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The accumulation of organic material on top of the mineral soil over time (a process called paludification) is common in Northern Boreal coniferous forests. This natural process leads to a marked decrease in forest productivity overtime. Topography both at the surface of the forest floor (i.e., above ground) and the subsurface (i.e., top of mineral soil which is underground) is known to play a critical role in the paludification process. Until recently, the availability of more accurate topographic information regarding the surface and subsurface was a limiting factor for land management and modeling of spatial organic layer thickness (OLT) variability, a proxy for paludification. However so far, no research has assessed which of these two topographic variables has the greatest influence on paludification. This study aims to assess which topographic variable (surface or subsurface) better explains paludification, using high-resolution remote sensing technology (i.e., Light Detection and Ranging: LiDAR and Ground Penetrating Radar: GPR). To this end, field soil measurements were made in over 1614 sites distributed throughout the reference Valrennes Experimental site in Canadian northern coniferous forests. Then, a machine learning model (i.e., Random Forest, RF) was implemented to rank a set of selected predictor topographic variables (i.e., slope, aspect, mean curvature, plan curvature, profile curvature, and topographic wetness index) using the Mean Decrease Gini (MDG) index as an indicator of importance. Results showed that overall 83% of the overall variance was explained by the RF selected model, while the derived subsurface topography predictors had the lowest MDGs for predicting paludification. On the other hand, the surface slope predictor had the highest MDGs and better explained paludification. This finding would be particularly useful for implanting sustainable management strategies based on the surface variables of paludified northern boreal forests. This study has also highlighted the potential of LiDAR data to provide surface topographic spatial detail information for planning and optimizing forest management activities in paludified boreal forests. This is even of great importance when we know that LiDAR variables are easier to obtain compared to GPR derived variables (subsurface topographic variables).

Framställning av digitala terrängmodell (Digital Terrain Model, DTM) är en viktig del för projekteringsunderlag vid markrelaterade frågor. Grunden för en DTM är punktmolnet som innehåller grunddata från mätningen. DTM är användbara i många olika områden, kvalitén bestäms beroende på vilken uppdrag som DTM gäller för. UAS-fotogrammetri är en av metoder som tillämpas för att framställa en DTM, det går även att framställa en DTM utifrån punktmoln från Laserdata NH. En DTM är en modell av endast markyta, där data samlas genom mätning av ett visst objekt. Syftet med detta examensarbete som är utfört vid Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap vid Högskolan Väst var att jämföra två olika metoder för framställning av ett punktmoln som är till underlag för en DTM. Punktmoln som framställs med egna mätningar från UASfotogrammetri och ett färdigt punktmoln från Laserdata NH. Målet med jämförelsen är att undersöka om det går att ersätta UAS-fotogrammetri med den kostnadseffektiva Laserdata NH i projektet för ett industriområde (Lödöse varvet) i Lilla Edets kommun, samt om det går att ersätta den överlag. Med hjälp av Agisoft Metashape programvaran framställdes det punktmolnet från mätning från UAS av modellen DJI Phantom 4 Advanced, sedan jämfördes den mot det färdiga punktmolnet från Laserdata NH i CloudCompare programmet. Resultatet på denna studie visar att det går att ersätta UAS-fotogrammetri mot Laserdata NH i just denna och andra liknande projekt som har samma syfte och viss bestämd noggrannhet då punktmolnen inte avviker signifikant från varandra. Medan det inte går att ersätta de mot varandra överlag, då UAS-fotogrammetri erhåller högre noggrannhet när det gäller framställning av ett punktmoln jämfört med vad Laserdata NH har för noggrannhet på sina mätningar Generation of Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is an essential part in project planning in questions related to spatial planning. Basis for the DTM is the point cloud which obtains initial data from the measurement. DTM can be used in different areas, accepted quality level is depending on the assignment for which DTM is produced. UAS-photogrammetry is one of the methods which is used for DTM generation, but it is possible to produce DTM from point cloud originated from Laserdata NH. A DTM is a model representing entirely terrain surface, where the data used for its generation gathers from measuring of a certain object. The purpose of this study accomplished at Department of Engineering Science at University West was to compare two different methods for point cloud generation as a basis for DTM. First point cloud generated comes from own measurement with UAS-photogrammetry and second is a point cloud from acquired Laserdata NH. The goal of the comparison is to examine if it is possible to replace UAS-photogrammetry with the cost effective Laserdata NH in the project for the industrial area (Lödöse varvet) in Lilla Edet municipality, and if it is possible to replace it generally. With help of Agisoft Metashape software the point cloud from UAS-measurement with DJI Phantom 4 Advanced was generated and then compared to Laserdata NH point cloud in CloudCompare program. Result of this study is showing that it is possible to replace UAS-photogrammetry with Laserdata NH in this specific and others similar projects which have same purpose and certain decided precision since point clouds are not significantly deviating from each other. While it is not possible to replace them generally, as UAS-photogrammetry obtains higher precision concerning point cloud generation compared to accuracy that Laserdata NH has in its measurements.

This unit introduces some of the uses of digital terrain data, the types of elevation data available and how to obtain them. Through examples and discussion it presents examples of data sources and formats, software for viewing and processing elevation data, and a comprehensive list of data and software resources.

[ES] El abandono de parcelas agrícolas es un fenómeno muy presente en Europa desde hace décadas, siendo actualmente un problema de gran envergadura en España y en especial, en la Comunidad Valenciana, donde se encuentra la zona de estudio. Las causas y consecuencias son diversas y atienden a razones económicas, políticas, culturales o ambientales. Para abordar la problemática, este estudio presenta una metodología que tiene como objetivo discriminar las diferentes clases de parcelas agrícolas, a partir del uso de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y la tecnología LiDAR del sistema aéreo. Para definir la metodología fue necesario realizar un trabajo de campo basado en la localización de parcelas de calibración y validación en el término de Bellreguard, zona del estudio. La metodología se basó en primer lugar en el cálculo de los modelos digitales de elevaciones (MDE), modelos digitales de superficie (MDS) y los modelos digitales de superficie normalizada (MDSn) para las fechas con las que se dispone datos LiDAR (2009 y 2015). A continuación, se calculó la diferencia normalizada entre ambos MDSn y la diferencia de superficies de ocupación en este periodo. La elección de variables fue clave para la posterior construcción de los modelos de calibración. La elección del modelo que más se adaptó, antecede a su aplicación en la fase de validación. El método presentó una fiabilidad global del 70%, valor destacable, aunque es necesario el desarrollo de nuevas líneas de investigación para la mejora de los resultados., [EN] The abandonment of agricultural plots has been a very present phenomenon in Europe for decades, being currently a problem of great importance in Spain and especially in the Valencian Community, where the study area is located. The causes and consequences are diverse economic, political, cultural and environmental reasons. To address the problem, this study presents a methodology that aims to discriminate the different classes of agricultural parcels, from the use of GIS and LiDAR data. To define the methodology, it was necessary to carry out fieldwork based on the location of calibration and validation plots in the municipality of Bellreguard, study area. Firstly, the methodology was based on the calculation of digital terrain models (DTM), digital surface models (DSM) and normalized digital surface models (nDSM) from LiDAR data are available (2009 and 2015). Next, the normalized differences between both nDSM and the difference of occupation surfaces were calculated in this period. The selection of variables was a key factor to the subsequent construction of the calibration models. The definition of the most adapted model precedes it¿s application in the validation phase. The method presented an overall accuracy of 70%, a remarkable value, although it is necessary to develop new lines of research to improve the results.

Over the last years there has been a rapid development in the UAS-technology (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) and today there are several UAS systems on the market. The fast development has led to differences in both price and capability of taking high-quality images between the systems. The purpose of this study was firstly to investigate how two UAS systems differ in the uncertainty of measurement while making digital terrain models, secondly, to investigate how different UAS systems cope with the laws and requirements that exist for producing digital terrain models for detail projection, SIS-TS 21144:2016 Table 6 level 1-3. A comparative study on two software’s creation of point clouds from picture data was also conducted. In this study, three digital models were made from one specific area. They were created with two different UAS-systems and laser scanning from an airplane. The models were compared and analysed using the RUFRIS method. The UASsystems used were a fixed wings Smartplanes S1C and a rotary wings Dji Phantom 4 PRO. The Smartplanes flew 174 m above the ground and the Dji Phantom 4 flew 80 m above the ground. The results from the study show that laser scanning from the airplane created the model with the lowest measurement uncertainty and met all the requirements for each separate type (asphalt, natural soil, grass and gravel) for detail projection according to SIS.TS 201144:2016 table 6 level 1-3. Additionally, the results show that the terrain model produced by the Dji Phantom 4 only met the requirements for asphalt where the mean deviation was 0,001 m. The results produced with “Smartplanes” met the requirements for asphalt and gravel where the mean deviations were -0,007 m and 0,017 m. The softwares PhotoScan and UASMaster were compared while creating point clouds from pictures taken by the Smartplanes. The results show that PhotoScan had the lowest uncertainty for asphalt, grass and gravel surfaces while UASMaster produced lower uncertainty for natural soil. The results indicate that airborne laser scanning should be the preferred method for collection of topographic data since it created lower measurement uncertainties than the other methods in this study. It is also possible to create digital terrain models with UAS for detail projection for asphalt and gravel surface in accordance with 21144:2016. Finally, it was concluded that the used software programs are showing differences in creating point clouds. De senaste åren har tekniken för Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) utvecklats snabbt och idag finns flera system på marknaden. Ett resultat av den snabba utvecklingen är att de olika systemen skiljer sig åt, dels i pris men även i kapacitet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur olika UAS-system skiljer sig åt i mätosäkerhet vid framställning av digitala terrängmodeller, men även hur olika UAS-system står sig mot det regelverk som finns för framställning av digitala terrängmodeller vid detaljprojektering enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016 Tabell 6 klass 1-3. Ytterligare ett syfte med studien var att undersöka hur olika programvaror skiljer sig åt vid framställning av punktmoln från bilddata. I studien kontrollerades och jämfördes tre digitala terrängmodeller genererade över samma område med två olika UAS-system samt laserskanning från ett flygplan. Terrängmodellerna jämfördes mot kontrollprofiler framställda med RUFRIS-metoden. De olika UAS-systemen var en dyrare variant, Smartplanes S1C (fastavingar), och en billigare variant, Dji Phantom 4 PRO (roterande vingar). De tillämpade flyghöjderna för flygningarna var 174 m för Smartplanes och 80 m för Dji Phantom. Resultatet från studien visar att laserskanning från flygplanet uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet och klarade samtliga krav för varje separat marktyp för detaljprojektering enligt SIS-TS 201144:2016 Tabell 6 klass 1-3. Marktyper som undersöktes var: asfalt, naturmark, gräs och grus. Vidare klarade terrängmodellen producerad med Dji Phantom endast kravet för asfaltsytor, där medelavvikelsen fastställdes till 0,001 m. Terrängmodellen producerad med Smartplanes klarade endast kraven för marktyperna asfalt och grus där medelavvikelsen fastställdes till -0,007 m respektive 0,017 m. Som en del i studien jämfördes programvarorna PhotoScan och UASMaster för framställning av punktmoln för bilder insamlade med Smartplanes S1C. Resultatet visar att PhotoScan uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet för asfalt, gräs och grus medan UASMaster uppnådde lägst mätosäkerhet för naturmark. Studien visar att flygburen laserskanning borde vara en fortsatt föredragen metod för insamling av topografisk data då metoden resulterade i lägst mätosäkerheter i denna studie. Vidare visar studien att det är möjligt att framställa digitala terrängmodeller med UAS för detaljprojektering enligt SISTS 21144:2016 för asfalt- och grusytor. Dessutom konstateras att olika bearbetningsprogram skiljer sig vid framställning av punktmoln.

Accuracy of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) in a complex forest environment is critical and yet challenging for accurate forest inventory and management, disaster risk analysis, and timber utilization. Reducing elevation errors in photogrammetric DTM (DTMPHM), which present the national standard in many countries worldwide, is critical, especially for forested areas. In this paper, a novel automated method to detect the errors and to improve the accuracy of DTMPHM for the lowland forest has been presented and evaluated. This study was conducted in the lowland pedunculate oak forest (Pokupsko Basin, Croatia). The DTMPHM was created from three-dimensional (3D) vector data collected by aerial stereo-photogrammetry in combination with data collected from existing maps and field surveys. These data still present the national standard for DTM generation in many countries, including Croatia. By combining slope and tangential curvature values of raster DTMPHM, the proposed method developed in open source Grass GIS software automatically detected 91 outliers or 3.2% of the total number of source points within the study area. Comparison with a highly accurate LiDAR DTM confirmed the method efficiency. This was especially evident in two out of three observed subset areas where the root mean square error (RMSE) values decreased for 8% in one and 50% in another area after errors elimination. The method could be of great importance to other similar studies for forested areas in countries where the LiDAR data are not available., Digitalni model reljefa (DTM, engl. Digital Terrain Model) ima široku i važnu primjenu u mnogim djelatnostima, uključujući i šumarstvo. Međutim, precizno modeliranje terena, odnosno izrada DTM-a u šumama, bilo korištenjem terenskih metoda ili metoda daljinskih istraživanja, izazovan je i vrlo zahtjevan zadatak. U većini razvijenih zemalja svijeta, zračno lasersko skeniranje (ALS, engl. Airborne Laser Scanning) bazirano na LiDAR (engl. Light Detection and Ranging) tehnologiji trenutno predstavlja glavnu metodu za izradu DTM-a. Uslijed mogućnosti laserskog zračenja da penetrira kroz krošnje drveća, LiDAR tehnologija se pokazala kao efektivna i brza metoda za izradu DTM-a u šumskim područjima s vrlo velikom točnošću. Međutim, u mnogim zemljama svijeta, uključujući i Hrvatsku, zračno lasersko skeniranje nije u potpunosti provedeno, tj. samo su manji dijelovi zemlje pokriveni s podacima zračnog laserskog skeniranja. U tim slučajevima, DTM temeljen na stereo-fotogrametrijskoj izmjeri aerosnimaka potpomognut s terenskim podacima najčešće predstavlja glavni izvor informacija za izradu DTM-a. Poznato je da tako izrađen DTM u šumskim predjelima ima manju točnost od DTM-a dobivenog na temelju zračnog laserskog skeniranja zbog pokrivenosti terena vegetacijom. Također, u okviru nedavno provedenog istraživanja (Balenović i dr., 2018) utvrđeno je da takvi službeni fotogrametrijski digitalni podaci terena u šumskim predjelima sadrže određen broj tzv. grubih grešaka, koje mogu značajno utjecati na točnost izrađenog DTM-a. Nakon vizualnog detektiranja i manualnog uklanjanja tih pogrešaka, Balenović i dr. (2018) utvrdili su značajno poboljšanje točnosti fotogrametrijskog DTM-a.Stoga je glavni cilj ovoga rada razviti automatsku metodu za detekciju i eliminaciju vertikalnih pogrešaka u fotogrametrijskim digitalnim podacima terena te na taj način poboljšati točnost fotogrametrijskog DTM-a u nizinskim šumskim područjima Hrvatske. Ideja je razviti brzu, jednostavnu i učinkovitu metodu koja će biti primjenjiva i za druga šumska područja sličnih karakteristika, a za koja ne postoje DTM dobiven zračnim laserskim skeniranjem. Istraživanje je provedeno u nizinskim šumama na području gospodarske jedinice Jastrebarski lugovi, u neposrednoj blizini Jastrebarskog (Slika 1). Istraživanjem je obuhvaćena površina od 2.005,74 ha, na kojoj su u najvećoj mjeri zastupljene jednodobne sastojine hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus robur L.), a u ma­njoj mjeri jednodobne sastojine poljskog jasena (Fraxinus angustifolia L.) te jednodobne sastojine običnoga graba (Carpinus betulus L.). Nadmorska visina područja istraživanja kreće se u rasponu od 105 do 121 m.Fotogrametrijski DTM (DTMPHM) je izrađen iz digitalnih vektorskih podataka terena (prijelomnice, linije oblika, markantne točke terena i pravokutne mreže visinskih točaka) nabavljenih iz Državne geodetske uprave (Slika 2). Ti podaci predstavljaju nacionalni standard i jedini su dostupni podaci za izradu DTM-a u Hrvatskoj. Detaljan opis vektorskih podataka dan je u radu Balenović i dr. (2018). Prvo je iz digitalnih terenskih podataka izrađena nepravilna mreža trokuta, koja je potom linearnom interpolacijom pretvorena u rasterski DTMPHM prostorne rezolucije (veličine piksela) 0,5 m. Automatska metoda za detekciju i eliminaciju vertikalnih pogrešaka fotogrametrijskog DTM-a u nizinskim šumskim područjima razvijena je u slobodnom programskom paketu Grass GIS (Slika 3). Kombinacijom vrijednosti nagiba i tangencijalne zakrivljenosti terena rasterskog DTMPHM (Slika 4), automatskom metodom su detektirane 91 grube greške (engl. outliers). Drugim riječima, utvrđeno je da 91 točkasti vektorski objekt pogrešno prikazuje stvarnu visinu terena. Navedeni broj čini 3,2 % od ukupnog broja točkastih objekata korištenih za izradu DTMPHM-a. Nakon eliminacije detektiranih pogrešaka izrađen je novi, korigirani fotogrametrijski DTM (DTMPHMc). Za ocjenu vertikalne točnosti izvornog (DTMPHM) i korigiranog DTM-a (DTMPHMc) korišten je visoko precizni DTM dobiven zračnim laserskim skeniranjem (DTMLiD). U tu svrhu su izrađeni rasteri razlika između DTMPHM i DTMLiD, te između DTMPHMc i DTMLiD. Kako je preliminarnom analizom utvrđeno da vertikalne razlike između DTMPHM i DTMLiD nisu normalno distribuirane (Slika 5), za ocjenu točnosti su uz normalne mjere točnosti korištene i tzv. robusne mjere točnosti (Tablica 2). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na poboljšanje vertikalne točnosti fotogrametrijskog DTM-a primjenom razvijene automatske metode. To je posebice uočljivo na podpodručjima 2 i 3 (Slika 6 i 7) u kojima se nakon uklanjanja detektiranih grešaka, korijen srednje kvadratne pogreške (RMSE, engl. root mean square error) smanjio za 8 % odnosno 50 % (Tablica 2). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata i usporedbe s DTMLiD, može se zaključiti da predložena metoda uspješno detektira i eliminira vertikalne pogreške fotogrametrijskog DTM-a u nizinskim šumskim područjima, te slijedom toga poboljšava njegovu vertikalnu točnost.

Glaciers are an important source of fresh water for Central Asia as they release water during the summer months when precipitation is low and water demand highest. Many studies address glacier area changes but only changes in glacier mass can be directly linked to climate and runoff. Despite the importance, investigations of glacier mass changes have been restricted to only a few glaciers in the Tien Shan until now. Geodetic mass balance measurements are suitable to complement and extend existing in-situ measurements. In this study, both area and mass changes of the ~40 km² glacier ice in the Ala Archa Valley, Kyrgyz Tien Shan, were investigated using 1964 and 1971 stereo Corona, 2012 stereo ASTER, the SRTM digital terrain model and other optical data such as Landsat ETM+ or Rapid Eye. In addition, ice thickness was modeled taking the basal shear stress and the glacier surface topography into account. The results indicate an area loss of 18.3±5.0% from 1964 until 2010 with continuous shrinkage in all investigated periods. The glacier’s mass balance was −0.45±0.27 m w.e. a−1 for the period 1964–1999 and −0.42±0.66 m w.e. a−1 for 1999–2012. Golubin Glacier showed a possible slight mass gain for 1964– 1971 and a decelerated mass loss for the 1999–2012 period. This is in good agreement with existing in-situ measurements exiting from 1962 until 1994 and since 2010. The overall ice volume was estimated to be 1.56±0.47 km³ of ice in the year 2000. Hence, the entire ice would be lost by 2100 if the mass loss would continue at the same rate

[EN] The city of Cartagena and its immediate surroundings have experienced significant topographical changes throughout its history. Originally built on five hills which border south and west with the Mediterranean Sea, the city has expanded to the north over the last five decades, occupying a lacustrine system which has now dried up due to the diversion of riverbeds which, from time to time, used to flood the place. These changes have been documented and studied from the lithology present in over 400 geotechnical drillings carried out in the urban renewal of the city for the last two decades. In addition, another 20 new continuous drillings have been conducted within the Project “Surveying and planning a privileged Mediterranean city, Arqueotopos I and II” which is still ongoing. The information obtained is completed with the study of all existing historical maps on it. Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) have been generated with this drilling data, then several lithological layers have been selected for its interest: anthropic fill, mud and underlying bedrock. The thickness of each of the layers has been studied in different areas and viewed through various longitudinal profiles that have been plotted. Finally, a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction has been undertaken to see graphically the documented changes that have occurred in each of these layers, to serve both research and divulgation knowledge., [ES] LaciudaddeCartagenaysu entornoinmediato haexperimentadosignificativos cambiostopográficos alo largo desu historia. La ciudad, levantada originariamente sobre cinco cerros que limitan al sur y al oeste con el mar Mediterráneo, se ha extendido en las últimas décadas hacia el norte, ocupando un sector lacustre subsidente, ahora desecado por el desvio de los cauces que recurrentemente lo encharcaban. Estos cambios han sido documentados y estudiados a partir de la litología presente en cerca de 400 sondeos geotécnicos realizados en la renovación urbana de la ciudad durante las dos últimasdécadas,asícomoenotros20nuevossondeosdeperforacióncontínuarealizadosdentrodelosProyectos “Topografía y urbanismo de una urbe mediterránea privilegiada, Arqueotopos I y II” actualmente en curso. La información obtenida se ha completado con el estudio de toda la cartografía histórica existente sobre la misma. Desde esta información se han elaborado modelos digitales del terreno (MDTs) de distintas capas litológicas seleccionadas por su interés: relleno antrópico, fangos y roca subyacente. Se ha podido estudiar así la potencia de cada una de las capas en diferentes zonas yvisualizarlasatravésdelosdistintosperfileslongitudinalesquesehantrazado.Finalmente,seharealizadouna reconstrucciónvirtual tridimensional(3D) quepermite apreciar gráficamente lasvariaciones documentadasque sehan producido en cada una de dichas capas, con fines tanto investigadores como de divulgación., This article has been undertaken within the framework of the following projects: Carthago Nova: Topography and urban planning of a privileged Mediterranean city I and II. Arqueotopos (Mineco-HAR2011-29330 and Mineco HAR2014-57672-P), partially funded with ERDF funds. Similarly, we extend our gratitude to the company Horysu, S.A. and to all the agencies, institutions and individuals that have allowed us to consult the data of their geotechnical drillings.

This paper presents aspects of ALS data usage in two - dimensional hydraulic modelling including generation of high - precision digital terrain models, t heir effective processing which is a compromise between the resolution and the accuracy of the processed data, as well as information about the roughness of the land cover providing information that could compete with information from topographic databases and orthophotomaps. Still evolving ALS technology makes it possible to collect the data with constantly increasing spatial resolution that guarantees correct representation of the terrain shape and height. It also provides a reliable description of the la nd cover. However, the size of generated files may cause roblems in their effective usage in the 2D hydraulic modeling where Saint - Venant’s equations are implemented. High - resolution elevation models make it impossible or prolong the duration of the calcu lations for large areas in complex algorithms defining a model of the water movement, which is directly related to the cost of the hydraulic analysis. As far as an effective usage of voluminous datasets is concerned, the data reduction is recommended. Suc h a process should reduce the size of the data files, maintain their accuracy and keep the appropriate structure to allow their further application in the hydraulic modelling. An application of only a few percent of unprocessed datasets, selected with the use of specified filtering algorithms and spatial analysis tools, can give the same result of the hydraulic modeling obtained in a significantly shorter time than the result of the comparable operation on unprocessed datasets. Such an approach, however, is not commonly used, which means the most reliable hydraulic models are applied only in small areas in the largest cities. Another application of ALS data is its potential usage in digital roughness model creation for 2D hydraulic models. There are many po ssibilities of roughness coefficient estimation in hydraulic modelling which has an impact on the velocity of water flow. As a basic and reference source for such analysis topographic databases as well as orthophotomaps from aerial or satellite imagery can be considered. The presented paper proved that LIDAR data should be effectively applied in cooperation between surveyors and hydrologists. ALS data can be s used solely in the creation of a fully correct two - dimensional hydraulic model, assuming that appr opriate hydraulic datasets are available. Additionally, application of ALS data should not be limited to geometric representation of the terra in and it can be used as information about roughness of terrain. The presented paper was financed by the Foundatio n for Polish Science - research grant no. VENTURES/2012 - 9/1 from Innovative Economy program of the European Structural Funds.

The article focuses on the geodetic monitoring of the Rabenov landslide territory. The monitored slope is situated in the landscape deteriorated by mining activity in North Bohemia, West of Usti nad Labem, in Chabařovice, a reclaimed brown coal pit. The article presents a general description of the application and accuracy of geodetic methods used to measure on the movement of material in landslides. Also, the history, the problems and the plans for reclamation of the monitored territory are briefly mentioned. The text concentrates on the description of the network of three observed points which are formed by geotechnical instrumentations and on the description of a terrestrial and GNSS measurement in the network of monitored points. The assessment methods and the results from the eight-year phased monitoring process are also discussed. Different methods were tested during the phases. For terrestrial measurements, standard deviations of about 2 mm in position were made and for GNSS standard deviations of about 14 mm. Surveys in a local grid showed that there were continuous movements of observed station points of about 10 mm per year. The paper also discusses the use and assessment of digital terrain models in zones with on-going artificial as well as natural changes. Models indicate elevation changes of about 2–6 m and movement of about 10,000–100,000 m3 of material.

The aim of this study is to analyze methodologies based on airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology of low pulse density points (0.5m(-2)) for height and volume quantification of olive trees in Viver (Spain). A total of 29 circular plots, each with a radius of 20m, were sampled and their volumes and heights were obtained by dendrometric methods. For these estimations, several statistics derived from LiDAR data were calculated in each plot. Regression models were used to predict volume and height. The results showed good performance for estimating volume (R-2=0.70) and total height (R-2=0.67)., The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Ministry for Science & Innovation) within the framework of the project AGL2010-15334 and by the Vice-Rectorate for Research of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [Grant PAID-06-12-3297; SP20120534].

U ovom se diplomskom radu istražuje utjecaj korisničko-definiranih parametara na točnost digitalnog modela reljefa. Digitalni modeli reljefa (DMR) izrađeni su na temelju tri skupa visinskih podataka: vektorizirane izohipse i visinske točke, lidarski oblak točaka i fotogrametrijski prikupljeni uzorci. Lidarski generiran DMR poslužio je kao referentno stanje za ocjenu točnosti ostalih modela. Nad fotogrametrijski prikupljenim uzorcima testirano je deset metoda prostorne interpolacije, a najbolji rezultat ostvaruje se primjenom običnoga kriginga. Poseban naglasak postavljen je na veličinu piksela, koja je računata za svaki model napose iz nekoliko formula. Usto, razvijen je koncept hibridnog DMR-a, koji se temelji na prestrukturiranju i progušćivanju ulaznih podataka izohipsama. Rezultati ukazuju kako su, uz referentni lidarski DMR, najtočniji DMR-ovi nastali vektorizacijom HOK-a. Među fotogrametrijski izrađenim modelima, na koje je rad prvenstveno i fokusiran, hibridni DMR veličine piksela 3 m postiže bolje rezultate po svim aspektima ocjene točnosti nego DMR proizveden uobičajenim pristupom. Modeli su međusobno uspoređeni uobičajenim metodama, ali i u uspješnosti izvođenja hidroloških parametara: 1) površinskog otjecanja – primjenom razvijenog “DNK” koncepta utvrđivanja horizontalnog odmaka i 2) drenažnog bazena – izračunom volumena i trodimenzionalne površine. This thesis determines the impact of user-defined parameters on the accuracy of digital terrain model. Digital terrain models (DTMs) are made on the basis of three sets of elevation data: vectorized contour lines and elevations, LiDAR cloud points and photogrammetry samples (stereorestitution). DTM produced from LiDAR samples was used as the reference value for assessing the accuracy of the other DTMs. By using photogrammetry samples the author tested ten methods of spatial interpolation, and the best result was achieved by using the method of ordinary kriging (OK). The special emphasis is set on the pixel size, which is calculated for each model individually with several calculations. Also, the concept of a hybrid DTM was developed, which is based on the restructuring and refinement of the input data by creating geostatistical contour lines. The results indicate that the most accurate DTMs were produced from vectorized contour lines and elevations. Among the photogrammetric generated DTMs, to which the thesis is primarly focused, the hybrid model with spatial resolution of 3 m achieved much better results in all aspects of accuracy assessment, than DTM produced by the usual approach. DTMs are also compared by the success of performance of some hydrological parameters: 1) flow accumulation – where „DNA“ concept of determining horizontal discrepancy was developed and 2) drainage basin – by analysing volumes and 3D surfaces.

LiDAR technology is advancing. As a result, researchers can benefit from high-resolution height data from Earth's surface. Digital terrain model (DTM) generation and point classification (filtering) are two important problems for LiDAR data. These are connected problems since solving one helps solving the other. Manual classification of LiDAR point data could be time consuming and prone to errors. Hence, it would not be feasible. Therefore, researchers proposed several methods to solve DTM generation and point classification problems. Although these methods work fairly well in most cases, they may not be effective for all scenarios. To contribute in this research topic, a novel method based on two-dimensional (2-D) empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is proposed in this study. Local, nonlinear, and nonstationary characteristics of EMD allow better DTM generation. The proposed method is tested on two publicly available LiDAR dataset, and promising results are obtained. Besides, the proposed method is compared with other methods in the literature. Comparison results indicate that the proposed method has certain advantages in terms of performance. © 2008-2012 IEEE.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a utilização do Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado (VANT) como plataforma para a tomada de fotografias aéreas para o mapeamento planialtimétrico de erosão situada em zona urbana. Além disso, analisou-se a necessidade de utilização ou não de pontos de controle de campo para a geração de Modelo Digital de Superfície (MDS) e ortomosaico como instrumentos para examinar o processo erosivo. Apesar da grande variação da atitude da aeronave durante a obtenção das fotografias aéreas que compõem o bloco aerofotogramétrico, foi possível gerar o MDS e o ortomosaico com ou sem pontos de controle. Este estudo foi realizado em duas erosões urbanas, uma situada em Goiânia-GO, no Setor Fonte Nova/Córrego do Capim, e a outra em Silvânia-GO, denominada de Lava-Pés. Toda a geração dos MDS, Modelo Digital de Terreno (MDT) e ortomosaico foram realizados no programa Agisoft PhotoScan, em processamento semiautomático (i.e., com pontos de controle) e automático (i.e., sem pontos de controle). Os ortomosaicos gerados sem pontos de controle apresentaram rotação, translação e escala diferente dos gerados com apoio. Ademais, os MDS gerados sem pontos de controle apresentaram elevação ou rebaixamento da superfície de referência em relação aos gerados com controle. Ressalta-se, ainda, que essas discrepâncias não foram constantes. Ao realizar a conversão automática do MDS para o MDT, percebeu-se que o programa não foi capaz de eliminar a vegetação arbustiva localizada no interior da erosão. As vegetações arbórea, arbustiva ou rasteira (gramíneas) impedem a correta delimitação da erosão para o cálculo do volume. Porém, a diferença dos MDS gerados entre duas épocas distintas propicia identificar as alterações ocorridas nesse intervalo de tempo nas regiões sem cobertura vegetal. O uso de pontos de controle foi essencial para garantir a orientação, a escala e o plano de referência nos produtos gerados a partir das fotografias aéreas e, assim, avaliar as modificações da erosão. Por fim, o VANT pode ser utilizado como plataforma para a tomada de fotografias aéreas para gerar produtos cartográficos que possibilitem o mapeamento e as avaliações das erosões, sobretudo em áreas urbanas. This research aimed to evaluate the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a platform for taking aerial photographs for mapping erosion planialtimetric located in urban areas. In addition, we evaluated the need to use or not to field control points for the generation of Digital Surface Model (DSM) and ortomosaico as tools to evaluate the erosive process. Despite the wide variation in attitude of aerial photographs that make up the aerophotogrammetric block arising from the instability of the UAV, it was possible to generate the MDS and ortomosaico with or without control points. This research was conducted in two urban erosions located in Goiania in Sector Fonte Nova in the stream of grass and the other in Silvânia called foot-washing. Whole generation of MDS, Digital Surface Model (MDT) and ortomosaico were performed in Agisoft PhotoScan program in semi-automatic processing, if used control points, or automatic without control points. The ortomosaicos generated without control points presented rotation, translation and scale of different generated with support. In addition, MDS generated without control points showed elevation or lowering of the reference surface with respect to the generated control, it is emphasized that these discrepancies are not constant. When performing automatic conversion of MDS to MDT, it was realized that the program was not able to eliminate the shrub vegetation located within the erosion. The vegetation or tree, shrub or undergrowth (grass) prevents proper limitation of erosion to the volume calculation. But unlike the MDS generated between two distinct epochs identifies the changes in the interval of time in areas without vegetation. The use of control points was essential to ensure the orientation, scale and the reference plane in the products generated from aerial photographs and thus evaluate the changes. Anyway, the UAV can be used as a platform for taking aerial photographs for generating cartographic products that enable the mapping and evaluation of erosions.

Off-road driving in logging operations began in Sweden in the 1960s. Those operations took place at final fellings during winter on prepared ice roads that protected the soil and miti­gated possible soil damage. Today logging operations are fully mechanized and performed all year round. Thus forest strip roads may suffer severe impacts from off-road operations. Soil disturbances may have physical, chemical, biological, hydrological, and economic effects and affect the water quality. Similar problems are encountered in other regions, where driving occurs close to watercourses or vulnerable areas. The EU Water Directive has an impact on operations in forests, creating an incentive for improvements. Ongoing efforts in the design of vehicles and equipment are likely to improve operations. Soil damage can be avoided by applying GIS-based planning techniques, and by taking advantage of soil radar-scanned and ground laser-scanned data sets, which would facilitate safer off-road driving to a great extent. A case study in southern Sweden revealed that the use of digital planning for the improvement of strip roads in order to avoid vulnerable terrain made forwarding of timber more profitable. Using elevation, slope, aspect and soil type digital layers, a model has been created in ‘model builder’ environment of ArcGIS to build up a cost-index surface, which classifies the terrain suitability for driving into five different levels. Implementing distance analysis, the model designs the least costly roads connecting any desired destination to the landing point. The result of this study reveals that this kind of pre-planning tool can mitigate ecological dam­ ages to soil and water and at the same time it can also assist decision makers to evaluate diffferent possible choices of road layouts regarding preserving sensitive regions in forest lands.

In 2005, the World Bank issued Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis, which indicted that Taiwan, may be the most vulnerable place to natural hazards. This paper aims at landslide points, land use data, socioeconomic indicators integrated with the mapping method to analyze the relation between spatial structural relationships and spatial patterns of disaggregate and aggregate levels in natural hazard areas. First, natural hazard locations are derived from geospatial data and coded into a GIS system. Second, the spatial analysis techniques includes different geospatial scale is derived from spatial autocorrelation analysis (SAA), space syntax. On the other hand, spatial analysis data such as digital terrain model (DTM) combination based on land use type relative significance to the process of landslide occurrence. Finally, this paper organizes a framework integrated with the land use plan and spatial analysis techniques (FILS). Results from 2006 showed that the natural hazard area hot spots include Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung.

The significance of geographic information systems (GIS) for environmental managment and resource planning has increased in recent years. Current ecological theory, in particular ecosystem theoy, is characteriyed by a new better understanding of ecosystem patterns and dynamics. This paper describes some of the basic application methods using GIS in connection with ecological factors constrained by relief in Ţarcu Mountains, Southern Carpathians.

Sometimes when connecting a crest vertical curve, followed by a sag and another crest, a road disappears from the view of a driver to reappear later. Then, there is a loss of path or a hidden dip in a road. It is essential to avoid losses when they hide dangerous points, such as intersections or unexpected changes in direction. In addition, this loss disrupts drivers and its effect depends on quantitative relationships between the variables involved in the problem. This paper presents a quantitative procedure for studying hidden dips in roads. The method is based on calculating the sections visible and hidden by a driver using a Geographic Information System. An application to a Spanish road is presented. Procedure results were compared with in situ carried out studies and with a video of the highway recorded using a Global Positioning System equipped video camera embarked in a vehicle. The main quantitative issues related to hidden dips are discussed.

Soil and terrain changes as a result of increased erosion and accumulation processes in selected locations Abstract Colluvial soils are formed in areas with increased intensity of soil erosion. Colluvial soils originate as a result of their position in terrain, they are usually found in places where has accumulated erosion material. Very often they are to be found at the around of slopes. Their accumulation horizon is deeper than 25 cm with a great amount of organic carbon buried in it. In my diploma thesis I will attempt to take a closer look at three locations, each having different types of dominant soils. The aim of this diploma thesis is to rebuild the original shape of the terrain before the beginning of the soil erosion process. Keywords: colluvial soil, soil erosion, soil accumulation, land use, digital terrain model (DTM)

[EN] The environmental impact assessment and landscape analysis of any work or activity over the territory requires a study of the visual impact what can be done from the application of viewshed analysis. The accuracy of these results depends largely on the parameters for calculating them, accuracy and spatial resolution of initial elevation data and digital models derived. In this study viewshed analysis in 4 areas of the town of Gandia with different characteristics (urban, forest, beach, mixed) were analyzed from 4 types of geographic information: a) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and b) Digital Surface Model (DSM) derived from LiDAR data with density of 1 point/m2; c) DTM from a photogrammetric flight with a pixel size of 5×5 m; d) Overlay cadastral cartography with the previous DTM. For the validation of the results, 120 checking points were used to calculate the overall accuracy and kappa index. The results showed a high overall accuracy for the viewsheds calculated from the DSM derived from LiDAR data being the overall accuracy and index kappa 90% and 0.80, respectively. The conclusions drawn from this study indicated that the use of this source of information showed a good performance for the generation of viewshed analysis., [ES] Los estudios de impacto ambiental o paisajismo de cualquier obra o actuación en el territorio requieren de un estudio del impacto visual de las mismas a partir de la generación de cuencas visuales. La exactitud de estos resultados depende en gran medida del tipo datos de elevaciones iniciales, de los modelos digitales que se deriven y de los parámetros del cálculo de las cuencas visuales. En este estudio se analizaron cuencas visuales generadas en cuatro zonas del municipio de Gandia con características diferenciadas (urbana, forestal, playa, mixta) a partir de cuatro tipos de información cartográfica: a) Modelo Digital del Terreno (MDT) y b) Modelo Digital de Superficie (MDS) calculados a partir de datos LiDAR con una densidad media de 1 punto/m2; c) MDT derivado de un vuelo fotogramétrico a escala 1/5000; d) Superposición cartografía catastral con elevaciones de edificios y el MDT anterior. Para la validación de las mismas se utilizaron 120 puntos de muestreo (60 visibles y 60 no visibles) con los que se calculó la fiabilidad global e índice kappa. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una fiabilidad global muy alta en las cuencas visuales calculadas a partir del MDS derivado de los datos LiDAR siendo la fiabilidad global e índice kappa del 90% y 0,80, respectivamente. La conclusión que se desprenden de este estudio indica que la utilización del MDS derivado de los datos LiDAR de baja densidad genera resultados satisfactorios en la generación de cuencas visuales para los estudios de paisajismo o impacto ambiental.

Shrub vegetation is a key element of Mediterranean forest areas and it is necessary to develop tools that allow a precise knowledge of this vegetation. This study aims to predict shrub volume and analyze the factors affecting the accuracy of these estimations in small stands using airborne discrete-return LiDAR data. The study was performed over 83 circular stands with 0.5 m radius located in Chiva (Spain) mainly occupied by Quercus coccifera. The vegetation inside each area was clear cut, and the height and the diameter of each plant was measured to compute the volume of shrub vegetation per stand. Volume values were related with maximum height values derived from LiDAR data reaching a coefficient of determination value R2=0.26. Afterwards, factors affecting the quality of volume estimations were analyzed, i.e., vegetation type, LiDAR density, and accuracy of the digital terrain model (DTM). Significant accuracy improvements (R2=0.71) were detected for stands with 0.5 m, LiDAR data density greater than 8 points/m2, vegetation Q. coccifera, and error associated to the DTM less than 0.20 m. These results show the feasibility of using LiDAR data to predict shrub volume under certain conditions, which can contribute to improved forest management and characterization., The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion in the framework of the project CGL2010-19591.

För ca 11 500 år sedan började Weichselisen smälta bort från Stockholmsregionen och trycket som ismassan utövade på jordskorpan började sakta lätta. Sedan dess har markytan inom de tidigare istäckta områdena arbetat för att återfå sitt jämviktsläge. Detta har påverkat strandlinjens läge genom en kombination av den pågående isostatiska återhämtningen och den varierande eustatiska förändringen. Denna uppsats fokuserar på ett område i anslutning till Hammersta ruin ca 13 km norr om Nynäshamn. Strandlinjerna för perioden 500–1500 e.Kr. har beräknats genom att strandlinjenivåer för varierande tidpunkter mellan 7000–3850 f.Kr. använts som utgångspunkt. Dessa individuella strandlinjenivåer har med hjälp av ett andragradspolynom sammanbundits med ett 0-värde motsvarande havsnivån för höjdsystemet RH70. Strandlinjenivåerna för denna studie har därefter kunnat läsas avfrån den resulterande regressionskurvan. Regressionskurvan är således inte en strandförskjutningskurva i bemärkelsen strandlinjens kontinuerliga utveckling över tid, utan snarare ett sätt att interpolera värden för aktuella undersökta tidpunkter utifrån befintliga höjdvärden före och därefter. För visualisering av strandlinjernas läge har därefter höjddatasetet bearbetats i ArcGIS för att få en markyta överensstämmande med perioden mellan 500 och 1500 e.Kr. i 100-års intervall. Moderna landformer som vägar, diken och åfåror har uteslutits för att undvika att dessa påverkar strandlinjernas lägen och form i terrängen. Resultaten blev 11 kartbilder för omgivningen kring ruinen samt fyra kartbilder för ruinens närområde. Dessa visar var och en på strandlinjens läge vid en viss tidpunkt med en högsta nivå 0,87 m högre för strandlinjen under året. Denna baserades på vattenståndsmätningar från SMHI för åren 1889–2010 vid Skeppsholmen i Stockholm. De framställda kartbilderna kan återfinnas i kapitel 7, på http://ww2.ink.su.se/living_maps/hammersta samt i bilaga 3. Ön som ruinen är belägenpå blev en del av Södertörn ca 1400 e.Kr.

Romula nº 10 (2011) p. 135-198, El artículo que se presenta se inicia con un objetivo principal: la puesta al día de la documentación arqueológica relativa al yacimiento de Ategua. Por un lado hemos centrado el estudio en la morfología del sitio y su evolución a través de las herramientas SIG, especialmente de aquellas derivadas del Modelo Digital del Terreno, como son el análisis de la altitud, de las pendientes, el estudio de la accesibilidad, del drenaje del sitio y de la visibilidad. Todo ello ha permitido establecer las distintas áreas morfológicas que componen el yacimiento; ha ayudado a plantear hipótesis fehacientes sobre la estructura urbana de la ciudadela, fundamentalmente durante sus etapas romana y medieval. La aplicación del MDT ha permitido señalar los perímetros murados así como conocer los posibles puntos de acceso al recinto y determinar las relaciones visuales de Ategua con los yacimientos del entorno. La segunda parte del trabajo se ha centrado en el análisis arquitectónico y urbanístico (descriptivo y estratigráfico) de las diferentes estructuras que configuran los sectores ¿domus¿ y ¿castillo¿.Palabras clave: Ategua, BIC, caminos, castillo, domus, Modelo Digital del Terreno (MDT), SIG, topografía, visibilidad, yacimiento, The present article starts with one main objective: the updating of the documentation relating to the archaeological site of Ategua. On the one hand we have focused the study on the morphology of the site and its evolution through GIS tools, especially those derived from digital terrain model, such as the analysis of the altitude, slope, the study of accessibility, Site drainage and visibility. This has helped establish the distinct morphological areas that make up the site, helped reliable hypotheses on the urban structure of the citadel, mainly during Roman and medieval stages. The implementation of MDT has noted the walled perimeter and identifies possible points of access to the site and to determine relationships with visual fields Ategua environment. The second part of the work has focused on architectural and urban analysis (descriptive and stratigraphic) of the different structures that make up the sectors ¿domus¿ and ¿castle¿. Keywords: Ategua, BIC, roads, castles, domus, Digital Terrain Model (DTM), GIS, topography, visibility, site., Versión del editor

The arrangement of the landscape significantly influences the visual experience of the environment. Viewshed calculation can play an important role in urban and natural resource planning. The Landscape Policy of the Valencian Community (Spain) is based on the European Landscape Convention, in which viewshed generation is an important part of landscape studies, often required for urban planning actions and environmental impact studies. The aim of this study was to compare different cartographic sources to identify which gives better results (closest to reality) referring to viewsheds generation. The cartographic sources used were: LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), ICV (Valencian Cartographic Institute) cartography and Gandia¿s Council cartography. Using a Geographical Information System (GIS), the data were processed to get their Digital Terrain Models (DTM). Combining these DTMs with the heights from the Cadastre and LiDAR, the Digital Surface Models (DSM) were obtained, allowing the calculation of each final viewshed. The results show that, the viewsheds derived from the LiDAR heights are the most accurate. The most inaccurate viewsheds are those that used the Cadastral data; however, these data are not entirely incorrect (average accuracy of 66%), therefore, the use of one source or another will depend on the precision required for possible future landscape studies.

[EN] The creation of a quality Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is essential for representing and analyzing the Earth in a digital form. The continuous improvements in the acquisition and the potential of airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data are increasing the range of applications of this technique to the study of the Earth surface. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal parameters for calculating a DTM by using an iterative algorithm to select minimum elevations from LiDAR data in a steep mountain area with shrub vegetation. The parameters were: input data type, analysis window size, and height thresholds. The effects of slope, point density, and vegetation on DTM accuracy were also analyzed. The results showed that the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) was obtained with an analysis window size of 10 m, 5 m, and 2.5 m, rasterized data as input data, and height thresholds equal to or greater than 1.5 m. These parameters showed a RMSE of 0.19 m. When terrain slope varied from 0-10% to 50-60%, the RMSE increased by 0.11 m. The RMSE decreased by 0.06 m when point density was increased from 4 to 8 points/m2, and increased by 0.05 m in dense vegetation areas. © 2011 Taylor & Francis., This research has been supported by Vice-Rectorate for Research of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Grant PAID-06-08-3297).

Orman yol ağı planlarının hazırlanması ve yol güzergâhının belirlenmesi için hem arazi hem de büro çalışmaları sırasında değişik kaynaklar ve yöntemlerle oluşturulan verilerden yararlanılmaktadır. Veri kaynaklarının çeşitliliği ve verilerin temin edilme yöntemlerinin farklılığı gibi nedenler planlamanın doğru ve sağlıklı olabilmesinde etkili olmaktadır.Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) yardımıyla, topografîk harita, amenajman planı haritaları ve araziden alınan veriler, ayrı ayrı birer katmanda yapılandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca hazır veri olarak veritabanına girilen bu verilerden çeşitli coğrafi bilgi sistemi analizleri ile yeni veriler üretilerek, yardımcı haritalar hazırlanmakta, planlama çalışmalarında ve arazi-yol güzergahı arasındaki ilişki analizlerinde kullanılmaktadır.Bu çalışmaya konu araştırma alanı olarak Artvin Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü, Artvin Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü Tütüncüler Orman İşletme Şefliği seçilmiştir. Bu çalışmada; CBS'den faydalanarak ormancılığın fonksiyonel ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilmesi, çevre zararlarına sebep olmaması ve çalışma alanının tamamında etkili olabilmesi gibi faktörlerin orman yolu güzergâhı seçimindeki etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu faktörlerin yanı sıra çalışma alanının yüksek eğimli dağlık bir bölgede bulunmasının, orman yolu güzergâhının seçiminde ne gibi etkilerinin olduğu araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada CBS kullanılarak alternatif yol güzergâhlarının Sayısal Arazi Modeli (SAM) ile değerlendirilmesi sonucunda zaman, iş gücü ve ekonomik olarak tasarruf sağlanmış ve amaca en iyi hizmet edecek seçeneğin ortaya çıkarılabilmesine imkân tanınmıştır. Bu çalışmada CBS yardımıyla yapılan analizler sonucu hazırlanan yardımcı haritalar ile istenilen bilgilerin sorgulanabilmesi, farklı alternatiflerin değerlendirilebilmesi, ormancılık çalışmaları için en iyi çözümü oluşturacak sayısal değerleri içeren orman yol ağı planı hazırlanmıştır. The data are generated with different resources and methods in order to prepare forest road network and determine the route during field and office works. The diversity resources of data and the different methods of getting the data and etc. impact on planning in a good planning principles.Geographic Information System (GIS) provides that all of info such as topographic map, forest management plan and data of field can be configured separately in a layer. In addition to this, the collateral maps prepare according to new data from analysis of Geographic Information System. These use to analyze relationship between field-road route.The research area is chosen as Tutunculer Forest District on Artvin Operation Directorate of Forestry on Artvin Regional Directorate of Forestry. The aims of this research are the factors such as reduction of damage on environment, procurement of functional needs of forestry and being effective in whole area determine forest road route with using GIS. Furthermore, how the effects of mountainous steep terrain conditions on the choice of forest road route is researched. The assessment of alternative road route by using Digital Terrain Model and GIS provides workforce and economical saving, so that the probability of the best service is introduced. The forest road network, which include the best solution with digital values in process of forest work is prepared analysis via GIS and prepared collateral maps, assessment of distinct alternatives. 83