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We aimed to describe the clinical presentation, treatment, outcome and report on factors associated with mortality over a 90-day period in Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate regression analyses were performed on data collected in a retrospective case-control study conducted in nine hospitals from seven European countries. A total of 624 patients were included, of which 415 were deceased (cases) and 209 were still alive 90 days after a CDI diagnosis (controls). The most common antibiotics used previously in both groups were β-lactams; previous exposure to fluoroquinolones was significantly (p = 0.0004) greater in deceased patients. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the factors independently related with death during CDI were older age, inadequate CDI therapy, cachexia, malignancy, Charlson Index, long-term care, elevated white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), bacteraemia, complications, and cognitive impairment. In addition, older age, higher levels of WBC, neutrophil, CRP or creatinine, the presence of malignancy, cognitive impairment, and complications were strongly correlated with shortening the time from CDI diagnosis to death. CDI prevention should be primarily focused on hospitalised elderly people receiving antibiotics. WBC, neutrophil count, CRP, creatinine, albumin and lactate levels should be tested in every hospitalised patient treated for CDI to assess the risk of a fatal outcome.

Cytokines are mediators of inflammation induced in the course of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine playing an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the HMGB1 gene expression in the course of CDI. We have performed a prospective case-control study- including 55 adult patients, among them 27 with CDI, who were hospitalized from October 2018 to February 2020 and 28 healthy volunteers. We assessed: a complete blood count with differential leukocyte count, blood creatinine, albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Then, the expression of the HMGB1 gene was evaluated using quantitative Real-Time PCR. Patients with CDI were found to have a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil count, and CRP levels, they also exhibited decreased levels of albumin compared with controls. The HMGB1 gene expression was significantly lower among patients with CDI compared with the control group and significantly, inversely correlated with CRP level in blood. In conclusion, we have observed a decreased expression of the HMGB1 gene in peripheral blood of patients with mild or moderate CDI, which hypothetically could reflect their diminished capability to fight the pathogen.

Basirion, Z., Majid, R. A., & Jelas, Z. M. (2014). Big five personality factors, perceived parenting styles, and perfectionism among academically gifted students. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 8-15. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n4p8 Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1, Pt.2), 1-103. doi:10.1037/h0030372 Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. doi:10.1177/0272431691111004 Besharat, M. A, Azizi, K., & Poursharifi, H. (2011). The relationship between parenting styles and children’s perfectionism in a sample of Iranian families. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1280-1283. doi:10.1016/j. sbspro.2011.03.277 Beuckelaer, A. D., & Lievens, F. (2009) Measurement equivalence of paper-and-pencil and internet organizational surveys: A large scale examination in 16 countries. Applied Psychology, 58, 336-361. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00350.x Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A. L., & Antony, M. M. (2004). Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1373-1385. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00235-6 Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110- 119. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13 Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for selfdefeat. Psychology Today, 14, 34-52. Craddock, A. E., Church, W., & Sands, A. (2009). Family of origin characteristics as predictors of perfectionism. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(3), 136-144. doi:10.1080/00049530802239326 Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru, O., & Baban, A. (2013). On the development of perfectionism in adolescence: Perceived parental expectations predict longitudinal increases in socially prescribed perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 688-693. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.021 Diamantopoulou, G., & Platsidou, M. (2014). Factorial validity and psychometric properties of the greek version of the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R). Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 11, 123-137. Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (2002). The nature and assessment of perfectionism: Α critical analysis. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (pp. 33-62). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10458-002 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Singer, A. (1995). Perfectionism and parental authority styles. Individual Psychology: Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research & Practice, 51(1), 50-60. Flett, G.L., & Hewitt, P.L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 5-13). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi. org/10.1037/10458-001 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Oliver, J. M., & Macdonald, S. (2002). Perfectionism in children and their parents: A developmental analysis. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (pp. 89-132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10458-004 Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 119-126. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2 Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449-468. doi:10.1007/BF01172967 Gilman, R., & Ashby, J. S. (2003). Multidimensional perfectionism in a sample of middle school students: An exploratory investigation. Psychology in the Schools, 40(6), 677-689. doi:10.1002/pits.10125 Gong, X., Fletcher, K. L., & Bolin, J. H. (2015). Dimensions of perfectionism mediate the relationship between parenting styles and coping. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93, 259-268. doi:10.1002/jcad.12024 Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59(2), 93-104. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93 Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 15(1), 27-33. Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1990). Perfectionism and depression: A multidimensional analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 423-438. Hibbard, D. R., Walton, G. E., & State, C. (2012). Where does perfectionism come from? A qualitative investigation of perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(7), 1121-1122. doi:10.2224/ sbp.2012.40.7.1121 Hibbard, D. R., & Walton, G. E. (2014). Exploring the development of perfectionism: The influence of parenting style and gender. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(2), 269- 278. doi:10.2224/sbp.2014.42.2.269 Hollender, M. H.(1965). Perfectionism . Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6, 94-103. Joinson, A. (1999). Social desirability, anonymity, and Intemet-based questionnaires. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(3), 433-438. Kawamura, K. Y., Frost, R. O., & Harmatz, M. G. (2002). The relationship of perceived parenting styles to perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 317-327. doi:10.1016/S0191- 8869(01)00026-5 Knapp, H., & Kirk, S. A. (2003). Using pencil and paper, internet and touch-tone phones for self-administered surveys: Does methodology matter? Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 117-134. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00008-0 Kontrimiene, S. (2014). Rrelationships between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and perceived parenting styles in a sample of university students. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, 33, 96-115. Lewis, I. M., Watson, B. C., & White, K. M. (2009). Internet versus paper-and-pencil survey methods in psychological experiments: Equivalence testing of participant responses to health-related messages. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(2), 107-116. doi:10.1080/00049530802105865 Methikalam, B., Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., & Yeung, J. G. (2015). Asian values, personal and family perfectionism, and mental health among Asian Indians in the United States. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 223-232. doi:10.1037/aap0000023 Miller, A. L., Lambert, A. D., & Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2012). Parenting style, perfectionism, and creativity in high-ability and high-achieving young adults. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 35(4), 344-365. doi:10.1177/0162353212459257 Miller, A. L., & Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2017). Journal of Advanced Academics, 28(4), 313-344. doi:10.1177/1932202X17730567 Missildine, W. H. (1963). Your inner child of the past. New York: Simon & Schuster. Olson, J. (2012). Parenting style and its relationship to perfectionism (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. Ortega, N. E., Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., Hayes, J. A., & Morales, A. (2013). Personal and Familial Aspects of Perfectionism in Latino/a Students. The Counselling Psychologist, 42(3), 406-427. doi:10.1177/0011000012473166 Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39(4), 386-390. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386 Παπάζογλου, Σ. (2018). Ιδιότυποι Τρόποι Απόκρισης: Σύγκριση μεταξύ παραδοσιακών συνθηκών μέ- τρησης και συνθηκών συμμετοχής σε διαδικτυα- κή έρευνα. (Αδημοσίευτη διδακτορική διατριβή). Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθη- νών, Αθήνα, Ελλάδα. Pastor, D. A. (2010). Cluster analysis. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Quantitative methods in the social and behavioral sciences: A guide for researchers and reviewers (pp. 41-54). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Gilman, R. (2011). C l a s s i f y i n g a d o l e s c e n t p e r f e c t i o n i s t s . Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 563-577. doi:10.1037/a0022482 Rice, K. G., & Slaney, R. B. (2002). Clusters of perfectionists: Two studies of emotional adjustment and academic achievement. Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, 35(1), 35-48. Shih, T-H., & Fan, X. (2008). Comparing response rates from web and mail surveys: A metaanalysis. Field Methods, 20(3), 249-271. doi:10.1177/1525822X08317085 Slade, P. D., & Owens, R. (1998). A dual process model of perfectionism based on reinforcement theory. Behavior Modification, 22, 372-390. doi:10.1177/01454455980223010 Slaney, R. B., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., Ashby, J., & Johnson, D. G. (1996). The Almost Perfect Scale-Revised. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Slaney, R., Rice, K., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001). The Revised Almost Perfect Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(3), 130-145. Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2002). A programmatic approach to measuring perfectionism: The Almost Perfect Scale. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 63-88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10458-003 Soysa, C. K., & Weiss, A. (2014). Mediating perceived parenting styles-test anxiety relationships: Academic procrastination and maladaptive perfectionism. Learning and Individual Differences, 34, 77-85. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.05.004 Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2004). Factors influencing the development of perfectionism in gifted college students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48(4), 259-274. doi: 10.1177/001698620404800402 Τσαούσης, Ι. (2002). Το γονεϊκό μοντέλο διαπαιδα- γώγησης και η αυτοεκτίμηση του μαθητή ως μεταβλητές εμφάνισης προβληματικής συμπε- ριφοράς στο περιβάλλον του σχολείου. Στο Ν. Πολεμικός, Μ. Καϊλα & Φ. Καλαβάσης (Επιμ.), Εκπαιδευτική, Οικογενειακή και Πολιτική Ψυχο- παθολογία (σσ. 274-303). Αθήνα: Ατραπός. Walton, G. E., Hibbard, D. R., Coughlin, C., & Coyl- Shepherd, D. D. (2018). Parenting, personality, and culture as predictors of perfectionism. Current Psychology(January), 1-13. doi:10.1007/ s12144-018-9793-y Wang, K. T. (2010). The Family Almost Perfect Scale: Development, psychometric properties, and comparing Asian and European Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(3), 186- 199. doi:10.1037/a0020732 Wang, K. T., Methikalam, B., & Slaney, R. B. (2010). Family Almost Perfect Scale. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Wang, K. T. (2012). Personal and family perfectionism of Taiwanese college students: Relationships with depression, self-esteem, achievement motivation and academic grades. Interntional Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 305- 314. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2011.626050 Weigold, A., Weigold, I. K., & Russell, E. J. (2013). Examination of the equivalence of self-report survey-based paper-and-pencil and internet data collection methods. Psychological Methods, 18(1), 53-70. doi:10.1037/a0031607 Basirion, Z., Majid, R. A., & Jelas, Z. M. (2014). Big five personality factors, perceived parenting styles, and perfectionism among academically gifted students. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 8-15. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n4p8 Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1, Pt.2), 1-103. doi:10.1037/h0030372 Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. doi:10.1177/0272431691111004 Besharat, M. A, Azizi, K., & Poursharifi, H. (2011). The relationship between parenting styles and children’s perfectionism in a sample of Iranian families. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1280-1283. doi:10.1016/j. sbspro.2011.03.277 Beuckelaer, A. D., & Lievens, F. (2009) Measurement equivalence of paper-and-pencil and internet organizational surveys: A large scale examination in 16 countries. Applied Psychology, 58, 336-361. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00350.x Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A. L., & Antony, M. M. (2004). Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1373-1385. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00235-6 Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110- 119. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13 Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for selfdefeat. Psychology Today, 14, 34-52. Craddock, A. E., Church, W., & Sands, A. (2009). Family of origin characteristics as predictors of perfectionism. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(3), 136-144. doi:10.1080/00049530802239326 Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru, O., & Baban, A. (2013). On the development of perfectionism in adolescence: Perceived parental expectations predict longitudinal increases in socially prescribed perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 688-693. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.021 Diamantopoulou, G., & Platsidou, M. (2014). Factorial validity and psychometric properties of the greek version of the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R). Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 11, 123-137. Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (2002). The nature and assessment of perfectionism: Α critical analysis. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (pp. 33-62). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10458-002 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Singer, A. (1995). Perfectionism and parental authority styles. Individual Psychology: Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research & Practice, 51(1), 50-60. Flett, G.L., & Hewitt, P.L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 5-13). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi. org/10.1037/10458-001 Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Oliver, J. M., & Macdonald, S. (2002). Perfectionism in children and their parents: A developmental analysis. In G. L. Flett, & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (pp. 89-132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10458-004 Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 119-126. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2 Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449-468. doi:10.1007/BF01172967 Gilman, R., & Ashby, J. S. (2003). Multidimensional perfectionism in a sample of middle school students: An exploratory investigation. Psychology in the Schools, 40(6), 677-689. doi:10.1002/pits.10125 Gong, X., Fletcher, K. L., & Bolin, J. H. (2015). Dimensions of perfectionism mediate the relationship between parenting styles and coping. Journal of Counseling & Development, 93, 259-268. doi:10.1002/jcad.12024 Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59(2), 93-104. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93 Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 15(1), 27-33. Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1990). Perfectionism and depression: A multidimensional analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 423-438. Hibbard, D. R., Walton, G. E., & State, C. (2012). Where does perfectionism come from? A qualitative investigation of perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(7), 1121-1122. doi:10.2224/ sbp.2012.40.7.1121 Hibbard, D. R., & Walton, G. E. (2014). Exploring the development of perfectionism: The influence of parenting style and gender. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(2), 269- 278. doi:10.2224/sbp.2014.42.2.269 Hollender, M. H.(1965). Perfectionism . Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6, 94-103. Joinson, A. (1999). Social desirability, anonymity, and Intemet-based questionnaires. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(3), 433-438. Kawamura, K. Y., Frost, R. O., & Harmatz, M. G. (2002). The relationship of perceived parenting styles to perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 317-327. doi:10.1016/S0191- 8869(01)00026-5 Knapp, H., & Kirk, S. A. (2003). Using pencil and paper, internet and touch-tone phones for self-administered surveys: Does methodology matter? Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 117-134. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00008-0 Kontrimiene, S. (2014). Rrelationships between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and perceived parenting styles in a sample of university students. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, 33, 96-115. Lewis, I. M., Watson, B. C., & White, K. M. (2009). Internet versus paper-and-pencil survey methods in psychological experiments: Equivalence testing of participant responses to health-related messages. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(2), 107-116. doi:10.1080/00049530802105865 Methikalam, B., Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., & Yeung, J. G. (2015). Asian values, personal and family perfectionism, and mental health among Asian Indians in the United States. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 223-232. doi:10.1037/aap0000023 Miller, A. L., Lambert, A. D., & Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2012). Parenting style, perfectionism, and creativity in high-ability and high-achieving young adults. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 35(4), 344-365. doi:10.1177/0162353212459257 Miller, A. L., & Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2017). Journal of Advanced Academics, 28(4), 313-344. doi:10.1177/1932202X17730567 Missildine, W. H. (1963). Your inner child of the past. New York: Simon & Schuster. Olson, J. (2012). Parenting style and its relationship to perfectionism (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. Ortega, N. E., Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., Hayes, J. A., & Morales, A. (2013). Personal and Familial Aspects of Perfectionism in Latino/a Students. The Counselling Psychologist, 42(3), 406-427. doi:10.1177/0011000012473166 Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. AmericanPsychologist, 39(4), 386-390. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386 Παπάζογλου, Σ. (2018). Ιδιότυποι Τρόποι Απόκρισης: Σύγκριση μεταξύ παραδοσιακών συνθηκών μέ- τρησης και συνθηκών συμμετοχής σε διαδικτυα- κή έρευνα. (Αδημοσίευτη διδακτορική διατριβή). Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθη- νών, Αθήνα, Ελλάδα. Pastor, D. A. (2010). Cluster analysis. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Quantitative methods in the social and behavioral sciences: A guide for researchers and reviewers (pp. 41-54). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Gilman, R. (2011). C l a s s i f y i n g a d o l e s c e n t p e r f e c t i o n i s t s . Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 563-577. doi:10.1037/a0022482 Rice, K. G., & Slaney, R. B. (2002). Clusters of perfectionists: Two studies of emotional adjustment and academic achievement. Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, 35(1), 35-48. Shih, T-H., & Fan, X. (2008). Comparing response rates from web and mail surveys: A metaanalysis. Field Methods, 20(3), 249-271. doi:10.1177/1525822X08317085 Slade, P. D., & Owens, R. (1998). A dual process model of perfectionism based on reinforcement theory. Behavior Modification, 22, 372-390. doi:10.1177/01454455980223010 Slaney, R. B., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., Ashby, J., & Johnson, D. G. (1996). The Almost Perfect Scale-Revised. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Slaney, R., Rice, K., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001). The Revised Almost Perfect Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(3), 130-145. Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2002). A programmatic approach to measuring perfectionism: The Almost Perfect Scale. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 63-88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10458-003 Soysa, C. K., & Weiss, A. (2014). Mediating perceived parenting styles-test anxiety relationships: Academic procrastination and maladaptive perfectionism. Learning and Individual Differences, 34, 77-85. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.05.004 Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2004). Factors influencing the development of perfectionism in gifted college students. GiftedChildQuarterly, 48(4), 259-274. doi: 10.1177/001698620404800402 Τσαούσης, Ι. (2002). Το γονεϊκό μοντέλο διαπαιδα- γώγησης και η αυτοεκτίμηση του μαθητή ως μεταβλητές εμφάνισης προβληματικής συμπε- ριφοράς στο περιβάλλον του σχολείου. Στο Ν. Πολεμικός, Μ. Καϊλα & Φ. Καλαβάσης (Επιμ.), Εκπαιδευτική, Οικογενειακή και Πολιτική Ψυχο- παθολογία (σσ. 274-303). Αθήνα: Ατραπός. Walton, G. E., Hibbard, D. R., Coughlin, C., & Coyl- Shepherd, D. D. (2018). Parenting, personality, and culture as predictors of perfectionism. Current Psychology(January), 1-13. doi:10.1007/ s12144-018-9793-y Wang, K. T. (2010). The Family Almost Perfect Scale: Development, psychometric properties, and comparing Asian and European Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(3), 186- 199. doi:10.1037/a0020732 Wang, K. T., Methikalam, B., & Slaney, R. B. (2010). Family Almost Perfect Scale. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Wang, K. T. (2012). Personal and family perfectionism of Taiwanese college students: Relationships with depression, self-esteem, achievement motivation and academic grades. Interntional Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 305- 314. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2011.626050 Weigold, A., Weigold, I. K., & Russell, E. J. (2013). Examination of the equivalence of self-report survey-based paper-and-pencil and internet data collection methods. Psychological Methods, 18(1), 53-70. doi:10.1037/a0031607

Progressive cardiac fibrosis is a common cause of heart failure. Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinases (ROCKs) have been shown to enhance fibrotic processes in the heart and in other organs. In this study, using wild-type, Rock1+/− and Rock2+/− haploinsufficient mice and mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) we addressed the role of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in development of myocarditis and postinflammatory fibrosis. We found that myocarditis severity was comparable in wild-type, Rock1+/− and Rock2+/− mice at day 21 of EAM. During the acute stage of the disease, hearts of Rock1+/− mice showed unaffected numbers of CD11b+CD36+ macrophages, CD11b+CD36−Ly6GhiLy6chi neutrophils, CD11b+CD36−Ly6G−Ly6chi inflammatory monocytes, CD11b+CD36−Ly6G−Ly6c− monocytes, CD11b+SiglecF+ eosinophils, CD11b+CD11c+ inflammatory dendritic cells and type I collagen-producing fibroblasts. Isolated Rock1+/− cardiac fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) showed attenuated Smad2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylations that were associated with impaired upregulation of smooth muscle actin alpha (αSMA) protein. In contrast to cardiac fibroblasts, expanded Rock1+/− heart inflammatory myeloid cells showed unaffected Smad2 activation but enhanced Erk phosphorylation following TGF-β treatment. Rock1+/− inflammatory cells responded to TGF-β by a reduced transcriptional profibrotic response and failed to upregulate αSMA and fibronectin at the protein levels. Unexpectedly, in the EAM model wild-type, Rock1+/− and Rock2+/− mice developed a similar extent of cardiac fibrosis at day 40. In addition, hearts of the wild-type and Rock1+/− mice showed comparable levels of cardiac vimentin, periostin and αSMA. In conclusion, despite the fact that ROCK1 regulates TGF-β-dependent profibrotic response, neither ROCK1 nor ROCK2 is critically involved in the development of postinflammatory fibrosis in the EAM model.

W latach 2001-2003 prowadzono badania nad wciornastkami (Thysanoptera) w Lublinie (południowo-wschodnia Polska). Celem pracy było poznanie składu gatunkowego tych owadów na wybranych roślinach z rodziny złożonych (Asteraceae), zbieranych z miejsc o różnym stopniu antropopresji w Lublinie. Wyznaczono 15 stanowisk położonych w różnych częściach miasta, które zaliczono do półnaturalnych oraz antropogenicznych. W wyniku badań stwierdzono występowanie 36 gatunków wciornastków. W całym materiale dominowały gatunki Thrips physapus, Thrips trehernei, Thrips validus i Frankliniella intonsa. Największą różnorodnością gatunkową wciornastków charakteryzowały się gatunki roślin: Hieracium umbellatum, Matricaria perforata, Taraxacum officinale, Erigeron strigosus. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, iż środowisko miejskie jest dość bogate pod względem różnorodności gatunkowej wciornastków. Odłowiona liczba gatunków wskazuje na ich tolerancję na umiarkowanie niekorzystne warunki panujące w mieście. Najważniejszym czynnikiem wpływającym na liczbę zebranych gatunków jest bogactwo gatunkowe roślin. Stanowiska o różnym stopniu przekształcenia różniły się zarówno składem gatunkowym, jak i liczebnością stwierdzonych wciornastków.

Wykorzystując powszechnie występujące w całej Europie, niewielkie rozmiarowo ślimaki Cochlodina (Cochlodina) laminata przeprowadzono analizę akumulacji metali w tkankach miękkich oraz w muszlach mięczaków. Porównano trzy lokalizacje wyznaczone w okolicach lubelskich nekropolii i różniących się stopniem antropopresji. Zaliczono przedstawiciela Clausiliidae do użytecznego dla biomonitoringu panelu (zestawu) taksonów Pulmonata obok Arianta, Cepaea, Fruticicola. Stwierdzono makrokoncentracyjne właściwości tkanek miękkich ślimaków dla Zn, Cu oraz Cd w stosunku do wartości oznaczonych w glebie. Mikrokoncentracja natomiast została oznaczona w przypadku Fe, Pb i Cr zarówno w tkankach miękkich, jak i w muszlach. Wykazano różnice fenotypowe bakterii Enterobacteriaceae związanych z układem pokarmowym badanych ślimaków

Introduction. Inflammation of the meninges can have various clinical courses, from mild, self-limiting in some viral neuroinfections to severe, sometimes ending in death. The pro-inflammatory cascade and defects in the inhibitors of the inflammatory response play an important prognostic role. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes encoding cytokines, influence the severity of the inflammatory response. Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected polymorphisms of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, TNF-? and IL-8 on the development of neuroinfections. Material and Methods. We evaluated the laboratory results of 30 patients treated for bacterial and viral meningitis and compared those to 30 healthy volunteers. The following 4 variants were analyzed for occurrence of genetic polymorphism in patients with meningitis versus the control group: IL-1ß 3953, IL-1ß -31, TNF-? -308, and IL-8 781. Then, we assessed the association between these genetic polymorphisms and the inflammatory response during the course of meningitis. Results and Conclusions. We observed that polymorphism of the IL-1ß-31 significantly differs between patients and healthy subjects, the IL-1ß -31AA polymorphism existed only in healthy individuals (p