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Today's duel specters of sophisticated psychoterror and cyber warfare imperil our right to privacy and freedom. Experts warn that the cyberscape threatens to become the new war front among rival powers. Will our technology outflank our technical capacity-and our moral will-to safeguard civil liberties?, Author(s): John Rodden[sup.1] Author Affiliations: John Rodden, Senior Editor of Society , is the author of several books on George Orwell. His newest work is Of G-men and Eggheads: The [...]

With the nearly instantaneous dissemination of information in the modern era, policies regarding the disclosure of sensitive information have become the focus of significant discussion in several contexts. The fundamental [...]

Contents I Introduction II Types of Cyber Attacks A DDoS Attacks B Undermining Operating and Control Systems III The Challenges of Technical Attribution IV Cyber Attacks, Kinetic Attacks and International [...], Cyber threats pose fresh challenges to sovereignty and to international law on state responsibility. In addressing kinetic attacks, international law defines state responsibility narrowly. A party asserting that a state is responsible for a kinetic attack must comply with the 'effective control' test adopted by the International Court of Justice in the Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America) decision or, at the very least, with the 'effective control' test adopted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in Prosecutor v Tadic. Driven by concerns about the risks of escalation, the International Law Commission's ('ILC') Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts hardened this narrow approach. The recently published Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare ('Manual') tracks the ILC's analysis. While the Manual is an exceptionally valuable effort to apply lex lata to the fluid cyber realm, caution may not serve international law in this context. Cyber reflects what I call 'attribution asymmetry': cyber threats from private groups assisted by states are both more difficult to trace than kinetic attacks for victims and easier to control for the state providing the assistance. Because of this asymmetry, the international law on state responsibility for kinetic attacks does not adequately address the issue of cyber attacks. A test of virtual control would be more effective, imposing responsibility on a state that has provided financial or other assistance to private groups. The virtual control test would deter states from using private groups to engineer plausible deniability. This heightened deterrence provides a more useful template for the development of international law in the cyber domain.

Westphalian state system has been deeply affected from the civilianization of the cyber space. it is possible to see the traces of nuclear war and its competition in this new post-Cold War period. The contemporary threats against the cyber space and their vague boundaries could clearly be seen in the examples. Cyber attacks in this new security environment towards long lasting alliance NATO and its members are giving important clues for the future. in this article, one discussed defensive measures of NATO for these new threats and the process, which determined the cyber security strategies. Upon this cyber defense strategy, NATO tries to level the cyber capabilities of its members and takes the necessary steps to achieve this goal. The Lisbon summit endorsed the preparation of a new strategy that includes cyber defense and protection of the critical information infrastructure. Keywords: Cyber Security, Hacker, Cracker, Stuxnet, NATO, Cyber Strategy, Kosovo, Estonia, Georgia, iran, Cyber Espionage. Siber uzayin sivillesmesiyle birlikte Vestfalya sisteminin getirdigi ulus devlet modeli derinden etkilenmistir. Soguk Savas sonrasinda ortaya cikan bu yeni donemde nukleer savasin ve cekismenin izlerini gormek mumkundur. Siber Uzayin gunumuzde karsi karsiya kaldigi tehditler ve bunlarin henuz netlesmemis sinirlari orneklerde net olarak gorulmektedir. NATO gibi uzun soluklu bir guvenlik ittifakina ve uyelerine bu yeni guvenlik ortaminda yapilan siber saldirilar, gelecek adina onemli ipuclari vermektedir. Bu makalede NATO'nun bu yeni tehditlere karsi aldigi tedbirler ve belirlenen siber guvenlik stratejileri ortaya cikaran surec tartisilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siber Guvenlik, Hacker, Cracker, Stuxnet, NATO, Siber Strateji, Kosova, Estonya, Gurcistan, iran., Giris: Internetin Ortaya Cikisi ve Gelisimi Bilgisayarin tasinabilir hale gelmesi ve internete erisimin yayginlasmasiyla birlikte 21. yuzyilda dunyaya bunlarin sekillendirecegi belli olmustu. Bireyler arasinda cografi mesafeler azalir ve iletisim aliskanliklari [...]

After the end of Cold War, the security dynamics of the international system has changed. With the demise of the Cold War threats, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has compelled to reorganize its structure to the requirements of new condition. This article examines the emergence of cyber threat against the NATO and how it responds to the new security environment. In the post- Cold War period, the conventional warfare tactics were not enough to fulfill the requirements of the battlefield. The asymmetrical warfare becomes eminent among the other methods. During the Kosovo conflict, the NATO bombing was retaliated by Serbian Hackers with the cyber attack. Similar tendencies also observed in different situations. NATO started to build a cyber defense strategy and tried to create a strategy which encompasses recent threats of the international system. The Lisbon summit endorsed the preparation of new strategy that includes cyber defense and protection of the critical information infrastructure. NATO initiated hybrid warfare strategy combining cyber defense and tries to implement this new approach to all its members. Keywords: NATO, Cyber Security, Hacking, Critical Information Infrastructure, Estonia, Cyber Threat, International Security, Hybrid War Soguk Savasin bitisinden sonra uluslararasi sistemin guvenlik dinamikleri degisti. Soguk Savas tehditlerinin ortadan kalkmasiyla birlikte Kuzey Atlantik Pakti Orgutu (NATO) yeni durumun gereklerine gore yeniden yapilanmak zorunda kaldi. Bu makale NATO'ya karsi siber tehditlerin ortaya cikisini ve onun bu yeni guvenlik ortamina nasil tepki verecegini incelemektedir. Soguk Savas sonrasindaki donemde, geleneksel savas taktikleri savas meydaninin gereklerini yerine getirmekte yetersiz kaliyordu. Asimetrik savas diger yontemlere gore daha one cikti. Kosova catismasi sirasinda, NATO bombalamasina Sirp bilgisayar korsanlari tarafindan siber saldirilarla karsilik verilmistir. Farkli durumlarda da benzer egilimler gorulmustur. NATO yeni bir siber savunma stratejisi insa etmeye ve uluslararasi sistemdeki guncel tehditleri de kapsayacak bir strateji olusturmaya basladi. Lizbon Zirvesinde siber savunma ve kritik bilgi altyapisinin korunmasini da iceren yeni stratejinin hazirlanmasina onay verildi. NATO, siber savunmayi iceren hibrit savas stratejisini baslatti ve bu yaklasimi butun uyelerinde uygulamaya basladi. Anahtar Kelimeler: NATO, Siber Guvenlik, Bilgisayar Korsanligi, Kritik Bilgi Altyapisi, Estonya, Siber Tehdit, Uluslararasi Guvenlik, Hibrit Savas, Ikinci Dunya Savasi'nin sona ermesinin ardindan Soguk Savas doneminin baslamasiyla birlikte yeni bir guvenlik rejimi ortaya cikti. Ken Booth, iki kutuplu dunyanin guvenlik algisini 'Hepimizin kafasinda demir bir perde vardi' [...]

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00572.x Byline: Lene Hansen (*), Helen Nissenbaum ([dagger]) Abstract: This article is devoted to an analysis of cyber security, a concept that arrived on the post-Cold War agenda in response to a mixture of technological innovations and changing geopolitical conditions. Adopting the framework of securitization theory, the article theorizes cyber security as a distinct sector with a particular constellation of threats and referent objects. It is held that 'network security' and 'individual security' are significant referent objects, but that their political importance arises from connections to the collective referent objects of 'the state,''society,''the nation,' and 'the economy.' These referent objects are articulated as threatened through three distinct forms of securitizations: hypersecuritization, everyday security practices, and technifications. The applicability of the theoretical framework is then shown through a case-study of what has been labeled the first war in cyber space against Estonian public and commercial institutions in 2007. Author Affiliation: (*)University of Copenhagen ([dagger])New York University

A systematic review of the relationships between civic and political leaders in Latin America since many civic leaders turn to political activities in order to carry out local work properly is argued. Examples from civil-political relationships in the Dominican Republic in 1999 illustrate this variety of alliances between civic leaders and political parties and demonstrate that they are not necessarily harmful to the democratic order.