2 ♂, Songxian, Baiyun Shan, 1300– 1400 m, 21.VI.2001, 21.VII.2003, coll. Shen Xiaocheng & Zhang Dandan. Shaanxi (IZCAS): 4 ♂ 1♀, Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi, 1300 m, 10.VIII.2007, 10.VIII.2008, coll. Li Wenzhu et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03380, 03381; 1♀, Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi, Laoxiancheng, 1700 m, 12.VIII.2007, coll. Yang Ganyan; 1 ♂, Qingling plant park, Daxiagu, 893m, 5–6.VII.2012, coll. Liu Shuxian; 6 ♂ 3♀, Ningshan, Huoditang, 1538–1580 m, 26–29.VII.1998, 11– 15.VII.2012, coll. Zhang Xuezhong et al.; 9 ♂ 1♀, Ningshan, Guanghuojie nature reserve, 1081–1189 m, 26– 28.VII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-05133; 13 ♂, Liuba, Miaotaizi, 1350 m, 21.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian; 2 ♂, Liuba, 1020 m, 18.VII.1998, coll. Yuan Decheng; 2 ♂ 1♀, Foping, 950 m, 23–24.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian; 1 ♂, Foping, longcaoping, 1256 m, 3.VII.2008, coll. Liu Wangang; 5♀, Zashui, Yingpan, 953–995 m, 29– 31.VII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04601; 1 ♂, Zhen’an, 29.VII.1986; 1 ♂, Nanzheng, Liping, 1540 m, 27–30.VII.2017, coll. Li Henan. Gansu (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Tianshui, Longmen, VII.1990, coll. Yuan Shiyun; 1♀, Tianshui, Donglin, 15.VII.1992, coll. Ding Guanjun; 1 ♂, Dangchang, 1800 m, 7.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian; 1 ♂, Kangxian, 1200 m, 11.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian; 1 ♂, Kangxian, Qinghe Linchang, 1400–1650 m, 15.VII.1998, 8.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian; 2 ♂, Kanxian, Baiyun Shan, 1250–1750 m, 12.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian; 3♀, Kanxian, Yangba, Meiyuangou, 1000–1020 m, 13.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Tielou, 1450 m, 24.VII.1999, coll. Zhu Chaodong; 2 ♂, Wenxian, VI.–IX.2002, coll. Wang Hongjian; 1♀, Wenxian, Liziba, 1971 m, 22–24.VIII.2014, coll. Li Xinxin. Zhejiang (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Tianmu Shan, 25.VII.1973, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1 ♂, West Tianmu Shan, Sanmuping, 789 m, 25.VII.2011, coll. Cheng Rui; 3 ♂, Lin’an, West Tianmu Shan, 400– 1500 m, 26–30.VII.2003, coll. Xue Dayong, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04597; 1 ♂, West Tianmu Shan, Xianrending, 1506 m, 27.VII.2011, coll. Cheng Rui; 1♀, Taishun, Wuyanling, Shuangkengkou, 680 m, 29.VII.2005, coll. Lang Songyun, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04598. Hubei (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Xingshan, 1300 m, 29.VII.1980, coll. Yu Peiyu; 6 ♂, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1340–1350 m, 14–16.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei; 1 ♂, Hefeng, Fenshuiling Linchang, 31.VII. 1989, coll. Yang Longlong; 1 ♂, Shennongjia, Jiuchong, 700 m, 18.VII.1998, coll. Luo Tianhong; 1 ♂, Shennongjia, Muyu, 22.VII.1998, coll. Zhou Haisheng; 2 ♂, Shennongjia, Guanmenshan, 1240 m, 23.VII.1998, coll. Zhou Haisheng et al.; 1 ♂, Yichang, Dengcun, Dalaoling, 1709 m, 15–16.VII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui; 12 ♂, Yingshan, Taohuachong, 590 m, 23–27.VI.2014, coll. Jiang Nan et al.; 3 ♂, Yingshan, Wujiashan, 860 m, 28– 30.VI.2014, coll. Cui Le et al.; 4 ♂, Yingshan, gate of Wujiashan, 500 m, 30.VI.2014, coll. Cui Le et al.; 13 ♂, Luotian, Qingtaiguan, 560 m, 1–4.VII.2014, coll. Xue Dayong et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03382, 0 3383. Jiangxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Lu Shan, 18.VI.1974, coll. Zhang Baolin. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Sangzhi, Tianpingshan, 24.VII.1981; 1 ♂, Sangzhi, Bamaoxi, Shuitianba, 370 m, 7.VIII.2009, coll. Wei Zhongmin. Fujian (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jianyang, Huangkeng, 270 m, 30.VI.1973, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1 ♂, Wuyi Shan, Sangang, 700 m, 29.V.2006, coll. Wang Jiashe; 1♀, Wuyi Shan, Huangxizhou, 500 m, 16.VII.2013, coll. Xue Dayong. Guangxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Huanjiang, Yangmei’ao, 1189 m, 18–22.VII.2015, coll. Jiang Nan. Sichuan (IZCAS): 6 ♂, Baoxing, Dashuigou protect station, 1591 m, 1–5.VIII.2016, coll. Cui Le; 1 ♂ 1♀, Pingwu, Motianling, 1264 m, 17.VII.2012. Guizhou (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jiangkou, Heiwan, 600 m, 27.VII.2001, coll. Li Houhun et al. (presented by insect specimen room of Nankai University), IZCAS slide no. Geom-04599. Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan), Southeast Russia, Japan, Korean peninsula. Remarks. Prout (1935) described a new form of this species from Yunnan, P. superans f. summa, based on the larger size and the lager ocellus. Parsons et al. (1999) listed the form as a subspecies of P. superans. After examination of a long series of material, we found the size of the adults and the size of the ocellus are varied at the same locality, e.g. Hubei, figs 29, 30. In addition, there is no genital difference among the specimens from different localites of China. Therefore, we still consider summa as a variant form of P. superans., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 123-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Butler, A. G. (1885) Descriptions of Moths new to Japan, collected by Messrs. Lewis and Pryer. Cistula Entomologica, 3 (29), 113 - 136.","Strand, E. (1911) Neue afrikanische Arten der Bienengattungen Anthophora, Eriades, Anthidium, Coelioxys und Trigona. Entomologische Rundschau, 28, 119 - 102, 122 - 124.","Parsons, M. S., Scoble, M. J., Honey, M. R., Pitkin, L. M. & Pitkin, B. R. (1999) The catalogue. In: Scoble, M. J. (Ed.), Geometrid moths of the world: a Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). CSIRO, Collingwood, pp. 1 - 1016."]}

Problepsis eucircota Prout, 1913 Figs 2, 3, 32, 53, 74, 93 Problepsis eucircota Prout, 1913, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 4: 50, pl. 7: b. Syntypes 5 ♂, 2♀, China: Shanghai; Ningpo; Chia-ting-fu (NHM). Diagnosis. The species is similar to P. stueningi sp. nov., but can be distinguished by the following characters: the female antenna is dentate, while in P. stueningi sp. nov., it is filiform; the postmedial line of the forewing is slightly incurved between M veins, while it is smooth in P. stueningi sp. nov.; the ocellus on the underside of the forewing is densely diffused with dark greyish brown scales, and the two black markings are invisible, while in P. stueningi sp. nov., it shows through faintly from the upperside, without any greyish brown scales, and the black markings are invisible; in the male genitalia, the outer margin of the valvula is smooth, but it is triangular in P. stueningi sp. nov., the aedeagus is stouter and shorter, the lateral projections of the male eighth sternite are almost quadrate, but it is rounded in P. stueningi sp. nov.; in the female genitalia, the sclerite on the dorsal side of the anterior part of the ductus bursae is triangular, but it is trapeziform in P. stueningi sp. nov. Material examined. CHINA: Henan (IZCAS): 6 ♂, Xinyang, Jigong Shan, 250 m, 20���21.VII.2002, coll. Han Hongxiang; 1 ♂, Songxian, Baiyun Shan, 1400 m, 30.VII.2003, coll. Lv Yanan. Shaanxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Danfeng, Tieyupu, 680 m, 28.V.1994, coll. Zhou Jin (presented by Insect Collection of Nankai University); 1 ♂, Foping, Yueba, 1093 m, 29.VI.���1.VII.2012, coll. Liu Shuxian, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04615; 1 ♂, Shangnan, Jinsixia, 777 m, 23���25.VII.2013, coll. Cui Le; 9 ♂, Xunyang, Bailiu, Jinxinyuan Shanzhuang, 386 m, 1���3.VIII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03403. Gansu (IZCAS): 2 ♂ 1♀, Wenxian, Bikou conservation station, 645 m, 6���7., 11.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04588, 04604; 4 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou, Bifenggou, 720 m, 8���10.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04603, 0 4605. Shanghai (IZCAS): 4 ♂ 1♀, 21.VI.1930, 7.VI.1934, 19.V.1935, VII.1935, 19.VIII.1935, 17. IX.1 935, coll. O. Piel & A. Savio. Zhejiang (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Chushan, 29.V.1931, coll. O. Piel; 1 ♂, Tienmu Shan, VI.1936, coll. O. Piel; 2 ♂ 1♀, West Tianmu Shan, 29���31.VII.1972, coll. Wang Ziqing, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03404; 10 ♂, Lin���an, West Tianmu Shan, 400 m, 26���27.VII.2003, coll. Han Hongxiang et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04586, 04611; 1 ♂, Ningbo, Yinzhou, Chishui, 241 m, 26.VII.2015, coll. Cheng Rui; 1 ♂, Pan���an, Huangtan Linchang, 891 m, 27���28.VII.2015, coll. Cheng Rui; 1♀, Zhou Shan, Daishan Island, Penglai park, 30 m, 5.VIII.2016, coll. Li Xinxin; 2 ♂, Hanzhou, 21.V.1976, 27.VIII.1979. Hubei (IZCAS): 3 ♂, Shennongjia, Honghua, 860 m, 17���21.VIII.1981, coll. Han Yinheng; 2 ♂, Shennonjia, Dongxi, 600 m, 2���3.VIII.1998, coll. Luo Tianhong et al.; 1 ♂, Xianfeng, 800 m, 4.VI.1989, coll. Li Wei; 4 ♂, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1280���1350 m, 14.VI.���17.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 1 ♂, Xingshan, Xiaohekou, 700 m, 11.V.1994, coll. Li Wenzhu; 3 ♂, Zigui, Jiulingtou, 100���150 m, 13.VI.1993, 12.VII.1993, 5.IX.1994, coll. Huang Ruizhi et al.; 1 ♂, Yichang, Dengcun, Dalaoling, 1709 m, 15���16.VII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui; 2 ♂, Wufeng, Houhe, 1100 m, 11.VII.1999, coll. Li Houhun (presented by Insect Collection of Nankai University); 1 ♂, Yunxi, Guanyinzhen, 289���305 m, 4���5.VIII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian et al.; 4 ♂, Yingshan, Taohuachong, 590 m, 23���27.VI.2014, coll. Jiang Nan et al.; 1 ♂, Yingshan, Wujiashan, 860 m, 28���30.VI.2014, coll. Cui Le. Jiangxi (IZCAS): 2 ♂ 1♀, Lu Shan, 17���18.VI.1974, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1 ♂, Doushui, 3.VII.1975, coll. Song Shimei; 6 ♂, Jinggang Shan, Xiazhuang, 590 m, 5.VIII.2013, coll. Yang Chao et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04587. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Pingjiang, 21.VII.1981; 2 ♂, Anhua, 25.V.1981; 1 ♂, Yongshun, Shanmuhe Linchang, 600 m, 3.VIII.1988, coll. Chen Yixin; 3 ♂. Heng Shan, 26.VIII.���18.IX.1979, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1 ♂, Cili, Suoxiyu, 400 m, 17.X.1988, coll. Zhao Zhongling; 2 ♂, Yanling, Taoyuandong, 631 m, 4���8.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang; 2 ♂, Sangzhi, Bamaoxi, Shuitianba, 370 m, 31.VII.2009, 5.VIII.2009, coll. Wei Zhongmin; 2 ♂, Sangzhi, Bamaoxi, Shuitiannan, 370 m, 3, 7.VIII.2009, coll. Wei Zhongmin; 1 ♂, ZhangJiajie, Wulingyuan, 540 m, 9.VI.2015, coll. Zhao Kaidong. Fujian (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Wuyi Shan, 2.VIII.1979, 15.IX.1982, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 12 ♂, Wuyi Shan, Sangang (Chong���an, Xingcun, Sangang), 700 m, 27.V.1960, 7.VIII.1960, 4.VIII.1979, 26.V.1983, 1.VI.1983, 10.VI.2006, 11���14.VIII.2009, coll. Zhang Yiran et al.; 1 ♂, Wuyi Shan, Tongmu, 26.VII.1979, coll. Song Shimei; 3 ♂, Meihuashan, Yanshan station, 459 m, 18.VII.2013, coll. Yang Chao et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04610; 1 ♂, Meihuashan, Huyuan, 1276 m, 19.VII.2013, coll. Pan Xiaodan. Guangxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Longsheng, 16.VI.1980, coll. Wang Linyao; 1 ♂, Mao���er Shan, Gaozhai, 448 m, 13���15.VIII.2012, coll.Yang chao et al.; 1 ♂, Mao���er Shan, Antangping, 1579 m, 17���18.VIII.2012, coll. Yang Chao. Sichuan (IZCAS): 5 ♂, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800���1000 m, 22.IV.���25.VII.1957, 16���19.IX. 1957, coll. Zhu Fuixng et al.; 1 ♂, Guanxian, Qingcheng Shan, 700���1600 m, 2.VI.1979, coll. Gao Ping; 3 ♂, Wanxian, Wang���erbao, 1200 m, 12.VIII.1993, 27.V.1994, 27.IX.1994, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 1 ♂, Fengdu, Shiping, 610 m, 2.VI.1994, coll. Li Wenzhgu; 1 ♂, Dayi, Xiling Xueshan, 1352 m, 27���29.VIII.2013, coll.Cheng Rui; 3 ♂, Honhya, Wawushan, Jinhuaqiao, 1147 m, 12���14.VIII.2016, coll. Cui Le. Guizhou (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Leishan, Leigong Shan, 1500 m, 27.VI.1988, coll. Wang Minsheng; 1 ♂, Jiangkou, Fanjing Shan, 500 m, 11.VII.1988, coll. Li Wei; 1 ♂, Jiangkou, Heiwan, 600 m, 27.VII.2001, coll. Li Houhun (presented by insect specimen room of Nankai University); 1 ♂, Xishui, Sanchahe, 28.V.2000, coll. Mai Guoqing. Yunnan (IZCAS): 10 ♂ 1♀, Tengchong, Heinitang, 1930 m, 28��� 30.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03401, 03402; 3 ♂, Tengchong, Dahaoping, 2020 m, 24��� 26.V.1992, coll. XueDayong; 1 ♂, Tengchong, Qushi, Daba, 1823���1873 m, 4���5.VIII.2013, coll. Liu Shuxian; 2 ♂, Tengchong, Zhengding, 1833 m, 6���7.VIII.2013, coll. Liu Shuxian; 2 ♂, Tengchong Wetland, 1730 m, 3��� 5.VIII.2016, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang; 1 ♂, Tengchong, Houqiao, 1620 m, 6���8.VIII.2016, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang. Distribution. China (Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan), Japan, Korean peninsula., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 105-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157

Problepsis discophora kardakoffi Prout, 1938 Figs 23, 47, 68, 88, 105 Problepsis discophora kardakoffi Prout, 1938, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 4 (Suppl.): 222. Holotype ♂, Russia: S Ussuri, Vladivostok district,?Okeanskaja (NHM). Diagnosis. The subspecies differs from the nominate subspecies externally by the following characters: the submarginal spots of both wings are larger and darker, inner ones are fused or touch to outer ones partly, and outer ones are fused to the terminal lines except on the apical area of the forewing, while the submarginal spots of the nominate subspecies are lighter, inner ones are separate from outer ones; the fringes are mostly dark grey to blackish grey, but they are white mixed with grey in the nominate subspecies. The subspecies is almost identical to P. phoebearia Erschov, 1870 in the dentate male antenna, the white vertex and the length of the hind tarsus of the male and the genitalia, and only can be distinguished by the smaller ocellus of each wings. P. phoebearia has larger ocellus, the one of the forewing is fused to the posterior small marking, forms one to three teeth on the inner margin, and protrudes beyond or touch the postmedial line on the outer margin; the one of the hind wing is partly or mostly covered the postmedial line. Material examined. CHINA: Heilongjiang: 1 ♂ (IZCAS), Yichuan, Dailing, 14.VII.1958; 1 ♂ (IZCAS), Xiaoling, 15.VII.1937; 1 ♂ (IZCAS), Wuchang, Shengli Linchang, 8.VII.1970; 1 ♂ 1♀ (loaned from NEFU), Harbin, Laoyeling, 24���25.VII.2008, coll. Han Huilin et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04579; 2 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Pingshan, 11.VII.2007, coll. Lang Jin, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04578; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Harbin, Acheng, 11.VII.2007, coll. Li Zhiqin. Jilin: 1 ♂ (IZCAS), Fusong, 10.VIII.1954; 9 ♂ (IZCAS), Changbai Shan, 6.VII.1974, 2���9.VII.1982, coll. Zhang Baolin et al.; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Changbai Shan, 25���28.VII.2008, coll. Han Huilin et al. Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin), Russia (Ussuri area). Remarks. This subspecies is added to the fauna of China for the first time., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 121-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Erschov, A. (1870) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the Russian Empire. Trudy Russkago Entomologischeshkago Obschestva, 4, 139 - 204."]}

Problepsis delphiaria auriculifera Warren, 1897 Figs 12, 13, 40, 61, 82, 99 Problepsis auriculifera Warren, 1897, Novit. zool. 4: 59. Syntypes 1 ♂, 1♀, Singapore (NHM). Problepsiodes argentisquama Warren, 1899b, Novit. zool. 6: 337. Holotype ♂, Peninsular Malaysia: Penang (NHM). Diagnosis. The species is easily recognized by the following characters: the pectinations of the male are about equal length of the diameter of the shaft, and the antennae of the female is dentate; the vertex is black; the hind tarsus of the male is about one-half the length of the tibia; the ocellus of the forewing is inverted pyriform, tapered at posterior part, smooth on the outer margin; the ocellus of the hind wing is oval; the underside of the wings has heavy dark greyish brown suffusions from the base to the submarginal lines except the area near the anal margin of the forewing and the area near the costa of the hind wing. The male genitalia are similar to those of P. transvehens (Prout, 1918), but the fused socii and the juxta are longer; the aedeagus is narrower, curved at the apex and near the central part, and has a tiny spine-like subapical process on lateral side, while in P. transvehens, it is not curved, and forms a long lobe terminally, and the subapical process is larger and triangular; the vesica has a short sclerotized band, while it has a small irregular shaped lobe in P. transvehens; the eighth sternite of the male is longer, and narrower at posterior part. The female genitalia are unique in the following characters: the lamella postvaginalis is weakly sclerotized with a pair of small digitiform processes on left side; the ductus bursae is narrow and long, weakly sclerotized on posterior half, membranous with a narrow sclerotized band on anterior half. Material examined. CHINA: Hainan (IZCAS): 1♀, Baisha, Nankai, 270 m, 20���22.XI.2009, coll. Yang Chao, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04561; 1 ♂, Ledong, Jiaxi, 220 m, 15.XII.2009, coll. Du Zhaohui et al (presented by Insect Collection of Nankai University), IZCAS slide no. Geom-04560. Distribution. China (Hainan), Singapore., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Warren, W. (1897) New genera and species of Moths from the Old-World Regions in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae, 4, 12 - 130.","Warren, W. (1899 b) New Drepanulidae, Epiplemidae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from the Oriental and Palaearctic Regions. Novitates Zoologicae, 6, 313 - 359.","Prout, L. B. (1918) New species and forms of Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae, 25, 76 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29762"]}

Problepsis discophora discophora Fixsen, 1887 Figs 21, 22, 46, 67, 87, 104 Diagnosis. Similar to P. shirozui Inoue, 1986 in the following external characters: the antennae of the male is dentate; the vertex is white; the hind tarsus of the male is about one-third to one-half the length of the tibia; the ocellus of the forewing is rounded, consists of complete greyish silvery inner ring, black patches between M veins and on both sides of CuA1, black scales which are covered around the slivery ring, and strip-like white discal spot; the ocellus of the hind wing is simiar to that of the forewing, but is oval and the silivery ring is opened at anterior part. But the species can be distinguished by the following characters: the postmedial line of the forewing is thickened on the costa, while in P. shirozui, it is narrow and weak; the grey band on the forewing costa of the underside is lighter than that of upperside, while it is darker and more distinct than that of upperside in P. shirozui; the ocellus of both wings of the underside are much lighter than those of P. shirozui; in the male genitalia, the fused socii have a digitiform process at the base of the ventral surface, while the process is absent in P. shirozui; the valvula is angle-like at the central part, while it is smoothly curved in P. shirozui; two sclerotized band are present at the the manica of the aedeagus, but they are absent in in P. shirozui. Material examined. CHINA: Liaoning: 1 ♂ (IZCAS), Anshan, Zhonghuisi, 8.VII.1980; 1 ♂ (IZCAS), Lingyuan, VI.1984, coll. Jin Laiwu; 3 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Jianchang, 13���15.VIII.2007, 13.X.2007, coll. Han Huilin et al.; 1 ♂ (loaned from NEFU), Hengren, 20.VII.2007, coll. Han Huilin et al. Beijing (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Badaling, 24.VI.1957; 2 ♂ 1♀, Changping, Baiyangcheng, 213 m, 15.VIII.2013, coll. Cui Le; 2 ♂, Miyun, Shatuozi, 25.VII.2009, coll. Qiao Gexia; 2 ♂, Pinggu, Jinshan, 24.VI.1990, 6.VII.1990; 4 ♂ 2♀, Fangshan, Shangfangshan, 9��� 11.V.1982; 7 ♂, Baihua Shan, 1.VIII.1972, 29.V.1973, 16.VII.1973, 23.VIII.1973, coll. Han Yinheng et al.; 1 ♂, Baihua Shan, Huang���antuo, 1100 m, 27.VII.2010, coll. Yao Jian et al.; 1 ♂, Baihua Shan, Shitangpu, 900 m, 29.VII.2010, coll. Yao Jian et al.; 27 ♂ 3♀, Mentougou, Liyuanling, 1100 m, 22.VI.2001, 16.IX.2001, 20��� 21.VIII.2002, 11���12.VIII.2004, coll. Han Hongxiang et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03406, 03407; 13 ♂, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen, 1100 m, 23.VI.2001, 5.VII.2011, 7.VII.2013, 7���8.VII.2014, coll. Cheng Rui et al. Hebei (IZCAS): 3 ♂ 2♀, Xiaowutai Shan, Yangjiaping, 820���880 m, 29���30.VII.2009, 2���4.VIII.2011, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 1 ♂, Chengde, 18.VII.2009, coll. Han Hongxiang. Shanxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Daligou, IX.1980. Shandong (IZCAS): 1 ♂, 19.VII.1933. Henan (IZCAS): 6 ♂, Xinyang, Jigong Shan, 250 m, 20���21.VII.2002, coll. Han Hongxiang; 1 ♂, Neixiang, Getiaopa, 600 m, 15.VIII.2003; 5 ♂ 1♀, Neixiang, Baotianman, 623 m, 12.VIII.2008, coll. Xue Dayong et al.; 2 ♂, Xixia, Taiping, 834 m, 5���6.VIII.2013, coll. Cui Le et al.; 1 ♂, Songxian, Baiyun Shan, 815 m, 7���9.VIII.2013, coll. Jiang Nan et al. Shaanxi (IZCAS): 4 ♂, Qingling plant park, Daxiagu, 893 m, 5���6.VII.2012, coll. Liu Shuxian; 1♀, Foping, Yueba, 1093 m, 29.VI.���1.VII.2012, coll. Li Jing; 3 ♂, Foping, Longcaoping, 1200 m, 3.VII.2008, coll. Li Wenzhu et al.; 1♀, Zhouzhi, Louguantai, 680m, 24.VI.2008, coll. Bai Ming; 1 ♂ 1♀, Zashui, Yingpan, 953���995 m, 29���31.VII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom- 03408; 4 ♂, Xunyang, Bailiu, Jinxinyuan Shanzhuang, 386 m, 1���3.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03409. Gansu (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Wudu, Yuhe, 30.V.2016, coll. Cao Yonghong, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04594; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Fanba, 800 m, 26.VI.1998, coll. Yao Jian; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Liujiaping, 800 m, 27.VI.1998, coll. Yuan Decheng; 3 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou, 620���700 m, 27.VI.1998, 15���16.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang et al.; 1 ♂, Diebu, Luoda Linchang, 1800 m, 8.VII.2005. Qinghai (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Huzhu Beishan, 2300 m, 20.V.1992, coll. Meng Feng. Shanghai (IZCAS): 4 ♂ 8♀, 9.V.1933, 17.VI.1933, 18.VIII.1933, 30.VI.1935, 21.IX.1935, 29.IX.1935, 29.VII.1936, VII.1940, VI.1941, 27.IX.1943, coll. O. Piel. Jiangsu (IZCAS): 1♀, Jiangting, 18.VIII.1958; 1♀, Suzhou, 12.VII.1976, coll. Song Shimei. Hubei (IZCAS): 2 ♂ 1♀, Jinzhou, VII.1960; 1♀, Shennongjia, Songluo, 920 m, 1.IX.1981, coll. Han Yinheng; 1♀, Badong, Sanxia Linchang, 180 m, 14.V.1994, coll. Li Wenzhu; 1 ♂ 1♀, Zigui, Jiulingtou, 110���150 m, 13.VI.1993, 5.IX.1994, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 1 ♂, Yingshan, Wujiashan, 860 m, 28���30.VI.2014, coll. Xue Dayong; 2 ♂, Luotian, Qingtaiguan, 560 m, 1��� 4.VII.2014, coll. Cui Le. Hunan (IZCAS): 1♀, Sangzhi, Tianpingshan, 1300 m, 11.VIII.1988, coll. Chen Yixin. Guangxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Longshneg, 10.VI.1980, coll. Wang Linyao. Sichuan (IZCAS): 6 ♂ 2♀, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800���1000 m, 23.IV.1957, 17.VII.1957, 15���19.IX.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing, IZCAS slide no. Geom- 04596; 1 ♂, Luding, Guze, Jiangju, 1635 m, 21.V.2009, coll. Liang Honbin. Chongqing (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Chengkou, Dabu Shan, Qinglongxia, 950 m, 28.VII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui. Distribution. China (Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hubei, Hunan, Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing), North Korea. Remarks. After checking the orginal description of P. changmei Yang, 1978 and many specimens collected from near the type locality, we found P. changmei is identical to P. discophora. Therefore, we treat P. changmei as a junior synonym of P. discophora., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 120-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Fixsen, C. (1887) Lepidopter aus Korea. In: Romanoff, N. M, Memoires sur les Lepidopteres. Vol. 3. Imprimerie de M. M. Stassulewitch, St. - Petersbourg, pp. 233 - 365.","Inoue, H. (1986) Further new and unrecorded species of the Geometridae from Taiwan with some synonymic notes (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of Faculty of Domestic Sciences, Otsuma Woman's University, 22, 211 - 267, 67 figs.","Yang, C. Z. (1978) Moths of North China. Vol. 2. Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, 227 pp. [pp. 301 - 527"]}

Problepsis subreferta Prout, 1935 Figs 8, 36, 57, 78 Problepsis subreferta Prout, 1935, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 4 (Suppl.): 33, pl. 4: f. Syntypes 4 ♂, China: Tse-ku [Yunnan] (NHM). Diagnosis. The species is very close to P. batangnensis sp. nov., but is different in the following characters: the male pectinations are rudimentary (the longest ones are much shorter than the diameter of the shaft); the hind tarsus of the male is shorter than one-half length of the tibia, while in P. batangnensis sp. nov., it is shorter, about twosevenths to three-sevenths length of the tibia; the outer margin of the ocellus of each wings is smooth, but in P. batangnensis sp. nov, it forms two small protrusions on the forewing and one protrusion on the hindwing; in the male genitalia, the anterior margin of the juxta is free from the sacculus, while it is fused to the sacculus in P. batangnensis sp. nov., and the basal part of the valvula is narrower; the apical teeth of the aedeagus and the central process of the male eighth sternite are smaller. Material examined. CHINA: Yunnan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Li-kiang, 31.V.1934, coll. H. H��ne (presented by D. St��ning), IZCAS slide no. Geom-03417. Distribution. China (Yunnan)., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157

Problepsis Lederer, 1853 Problepsis Lederer, 1853. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 2: 74. Type species: Caloptera ocellata Frivaldszky, 1845. Turkey. Replacement name for Caloptera Frivaldszky, 1845. Caloptera Frivaldszky, 1845, Evk. Kir��l. Magy. Term. T��rs., 1: 185. Type species: Caloptera ocellata Frivaldszky, 1845. Junior homonym of Caloptera Gistl, 1834 (Coleoptera). Argyris Guen��e, 1858, in Boisduval & Guen��e, Hist. nat. Insectes (Spec. g��n. L��pid.), 10: 12. Type species: Argyris ommatophoraria Guen��e, 1858. Lebanon. Euephyra Gumppenberg, 1887, Nova Acta Acad. Caesar. Leop. Carol., 49: 328, 342. No type species is given. Problepsiodes Warren, 1899b, Novit. zool., 6: 336. Type species: Problepsis conjunctiva Warren, 1893. India. Generic characters: Head: Male antennae bipectinate or dentate, with fascicles of cilia (often bipectinate in African species); female antennae often filiform, sometimes dentate, ciliated. Frons not protruding. Labial palpus extending beyond frons distally. Thorax. Ventral surface of thorax and fore femora hairy. Male hind tibia dilated, with hair-pencil, without spurs; tarsus abbreviated; female hind tibia normal, with two pairs of spurs. Venation: Forewing often with one single areole, but variable in P. conjunctiva Warren, 1893, (see its remarks). R1 arising from or before apex of areole; R5 usually long stalked with R2-4. Hind wing with Rs and M1 separate, M3 and CuA1 separate. Forewing with apex almost quadrate, outer margin arched; hind wing with apex rounded, outer margin slightly wavy. Wings ground colour white or greyish white or light ochre-brown or light grey. Each wing usually with a ocellus at end of cell, sometimes invisible on both wings (e.g. P. rorida Prout, 1932 and P. ochripicta Warren, 1901), or indistinct on hind wing (e.g. P. aegretta Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 and P. flavistigma Swinhoe, 1904); ocellus usually containing silvery scales, projecting from surface, sometimes containing dark patches and white stripe-like discal spot inside, submarginal line often composed of two rows of spots. Underside often with weakly expressed wing patterns, sometimes different from those of upperside. Male genitalia: Uncus not developed. Internal margin of tegumen dentate or smooth. Socii fused at apex, ventral of tuba analis, setose, sometimes with lateral or central lobes. Valvula and sacculus separate, symmetrical, long, tapering towards apex. Juxta forming an inverted triangular or tongue-like lobe, anterior margin concaved centrally, fused to sacculus, sometimes free. Saccus broad. Aedeagus strongly sclerotized, with one or several teeth at apex, coecum penis dilated; vesica often with partly sclerotized and crinkled, sometimes with cornuti. Male eighth sternite elongated and anterior margin bifurcate, often with one process centrally, forming a head-shaped posterior dilation. Female genitalia: Papillae anales stout and short. Lamella postvaginalis often well developed; lamella antevaginalis often absent, sometimes weakly developed. Ductus bursae often sclerotized. Corpus bursae large, spherical or oval, membranous; signum sometimes absent, often composed of an oval patch of small spines, arranged in longitudinal rows, medial spines often fused to a sclerite along longitudinal axis. Diagnosis. The genus is unique in the ocellus of the wings and the fused socii of the male genitalia. Biology. The host-plant records are mainly from the Oleaceae (Singh 1957; Sugi 1987; Holloway 1997). The habitat preferences of some Problepsis species are provided by Holloway (1997) and Stadie & Stadie (2016). The larvae are long and slender, tapered anteriorly and often without any pattern (Stadie & Stadie 2016). They rest on straight position, and are able to produce a silk thread if they are disturbed (Hausmann 2004; Stadie & Stadie 2016). Distribution. Palearctic, Oriental, Australian, and Afrotropical regions. Remarks. Considering the present study is a review of Chinese species of Problepsis, the above generic characters are mainly summarized from Chinese species, and also from the studies of Prout (1912 ���1916, 1934��� 1939, 1920���1941, 1929���1938), Holloway (1997), Hausmann (2004), Sihvonen (2005) and Stadie & Stadie (2016). The genus still awaits a worldwide revision., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Lederer, J. (1853) II. Abtheilung \" Die Heteroceren \". Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 2 (Abhandlungen), 65 - 126.","Frivaldszky, I. (1845) Rovid attekintese egy termeszetrajzi utazasnak, az europai Torobirodalomban, egyszersmind nehany a kozben ujdonnat folfedezett allatnak leirasa. [Brief overview of a natural history journey taken in the European part of the Ottoman Empire, supplemented with the description of some newly discovered animals.]. A Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat evkonyvei. Elso kotet. Pesten, nyomatott Beimel Jozsefnel, 1, 163 - 187, pls. I - III.","Guenee, M. A. (1858) Boisduval, J. B. A. D. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species General des Lepidopteres). Vol. 10. Roret, Paris, 584 pp., 22. pls","Gumppenberg, C. V. (1887) Systema Geometrarum zonae temperatioris septentrionalis. Erster Theil. Nova Acta Academiae Leopoldino Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, 49, 229 - 400, pls. 8 - 10.","Warren, W. (1899 b) New Drepanulidae, Epiplemidae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from the Oriental and Palaearctic Regions. Novitates Zoologicae, 6, 313 - 359.","Warren, W. (1893) On new genera and species of moths of the family Geometridae from India, in the collection of H. J. Elwes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893 (2), 341 - 434, pls. 30 - 32.","Prout, L. B. (1932) New genera and species of Sterrhinae (Fam. Geometridae). Novitates Zoologicae, 37, 229 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 13263","Warren, W. (1901) New Thyrididae, Epiplemidae and Geometridae from the Ethiopian region. Novitates Zoologicae, 8, 6 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 22168","Swinhoe, C. (1904) On the Geometridae of tropical Africa in the National Collection. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, 1904 (3), 497 - 590.","Singh, B. (1957) Some more Indian geometrid larvae (Lepidoptera) with a notes on the identity of components of various groups of setae. Indian Forest Records, 9 (6), 131 - 162.","Sugi, S. (Ed.) (1987) Larvae of Larger Moths in Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo, 453 pp.","Holloway, J. D. (1997) The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Sterrhinae, Larentiinae, Adding to other subfailies. Malayan Nature Journal, 10, 1 - 242.","Stadie, D. & Stadie, Ph. (2016) The Problepsis ocellata Frivaldszky, 1845 species lineage - an integrative survey of their morphology, species radiation, distribution and ecology (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Esperiana, 20 (2), 381 - 429.","Hausmann, A. (2004) The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Vol. 2. Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 600 pp.","Prout, L. B. (1912 - 1916) The Palaearctic Geometrae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vol. 4. Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 479, pls. 1 - 25.","Sihvonen, P. (2005) Phylogeny and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143, 473 - 530."]}

Problepsis transvehens (Prout, 1918) comb. nov. Figs 14, 41, 62, 83, 100 Somatina transvehens Prout, 1918, Novit. zool., 25: 81. Holotype ♂, China: Hainan, Manchyo (NHM). Diagnosis. The external characters of the species are characterized by: the male pectinations are short than the diameter of the shaft; the vertex is black, and diffused with white on the posterior margin; the hind tarsus of the male is about two-fifths length of the tibia; the forewing R5 is shortly stalked with R2-4 or separate; the ocellus of fore- and hind wings are incomplete, the former is narrow band-like, covered by pale yellowish brown mixed with silvery scales, the latter is indistinct, cosists of two silvery lines and sparse yellowish brown scales centrally. The diagnosis of the male genitalia could be seen under P. delphiaria auriculifera. The female genitalia are unique in the small semicircular lamella postvaginalis and the short partly sclerotized ductus bursae. Material examined. CHINA: Guangdong (IZCAS): 2♀, Zhanjiang, Donghai Island, Dongjian, 20 m, 28.IV.2014, coll. Li Xinxin, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04125. Hainan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jianfengling, 14.V.1982, coll. Liu Yuanfu, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04124. Distribution. China (Guangdong, Hainan). Remarks. Prout (1938) mentioned this species shows the venational transitions between Somatina Guen��e, 1858 and Problepsis. Later, Sihvonen (2005) mentinoned the species should probably be combined with Problepsis, as it has weakly developed ocellus and slivery scales. In our study, we found this species well agrees with Problepsis in the wing patterns and the genitalia, especially the slivery (opalescent) scales on the wings. Hausmann (2004) mentioned the structure and arrangement of the opalescent scales are unique in Geometridae. Therefore we transfer this species to Problepsis., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 115-116, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Prout, L. B. (1918) New species and forms of Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae, 25, 76 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29762","Guenee, M. A. (1858) Boisduval, J. B. A. D. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species General des Lepidopteres). Vol. 10. Roret, Paris, 584 pp., 22. pls","Sihvonen, P. (2005) Phylogeny and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143, 473 - 530.","Hausmann, A. (2004) The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Vol. 2. Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 600 pp."]}

Problepsis delphiaria (Guenée, 1858) Argyris delphiaria Guenée, 1858, in Boisduval & Guenée, Hist. nat. Insectes (Spec. gén. Lépid.) 10: 14. Holotype ♂, India (central) (NHM). Problepsis delphiaria: Prout, 1934, in Strand, Lepid. Cat. 61: 157. Remarks. At present, P. delphiaria has two subspecies, P. delphiaria delphiaria (Guenée, 1858) is distributed in India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia (Sumatra), and could be distinguished from P. delphiaria auriculifera Warren, 1897 by the larger size (Prout 1920 –1941; Holloway 1997)., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Guenee, M. A. (1858) Boisduval, J. B. A. D. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes (Species General des Lepidopteres). Vol. 10. Roret, Paris, 584 pp., 22. pls","Prout, L. B. (1934 - 1939) Die Spanner des Palaearktischen Faunengebietes. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Bd. 4 (Supplement). Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 253, pls. 1 - 18.","Warren, W. (1897) New genera and species of Moths from the Old-World Regions in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae, 4, 12 - 130.","Prout, L. B. (1920 - 1941) The Indoaustralian Geometridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Macrolepid. World. Vol. 12. Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 356, pls. 1 - 41, 50.","Holloway, J. D. (1997) The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Sterrhinae, Larentiinae, Adding to other subfailies. Malayan Nature Journal, 10, 1 - 242."]}

Problepsis crassinotata Prout, 1917 Figs 18, 44, 65, 85, 102 Problepsis crassinotata Prout, 1917, Novit. zool., 24: 310. Holotype ♂, India: Khasi Hills (NHM). Diagnosis. The species is characterized by the following characters: the male antenna is dentate; the vertex is black; the hind tarsus of the male is about two-fifths the length of the tibia; the ocellus of the forewing is rounded, consists of an incomplete black inner ring and covered by greyish silvery scales; the ocellus of the hind wing is digitiform and narrow at anterior half, broad and rounded at posterior half, darker than that of the forewing, and contains a dark greyish silvery inner ring at posterior half. The male genitalia of the species are similar to P. diazoma Prout, 1938, but the base of the valvula is much narrower, without a small digitiform process inside; the apical spine of the aedeagus and the coecum penis is larger; the vesica has two narrow, long, curved sclerotized band and one tiny lobe, while the later lobe is replaced by two small lobes and one large spinous lobe in P. diazoma;the central process of the eighth sternite of the male is much shorter. The female genitalia of the species are also very close to P. diazoma in the short and dilated ductus bursae and the signum, but the two digitiform membranous processes of the posterior margin of the lamella postvaginalis are smaller. Material examined. CHINA: Henan (IZCAS): 3 ♂, Xixia, Taiping, 834 m, 5���6.VIII.2013, coll. Cui Le et al. Shaanxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Liuba, Miaotaizi, 1350 m, 21.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian; 1 ♂, Shangnan, Jinsixia, 777 m, 23��� 25.VII.2013, coll. Jiang Nan; 1 ♂, Xunyang, Bailiu, Jinxinyuan Shanzhuang, 386 m, 1���3.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang. Gansu (IZCAS): 5 ♂ 1♀, Wenxian, VI.���IX.2002, coll. Wang Hongjian, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04581; 1 ♂ 1♀, Wenxian, Qiujiaba, 2200���2300 m, 16���19.VII.2003, coll. Wang Hongjian; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Liujiaping, 800 m, 27.VI.1998, coll. Yuan Decheng; 3 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou, 620���720 m, 28.VII.1999, 15���16.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang et al.; 6 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou protect station, 645 m, 6���7., 11.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04580; 4 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou, Bifenggou, 720 m, 8���10.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al. Zhejiang (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Lin���an, West Tianmu Shan, 1500 m. 28���29.VII.2003, coll. Han Hongxiang; 1♀, West Tian mu Shan, Xianrending, 1506 m, 27.VII.2011, coll. Yan Keji; 1 ♂, Qingyuan, Baishanzu, 1470 m, 11.VIII.2003, coll. Han Hongxiang; 2 ♂, Jingning, Wangdongyang Gaoshan wetland, 1010 m, 7���8.VIII.2016, coll. Li Xinxin. Hubei (IZCAS): 5 ♂ 4♀, Shennongjia, 920 m, 31.VIII.���1.IX.1981, coll. Han Yinheng; 2 ♂, Shennongjia, Honghua, 860 m, 17���18.VIII.1981, coll. Han Yinheng; 1 ♂, Shennongjia, Dongxi, 600 m, 3.VIII.1998, coll. Ye Chanjuan; 2 ♂, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1300 m, 21.VI.1993, coll. Huang Runzhi et al. Jiangxi (IZCAS): 5 ♂ 1♀, Lu Shan, 12��� 18.VI.1974, 29, 30.VI.1975, coll. Zhang Baolin et al.; 1 ♂, Dayu, 16.VIII.1985, coll. Song Shimei; 3 ♂, Jinggang Shan, Huangyangjie, 1090 m, 4.VIII.2013, coll. Yang Chao et al. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Dayong, Zhushitou, 18.VIII.1988, coll. Chen Yixin; 2 ♂, Yongshun, Shanmuhe Linchang, 600 m, 3.VIII.1988, coll. Chen Yixin; 2 ♂, Sangzhi, Bamaoxi, Shuitianba, 370 m, 31.VII.2009, coll. Wei Zhongmin; 3 ♂, Sangzhi, Bamaoxi, Shuitiannan, 370 m, 1, 7.VIII.2009, coll. Wei Zhongmin; 1 ♂, Sangzhi, Badagong Shan, Xiaozhuangping, 1420 m, 14.VI.2015, coll. Yao Jian. Fujian (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Wuyi Shan, 14.IX.1982, coll. Zhang Baolin; 6 ♂, Wuyi Shan, Sangang, 700 m, 11.VIII.1980, 26.V.���5.VI.1983, 13���15.VIII.2006, coll. Wang Jiashe et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03398; 1 ♂, Chong���an, Xingcun, Guadun, 950���1210 m, 12.VIII.1979, coll. Song Shimei; 1 ♂, Guilin, 30.VI.1980; 1 ♂, Da���an, 19.VI.1980, coll. Qi Shicheng. Guangxi (IZCAS): 4 ♂, Mao���er Shan, Antangping, 1579 m, 17���18.VIII.2012, coll. Cheng Rui et al.; 1 ♂, Mao���er Shan, Gaozhai, 448 m, 13���15.VIII.2012, coll. Yang Chao; 1 ♂, Huanjiang, Yangmei���ao, 1189 m, 18���22.VII.2015, coll. Jiang Nan. Sichuan (IZCAS): 1 ♂ 1♀, Emei Shan, 6.VIII.1977; 3 ♂, Guanxian, Qingcheng Shan, 700���1600 m, 22.V.���3.VI.1979, coll. Gao Ping; 1 ♂, Dukou, 21.VI.1981, coll. Zhang Baolin. Chongqing (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Chengkou, Daba Shan, Qinglongxia, 950 m, 28.VII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui. Guizhou (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jiangkou, Fanjing Shan, 500 m, 11.VII.1988, coll. Li Wei; 1 ♂, Shiqian, Jinxing, 22.VII.1988; 1 ♂, Libo, Weng���ang, 810 m, 23���26.VII.2015, coll. Jiang Nan. Yunnan (IZCAS): 1 ♂ 1♀, Lijiang, Yulong Shan, Yuhu, 2700 m, 27.VII.1984, coll. Liu Dajun; 1 ♂, Yunlong, Baishi, Zhonghe, 2500 m, 16.VII.1980; 1 ♂, Lushui, Pianma, 1980 m, 3���4.VII.2014, coll. Pan Xiaodan; 8 ♂ 1♀, Weixi, Tacheng, 2800 m, 13���14.VII.2014, coll. Pan Xiaodan et al, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03394, 0 3395, 0 4582. Tibet (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Nyingchi, P��lung, 2115 m, 1���2.IX.2005, coll. Wang Xuejian; 13 ♂ 4♀, Bomi, Tongmai, 1960���2100 m, 29���31.VIII.2005, 29���30.VIII.2006, 13���14.VIII.2014, 13���14.VI.2016; coll. Wang Xuejian et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-03396, 03397; 1♀, M��dog, 1091 m, 20.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun; 1 ♂, M��dog, 80k, 2095 m, 1���3.VIII.2014, coll. Cui Le et al.; 2 ♂, Zay��, Shang Zay��, 1812���1960 m, 21���23.VIII.2005, 10���11. VIII.2 0 14, coll. Cheng Rui et al.; 2 ♂, Zay��, 2178 m, 8.VIII.2014, coll. Cui Le et al.; 3 ♂, Zay��, 1 km north of Zhowagoin, 1973 m, 27.VIII.2014, coll. Liu Hong. Distribution. China (Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet), India., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 118-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Prout, L. B. (1917) On new and insufficiently known indo-australian Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae, 24, 293 - 317."]}

Problepsis plagiata (Butler, 1881) Figs 10, 38, 59, 80 Argyris plagiata Butler, 1881, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1881 (1): 22. Holotype, Japan: Tokyo (NHM). Problepsis riminota Prout, 1938, in Seitz, Macrolepid. World, 4 (Suppl.): 222, pl. 17: b. Holotype ♂, Japan: Yesso (NHM). Problepsis plagiata: Inoue, 1977, Bull. Fac. domestic Sci., Otsuma Woman's Univ., 13: 242. Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished by the following characters: the pectinations of the male are short, about equal length of the diameter of the shaft, with a pair of teeth on the ventral surface of each pair of the pectinations; the vertex is white; the hind tarsus of the male is longer than one-third the length of the tibia; the ocellus of the forewing is large, slightly concaved between M veins on the outer margin, consists of almost complete black and silvery inner ring and a distinct white strip-like discal spot; the ocellus of the hind wing is almost pyriform, and completely fused to the small marking behind it. In the male genitalia, the tegumen has no spines on the internal margin; the socii are terminally fused, stout and long, the central part protrudes outwards on lateral sides; the aedeagus is narrow and long, bifurcate on apical one-third, and has no teeth on the manica; the narrow and long sclerotized band of the vesica is broadened and forms a spine-like cornutus terminally; the eighth sternite of the male is bifurcate and has no process centrally in the species and P. apollinaria. Material examined. CHINA: Shaanxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Zhouzhi, Daoyutai, 1480 m, 29.VI.2008, coll. Li Wenzhu; 4 ♂, Qinling plant park, Daxiagu, 893m, 5–6.VII.2012, coll. Liu Shuxian; 1 ♂, Ningshan, Huoditang, 1580m, 27.VII.1998, coll. Yao Jian, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03399; 1 ♂, Foping, Yueba, 1093m, 29.VI–1.VII. 2012, coll. Li Jing. Distribution. China (Shaanxi), Japan. Remarks. This species is added to the fauna of China for the first time., Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1195157, {"references":["Butler, A. G. (1881) Descriptions of new genera and species of Heterocerous Lepidoptera from Japan. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1881 (1), 1 - 23.","Inoue, H. (1977) Catalogue of the Geometridae of Japan (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of Faculty of Domestic Sciences, Otsuma Woman's University, 13, 227 - 346, 80 figs."]}

Synegiodes expansus Cui, Jiang & St��ning sp. nov. Figs 9���10, 21, 31, 40 Description. Forewing length: 12���14 mm in male; 14���15 mm in female. Head. Frons mostly white, sometimes brown or deep brown basally; vertex pure white. Thorax. Patagia pale yellowish brown, tegulae brownish at base and pale brown in other areas; dorsum yellowish brown; same coloration found in the abdomen. Wing pattern. Wings pale yellowish brown, suffused with brown spots; transverse bands brown. Costa of forewing slightly curved, apex of forewing acute; termen faintly projecting on vein M3 and even more strongly so on hindwing, with a shallow incision between M1 and M3; tornus and apex of hindwing rounded; antemedial line indistinct, indicated by three black vein-spots; medial line oblique and rather broad, expending near costa, often with an external tooth on origin of M3 from cell; postmedial line slightly curved outwards, consisting of black vein-spots, accompanied distally by a broad, dark brown band which can be expended to outer margin, the posterior part reaching tornus, but leaving smaller or larger patches of the yellowish-brown ground color included. Sometimes small, rather vague black spots are present between veins M2 and M3 and CuA2 and A, close to the postmedial line; discal spot on forewing very small, white, ringed black. Medial line on hindwing almost straight, homogenous in thickness; postmedial line as in forewing, but more strongly curved, rarely expanded to outer margin, more often leaving a band of the yellowish-brown ground-color along margin, the latter incurved between and dentate on vein-ends. Discal spot on hindwing white centred and black on outer edge, more often inside the medial line than near its distal edge. Fringe yellowish brown on both wings, black on vein ends. Underside. Ground color lighter (rather yellowish-white), with less suffusion than on upperside, transverse lines distinct. Male genitalia (Figs 21, 31). Uncus long and stick-like. ���Socii��� developed, apically extended, forming a plate. Gnathos not developed. Valva broad at base, terminal part gradually becoming narrower, with rounded, setose apex; costa straight at basal half; sacculus small, with a pointed distal process. Juxta long, constricted in the middle and expanded sheet-like posteriorly. Anellus sclerotized, with posterior part broadened. Aedeagus large, vesica inflated basally, with two diverticula, the elongate cornutus situated more distally. Female genitalia (Fig. 40). Papillae anales distally rounded. Apophyses anteriores short and stout, about one-third of the narrow apophyses posteriores in length. Lamella postvaginalis consisting of two sclerotized, longitudinal, terminally curved ridges, with a pair of small, round processes distally. Lamella antevaginalis formed as a U-shaped, laterally sclerotized ostial funnel. Colliculum well developed. Corpus bursae and ductus bursae proximally and distally almost of the same width, not separable, diverticulum short; signum with a longitudinal sclerite inside a slightly sclerotized plate, a pouch present distally. Diagnosis. S. expansus is close to S. diffusifascia and S. obliquifascia externally, especially the transverse lines are similar, however, the number of the areoles is one in S. expansus and S. diffusifascia, but two in S. obliquifascia. The postmedial band on the hindwing is much wider than in S. obliquifascia, but all transverse lines are more strongly inclined in the latter. In the male genitalia the apical parts of the ���socii��� are flattened and extended plate-like, and the anellus is broadened in S. expansus, while in S. obliquifascia, the ���socii��� are almost in even width, just slightly bulbous and spinulose apically, and the anellus bears a posterior process. In the female genitalia, the signa in S. expansus and in S. obliquifascia are typical for the genus (in fig. 41 viewed laterally), the longitudinal sclerite in S. expansus is a little shorter. The lamellae ante- and postvaginales are distinctly different (compare figs 40, 41). Type material. Holotype, 6, CHINA: Guangdong (IZCAS): Shixing, Chebaling, 330 m, 1���2.VIII.2013, coll. Pan Xiaodan (slide No. 3465). Paratypes. CHINA: Guangdong (ZFMK): 7 6 3♀, Lienping, S. China, coll. Wehrli, gen. slide No. 2320-DS; 2 6, "Lingping, S��dchina, v. 22, coll. H. H��ne ", gen. slide No. 2319-DS; 1 6, Canton, China; 1 6, China mer. occ., Kwangtung sept., Lienping. Jiangxi (IZCAS): 3 6, Jiulian Shan, 30.VII.1975, coll. Song Shimei (slide No. 3936). Guangdong (IZCAS): 1♀, Shixing, Chebaling, 330 m, 1���2.VIII.2013, coll. Xue Dayong (slide No. 3466). Hainan (IZCAS): 1♀, Baisha, Nankai, Nanmaola, 1261 m, 12���14.V.1991, coll. Chen Fuqiang (slide No. 3935). Guangxi (IZCAS): 4 6, Jinxiu, Luoxiang, 200 m, 14���15.V.1999, coll. Han Hongxiang (slide No. 3934); 1 6, Shangsi, Hongqi Linchang, 300 m, 29.V.1999, coll. Li Wenzhu; 2 6, Napo, Defu, 1350 m, 18���19.VI.2000, coll. Yao Jian & Li Wenzhu (slide Nos 3932 & 3933); 1 6, Napo, Nonghua, 1000 m, 14.IV.1998, coll. Wu Chunsheng; 2 6, Longzhou, Nonggang, 330 m, 15.VI.2000, coll. Yao Jian; 1 6, Longzhou, Sanlian, 350 m, 14.VI.2000, coll. Li Wenzhu. Vietnam (ZFMK): 1 6, N. Vietnam, Tam Dao, 60 km NW Hanoi, 950 m, 1��� 5.IV.1995, leg. V. Sinjaev & E. Afonin, slide No. 2321-DS. Distribution. China (Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi), Vietnam. Etymology. The species is named on the basis of the Latin word expansus, which stands for the expanded apex of the ���socii��� in the male genitalia., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, St��ning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on pages 266-267, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402

Synegiodes punicearia Xue, 1992 Figs 3, 17, 27, 37 Synegiodes punicearia Xue, 1992, Iconography of forest insects in Hunan China: 825 [English translation p. 903], fig. 2663. Holotype ��, China: Hunan, Sangzhi, Tianping Shan (IZCAS). Diagnosis. The most distinctive difference of S. punicearia from S. sanguinaria and S. histrionaria is that the basal half of fore- and hindwings is densely colored pinkish-red throughout, as well as the broad postmedial bands which are separated in the forewings, confluent in the hindwings. The yellow band in between shows an irregular line of dots in the same color. This pattern is unmistakable. The vein R5 is shortly stalked with vein R2-4 from apical angle of the areole on the forewing, the same in S. sanguinaria and S. histrionaria, but about three times as long in S. ornata. The uncus has elongate, almost rectangular sclerites subapically, the saccular processes are rounded at tip in the male and the signum is trifurcate posteriorly in the female genitalia. Further differences of the first three species are presented under S. sanguinaria. Material examined. Type material. CHINA: Hunan (IZCAS): 1 6, holotype, Sangzhi, Tianping Shan, 26.V.1981; paratypes: 1♀, same locality as holotype, 25.VII.1981, " allotype "; 2♀, same locality, 26.V.1981. Other material. Gansu (IZCAS): 1♀, Yangba, Meiyuangou, 1020 m, 13.VIII.2014, coll. Xue Dayong & Ban Xiaoshuang; 3♀, Kangxian, Qinghe Linchang, 1325 m, 12.VIII.2014, coll. Xue Dayong & Ban Xiaoshuang. Sichuan (IZCAS): 1♀, Baoxing, Dashuigou Management station, 1.VIII.2016, coll. Cui Le & Li Henan. Distribution. China (Gansu, Hunan, Sichuan)., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, St��ning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on page 262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402, {"references":["Xue, D. Y. (1992) Lepidoptera: Geometridae. In: Liu, Y. Q. (Ed.), Iconography of Forest Insects in Hunan China. Hunan Science and Technology Publishing House, Changsha, pp. 807 - 904."]}

Synegiodes histrionaria Swinhoe, 1892 Figs 4���5, 18, 28, 38 Synegiodes histrionaria Swinhoe, 1892, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1892 (1): 12. Syntypes ��, India: Khasi Hills (BMNH). Diagnosis. A reliable external distinguishing character of S. histrionaria compared to S. sanguinaria, except those mentioned already under sanguinaria, is the straight medial line of hindwing, composed of short costal and anal streaks, with the large discal spot in the middle. S. sanguinaria has a round anal spot, a distinctly smaller discal spot with less white in the centre, and no costal spot or streak. Further comparisons on external characters and genitalia see under S. sanguinaria. S. ornata (Bastelberger), has for long been treated as a subspecies of S. histrionaria, but is raised to species-rank again. For differences of these similar and closely related species see below, under S. ornata. Material examined. CHINA: Yunnan (IZCAS): 3♀, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1520 m, 11���13.VIII.2007, coll. Wu Chunguang (slide No. 3469); 1♀, Wenshan, Malipo, Tianshengqiao, 1105 m, 30.XI.2003, coll. Lu Shengxian; 1♀, Pingbian, Dawei Shan Hotel, 19.VII.2016, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang & Xiang Lanbin; 1♀, Jinping, Fenshuiling nature reserve, 24.VII.2016, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang & Xiang Lanbin. Tibet (IZCAS): 1 6, Bomi, Tongmai, 2100 m, 31.VIII.2005, coll. Wang Xuejian (slide No. 3468); 1 6, M��dog, A���niqiao, 1060 m, 12���13.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun; 1♀, Linzhi, Beibung, Jiefang bridge, 784 m, 16.VI.2016, coll. Li Xinxin; 1♀, M��dog, Jiagagou Bridge, 805 m, 18���19.VI.2016, coll. Li Xinxin. India (ZFMK): 1 6, paratype, Khasi Hills; 3 6 5♀, N. India, Sikkim, Darjeeling; 1 6 1♀, NE. India, Arunachal Pradesh. Distribution. China (Yunnan, Tibet), India, Myanmar (Prout (1938: 152)., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, St��ning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on page 264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402, {"references":["Swinhoe, C. (1892) New species of Heterocera from the Khasia Hills. Part II. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1892, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1892. tb 03043. x"]}

Synegiodes ornata (Bastelberger, 1909) stat. rev. Figs 6���7, 19, 29, 39 Spilopera ? ornata Bastelberger, 1909, Ent. Z., Frankf. a. M. 23 (7): 34. Syntypes, Central Formosa, Arrizan (Kagi District), 7000���10000 ft (=Alishan, Chiayi County,Taiwan). Anisodes lentiginosaria Wileman, 1911, Entomologist 44: 401. Syntypes 2♂, 1♀, Formosa [Taiwan]: Arizan, 7300 ft; Tozan, 8500 ft (BMNH). Synegiodes histrionaria ornata: Prout, 1914, Ent. Mitt. 3: 240. Synegiodes histrionaria var. ornata: Prout, 1934, in Strand, Lepid. Cat. 61: 48. Diagnosis. S. ornata is characterized by the golden yellow ground color which is more or less heavily spotted crimson-brown, and the more continuous dark shading at postmedial area. Moreover, the postmedial line is always continuous and less distinctly curved outwards at the centre of the forewing than in S. histrionaria. In most specimens of S. ornata also a continuous medial line is present, running distally along the discal spot. In S. histrionaria a short streak near anal margin of forewing indicates the position of the medial line only. In the hindwing, the medial line is continuous and curved in S. ornata, almost straight and interrupted in S. histrionaria. Besides a dark, strongly suffused, crimson-brown form (Fig. 6) also a lighter form with yellowish bands between medial and postmedial lines and also at basal half of the wings occurs (Fig. 7); both were collected at the same locality: C. Taiwan, Arrizan, Khagi District, at elevation of 7000���10000 ft (Bastelberger 1909), the light form also at slightly lower elevation (specimens in coll. ZFMK). Type-specimens photographed in the collection of SDEI agree with the light form. S. ornata is similar to S. hyriaria and S. elasmlatus, sharing with them the yellowish or red-brown coloration and similar transverse bands. However, S. ornata has one areole in the forewing venation, but there are two in S. hyriaria and S. elasmlatus. The male genitalia of S. histrionaria and S. ornata differ in the shape of the uncus (much narrower in S. ornata, with different apical sclerotization) and in the saccular, ventral process which is acute in S. histrionaria and rounded at tip in S. ornata. The aedeagus has a rather narrow vesica, with a compact cornutus, rounded on proximal side, and an elongate sclerotized band in S. ornata, in S. histrionaria the aedeagus is longer and broader, the vesica is decorated with a weakly sclerotized patch only. The female genitalia are distinct from those of S. histrionaria particularly in the structure of the lamella postvaginalis. The imbricate process of S. histrionaria is absent, instead a longitudinal, sclerotized bulge is present. It is continued posteriorly with a furrowed, granulose, transparent plate. Other structures of the genitalia are similar and only gradually differing. Material examined. CHINA: Taiwan (ZFMK): 2 6, " Formosa "; 1 6 1♀, " Ile Formose, Moltrecht, 1908", ex coll. E. Wehrli; 1 6 1♀, " Ile de Formose, Central District, Kagi. Arisan 7.500. Arnold Moltrecht 1909", ex coll. E. Wehrli; 1 6, " Central Formosa, Arrizan, vis-a-vis Mt. Morrisson, Kag�� district. 8000, Juin, Juillet 1909, ex Moltrecht ", ex coll. E. Wehrli; 3 6, " Central Formosa, Distrikt Kagi, Arrizan, Mont Morrison, 2400, Juni, gef. Dr. Moltrecht ", ex coll. E. Wehrli; 1 6, gen. prep. No. 2318-DS; ex coll. E. Wehrli; 1♀, " Mt. Taihei, Taihoku-Shu, Formosa, 23���24.VI.1938, Coll. Hiroshi Inoue "; 1 6, " Taiwan, Nantou Co., Tayuling, 2570 m, 15���18.VI.1982, J. B. Heppner "; 1♀, " Taiwan, Wuling Farm, 35 km NE of Lishan, Taichung Co., alt. 1750 m, 26.IX.1992, F. Aulombard & J. Plante ". Distribution. China (Taiwan). Remarks. Prout (1914) stated about S. ornata: ���I consider it merely a deeply colored local race of histrionaria Swinh., from Assam, with the dark shading in the distal area more continuous. The structure is identical, areole single, 2nd subcostal of hindwing usually very shortly stalked.��� This treatment, based on external characters only, has been accepted and retained until present-day (Parsons et al. 1999; Fu et al. 2013)., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, St��ning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on pages 264-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402, {"references":["Bastelberger, S. R. (1909) Neue Geometriden aus Central-Formosa. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 23 (7), 1 - 235.","Wileman, A. E. (1911) New species of Geometridae from Formosa. Entomologist, 44, 271 - 272, 295 - 297, 314 - 316, 343 - 345, 400 - 402.","Prout, L. B. (1914) Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Geometridae. Entomologische Mitteilungen, Berlin, 3, 236 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5086","Parsons, M. S., Scoble, M. J., Honey, M. R., Pitkin, L. M. & Pitkin, B. R. (1999) The catalogue. In: Scoble, M. J. (Ed.), Geometrid moths of the world: a Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). CSIRO, Collingwood, pp. 1 - 1016.","Fu, C. M., Ronkay, L. & Lin, H. H. (Eds.) (2013) Moths of Hehuanshan. Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, 557 pp., 45 color pls."]}

Synegiodes diffusifascia Swinhoe, 1892 Figs 8, 20, 30 Synegiodes diffusifascia Swinhoe, 1892, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1892 (1): 11, pl. 1, fig. 9. Syntype (s) ��, India: Khasi Hills (BMNH). Diagnosis. The species S. diffusifascia, S. expansus and S. obliquifascia resemble each other externally. General coloration and transverse lines and bands on wing surface are so similar that it is impossible to identify these three species only based on wing markings. However, S. diffusifascia and S. expansus can be separated by having one areole in the forewing venation, while there are two in S. obliquifascia. In the male genitalia, S. diffusifascia can be differentiated from the other two species by the ovally extended apex of the uncus and the rim-like process on the anellus. The female is unknown to us. More detailed comparisons with the other two species see under S. expansus. Material examined. INDIA (ZFMK): 1♂, paratype, ex coll. BMNH by exchange, "Khasis, Nat. Coll.", gen. prep. No. 2322-DS. Distribution. India, Vietnam (Tonkin: Prout (1938: 152), Malaysia (Pahang: Prout (1938: 152). Records from Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia may refer to S. expansus sp. nov. or the undescribed species from Borneo. Remarks. Holloway (1997) recorded diffusifascia from Borneo, supplying also a photo of the male genitalia. The dissection of a topotypical paratype of S. diffusifascia revealed that particularly ���socii��� and uncus are different from the illustration provided by Holloway (1997: genitalia fig. 7). In the male genitalia of the paratype, the tip of the uncus is ovally enlarged, and the socii are inflated dorsally at base, while in fig. 7, the uncus is apically not enlarged and the socii are swollen ventrally at middle, the bases narrower. So the species found in Borneo very probably may be another, undescribed one (provided that the paratype we were able to study is conspecific with the holoype of diffusifascia)., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, St��ning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on page 266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402, {"references":["Swinhoe, C. (1892) New species of Heterocera from the Khasia Hills. Part II. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1892, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1892. tb 03043. x","Holloway, J. D. (1997) The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Sterrhinae, Larentiinae, Adding to other subfailies. Malayan Nature Journal, 10, 242 pp."]}

Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1892: 11. Type species: Anisodes sanguinaria Moore, 1868. (here fixed under Article 70.3 of the Code, misidentified as Anisodes diffusaria Moore, 1868 in the original designation by Swinhoe (1892). Synegioides Swinhoe, 1893, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 12: 150. An incorrect subsequent spelling. Generic characters. Moths of moderate size, wingspan roughly between 25 and 35 mm. Species of Synegiodes are superficially similar to members of the ennomine genera Synegia Guene��, Yashmakia Warren or some species of Parasynegia Warren externally, but are distinguished by the discal spot which is white-centred and ringed black on outer edge in Synegiodes [but some Parasynegia also have discal spots with white centre] (besides other evident differences between the subfamilies) (Holloway 1997). Wings broad, apex of forewing moderately pointed, termen waved between the vein ends, moderately projecting at end of vein M3 (more strongly so in the hindwing). Pattern consisting of transverse, more or less inclined, sometimes interrupted lines or bands of variable shape, antemedial line absent or weak in all species (if present, indicated by a few black dots on veins only). Coloration grey or brown, in some species pinkish or red on yellow or orange ground color. Discal spots distinct, consisting of a black circle with a white center, larger in the hindwing in all but one species. Head. Antennae bipectinate, with terminal 1/4���1/3 filiform in male, rami long and narrow, dorsally not scaled, with rows of long sensillae; filiform, very shortly setose (pubescent) in female. Frons broad (broader than compound eyes in frontal view), smooth-scaled (scales very small), roundly protruding, lateral margins steep (less expressed in females). Vertex with slightly larger, contrastingly colored, smooth scales, pure white and shining in almost all species. Chaetosemata present near margin of compound eyes, but consisting of a few setae only. Labial palpi rather short and porrect in males, curved upwards in females, third segment slightly (in males) or distinctly (in females) extending beyond frons. Proboscis well developed. Thorax. Patagia and tegulae covered with larger, lamellar scales of different colors, distal scales of tegulae elongate, only very few hair-like. Hind tibia long, with two pairs of spurs in both sexes, not dilated and without hair-pencil in male. Tarsal segments not modified in males. Posterior surface of metathorax, opposite to the tympanal opening, covered with a large, scaled, sometimes folded membrane in males (Fig. 45), rarely with a brush of elongate scales outside. Frenulum well developed in both sexes. Forewing with one elongate or two smaller areoles (i.e., in the latter case, the elongate areole is divided by the -still present- base of vein R2). Prout (1918) used this character to separate the genus into two species-groups. However, the venation of both wings is considerably variable, interspecific as well as intraspecific, especially in relation to the veins branching off from areole (but not in relation to the number of areoles). The common stalk of the veins R2���4 is always arising from the apical angle of the areole, but the veins R1 and R5 can arise proximally or distally or directly from the apical angle of the areole, or the origin of both may even be different in both wings in the same specimen. Veins M3 and CuA1 are not stalked. In the hindwing, the veins Rs and M1, and M3 and CuA1 are short-stalked or not stalked, sometimes stalked only in one of the two pairs. Pregenital abdomen. Tergites and sternites weakly sclerotized (tergites 1 and 2 and sternite 1+2 slightly stronger so), without modifications; tympanal organs without laciniae, ansa hammer-headed; sternite 3 without setal comb. Male genitalia. Uncus very broad at base, truncate or slightly bilobed at apex in a group of four species including the type-species; long and thin in the remaining five species. In the latter species-group, large ���socii��� (Holloway 1997) of variable shape arise from the posterior portion of the tegumen. Gnathos absent. Valva narrow at basal half, even narrower distally, costa well sclerotized until tip, the latter with strong, curved setae; sacculus with a small process, pointed or rounded at tip, arising more or less from the middle of the ventral margin of valves. Juxta elongate, often constricted centrally. Anellus sclerotized, ring like, sometimes with a process or a rim on posterior margin. Aedeagus narrow (e.g. Fig. 29), vesica narrow and simple or aedeagus larger and broader (e.g. Fig. 30), vesica voluminous and composed of several diverticula. Cornutus-like structures or sclerotized bands always present (absent in brunnearia). Male genitalia of S. brunnearia distinctly different in most characters (Fig. 25). Female genitalia. Apophyses anteriores roughly about 1/2 as long as apophyses posteriores, weak and narrow, moderately strong, or short and stout. Lamella postvaginalis not or only weakly sclerotized, triangular or appearing as an irregular, longitudinal plate. Two species (histrionaria, expansus) with more conspicuous sclerotization. Lamella antevaginalis a narrow, arched bridge between the antero-ventral angles of genital segment in most species. Ostium sometimes surrounded by a wide ostial funnel, the latter weakly sclerotized. Colliculum developed in all species, varying in size. Ductus bursae abruptly widening near colliculum, with diverticula of variable size distally, then moderately wide or as wide as corpus bursae, both often not separable from each other. Signum composed of a narrow, longitudinal sclerotized rib, set on a slightly sclerotized, flat plate of variable shape, anteriorly bent inwards and forming a triangular pouch in the bursa wall (all except hyriaria and elasmlatus in which the signum is shaped differently and the pouch is absent). Remarks. On the basis of essential differences of the male genitalia, members of Synegiodes, as it is currently defined, are divided into two species-groups, either of which may be monophyletic. The first group consists of four species, sanguinaria, punicearia, histrionaria and ornata stat. rev. All these species have very broad, stout, distally truncate or slightly bilobed, strongly sclerotized uncus, but lack teguminal processes (���socii���). We refer to this group as the ��� sanguinaria group���. The second group consists of five species, obliquifascia, diffusifascia, expansus sp. nov., hyriaria and elasmlatus sp. nov., in which the male genitalia are characterized by the presence of a narrow, elongate uncus and conspicuous processes diverging from the posterior part of the tegumen, stretching ventrally like gnathal arms in their natural position (���socii��� sensu Holloway 1997). We refer to this group as the ��� obliquifascia group���. These two groups also can be differentiated by the wing pattern: the species of the sanguinaria group are more or less tinged with pink, the medial line on the forewing is indistinct, and that on the hindwing is only represented by a short patch (except in ornata); the members of the obliquifascia group are not tinged with pink, and the brown medial line is distinct on both, fore- and hind wings. Such essential differences are usually not found among species of the same genus and the question turned up whether a new genus was necessary for the reception of the obliquifascia group. Prout (1918) turned the attention to the existence of one or two areoles in the forewing venation of different species, and later he separated the species of Synegiodes into two sections, based on this character (Prout 1938). One section includes sanguinaria, diffusifascia, histrionaria, ornata, punicearia and expansus sp. nov. which have one areole, and the other species, obliquifascia, hyriaria and elasmlatus sp. nov., have two areoles, i.e. the resulting subdivision is a different one, compared to the use of wing pattern and male genitalia for separation of the groups. Considering the similarity of other parts of the male genitalia, such as valva, juxta, anellus, aedeagus, and those of the female genitalia across both species-groups, we believe that it is not justified to separate the species of Synegiodes into different genera. Distribution. Oriental tropics and subtropics., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, St��ning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on pages 260-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402, {"references":["Swinhoe, C. (1892) New species of Heterocera from the Khasia Hills. Part II. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1892, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1892. tb 03043. x","Moore, F. (1868) On the Lepidopterous Insects of Bengal. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (3), 612 - 686, pls. 32 - 33.","Swinhoe, C. (1893) New Geometers. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 12, 147 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939308677596","Holloway, J. D. (1997) The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Sterrhinae, Larentiinae, Adding to other subfailies. Malayan Nature Journal, 10, 242 pp.","Prout, L. B. (1918) New species and forms of Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae, 25, 76 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29762"]}

Synegiodes obliquifascia Prout, 1918 Figs 11, 22, 32, 41 Synegiodes obliquifascia Prout, 1918, Novit. zool. 25: 78. Holotype, India: Cherrapunji, in coll. Tring Museum (now NHM). Diagnosis. The species is similar to S. diffusifascia and S. expansus externally. They all have yellowish brown wings and brown transverse bands and are hard to distinguish by external means only. A very clear character among the three species is that S. obliquifascia has two areoles in the forewing venation, but S. diffusifascia and S. expansus have only one. Moreover, the wings are narrower and slightly longer and the transverse lines are more strongly inclined in S. obliquifascia. A further good character of S. obliquifascia is the elongated, black marginal patch between M2 and M 3 in the forewing which is round and indistinct in the other two species. More detailed comparisons with S. diffusifascia and S. expansus see under S. expansus. Material examined. CHINA: Jiangxi (IZCAS): 1 6, Jinggang Shan, Xiazhuang, 590 m, 5.VIII.2013, coll. Xue Dayong. Guangxi (IZCAS): 1 6, Jinxiu, Shengtang Shan, 900 m, 18.V.1999, coll. Huang Fusheng; 1♀ Jinxiu,Defu, 1350 m, 19.VI.2000, coll. Li Wenzhu; 1 6, Mao���er Shan, Gaozhaicun, 448 m, 13���15.VIII.2012, coll. Cheng Rui; 1 6, Mao���er Shan, Jiuniutang, 1146 m, 19.VIII.2012, coll. Chen Fuqiang; 2 6, Huanjiang, Yangmei���ao, 1189 m, 18���22.VII.2015, coll. Jiang Nan & Li Xinxin (slide No. 3938). Guizhou (IZCAS): 1 6, Libo, Weng���ang, 810 m, 23���26.VII.2015, coll. Jiang Nan & Li Xinxin. Yunnan (IZCAS): 2♀, Pingbian, Dawei Shan, 1500 m, 18, 20.VI.1956, coll. Huang Keren. Tibet (IZCAS): 1♀, M��dog, Gutang, 2000 m, 21.IX.1982, coll. Lin Zai (slide No. 3473); 2 6, M��dog, Beibung, 850 m, 29.V.1983, coll. Han Yinheng; 2 6, M��dog, A���niqiao, 1060 m, 12��� 13.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun (slide No. 3472); 2 6, M��dog, 108k, 4.VIII.2014, coll. Cheng Rui & Cui Le (slide No. 3937). India (ZFMK): 1♀, West Bengal, Kalimpong Algarah, 1700 m, 5���6.VII.1986, leg. W. Thomas; 2 6 2♀, Arunachal Pradesh, Dist. Along, 2000 m, 6���12.VII.2010, leg. Bretschneider (1♀ dissected); 2♀, Arunachal Pradesh, Dist. Monigong, 1450 m, 14.V.2009, leg. Bretschneider. Distribution. China (Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet), N. & NE. India., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, St��ning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on pages 267-269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402, {"references":["Prout, L. B. (1918) New species and forms of Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae, 25, 76 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29762"]}

Synegiodes hyriaria (Walker, 1866) Figs 12, 23, 33, 42 Anisodes hyriaria Walker, 1866, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 35: 1617. Holotype ♀, India: North Hindostan (BMNH). Erythrolophus hyriarius Hampson, 1895, Fauna Br. India (Moths). 3: 453. [Emendation of hyriaria Walker.] Synegiodes hyriaria: Prout, 1934, in Strand, Lepid. Cat. 61: 48. Diagnosis. Externally, S. hyriaria is distinguished from S. elasmlatus by the more distinct transverse lines and the larger discal spots. For more detailed differences of external features and genitalia characters see under S. elasmlatus. Material examined. CHINA: Tibet (IZCAS): 5 6 3♀, Zham, 2200–2400 m, 28.V–30.VII.1975, coll. Huang Fusheng (slide No. 3309); 1 6, Nyalam, Zham, 2250 m, 4.V.1974, coll. Zhang Xuezhong; 1 6 1♀, Gyirong, Xiao Gyirong, 2400–2800 m, 22, 26.VII.1975, coll. Huang Fusheng; 2 6 1♀, Gyirong, 15.VIII.1982, coll. Wang Jia (slide No. 3308); 1 6, Gyirong, 18.VIII.1984, coll. Yan Zhaoxing; 2♀, Gyirong Gongshe, 26.VII.1984, 16.VIII.1984, coll. Yan Zhaoxing et al.; 1 6, Langxian, 3100 m, 5.VII.1981, coll. Chen Tailu; 1♀, Mêdog, Baibung, 900 m, 31.VIII.1974, coll. Huang Fusheng; 2♀, Mêdog, Maniweng, 930–1000 m, 24.VIII.1974, 12.IX.1974, coll. Huang Fusheng; 2♀, Mêdog, A’niqiao, 1060 m, 12–13.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun; 2 6, Mêdog, Hanmi, 2095 m, 11.VIII.2006, coll. Lang Songyun; 1♂, Nyingchi, Tangmai bridge, 2037 m, 14.VI.2016, coll. Li Xinxin. India (ZFMK): 3 6 2♀, Tatacta, Pedong, Darjeeling, ex coll. E. Wehrli; 2 6 1♀, West Bengal, Sikkim, Darjeeling, leg. W. Thomas; 1 6, Arunachal Pradesh, Dist. Along, 2000 m, 6–12.VII.2010, leg. Bretschneider (dissected). Distribution. China (Tibet), India, Myanmar (Prout (1938: 152), Nepal (Inoue (1982): 137)., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, Stüning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on page 269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402, {"references":["Walker, F. (1866) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, part 35, 1535 - 2040. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58221","Hampson, G. F. (1895) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, (Moths). Vol. 3. Geometridae. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 546 pp.","Inoue, H. (1982) Geometridae of Eastern Nepal based on the collection of the Lepidopterological Research Expedition to Nepal Himalaya by the Lepidopterological Society of Japan in 1963. Part II. Bulletin Faculty of Domestic Sciences of Otsuma Women's University, 18, 129 - 190."]}

Synegiodes sanguinaria (Moore, 1868) Figs 1–2, 16, 26, 36 Anisodes sanguinaria Moore, 1868, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1867 (3): 641. Syntypes Ƌ, India: Bengal (BMNH). Synegiodes sanguinaria: Swinhoe, 1892, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1892: 11 (cited as diffusaria Moore, 1868). Synegioides [sic!] sanguinaria: Swinhoe, 1893, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 12, 147–157. Diagnosis. The color of the pattern elements on the wings is pink or pinkish red in S. sanguinaria, S. punicearia and S. histrionaria. The forewing postmedial area of S. sanguinaria and S. punicearia is composed of two separate patches, larger, more colorful and separated by a narrow band only in punicearia, smaller and mostly separated by a larger gap in S. sanguinaria (this gap may be suffused with pinkish dots or both patches connected along margin or even completely connected, see Figs 1–2). In S. histrionaria, the patches are connected in most specimens, a continuous postmedial line is present. But rarely the patches may be separated. In S. punicearia, the basal area of both, fore- and hind wings, until position of medial band are colored pinkish, while this area in S. sanguinaria is moderately to strongly suffused with pinkish, sometimes confluent dots. S. histrionaria has this basal area only very scarcely suffused. The ground color is a clear, light yellow in S. punicearia, pale yellow, semitransparent in S. sanguinaria and a deeper, not transparent yellow in S. histrionaria. In the male genitalia, the three pink-colored species are different from other congeneric species, as the “socii” are lacking. The uncus is stout, apically bilobed in S. sanguinaria, truncate in S. punicearia and S. histrionaria. In S. sanguinaria, the posterior margin of the anellus is more expanded than in S. punicearia and S. histrionaria. The general shape of the valva is similar in all three species. In the female genitalia, the lamella postvaginalis of S. sanguinaria and S. punicearia is weakly and irregularly sclerotized, while in S. histrionaria there is a strongly sclerotized, ventrally protruding, imbricate process, unique for the whole genus. Material examined. CHINA: Yunnan (IZCAS): 1 6, Yingjiang Logging camp, 1700 m, 15.IV.1980, coll. Gao Ping (slide No. 3470); 4 6, Tengchong, Dahaoping, 2020 m, 24–26.V.1992, coll. Xue Dayong; 1♀, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1500 m, 13.V.2006, coll. Zhang Peiyi. Tibet (IZCAS): 1♀, Zayü, Ciba, 1700 m, 9.VII.1973 (slide No. 3471); 1♀, Nyalam, Zham, 2250 m, 17.V.1974, coll. Zhang Xuezhong; 1♀, Zham, 10.IX.1984, coll. Li Shuyi; 2♀, Mêdog, 80k, 2.VIII.2014, coll. Cui Le & Cheng Rui. India (ZFMK): 10 6 3 ♀, N. India (Sikkim, Darjeeling, Tatacta, Kalimpong Algarah), NE. India (Arunachal Pradesh). Nepal (ZFMK): E. Nepal, Jiri. Distribution. China (Yunnan, Tibet), India, Nepal., Published as part of Cui, Le, Jiang, Nan, Stüning, Dieter & Han, Hongxiang, 2018, A review of Synegiodes Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with description of two new species, pp. 259-274 in Zootaxa 4387 (2) on page 262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1187402, {"references":["Moore, F. (1868) On the Lepidopterous Insects of Bengal. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (3), 612 - 686, pls. 32 - 33.","Swinhoe, C. (1892) New species of Heterocera from the Khasia Hills. Part II. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1892, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1892. tb 03043. x","Swinhoe, C. (1893) New Geometers. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 12, 147 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939308677596"]}

The objective of this study is to optimize fermentation conditions for large production of Marasmius androsaceus biomass and metablites production. The desirability function and chemometric methods were applied to optimize the fermentation conditions of M. androsaceus fermentation conditions in a 500 mL shake flask. Based on the desirability function methods, Plackett-Burman (PB) design was employed to optimize fermentation process parameters (culturing temperature, rotating speed, culture time, initial pH, inoculum size, inoculum age and inoculum volume). Culturing temperature, rotating speed were found to significantly impact Da value which were chosen as assessment criteria and were further optimized by Box-Behnken (BB) design. The response surface regression (RSM) and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) were employed to analyze the results. Finally, the optimum M. androsaceus submerged fermentation condition in a 500 mL shake flask were obtained as follows: initial pH of 6.0, rotating speed of 169 rpm, culture time 6.57 days, culture temperature 26.7 °C, inoculum size of 5%, inoculum age of 4 days and a loading volume of 200/500 mL, then the predictive Da value was 0.5059 and the average experimental Da value was 0.4941. The model possesses successfully fitness and more this study also provides experimental evidence that PB design and RSM are effective tools for mathematical modeling and factor analysis of optimization the fermentation process.