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The investigation was done on 141 samples of one alfalfa cultivar, collected from the same location during the first three growth cycles: spring growth, the first and the second regrowth. Within each growth cycle, sampling was done during the whole growing period, commencing when plant height was below 150 mm and continuing until plants were bearing ripe seeds. On all collected samples the following cell wall characteristics were determined: neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP), acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP). Cellulose and hemicellulose were detected on the base of the mentioned chemical parameters. Significantly lower (p lt 0.01) content of aNDF, ADF, ADL, ADICP and cellulose is found in the second regrowth, while there were no significant differences between the other two growth cycles. Except in NDICP and ADICP, the increase in all accompanying components of the cell wall was observed, and expressed in average daily changes. There was no consistent trend in NDICP and ADICP. During the spring growth from late bud to full-bloom stage the 'plateau' was observed. The plateau was represented as almost constant content of aNDF, ADF, ADL and cellulose. The correlations between all components of the cell wall were shown. The equation aNDF = 36.713 + 1.181 × ADF is recommended for conversion of ADF into aNDF in alfalfa., Istraživanje je sprovedeno na 141 uzorku iste sorte lucerke, sakupljene na istoj lokaciji tokom prva tri ciklusa vegetacije: prolećni ciklus, drugi ciklus i treći ciklus. Tokom svakog ciklusa, uzorkovanjem je obuhvaćen ceo ciklus vegetacije, od momenta kada su biljke imale visinu manju od 150 mm sve do momenta kada su biljke imale zrelo seme. U svim sakupljenim uzorcima određeni su sledeći parametri ćelijskog zida: vlakna nerastvorljiva u neutralnom deterdžentu (aNDF), vlakna nerastvorljiva u kiselom deterdžentu (ADF), lignin (ADL), protein nerastvorljiv u neutralnom deterdžentu (NDICP), protein nerastvorljiv u kiselom deterdžentu (ADICP). Celuloza i hemiceluloza su određene na osnovu navedenih hemijskih parametara. Utvrđena je značajno manja (p lt 0.01) količina aNDF, ADF, ADL, ADICP i celuloze u trećem ciklusu vegetacije, dok između ostala dva ciklusa nisu utvrđene veće razlike. Izuzev kod NDICP i ADICP, utvrđen je porast svih praćenih komponenata ćelijskog zida i izražen u prosečnim dnevnim promenama. Kod NDICP i ADICP je zabeleženo odsustvo trenda. Tokom prolećnog ciklusa od faze punog pupoljenja do faze punog cvetanja je zabeležen 'plato', odnosno skoro konstantna količina aNDF, ADF, ADL i celuloze. Prikazane su korelacije između svih parametara ćelijskog zida. Jednačina aNDF = 36.713 + 1.181 × ADF je preporučena za konverziju ADF u aNDF u lucerki.

The investigation was done on 141 samples of one alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivar, collected from the same location during the first three growth cycles: spring growth, the first and the second regrowth. The following parameters in alfalfa during the whole growth cycle were observed: mean morphological stage and changes in chemical composition and nutritive value. For that purpose a total of 141 samples were collected, actually 72, 35 and 34 samples during the three growth cycles: spring growth, first regrowth and second regrowth. Investigation was carried out in order to obtain mean morphological stage within each growth cycle. Sampling was done during the whole growing period, commencing when plant height was below 150 mm and continuing until plants were bearing ripe seeds, to evaluate chemical composition and nutritive value based on mean morphological stage. Two methods for determination of mean morphological stage were used: Mean Stage by Count (MSC) and Mean Stage by Weight (MSW). The mean morphological stage represents an average value for some morphological parameters based on all shoots collected from randomly selected area. All shoots within the sample were classified in ten morphological stages. These stages were used for determination of mean morphological stage. The hypothesis was that if the most important chemical parameters could be estimated with the mean morphological stage, then its net energy value for ruminants may be calculated with similar level of exactness. In the collected samples both MSC and MSW value were determined and the following analyses were conducted: crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (aNDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), neutral and acid insoluble crude protein (NDICP and ADICP). The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was determined by the means of a gas production technique after 24h incubation in rumen fluid. Based on these chemical paramet, Na istoj lokaciji, u istoj vegetacionoj sezoni, je ispraćen porast lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) tokom tri prva ciklusa vegetacije (otkosa). Praćene su promene srednje morfološke faze kao i promene hemijskog sastava i hranljive vrednosti lucerke. Zbog toga je sakupljen ukupno 141 uzorak, odnosno 72, 35 i 34 uzorka redom u I, II i III otkosu. Svi otkosi su ispraćeni od početka vegetacije do faze zrenja mahuna. Istraţivanje je sprovedeno sa ciljem utvrđivanja regresionih funkcija za procenu hemijskog sastava i hranljive vrednosti zasnovanih na srednjoj morfološkoj fazi. Ispitane su dve srednje morfološke faze, srednja morfološka faza određena brojanjem – MSC (eng. Mean Stage by Count) i srednja morfološka faza određena na osnovu mase – MSW (eng. Mean Stage by Weight). Srednja morfološka faza predstavlja prosek nekih morfoloških parametara i određuje se na osnovu svih izdanaka (stabljika) na određenoj površini. Sve stabljike sakupljenog uzorka se klasifikuju u deset morfoloških faza na osnovu kojih se određuje srednja morfološka faza. Hipoteza od koje se pošlo je bila: ukoliko se najvaţniji hemijski parametri u lucerki mogu proceniti srednjom morfološkom fazom onda se i njena neto-energetska vrednost moţe proceniti sa sličnom tačnošću. Svim sakupljenim uzorcima je određena MSC i MSW vrednost kao i sledeći hemijski parametri: sirovi protein (SP), sirovi pepeo (SPe), sirove masti (SMa), vlakna nerastvorljiva u neutralnom deterdţentu (aNDF), vlakna nerastvorljiva u kiselom deterdţentu (ADF), lignin (ADL), protein nerastvorljiv u neutralnom deterdţentu (NDICP) i protein nerastvorljiv u kiselom deterdţentu (ADICP). Osim ovih hemijskih parametara, računski su određeni nevlaknasti ugljeni hidrati (NFC), celuloza i hemiceluloza. Na osnovu merenja produkcije gasa u tečnom sadrţaju buraga tokom 24 h, svakom uzorku je određena in vitro svarljivost organske materije (IVSOM). Na osnovu navedenih hemijskih parametara svim uzorcima su određene pravo svarljive hranljive materije (TDN)

Last year (2012) will be marked as one of the worst in the History of Agriculture in Republic of Serbia. Heat and drought affected low quantity and quality of forage. In the same year we had lack of hay and maize silage. According weather forecast and anti­cipated climatic changes in the future, farmers need to found new ways to provide forage, especially in the "no irrigation" plant farming. In that way, ensiling of whole-crop cereals could be one of the solutions, because of theirs nutritive values, yields and all risks of heat and drought from planting to harvesting., Protekla 2012. god. u istoriji poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Srbiji biće označena kao jedna od najnepovoljnijih, posebno kada je u pitanju količina i kvalitet kabaste stočne hrane za ishranu preživara, naročito mlečnih krava (nedostatak i slab kvalitet sena i silaža kukuruza). Sa postojećim klimatskim predviđanjima u budućnosti se može očekivati nedostatak kabaste stočne hrane u uslovima "suvog" ratarenja. Jedno od mogućih rešenja je korišćenje strnih žita za pripremanje silaža i sena, kako zbog svojih nutritivnih vrednosti, tako i zbog prinosa i smanjenih rizika od suše i visokih temperatura.

In this experiment, wilted masses of red clover of cultivar K-17 from the first cut was ensiled in three treatments: a) no additives, b) with the addition of corn (6% of biomass) and c) with the addition of inoculant BioStabil Plus. The experiment design was according to the method of a completely random plan (single factorial trial) in triplicates. Based on the results it can be concluded that the wilted biomass of red clover can be successfully ensiled without additives. However, the inoculation of red clover biomass achieves the most favourable pH value (4.20), the lowest level of degradation of the protein expressed in the amount of NH3-N (107.7 gkg-1 N), the largest production of lactic acid (91.3 gkg-1 DM) and acetic acid (42.6 gkg-1 DM), in the absence of butyric acid. Adding maize meal in the amount of 6% contributed to somewhat more favourable fermentation and increase of the energy value of silage. When using the DLG and Weissbach methods for assessing the quality of silage, all silages were classified into the first class. Contrary to this, according to the Zelter method, control and inoculated silages were evaluated as class III, because of the large amounts of acetic acid. In practices inoculants based on homo-and hetero-fermentative bacteria of lactic acid fermentation are recommended for use, because the increased production of acetic acid contributes positively to te aerobic stability of silage., U eksperimentu je silirana provenula masa crvene deteline sorte K-17 iz prvog otkosa u tri tretmana: a) bez aditiva, b) sa dodatkom kukuruzne prekrupe (6% od biomase) i c) sa dodatkom inokulanta BioStabil Plus. Eksperiment je postavljen po metodi potpuno slučajnog plana (monofaktorijalnog ogleda) u tri ponavljanja. Na osnovu utvrđenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se provenula biomasa crvene deteline može uspešno silirati bez aditiva. Međutim, pri inokulaciji biomase crvene deteline postiže se najpovoljnija pH vrednost (4.20), najmanji stepen degradacije proteina izražen kroz količinu NH3-N (107.7 gkg-1 N), najveća produkcija mlečne kiseline (91.3 gkg-1 DM) i sirćetne kiseline (42,6 gkg-1 DM), uz istovremeno odsustvo buterne kiseline. Dodavanje kukuruzne prekrupe u količini od 6% doprinosi nešto povoljnijoj fermentaciji i povećanju energetske vrednosti silaže. Pri korišćenju DLG i Weissbach metode za ocenu kvaliteta sve silaže su svrstane u I klasu. Nasuprot tome, pri korišćenju Zelter metode, kontrolna i inokulisana silaža su ocenjene III klasom, zbog velike količine sirćetne kiseline. Za praksu se preporučuje upotreba inokulanata na bazi homo- i heterofermentativnih bakterija mlečnokisleinskog vrenja, jer povećana produkcija sirćetne kiseline pozitivno doprinosi aerobnoj stabilnosti silaža. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31057.

Climatic factors, especially temperature and precipitations, greatly affect the dynamics of the hare number and population. Climatic factors directly affect the physiological and reproductive processes of both individuals and entire populations, or indirectly, through the availability of food, competition with other species, predators and other. The age structure of the hare population at the end of the period of reproduction is an important indicator of the population growth that is used for planning the level of explotation of the hare population (hunting). The rational use of the hare's population is one of the most important protection procedures and it should be well monitored and controlled by the hunting professionals. We used the average monthly temperature and the sum of monthly precipitations in the hare reproductive period (March-September) during ten years (2000 - 2009), together with the percent of young in the hare population, on the territory of Bačka, for multiple regression (stepwise) analysis. Results of the regression analysis show an association between the percentage of young hares and the influence of climatic factors. The average temperature and sum of precipitation in June, are the strongest predictor of the percent of young in the hare's population in Bačka. According to the coefficient of determination (R2=0.50) climatic parameters account for 50% of variance in the percentage of young hares in Bačka. The regression correlation coefficient of all factors was R=0.70, which is on the border line between medium and high correlation., Klimatski faktori, pre svega temperatura i količina padavina, utiču u velikoj meri na brojnost i dinamiku populacije zeca. Oni utiču direktno na fiziološke i reprodukcione procese kako jedinke tako i cele populacije, ili indirektno, preko dostupnosti hrane, konkurencije sa drugim vrstama, predatora i dr. Starosna struktura zečije populacije na kraju perioda razmnožavanja je važan pokazatelj prirasta koji se koristi pri planiranju stepena korišćenja zeca u lovištima. Racionalno korišćenje populacija i mikropupulacija zeca je jedan od najzanačajnijih oblika zaštite zeca i trebao bi da bude u potpunosti pod kontrolom korisnika lovišta. Multiplom regresionom analizom prosečnih mesečnih temperaturnih vrednosti i sume mesečnih padavina za reprodukcioni period (mart-septembar) od 2000. do 2009. godine na teritoriji Bačke, izračunati su regresioni koeficijenti za prosečne temperaturne vrednosti, odnosno sume mesečnih padavina. Rezultate regresione analize povezanosti procenta mladih zečeva i uticaja klimatskih faktora na području Bačke ukazuju da su prosečne temperature i padavine u junu, najjači prediktor. Prema koeficijentu determinacije (R2=0,50) klimatski parametri objaš njavaju 50% varijanse procenta mladih zečeva na području Bačke. Regeresioni koeficijent korelacije svih faktora zajedno iznosio je R=0,70, što je na granici srednje i jake povezanosti.

The results of an experiment with ensiling sainfoin at different stages of development with ground corn are presented in this paper. Sainfoin biomass was cut at two stages (early flowering (10.05.2010) and full flowering (01.06.2010)), and ensiled fresh or after wilting, without additives and with the addition of 3% and 6% of ground corn. In the early flowering stage of sainfoin, the, biomass was better in terms of its floristic composition due to a lower presence of other plant species (the proportion of sainfoin was 85.49% at the earlier flowering stage and 76.255 at full flowering stage), with a more favourable ratio of leaf, leaf stems and stems compared to the full-flowering stage. Cutting at the later stage contributed to the significantly higher dry matter content of silage compared with the earlier stage (357.4:247.4 g kg(-1)), which contributed to the lower acidity of the silage from the later stage (pH 4.40:4.22), and also less production of butyric acid. Wilting, especially in the early flowering stage, contributed to the higher quality of silage with a lower ratio of butyric acid. The proportion of lactic acid in all silages was favourable compared to that of acetic and butyric acid. Addition of ground corn to sainfoin biomass, especially at the earlier growth stage, provided a slightly better fermentation and lower pH value.

The main objective of this research was to study the effect of rations containing full-fat extruded soybeans or fat-extracted heat treated soybean meal, in the nutrition of dairy cows during the period of middle lactation. The study was carried out with two groups of 15 Holstein cows. The animal's health was controlled on the basis of body condition score, results in production, general condition of animals and some of the most important biochemical parameters of blood serum. In the case of nutrition based on rations where the total amount of soybeans was extruded or where it was partially replaced with fat-extracted heat treated soybean meal, the production of 4% fat corrected milk was 28.43 and 28.78 kg. Observed differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The differences in the achieved average content of milk fat (3.38 and 3.45%) and protein (3.48 and 3.48%) were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Results of this work shows that the partial replacement of full-fat extruded soybeans with soybeans based products

Modern trends in legumes ensilaging technology are based on the knowledge of biomass from the aspect of suitability for ensilaging, wilting, addition of carbohydrate feed, use of biological additives, etc. Today, the experiments are conducted, worldwide, with inoculates, which, in addition to homofermentative, also contain heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Products of such inoculants contribute to the increase of aerobic stability of silages so their implementation is good for all types of silage. In addition to the usage of those additions, modern technology of silage is based on the maximum mechanization of the ensilaging process, as well as preparing the silage in the form of roto-bales and silo tubes (most inexpensive way of conservation) as well as permanent facilities., Savremeni trendovi u tehnologiji siliranja leguminoza zasnivaju se na poznavanju biomasa sa aspekta pogodnosti za siliranje, provenjavanju, dodavanju ugljenohidratnih hraniva, upotrebi bioloških dodataka, i dr. Trenutno se u svetu eksperimentiše sa inokulantima, koji pored homofermentativnih, sadrže i heterofermentativne bakterije mlečne kiseline. Produkti ovakvih inokulanata doprinose povećanju aerobne stabilnosti silaža, pa su navedeni dodaci aktuelni za sve vrste silaža. Osim korišćenja navedenih dodataka, savremena tehnologija siliranja se bazira na maksimalnoj mehanizovanosti celokupnog procesa siliranja, kao i pripremanja silaže u formi roto-bala i silokobasica (najeftiniji vid konzervisanja) kao i stalnih objekata.

The overview of domestic and foreign investigations of the effects of various intensity of ant feeding technique in various categories of pheasants. With the aim to increase number of pheasants in our country and in the world, for decades pheasant chicks are produced in pheasant farms up to the age of 5-8 weeks, and body mass of 400-450 g, after which they are released into the hunting grounds. The capacity of pheasant farms in Serbia is about 900.500 hatched chicks, and in the past four decades several tens of millions of artificially reared pheasants were released. The quality of feeding the brood stock of pheasants, which produce eggs for hatching incubator has a direct influence on number, mass and fertility of eggs, and on the mass of newly hatched chicks. The feed conversion ratio in chicks depends on the first place on energy and protein level, and also on biological value of protein. In domestic investigations of pheasant chicks feeding with the concentrate mixture with higher protein value (30% to 28 days of age and 24% to 42 days of age) and with lower stocking density (450 individuals in the group), had significantly bigger Final body mass (457.07 g) and higher daily gain (4.22 g in the first 13:31 and g in the second period), and with better feed conversion ratio., U radu je dat pregled domaćih i stranih istraživanja efekata različitog intenziteta i tehnike ishrane na proizvodne rezultate različitih kategorija fazana. U cilju povećanja broja fazana za odstrel u svetu i kod nas decenijama se gaje fazančići u fazanerijama do starosti od 5-8 nedelja i telesne mase od 400-450 g a zatim se puštaju u lovišta. Kapacitet fazanerija u Srbiji je oko 900.500 jednodnevnih fazančića a za protekle četiri decenije u lovišta Srbije pušteno je nekoliko desetina miliona veštački odgajenih fazana. Kvalitet ishrane matičnog jata fazana koji proizvode jaja za inkubatore direktno utiče na broj, masu i fertilitet jaja, kao i na masu fazančića. Konverzija hrane kod fazančića zavisi od nivoa energije i proteina, kao i od biološke vrednosti proteina, pre svega od sadržaja metionina i lizina. U domaćim ispitivanjima ishrana fazančića smešom koncentrata sa većim nivoom proteina (30% do 15. dana života i 24% do 42. dana) i pri manjoj gustini naseljenosti (450 jedinki u grupi) rezultovala je signifikantno većom završnom telesnom masom (457,07 g) i većim dnevnim prirastima (4,22 g za prvi period odgajivanja i 13,31 g za drugi period), kao i boljom konverzijom hrane.

In study are determined effects of four different mean lengths of corn silage, alfalfa haylage and total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating cows on physical effectiveness (pef), physically effective fiber content (peNDF) and total chewing activity. High correlations were found between mean particle length of forages and TMR and their physical effectiveness in lactating cows nutrition as also with physically effective fiber content. Significant effect of ration particle size on stimulating total chewing activity of lactating cows was determined., U istraživanju je determinisan uticaj četiri različita stepena usitnjenosti silaže cele biljke kukuruza, senaže lucerke i kompletno mešanog obroka za krave u laktaciji, na fizičku efektivnost (pef), sadržaj fizički efektivnih vlakana (peNDF), i ukupnu aktivnost žvakanja. Utvrđena je visoka povezanost stepena usitnjenosti kabastih hraniva i kompletnog obroka sa njihovom fizičkom efektivnošću u ishrani krava, kao i sa sadržajem fizički efektivnih vlakana. Ustanovljen je statistički značajan efekat stepena usitnjenosti obroka na stimulisanje ukupne aktivnosti žvakanja kod krava u laktaciji.

This paper reviews the specific choice of food and feed for brown hare (Lepus Europaeus) in Serbia and Europe, reducing the diversity of flora as a result of the intensification of agriculture, and the impact of these changes in population numbers. Examination of the composition of hare food is done gastric contents microscopy or fresh feces. Studies from Sweden, Austria and Hungary indicate that hare consume dozens species of plants. However, most authors agree that about 50% of meals are only 2-3 plant species. Based on the literature review can be concluded that the intensification of agriculture substantially reduced the diversity of wild plants in farming areas, most authors considered important to reduce the number of hares in Europe. In particular, it highlights the problem of food deficit in the summer, after harvest of winter crops. During that time comes to change the chemical composition of milk or falling energy value of 14.5 KJg-1 (spring) to 11.03 KJg-1 (autumn), which negatively affects the offspring. In contrast, the deficit in the winter diet in most areas is less pronounced, due to the wheat fields. As a solution to these problems according to the establishment of 'green corridor' between the fields under the spruce monocultures, organic vegetable production, control the number of predators and possibly controlled production hare offspring in farm ., U radu je dat pregled specifičnosti ishrane i izbor hraniva za zeca (Lepus europaeus) u Srbiji i Evropi, smanjenje raznovrsnosti flore kao posledica intenzifikacije poljoprivrede, i uticaj navedenih promena na brojnost populacija. Ispitivanje sastava ishrane zeca vrši se mikroskopiranjem želudačnog sadržaja ili svežeg fecesa. Istraživanja iz Švedske, Austrije i Mađarske ukazuju da zec konzumira nekoliko desetina vrsta biljaka. Međutim, većina autora se slaže da oko 50% sastava obroka čine samo 2-3 biljne vrste. Na osnovu pregleda literature može se zaključiti da je intenzifikacija poljoprivrede bitno smanjila raznovrsnost divljih biljnih vrsta u ratarskim područjima, što većina autora smatra značajnijim za smanjenje brojnosti zeca u Evropi. Naročito se ističe problem letnjeg deficita u hrani, nakon ubiranja ozimih kultura. U tom periodu dolazi i do promene hemijskog sastava mleka, odnosno pada energetske vrednosti od 14,5 kJg-1 (proleće) do 11,03 kJg-1 (jesen), što se negativno odražava na podmladak. Nasuprot tome, zimski deficit u ishrani u većini područja nije toliko izražen, zahvaljujući poljima sa pšenicom. Kao rešenje ovih problema navodi se zasnivanje 'zelenih koridora' između polja pod monokulturama, organska biljna proizvodnja, kontrola brojnosti predatora i eventualno, kontrolisana proizvodnja zečića u odgajivalištima. .

The effects of different levels of dietary protein content and population density in growing pheasants, up to the age of 42 days, on production results and mortality have been studied in this paper. The experiment was set as a two factorial study (2 x 2). Factor A was the influence of crude proteins in the diet (A1 = 26% up to 4 weeks of age and 20% from 4 up to 6 weeks of age; A2 = 30% crude proteins up to 4 weeks of age and 24% from 4 up to 6 weeks of age). Factor B was the population density (B1 = 450 and B2 = 550 birds/group). The total number of birds in the trial was n= 2000. Body mass was measured at hatching, 15 and 42 days of age. Up to 15 days of age the pheasants were housed in cages, but thereon they were reared under floor conditions with free access to outdoors. The highest body mass measured at 42 days of age (457.07 g) and the utmost daily body mass increase (4.22 for the first period of growth and 13.31 for the second) was achieved by the pheasants which were fed a diet with the highest protein content (30% in the first stage and 24% in the second) and reared at a lower population density (450 birds/group). These differences were significant (p lt 0.01). On comparison with the available literature data the mortality was at a satisfactory level (1.27 - 3.00%) and was not influenced by the studied factors. The mortality values were numerically higher for all treatments for the period up to 15 days (0.73 - 2.70%) compared to the period from 15 up to 42 days of age (0.44-1.00%). Based upon the obtained results and the previously published literature data it can be concluded that feedstuff protein content is the key factor required in order to obtain satisfactory final body weight and subsequently good quality material for the repopulation of hunting grounds., U eksperimentu je ispitivan uticaj nivoa proteina u obroku i gustine naseljenosti fazančića u odgajivalištima, do 42. dana starosti, na proizvodne rezultate i procenat mortaliteta. Eksperiment je postavljen kao dvofaktorijalni ogled (2x2), gde je faktor A bio procenat sirovih proteina u obroku (A1 = 26% do kraja 4. nedelje i 20% od kraja 4. do kraja 6. nedelje života; A2=30% do kraja 4. nedelje i 24% od kraja 4. do kraja 6. nedelje) a faktor B gustina naseljenosti (B1=450 i B2=550 jedinki po grupi). Ukupan broj životinja u eksperimentu je bio 2000. Merenje mase fazančića vršeno je odmah po rođenju, 15. i 42. dana života. Do 15. dana života fazančići su držani u kavezima a u drugoj fazi gajenja u podnom sistemu sa ispustima. Najveću telesnu masu izmerenu 42. dana starosti (457,07 g) i najveći dnevni prirast (4,22 g za prvi period odgajivanja i 13,31 g za drugi period) ostvarili su fazančići koji su hranjeni smešom sa većim nivoom proteina (30% u prvoj fazi odnosno 24% u drugoj fazi), kao i pri manjoj gustini naseljenosti (450 jedinki po grupi). Ove razlike su bile signifikantne (p lt 0,01). U poređenju sa drugim literaturnim podacima, mortalitet fazančića je bio zadovoljavajući (1,27-3,00%) i nije bio pod uticajem ispitivanih faktora. Vrednosti mortaliteta su bile numerički veće u svim tretmanima za period odgajivanja do 15. dana (0,73-2,7%) u odnosu na period od 15. do 42. dana (0,44-1%). S obzirom na rezultate iz ovog eksperimenta kao i na brojne literaturne podatke, može se zaključiti da je odgovarajući nivo proteina u smeši za odgoj fazanskih pilića ključni faktor za postizanje visokih završnih masa, a samim tim i za dobijanje kvalitetnog materijala kojim će se naseljavati lovišta.

The control of fermentation process in ensilaged livestock feed is based on the knowledge of biomasses. The important aspects are the suitability for ensilaging (the content of fermentative carbohydrates and buffer capacity of the biomass), providing of the correct level of dry matter and anaerobic environment, wilting, using the chemical additives such as organic acids and their salts, using of biologic additives (inoculants), adsorption of mycotoxins, etc. In purpose of making the process of ensilaging of grasses, legumes and grass-legume mixes, the silages are prepared as bales or silo-tubes., Kontrola procesa fementacije bazira se na poznavanju biomasa u pogledu pogodnosti za siliranje, odnosno obezbeđivanju povoljnog odnosa šećera i pufernog kapaciteta. Biomase višegodišnjih leguminoza i trava neophodno je provenjavati, odnosno povećati sadržaj suve materije u silomasi na najmanje 300-400 g kg-1. Za teško silirajuće biomase (višegodišnje i jednogodišnje leguminoze) koristiti ugljenohidratna hraniva (kukuruzna prekrupa, prekrupa ostalih žitarica, suvi rezanci šećerne repe, melasa, i dr.). Korišćenje hemijskih sredstava iz reda organskih kiselina i njihovih soli. Upotreba bioloških dodataka, inokulanata u smeši sa enzimima (amilaze, celulaze, hemicelulaze i dr.) obezbeđuje dobijanje dobre i stabilne silaže, kao i silaže veće hranljive vrednosti. Korišćenje inokulanata sa homo i heterotrofnim mikroorganizmima u cilju obezbeđivanja aerobne stabilnosti silaža, posebno lakosilirajućih biomasa (kukuruza, sirka, sudanske trave, italijanskog ljulja i dr.).

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cv. Tetraflorum sown with different inter-row spacings and seeding rates was grown under the agroecological conditions of Western Serbia. Field experiments were carried out between 2002 and 2006, and biometric characteristics-generative tillers, seed yield, and shoot dry mass-were measured during the first production year. Italian ryegrass was grown with 3 row spacings (20, 40, and 60 cm), using 4 seeding rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 kg ha(-1)). Tiller length was affected by stand density, while 2 other tiller parameters were affected considerably less by the treatments applied. The influence of tiller characteristics on yield components was insignificant. The highest seed yield in the first production year varied with treatment, depending on seasonal conditions. Plant parameters and seed yield were impacted by inter-row spacing, marked, however, by an opposite impact in and and humid weather conditions. Inter-row spacing of 40 cm was the least risky for seed production. While the increase in seed rates (15-20 kg ha(-1)) in stand establishment provided higher seed yields in years with unfavorable weather conditions, the seed rate had either no impact on seed yield, or decreased the seed yield as a result of ryegrass lodging, following seed shedding in the years with favorable weather conditions. Abundant shoot dry mass was obtained with some treatment variants, but there was no linear correlation between seed yield and yield components.

Analysis of the rumen content was carried out on a total of 43 samples taken from deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) shot on the hunting grounds of 'Barajevska Reka' (Serbia). All animals were males and were hunted in the early morning. The experiment was set as a randomized trial with four treatments (spring, summer, autumn and winter) and an uneven distribution of animals per treatment. Organoleptic examination of the stomach content revealed that cereals were the most abundant feed ingested (present in 25% of summer samples and 62.5% autumn samples). Results of chemical analysis confirmed a significant seasonal influence on total nitrogen and protein content, fats, cellulose, ash, phosphorus, pH and ammonia nitrogen within the content of the rumen. Contrary to this, calcium within the dry matter and total mineral content varied regardless of the season. A significantly high protein (360.84 g/kg DM) and low cellulose content (170.30 g/kg) was present during the spring season. A high negative correlation (r=-0.7398) between protein and cellulose content was present throughout the year. The quantity of extracted non nitrogenous substances was lowest during the winter period (152.10 g/kg). The highest pH value (6.33) was recorded during the winter season and in during the rest of the year it showed limited oscillations (5.52 - 5.62). The quantity of ammonia nitrogen was 1% of total nitrogen throughout the year. Considering the results of this study, and compared to the published literature data, it can be concluded that the high feeding selectivity of deer and the good quality of offered feedstuffs on the hunting grounds in Serbia are responsible for the high protein content in the rumen throughout all seasons., Ispitivanje hemijskog sastava buražnog sadržaja srne (Capreolus capreolus L.) obavljeno je u lovištu 'Barajevska Reka' (Srbija) na uzorcima koji su uzeti od 43 odstreljena grla u periodu od maja 2006. do januara 2007. godine. Sva odstreljena grla su bila muškog pola a odstrel je vršen u jutarnjim satima. Eksperiment je postavljen po modelu slučajnog plana, sa četiri tretmana (godišnja doba: proleće, leto, jesen i zima) i nejednakom distribucijom životinja po tretmanima. Organoleptički pregled uzoraka buražnog sadržaja ukazuje na značajnu ulogu cerealija u ishrani srna (prisutne u 25% uzoraka iz letnjeg i 62,5% iz jesenjeg perioda), kao i hrastovog žira (prisutan u 12,5% uzoraka iz jesenjeg perioda). Rezultati hemijske analize potvrđuju signifikantan uticaj godišnjeg doba na količinu ukupnog azota i sirovih proteina, masti, sirove celuloze, pepela, fosfora, pH vrednosti i amonijačnog azota u buražnom sadržaju. Nasuprot tome, sadržaj kalcijuma u suvoj materiji i ukupnim mineralnim materijama buražnog sadržaja je slobodno varirao. Signifikantno najveći sadržaj proteina (360,84 g/kg SM) i najmanji sadržaj celuloze (170,30 g/kg SM) imali su uzorci iz prolećnog perioda. Utvrđena je visoka negativna korelacija između sadržaja proteina i celuloze u toku godine (r = - 0,7398). Količina bezazotnih ekstraktivnih materija je bila najmanja u uzorcima iz zimskog perioda ishrane (152,10 g/kg SM). Za isto godišnje doba detektovana je najveća pH vrednost u uzorcima (6,33), dok je u ostalom periodu godine pH bila značajno niža i relativno ujednačena (5,52-5,62). Količina amonijačnog azota je iznosila oko 1% od ukupnog azota tokom cele godine. S obzirom na rezultate iz ovog eksperimenta kao i na brojne literaturne podatke, može se zaključiti da je visoka selektivnost srne pri ishrani, kao i kvalitetnija krmna baza u lovištima Srbije, objašnjenje za visok nivo proteina u buražnom sadržaju srne tokom cele godine.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of simultaneous using heat-treated corn grain as basic energy source and heat treated whole soybeans as protein source, in diet for calves 60-120 days old. The main predicted effects were improved energy and nutrients utilization efficiency and production performances of calves at this age. Thirty-six weaned Holstein calves were used, there were three treatments using different concentrates, formulated as: concentrate with micronized corn grain and extruded whole soybeans (KTT); concentrate with non-treated corn grain and soybean meal (KTN); concentrate with non-treated corn grain and extruded whole soybeans (KS). The marked effects of simultaneous use of heat-treated corn grain and whole soybeans were determined for feed efficiency (feed conversion ratio, FCR was 6,2% higher for calves on KTT than on KTN and 4,3% higher than on KS treatment). Efficiency of energy utilization (MJ ME/kg of gain) was better for calves on diet with KTT concentrate (5.8 % and 5.3% lower efficiency of metabolic energy utilization for KTN and KS treatment respectively). Consumed crude protein was better utilized for growth by calves on KTT diets, than other two treatments (10.8 % more CP/kg of growth for KTN, and 7.5% more for KS)., Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje značaja i uticaja istovremenog uključivanja termički tretitranog zrna kukuruza kao osnovnog izvora energije, i termički obrađenog zrna soje kao izvora proteina u koncentrat za telad uzrasta 60-120 dana, u pogledu povećanja efikasnosti iskorišćavanja energije i hranljivih materija, a koja bi se ogledala u poboljšanju osnovnih proizvodnih pokazatelja teladi u ovom uzrastu. Ogled je izveden sa 36 odlučenih teladi crnobele rase u tipu holštajna, telad su bila raspoređena u 3 grupe, a u ishrani su korišćene sledeće smeše: smeša sa mikroniziranim kukuruzom, i ekstrudiranom sojom (KTT);smeša sa neobrađenim kukuruzom i sojinom sačmom (KTN);smeša sa neobrađenim kukuruzom i ekstrudiranom sojom (KS).Utvrđen je značajan pozitivan uticaj istovremenog korišćenja termički obrađenog kukuruza i soje u koncentratu za odlučenu telad, na efikasnost iskorišćavanja: konzumirane hrane-manji utrošak SM hrane za kg prirasta teladi KTT grupe, za 6,2% u odnosu na telad KTN grupe, odnosno za 4,3% u odnosu na telad KS grupe; energije iz konzumirane hrane: manji utrošak ME za kg prirasta teladi KTT grupe, za 5,8% u odnosu na telad KTN grupe, i 5,3% u odnosu na KS grupu; konzumiranog sirovog proteina: telad KTN grupe su imala veći utrošak SP po kg ostvarenog prirasta za 10,8%, telad KS grupe za 7,5%, u odnosu na telad na KTT koncentratu.

The causes of appearance of mold in the silage, genus and species of fungi which biosynthesize mycotoxins, acting consequences of micotoxins, prevention of fungi growth and possibilities to prevent their negative effects are shown in this paper. Also, the results of mycotoxins presence in the silage (corn and lucerne) in Vojvodina in the period 2000-2004 are presented. The most commonly found mycotoxins were zearale-none in 60.6% of analyzed samples and DAS in 30.3% of samples. Silage contamination with ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin was between 15.2 and 21.2%. The content of mycotoxins DAS and T2 toxin was above the values allowed by regulative. The solutions which contribute to the prevention of development of the molds and elimination of negative effects of mycotoxins in silage were analyzed and suggested., U radu se ukazuje na uzroke pojave plesni u silaži, rodove/vrste plesni koje biosintetišu mikotoksine, posledice njihovog delovanja, mere sprečavanja razvoja i mogućnosti otklanjanja štetnog uticaja. Istaknuto je da usled propusta u tehnologiji siliranja (nedovoljno gaženje, prisustvo vazduha) pri vlažnosti mase za siliranje, postoje povoljni uslovi za razvoj plesni koje biosintetišu toksine štetne po zdravlje životinja i ljudi. Oni mogu da izazovu zdravstvene poremećaje uključujući i patohistološke promene na organima i tkivima deponuju se u proizvodima (mleku, mesu i jajima) i na taj način ugroze zdravlje ljudi. U radu su izloženi rezultati prisustva mikotoksina u silaži (kukuruz i lucerka) u Vojvodini u periodu 2000-2004. Najčešće prisutan mikotoksin bio je zearalenon u 60,6% analiziranih uzoraka, a potom DAS u 30,3% uzoraka. Kontaminiranost silaže ohratoksinom A, aflatoksinom B1 i T-2 toksinom bila je između 15,2 i 21,2%. Sadržaj mikotoksina DAS i T-2 toksina bio je na granici ili iznad vrednosti koje dozvoljava Pravilnik (Službeni list SRJ, br. 2/90). Vrednosti za ostale mikotoksine bile su ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih količina. Analizirana su i predložena rešenja koja doprinose suzbijanju razvoja plesni i mikotoksina.

Mycological and mycotoxicological investigations of alfalfa samples (initial not fermented plant material, as well as silage obtained from unfaded and faded state of the same) were performed during the year 2003. Total of 14 fungal species, included in 11 genera, were identified during the present study. The most frequent moulds were Chaetomium piluliferum and their anamorph Botryotrichum piluliferum (83.3% and 66.7% respectively). Potentially toxigenic Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. semitectum and F. sporotrichioides) were observed less frequently (from 16.7% to 33.0%) and only on initial not fermented alfalfa. From the sample of alfalfa faded state contaminated with 0.25 mg/kg of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and 1.28 mg/kg of zearalenone (ZEA) F. semitectum SL-B was isolated. The production of fusariotoxins by this strain was later on tested in vitro conditions. Different aeration treatments in semisynthetic medium with glucose (GPK) or sucrose (SPK), as well as cultivation on sterilized corn kernels (moisture content 47%) were used. The highest yield of DAS (64.0 mg/l) was obtained during submerged cultivation of F. semitectum SL-B in GPK (210 rpms, 3 days room temperature). Production of T-2 toxin, but rather poor (0.08 mg/1), was detected only in SPK (150 rpms, 3 days, room temperature). ZEA was found exclusively after 25 days of cultivation on corn kernels at room temperature (21-25°C)., Tokom 2003. god. izvršena su mikološka i mikotoksikološka istraživanja uzoraka lucerke (neprovenuli, provenuli polazni materijal i silaža od istih). Identifikovano je ukupno 14 vrsta, odnosno 11 rodova gljiva od kojih su sa najvećom učestalošću zabeleženi Chaetomium piluliferum i njegov anamorf Bolryotrichum piluliferum (83.3 odnosno 66.7%). Potencijalno toksigene Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. semilectum i F. sporotrichioides) uočene su znatno ređe (od 16.7 do 33.0%). Iz uzorka provenule lucerke kontaminirane sa zearalenonom (ZEA) i diacetoksiscirpenolom (DAS) izolovan je soj F. semitectum SL-B čija je sposobnost za biosintezu fuzariotoksina ispitana u in vitro uslovima. Najveći prinos DAS-a (64.0 mg/l) je postignut pri subverznoj kultivaciji u tečnoj podlozi sa glukozom. Slaba proizvodnja T-2 toksina (0.08 mg/kg) je dobijena samo u tečnoj podlozi sa saharozom. ZEA je nađen isključivo pri kultivaciji na vlažnom sterilnom zrnu kukuruza (6.4 mg/kg).

The influence of different doses of natural zeolite addition on chemical composition and quality of beet pulp silages was investigated. Beet pulp was ensiled in the sugar factory in Požarevac immediately after they were obtained, or after 9 or 17 days. The two-factorial trial was conducted where the first factor (A) was the time of ensiling expressed in days after the pulp was obtained (a1= O; a2 = 9; a3 = 17), while the second factor (B) was the amount of zeolite added (b1= 0; b2 = 0.05; b3 = 0.25 and b4 = 1.25% in dry matter or 0; 50; 250 and 1250 g zeolite per 100 kg of raw beet pulp). Sample collection for standard chemical composition and quality estimation was taken 60 days after the beginning of the ensiling. The results from the literature show that adding technologically processed natural zeolite (Min-a-Zel, produced by ITNMS, Belgrade) while ensiling beet pulp has significant influence on the increase of lactic acid production, decrease in bonded acetic acid content and lower pH value. The influence of explained doses of zeolite on standard chemical composition is smaller and mostly of relative value. The only real changes in chemical composition are the increase in dry matter and mineral content. In the ensiling of the beet pulp stored in the longer period of time, the more intensive fermentation processes were achieved and the production of organic acids was larger which has better conserving effects on silage., U ogledu je ispitivan uticaj dodavanja različitih doza prirodnog zeolita na hemijski sastav i kvalitet silaža spremljenih od repinih rezanaca. Rezanci su silirani u fabrici šećera u Požarevcu, odmah po dobijanju ili posle 9 i 17 dana. Ogled je postavljen kao dvofaktorijalni, gde je prvi faktor (A) bio vreme siliranja, izraženo u danima po dobijanju rezanaca (a1 = 0; a2 = 9 i a3 = 17 dana), a drugi faktor (B) količina zeolita (b1 = 0; b2 = 0,05; b3 = 0,25 i b4 = 1,25% u odnosu na suvu materuju, odnosno, 0; 50; 250 i 1250 g zeolita na 100 kg sirovih rezanaca. Uzimanje uzoraka za utvrđivanje standardne hemijske analize i parametara kvaliteta silaža obavljeno je 60 dana po siliranju. Rezultati obavljenih istraživanja pokazuju da dodavanje tehnološki obrađenog prirodnog zeolita (Min-a-Zel, proizvod ITNMS, Beograd) pri siliranju repinih rezanaca signifikantno utiče na povećanje produkcije mlečne kiseline, smanjenje sadržaja vezane sirćetne kiseline i smanjenje pH vrednosti. Uticaj navedenih doza zeolita na standardni hemijski sastav je bio neznatan. Jedine promene količine pojedinih materija su povećanje stepena suve materije i količine mineralnog ostatka. Pri siliranju repinih rezanaca koji su duže stajali na depou postižu se intenzivniji fermentacioni procesi i dobija se veća ukupna količina organskih kiselina koje imaju konzervišuće dejstvo za silažu.

The aim of meeting protein needs in dairy cows is to provide sufficient degradable proteins, which are optimally used in the rumen, to provide the required level of productivity with a minimal amount of crude protein in the diet. The new concept, shown in this paper, which expresses protein value as metabolic, enables better protein balancing in dairy cows than before. The nutritive value of metabolic protein in dairy cows depends on essential amino acid composition of protein and their contribution to total essential amino acids. The improvement of protein utilization efficiency has practical implications. The reason for this is to decrease feeding costs per kilogram of milk or milk protein, the need for more efficient production, higher milk protein yield and to allow other nutrients in the diet to prove their influence on the increase of production., Cilj podmirenja potreba u proteinima kod krava je da se obezbede dovoljne količine razgradivih proteina, koji se u buragu optimalno iskorišćavaju, odnosno da obezbedi željenu produktivnost sa najmanjom količinom sirovih proteina u obroku. Novi koncept, prikazan u ovome radu, koji izražava protein kao metabolički, omogućuje bolje balansiranje obroka za muzne krave nego što je to ranije bio slučaj. Nutritivna vrednost metaboličkog proteina kod mlečnih krava zavisi od sastava esencijalnih amino-kiselina i njihovog doprinosa ukupnim esencijalnim amino-kiselinama. Unapređenje efikasnosti iskorišćavanja proteina i azota, zajedno sa težnjom ka optimalnoj produktivnosti, stvar je od praktičnog značaja. Razlog za ovo je smanjenje troškova ishrane po kilogramu mleka ili proizvedenog proteina mleka, potreba za efikasnijom proizvodnjom i većim prinosom proteina mleka, kao i stvaranje prostora u obroku ostalim hranljivim materijama da ispolje svoj uticaj na povećanje proizvodnje.

Many factors affects dry matter intake (DMI). Individual theories based on physical fill of the reticulorumen, metabolic-feedback factors, or oxygen consumption have been proposed to determine and predict DMI (NRC, 2001). Prediction of DMI is fundamentally important in nutrition because it establishes the amount of nutrients available to an animal for health and production. Actual or accurately estimated DMI is important for the formulation of diets to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding of nutrients and to promote efficient nutrient use. Underfeeding of nutrients restricts production and can affect the health of an animal. Overfeeding of nutrients increases feed costs, can results in excessive excretion of nutrients into the environment, and at excessively high amounts may be toxic or cause adverse health effects. Several DMI prediction equations have been developed for use in the field, but only a few have been given in this paper., Mnogi činioci utiču na konzumiranje suve materije (KSM). Za tumačenje i predviđanje KSM predloženo je nekoliko teorija baziranih na fizičkoj popunjenosti lumena retikuluma i rumena, metaboličkoj povratnoj sprezi ili na potrošnji kiseonika. Predviđanje KSM ima fundamentalan značaj, zato što se na osnovu KSM određuje količina hranljivih materija neophodna za održavanje proizvodnje i zdravlja životinja. Poznavanje stvarnog KSM ili precizno predviđanje veoma je važno za sastavljanje obroka radi izbegavanja suviše malog i prekomernog unošenja hranljivih materija. Ishrana malim količinama hranljivih materija u obroku uzrokuje opadanje proizvodnje i negativno utiče na zdravlje životinja. Ishrana količinama hranljivih materija većim od potreba ima kao posledicu povećanje cene obroka, izlučivanje povećanih količina hranljivih materija u spoljašnju sredinu i u krajnjem slučaju, može da prouzrokuje trovanje i zdravstvene probleme. Postoji više modela koji služe za predviđanje KSM, ali u ovome radu je predstavljeno svega nekoliko.

The influence of natural zeolite on chemical composition and quality of silages prepared from beet pulp was investigated. Beet pulp was ensiled in the sugar producing factory in Požarevac 17 days after their production. The amount of zeolite added was 0; 0,05; 0,25 and 1,25% of dry matter or 0; 50 250 and 1250 g zeolite per 100 kg of beet pulp. The obtained results show that adding technologically processed zeolite (under the name Min-A-Zel produced by ITNMS - Belgrade) while ensiling beet pulp has influenced more intensive fermentation and increased production of lactic and acetic acid production, with lower pH values and favorable ratio of lactic and total acids. The influence of mentioned doses of zeolite on standard chemical analysis was less pronounced and it is mostly of relative nature. The only real changes occurred as the increase of dry matter and mineral content. The use of zeolite even with material with sufficient fermentable sugars induces more intensive lactic acid bacteria activity since more favorable conditions for lactic acid fermentation., U ogledu je ispitivan uticaj prirodnog zeolita na hemijski sastav i kvalitet silaža spremljenih od repinih rezanaca. Rezanci su silirani u Fabrici šećera u Požarevcu, 17 dana po dobijanju. Količina dodatog zeolita je bila 0; 0,05 0,25 i 1,25% u odnosu na suvu materiju, odnosno 0; 50; 250 i 1250 g zeolita na 100 kg sirovih rezanaca. Rezultati obavljenih istraživanja pokazuju da dodavanje tehnološki obrađenog prirodnog zeolita (pod nazivom Min-A-Zel proizvod ITNMS -Beograd) pri siliranju repinih rezanaca utiče na intenziviranje fermentacije i povećanje produkcije mlečne i sirćetne kiseline, uz postizanje nižih pH vrednosti i povoljnijeg odnosa mlečne prema ukupnim kiselinama. Uticaj navedenih doza zeolita na standardni hemijski sastav je bio manji, i pretežno je relativnog karaktera. Jedine realne promene količine pojedinih materija su povećanje udela suve materije i povećanje količine mineralnog ostatka. Upotreba zeolita i u materijalu sa dovoljnom količinom fermentabilnih šećera doprinosi intenziviranju aktivnosti bakterija mlečne kiseline, jer se obezbeđuju pogodniji uslovi za fermentaciju mlečnokiselinskog tipa.