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Although progress of network communication in recent years is remarkable, its communicative feature has not yet discussed enough. While it is convenient to exchange messages in letters, it is important to examine the distinctive characteristics of network communication, such as singularity of the network communication scene, which lacks in visual contact with conversation partner, the limit, and the features of interpersonal relationships in network communication. Since network communication is an indirect media in which letters are the main means of communication and in which back channels do not exist, it serves poorly in strengthening interpersonal intimacy, and in building flexible relationships easily. Although network relationships are built with partners chosen by oneself, there are less expansion and progress of interpersonal relationships compared to the direct, face-to-face relationships. The relational intimacy is formed by "perceived" attitude based on the utterance possession and the contents of utterance. Since network situation produces less self-consciousness or strain than in face-to-face situation, network communication is evaluated positively in that people can express their thought well spontaneously, thus it has the advantage of helping to restore interpersonal maladaptation gradually. In sum, there are both positive and negative aspects to the network communication: the positive side of the network communication is that it has the possibility to bring about new functions and new communication culture in the communication style. The negative side of it is that since the relation is made indirect and limited, the communication also will become limited. The need to devise to build the highly intimate and condensed relationships with new expression style and other new media is discussed.

It is enable us to communicate each others and share the meaning of message derived senders for that we have analogous bodies with various channels. We can build up the social relationships on the assumption of our bodies. While almost people do not consider the role of body as “resonator” between people, they communicate each others superficially. Consequently people expand the content of communicative messages recklessly in daily life. It is difficult to catch on the resonant message containing human linkages that we restrain to draw the psychological presence away of body. Also this forced us to spoil the efficacy of our bodies. Dressing Clothes and giving the appearance contrast to body presence have similar meaning to communication. Because we abstract the common messages from the body and we share these meanings with other people, people can built up the sociality as shown human history.

This study aimed to develop Japanese version of GMI (Growth Motivation Index; Bauer et al., 2008) that measures motivation related to well-being and cognitive skills and investigate the structure of the motivation for well-being in Japan. We translated the GMI into Japanese and used other scales including PWB measuring well-being and EQS measuring emotional intelligence and 156 students completed the scales. Results showed that the three factors appeared in motivation; social contribution, self-deepening, and enhancement of interpersonal relationships in Japan, whereas cognitive growth and emotional growth appear in America. The three factors are found to relate to well-being and emotional intelligence significantly. We discussed cultural background that interdependent relationships in Japan require the motivation to approach to self, others, and broader society and this is not the matter of cognition or emotion as personal focus.

The purpose of this study was to examine how speech-rate affects the perception of speaker’s credibility and perceived persuasiveness. A total of 146 undergraduates listened to an audiotaped persuasive message of a female voice (“a psychiatric test should be used to judge if a criminal is responsible for his actions.”) at three different speech-rates (fast, medium and slow) and answered speaker’s credibility and perceived persuasiveness. Fast speech enhanced expertness of the message, whereas slow speech enhanced trustworthiness. However, the rate of speech did not affect the perceived persuasiveness. Importance of controlling verbal and nonverbal cues in a speech perception task was discussed.

It is enable us to communicate each others and share the meaning of message derived senders for that we have analogous bodies with various channels. We can build up the social relationships on the assumption of our bodies. While almost people do not consider the role of body as “resonator” between people, they communicate each others superficially. Consequently people expand the content of communicative messages recklessly in daily life. It is difficult to catch on the resonant message containing human linkages that we restrain to draw the psychological presence away of body. Also this forced us to spoil the efficacy of our bodies. Dressing Clothes and giving the appearance contrast to body presence have similar meaning to communication. Because we abstract the common messages from the body and we share these meanings with other people, people can built up the sociality as shown human history.

This study compared the groups of Japanese and South Korean individuals in terms of expressing their happiness and anger by employing the emotion instruction method. Results indicated that the ways by which happiness and anger were expressed differed across cultures. More specifically, it was found that the Korean individuals did not necessarily engage in the facial expression of happiness and anger more intensely than the Japanese counterparts. Implicit to these findings was the role of the display rules, which could potentially have an effect on the differences that were observed. Given that the experimenters and participants were situated in the same room in this study, the participants might not have been able to freely express their levels of happiness and anger. Future study needs to clarify the display rules of Japanese and South Korean individuals, so that the further understandings about the cross-cultural differences can be obtained.

This purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of social skills training in two-day session based on how to improve self-rating (nonverbal expressiveness and Japanese interpersonal communication competence) scores. Sixty-nine participants took part in social skills training to increase their level of basic social skills. In consequence, the scores of affective communication, self reticence, and interpersonal sensitivity increased acroSSTwo days. These training program doses not reveal strong effect on the Japanese interpersonal communication competence. These findings were discussed from viewpoint of the application to the social skills training. SST is consisted of many components like as program contents, attributes of participants and training period, so, the effects of training should be clarified by multiple viewpoints.

The purpose of this review is to describe the characteristics of social skills on the previous studies. Social skills are not only the motivational states orientated to be ‘social 'but show personal adaptation level. Since social skill has been taken particular notes by many psychologists for about thirty years, the concept of social skill has been recognized as a process, as well as holding subordinate components, and some models of social skills were postulated. Social skills are not defined with parallel subordinate components, but with the hierarchical possess which includes personal attributes, interpersonal relationships, and social-cultural features. This arrangement reflects some different stages to attain social adaptation. The elements of those skills that would be needed on a particular stage are not identical from situation to situation. The more skills treat socially spread activity, the more they are affected by complicated external factors. The social skills deal with from basic skills including personal attributes to goal-directed skills organically combined. We should take into account to developing the culture-oriented training program which also covers the counter cultural norms equivalently.

In the present experiment with a total of 34 undergraduates in pairs with a close friend, the hypothesis was tested that mindsets affect enhancement of self-perception, evaluation from their friend, and mental health about important aspects of selves over time, from 1st week to the 16th week. The results showed that a deliberative mindset led to a uniform positive change of self-perception about an important aspect of self and mental health and an implemental mindset led to once negative change. Both mindsets tended to lead to a uniform positive change of evaluation from their friend. This study clarified the possibility we can change self-perception and evaluation from others over time and contributes to the understanding of effects of mindsets on tasks that have more personal relevance and consequences of greater importance for the individual.

The face conveys social and psychological messages with regard to the personal attributes and social context/culture. Different ethnic groups might have different criteria of communication messages. It is often difficult to understand and appreciate what are meanings shared by other cultures as there are differences in facial expressions of emotion. Ethnical familiarity causes to judge the familiar face of one’s own ethnicity as more attractive and easier understanding. The historical background and the geographical features cause important effects on interpersonal communication style such as facial expression rules. This point is derived from understanding of the background of Korean’s rich expressiveness of emotions. Many studies fund the common characteristics across different ethnic cultures and different features among different cultures. When we consider the facial communication mechanism in relation to cultures, the duality such as above commonality and differences are one of useful viewpoints. The meaning of facial communication is determined relatively by many factors such as facial physiognomy, cultural norms, display rules, interpersonal relationships and social contexts.

The purpose of this study is to clarify what is interpersonal attraction of same-sex friends, and to clear up its effects on relationship-maintenance motivation in terms of personal importance. Two hundred and two undergraduates responded the questionnaires about their same-sex friendships. They rated how attractive they regarded their friends by using friends’ attraction scale, which made through preliminary study. Also, they answered the degree to which each item on the scale was important to them. The results showed mainly three findings as below. First, factor analysis of friends’ attraction indicated four factors; security, stimulus, faithfulness, and independence. Second, based on importance to the participants, they were divided into four clusters; security-emphasis, stimulus-emphasis, independent- emphasis, and non-emphasis. Finally, in independent-emphasis cluster, stimulus had a most strong effect on the relationship-maintenance motivation. In every other cluster, security had a strong effect on that. The discussion considered the relationships between friends’ attraction and relationship-maintenance motivation and the role of personal importance in those relationships.

This study aimed to develop Japanese version of GMI (Growth Motivation Index; Bauer et al., 2008) that measures motivation related to well-being and cognitive skills and investigate the structure of the motivation for well-being in Japan. We translated the GMI into Japanese and used other scales including PWB measuring well-being and EQS measuring emotional intelligence and 156 students completed the scales. Results showed that the three factors appeared in motivation; social contribution, self-deepening, and enhancement of interpersonal relationships in Japan, whereas cognitive growth and emotional growth appear in America. The three factors are found to relate to well-being and emotional intelligence significantly. We discussed cultural background that interdependent relationships in Japan require the motivation to approach to self, others, and broader society and this is not the matter of cognition or emotion as personal focus.

This study investigated the effect of gazing on impressions of interactants in same-sex triadic communications. 48 university students (18 male, 30 female) who were not acquainted with each other participated in either the cozy conversation or the discussion about a social problem. We hypothesized that giving both a larger amount of gaze and the balanced gaze between interactans would lead to receiving favorable impressions, but they were not supported. However, in the discussion condition, a large amount of gaze led to favorable impressions, whereas the balanced gaze correlated positively with pleasant impressions. Furthermore, the balanced gaze had a tendency of receiving positive correlation with ACT, independent of conversation conditions. The importance of conducting future studies on focusing the role of gaze, correspondent with speech pattern was discussed.

The interpersonalrelationshipsare developed by meansofvarious media in social context including temporal sequence. Communicative acts convey psychologicalmessages derived from socialnormandcultural products. The domain ofcommunicative studiesareenlarged from theusageofnonverbal channels revealing body-parts to the understandingfunctional integrationof multiple channels. Interpersonalcommunication is consideredasthetemporal sequenceofsocialexchangesbetween personsandis regarded as theprocess of developingthe balanced interpersonalrelationshipsof bondingpersonseach other. Thebalanced state is notultimately stable, but, isbecoming to getstill more stable. It isnecessary to study the rationalrelationshipsbetween the intrapersonalbalance and theinterpersonal balance. The dual-stage of interpersonalbalance andtheevidencesofsynchronytendencyin many nonverbalchannelsshouldevokethecontroversy betweenthestructuralapproachandthecom- ponent approach considering social meaning of communication.

This study examined the differences between Japanese and Korean female college students in the appearance management, sense of beauty, some factors that would affect make-up behavior, and make-up behavior that would give subjective well-being. In those two Asian countries, people are said to have contrastive senses of beauty. The reason for this difference is often explained by the strong influence of Confucianism in Korea. Study 1 showed that the Japanese paid attention to morphological beauty of the skin. On the other hand, the Korean recognized the face as a communication tool, and they were more receptive than the Japanese to cosmetic surgical treatments. Study 2 showed that the trend of the make-up behavior was different among the two student groups and that the influence of public self-consciousness on amake-up behavior was a common denominator. The results may imply that there is a possible difference in the element which constitutes a feeling of happiness depending on one’s cultural background.

In the present study, we analyzed the facial expressions of anger and sadness by using AU system of FACS about the emotion-instruction method and the photograph-instruction method. Also, these facial expressions were obtained in the two different situations (alone in the room and with another person in the same room; the alone condition and the same room condition). There was no significant difference between the alone condition and the same room condition about sad expression. But, it was obtained those significant differences between the two conditions in the nine AUs of anger. The photograph instruction method was effective on both facial expressions of anger and sadness. We obtained the coincidence between facial expressions in the room conditions (alone, same room) and in the instruction conditions (emotion-instruction and photograph-instruction method) by each ACT level. It was examined the consistency between facial expressions of anger and sadness in relation to the personal attributes. The main effect of facial expression condition was significant in the case of anger using the degree of coincidence between the emotion-instruction method and the photograph-instruction method. On the other hand, the main effect of ACT was significant in facial expression of sadness. The instruction method and the situation condition showed different effects on facial expressions of anger and sadness. We need to study Japanese style of other basic facial expression in the various situations. It is considered that the adaptive expression of emotion should be important module in Social Skills Training.

We examined how individuals playing a role in social situations would consider the implications of self-evaluation when they were expect to behave in a certain way. Taking into account the realities of social interaction, we investigated experimentally a situation in which the role expected by others was undesirable. Wemanipulated a scenario in which a teacher gave evaluative feedback to students about learning outcomes. While the confederate played the role of student, participants played the role of teacher. The teacher was instructed to give either negative or neutral evaluations, and the content of expectation given by the experimenter was also manipulated. Participants were 63 female university students. The dependent variables were the Big Five personality factors and the participant’s level of self-acceptance. After the interaction, the teachers’ impressions of the student were measured in order to explore the relationship between social roles and impression formation. In our results, different aspects of cognitive change arose, depending on the assigned role and the presence of expectation given by the experimenter. For this reason, the nature of cognitive change was discussed further in terms of howexpectationswere attributed byparticipants as aperceiver.

This present study was designed to examine the relationship between the dislikable/likable communication situation and the degree of social skills in Chinese university students. The contents of the interpersonal situation were summarized by the text mining software. Correspondence analysis and cluster analysis of data from 420 undergraduate students showed the following 3 findings. (1) Chinese university students were not generally good at communicating with the strangers, the person who takes care with, the old. (2) The nonverbal expressive students puzzled when they meet the person in the place in which it doesn't imagine it. (3) The low nonverbal expressive males ware good at behaving in the limited relations. These consequences were discussed from viewpoint of the culture theory and of the application to the social skills training.

The hedonic contingency theory is used to explain the relationship between positive affect and social motivation. In this study, we examined the relationship between positive affect and motivation for social interaction in the perspective of the hedonic contingency theory. We predicted that high-arousal positive affect would enhance motivation for interaction with stranger, because it made one predict that maintained one’s positive affect through successful interaction. In contrast, we predicted that other affects would enhance motivation for interaction with a close friend, because they also made one predict successful interaction. A total of 153 undergraduates were asked to imagine each of 4 affective scenes which had been extracted in preliminary research, and answered a questionnaire about motivation for interaction with stranger and a close friend. The results indicated that high-arousal positive affect seemed desirable for interaction with stranger, and low-arousal positive affect was also desirable for interaction with a close friend. Although high-arousal positive affect enhanced motivation for interaction more than low-arousal positive affect, there was no different tendency between stranger and a close friend. The importance of temporally accessibility between affective condition and behavior was discussed.

We examined how individuals playing a role in social situations would consider the implications of self-evaluation when they were expect to behave in a certain way. Taking into account the realities of social interaction, we investigated experimentally a situation in which the role expected by others was undesirable. Wemanipulated a scenario in which a teacher gave evaluative feedback to students about learning outcomes. While the confederate played the role of student, participants played the role of teacher. The teacher was instructed to give either negative or neutral evaluations, and the content of expectation given by the experimenter was also manipulated. Participants were 63 female university students. The dependent variables were the Big Five personality factors and the participant’s level of self-acceptance. After the interaction, the teachers’ impressions of the student were measured in order to explore the relationship between social roles and impression formation. In our results, different aspects of cognitive change arose, depending on the assigned role and the presence of expectation given by the experimenter. For this reason, the nature of cognitive change was discussed further in terms of howexpectationswere attributed byparticipants as aperceiver.

Social psychology is a comprehensive science that encompasses almost all of the factors in the social environment. It uses an understanding of these basic factors to explore the principles contained in our real life events. Furthermore, it aims to provide people with ways to promote ideas on adaptive behavior in real life. Our goal is to build adaptive relationships with others, and we must commit to maintaining a mutually cooperative society, i.e. social well-being. Everyday episodes attract our interest. Therefore, social psychology studies sometimes tend to be preoccupied with only fragmentary and temporary phenomena. We should be able not only to outline, but also to expand, the domain of research concerning “society”, with a sustainable, long-time perspective on the acquisition of well-being. In light of previous research trends in social psychology, we need to consider how this science might have contributed to society, and how it has met people’s expectations. We should think about what constitutes valuable research and what we ought to look for at this present moment. Social psychology has advanced along with advances in many related sciences. This interdependency should be taken more into consideration by everyone. It is important that social psychology does not draw attention to simple, popular issues; it should keep in mind that we, as humans, possess the power to substantiate human history. We need to propose ways of finding adequate objectives and methods that meet the demands of worthwhile scientific research that has social reality and enhances personal and social well-being.

This present study was designed to examine the relationship between the dislikable/likable communication situation and the degree of social skills in Chinese university students. The contents of the interpersonal situation were summarized by the text mining software. Correspondence analysis and cluster analysis of data from 420 undergraduate students showed the following 3 findings. (1) Chinese university students were not generally good at communicating with the strangers, the person who takes care with, the old. (2) The nonverbal expressive students puzzled when they meet the person in the place in which it doesn't imagine it. (3) The low nonverbal expressive males ware good at behaving in the limited relations. These consequences were discussed from viewpoint of the culture theory and of the application to the social skills training.

In the present study, we analyzed the facial expressions of anger and sadness by using AU system of FACS about the emotion-instruction method and the photograph-instruction method. Also, these facial expressions were obtained in the two different situations (alone in the room and with another person in the same room; the alone condition and the same room condition). There was no significant difference between the alone condition and the same room condition about sad expression. But, it was obtained those significant differences between the two conditions in the nine AUs of anger. The photograph instruction method was effective on both facial expressions of anger and sadness. We obtained the coincidence between facial expressions in the room conditions (alone, same room) and in the instruction conditions (emotion-instruction and photograph-instruction method) by each ACT level. It was examined the consistency between facial expressions of anger and sadness in relation to the personal attributes. The main effect of facial expression condition was significant in the case of anger using the degree of coincidence between the emotion-instruction method and the photograph-instruction method. On the other hand, the main effect of ACT was significant in facial expression of sadness. The instruction method and the situation condition showed different effects on facial expressions of anger and sadness. We need to study Japanese style of other basic facial expression in the various situations. It is considered that the adaptive expression of emotion should be important module in Social Skills Training.

Synchrony tendency refers to the coordination of movement between individuals in interpersonal communication. So far, most methods of studying synchrony tendency have focused on the particular channel. However, because communication behavior depends on the emotional tone of conversation, it might be difficult to understand the synchrony tendency on the particular channel only. This study made use of the within-participant "pseudosynchrony" experimental paradigm, using female university students as participants, and the synchrony level in the conversation on emotional episodes was measured. The results suggested that communication behavior varied depending on emotional episodes, while overall synchrony tendency was observed regardless of the emotional episodes in the conversation.

This article reviewed several prominent issues concerning the mechanism which explained the structure of behavior. These issues are the concept of goal, cognitive processes, neural substrates of emotional experiences, and personality. After briefly reviewing these issues, a Japanese version of the BIS/BAS scale was developed in order to assessing two general motivational systems that underlie behavior and affect. Factor analysis revealed that the Japanese version of the BIS/BAS scale consists of four factors and , corresponding to an original scale. And convergent and discriminate validity in the formof correlations with alternativemeasures ware reported.

This study aimed to classify close relationships of university students in Japanese today and to investigate the relationships between intimacy and self-perception in each interpersonal relationship. 99 students described what kind of relationships with 5 close others in an open ended style. They also evaluated the degree of intimacy with each other (Okada,1999) and self-perception when they were with each other(Hayashi, 1978; individual familiarity, social desirability, activeness). From the view of personality, a Japanese version of the BIS / BAS scale(Kamide & Daibo, 2005)was evaluated to assess two general motivational systems that underlay behavior and affect. Results showed that close interpersonal relationships of college students in Japanese today were classified into 7 categories of “before elementary school”,“junior high school”,“high school”,“university”,“a part-time job”,“romantic relationships”and“other”. We regressed self-perception on intimacy per 7 categories and found that self-perception of individual familiarity increased the degree of intimacy across most categories. This means that if they were telling jokes or entertaining close others with humor, they felt high degree of intimacy with the others. Self-perception of social desirability was related to intimacy just in“before elementary school”, and this result suggested that they needed social desirability like conscience or earnestness to maintain good relationships with longtime friends that would be well-connected persons in years to come. In a category of“university”, BIS (propensity of avoidance)increase the degree of intimacy, so they might maintain good relationships with relatively new friends to avoid conflicts or reduce in daily life risk.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of romantic relationship on individuals’behavior toward their friends as well as the importance of friendship in such process. As behavioral indexes, the frequency and duration of behavior (e.g.,texting) and distribution of resources (e.g.,affection, status) toward person in close relationships were employed. One hundred and thirty five undergraduates who have romantic partners completed the questionnaires about their partners and same-sex friends (i.e.,closest friend, second closest friend). The results showed that perceived attachment function of their romantic partners was negatively correlated with, how often they would call and how much they would invest affection toward their friends. This tendency was more apparent toward second closest friends. And, those who perceived attachment function of their romantic partners to be relatively low and rated their friendships to be important were more likely call and text their friends. This interaction effect was found only with closest friends. Attachment function of romantic partner was discussed in relation to individuals' behavior toward their friends.

We investigated a factor pattern of ENDCOREs (Fujimoto & Daibo, 2007), which was the scale of communication skills (CS), and examined university students’ CS features. Participants (286 university students) responded to the questionnaire about their CS, and 131 of them responded to the questionnaire concerning the demand of CS for a companion during social interaction settings. Regarding a factor pattern, decipherer ability, acceptance of others and regulation of interpersonal relationship had enough stability, while encoding skills (expressivity and assertiveness) and self control racked stability. It is suggested that assertiveness develops more and more as age become larger, and this developmental stages affect demand of CS for a companion.

The purpose of this review is to describe the characteristics of concept and measurement employed for the past research on social skills. Many studies were increased in attention to social skills in relation to interpersonal vulnerability. According to this investigation, we offer detailed suggestions for future research on social skills and it’s training in each related domain. Social skills mean the ability to manage fluent and adaptive interpersonal relationships with others under cultural background. The definition of social skills, however, has not obtained the consensus among researchers so far, and many different skills have been derived from different approaches. Many social skill training methods have been developed to make more effective programme. Consequently some tasks need to be clarified in the near future. We researchers should clarify the detailed components of social skills in relation to the goals to achieve. We should consider the relationships between the situational factors and the social rules in the context when we examine the content of training programmes.

In this study, we translated into Japanese “The Emotional Contagion Scale(ECS; Doherty, 1997)” which is to measure individual differences in susceptibility to other’s emotion, refined the factor structure, and examined the relations with empathy or mental health. Three hundred sixty three male and female undergraduates completed the questionnaire. From the results of exploratory factor analysis, ECS was composed of 4 factors; “happiness contagion”, “sadness contagion”, “anger contagion”, and “love contagion”. We also confirmed internal consistency and test-retest reliability of each factor. In addition, a confirmative factor analysis showed that a four-factor structure was a better fit than one. Moreover, the susceptibility of other’s emotion was more correlated with emotional rather than cognitive modes of empathy. While the susceptibility of other’s happiness was correlated with a good mental health, the susceptibility of other’s sadness or anger was correlated with a bad mental health. These results suggested that people who tended to be susceptible to a particular emotion was not necessarily susceptible to other emotions, and that the influence of emotional sensitivity on mental health varied with the type of emotion. Therefore, we should take into account the independence of each emotion when examining the mechanism of emotional contagion.

Many researchers concern the dynamics of how people manage their dose relationships over time. Interpersonal intimacy contains some aspects of psychological features depend on the extent to which both people are concerned for the partner's wellness. Interpersonal communication enhances partnership and commitment with the members. Intimacy of the relationship is not single construct, but connotes cognitive, motivational, and communicative aspects of the relationships. Also, it is considered that the interpersonal intimacy is derived from personal tendency or relational unit. We need to pay attention to the difference among the size of members in the interaction, because interpersonal intimacy should be affected by the different interaction process reflected dyadic or triadic dynamics that produces different numbers of interpersonal interaction. It is important and useful that the nature of interpersonal relationships is considered as the points of the view of balance, equity. As caring and minded response reinforce one another, a dose relationship is maintained and enhanced.