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Fruit production development is resulting in large commercial orchards with improved water management standards. While the agronomic and economic benefits of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) have long been established, the local variability in soils and climate and the irrigation system design limits its practical applications. This paper uses a case study approach (a 225 ha stone fruit orchard) to unveil limitations derived from environmental spatial variability and irrigation performance. The spatial variability of soil physical parameters and meteorology in the orchard was characterized, and its implication on crop water requirements was established. Irrigation depths applied during 2004-2009 were analysed and compared with crop water requirements under standard and RDI strategies. Plant water status was also measured during two irrigation seasons using stem water potential measurements. On-farm wind speed variability amounted to 55%, representing differences of 17% in reference evapotranspiration. During the study seasons, irrigation scheduling evolved towards deficit irrigation; however, the specific traits of RDI in stone fruits were not implemented. RDI implementation was limited by: 1) poor correspondence between environmental variability and irrigation system design; 2) insufficient information on RDI crop water requirements and its on-farm spatial variability within the farm; and 3) low control of the water distribution network.

The system under study consists of an interacting ultracold Bose gas confined by a finite n-well potential in one dimension (n = 2, 3 and 4). By numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the effective Hamiltonian that describes the gas confined in each potential, we determine the mean population of particles in each well as a function of time. From this analysis, we obtain a continuous transition from a coherent state to a self-trapped state as a function of the parameter L [?] Ng, which takes into account the number of particles N and the interaction strength g in each system. Three different behaviours as a function of L are found: a coherent oscillation regime, a partial-trapped state and a self-trapped state. The partial trapping regime appears to be a novel phase for finite potentials in one dimension. A systematic quantitative study allows us to conclude that the relaxation time observed in the coherent oscillation regime for a two-well potential scales as N1/2. Finally, a comparison with an experimental realization of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a two-well potential (Albiez et al 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 010402) is presented, exhibiting good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive the most general expression for the Skyrmion topological charge for a two-dimensional spin texture, valid for any type of boundary conditions or for any arbitrary spatial region within the texture. It reduces to the usual one for the appropriate boundary conditions. The general expression resembles the Gauss-Bonet theorem for the Euler-Poincaré characteristic of a 2D surface, but it has definite differences, responsible for the assignment of the proper signs of the Skyrmion charges. Additionally, we show that the charge of a single Skyrmion is the product of the value of the normal component of the spin texture at the singularity times the Index or winding number of the transverse texture, a generalization of a Poincaré theorem. We illustrate our general results analyzing in detail a two-component spinor Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in 2D in the presence of an external magnetic field, via the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The condensate spin textures present Skyrmions singularities at the spatial locations where the transverse magnetic field vanishes. We show that the ensuing superfluid vortices and Skyrmions have the same value for their corresponding topological charges, in turn due to the structure of the magnetic field.

Universality of the long-distance behavior across the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BEC)-Bose–Einstein condensate (BCS) smooth transition for two-body density correlation functions and the Cooper-pair probability density is demonstrated in a balanced mixture of a two-component Fermi gas at T = 0. It is numerically shown at the mean-field level that these two-body quantities exhibit an exponential decay in terms of the chemical potential and the low-energy behavior of the gap. A general expression is found for the two-body distributions holding for different features of finite-range potentials, such as divergences at the origin, discontinuities at a finite radius, power-law decay, and exponential decay. The correlation length characterizing the long-distance behavior unravels the dependence on the energy needed to break pairs along the BEC-BCS crossover, a quantity meaningful to the stability of the many-body state.

Introduction Preterm and small for gestational age (SGA) infants are at increased risk of poor growth, disability and delayed development. While growing up they are also at increased risk of obesity, diabetes and later heart disease. The risk of such adverse outcomes may be altered by how preterm and SGA infants are fed after birth. Faltering postnatal growth is common due to failure to achieve recommended high energy and protein intakes, and thus preterm and SGA infants are often provided with supplemental nutrition soon after birth. Enhanced nutrition has been associated with improved early growth and better cognitive development. However, limited evidence suggests that faster growth may increase the risk for later adiposity, metabolic and cardiovascular disease, and that such risks may differ between girls and boys.Methods and analysis We will search Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, controlled-trials.com, ClinicalTrials.gov and anzctr.org.au for randomised trials that studied the effects of macronutrient supplements for preterm and SGA infants on (i) developmental and metabolic and (ii) growth outcomes after hospital discharge. The outcomes will be (i) cognitive impairment and metabolic risk (co-primary) and (ii) body mass index. Individual participant data (IPD) from all available trials will be included using an intention-to-treat approach. A one-stage procedure for IPD meta-analysis (MA) will be used, accounting for clustering of participants within studies. Exploratory subgroup analyses will further investigate sources of heterogeneity, including sex and size of infants, different timing, duration and type of supplements.Ethics and dissemination This IPD-MA is approved by the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee (reference number: 019874). Individual studies have approval from relevant local ethics committees. Results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at international conferences.PROSPERO registration number CRD42017072683

Background: The genus Metlapilcoatlus was recently erected to include six species of stout venomous snakes, known as the jumping pitvipers, which inhabit mountainous areas of Mesoamerica. This group maintains affinity with Atropoides picadoi, another jumping pitviper with restricted distribution in Costa Rica and Panama. Although the venom of A. picadoi and a couple of Metlapilcoatlus species has previously been characterized, little is known about the interspecific and intraspecific variation of the other species that comprise the genus. In this work, we characterize the venoms of five out of the six species that make up the genus Metlapilcoatlus: Metlapilcoatlus indomitus, Metlapilcoatlus mexicanus, Metlapilcoatlus nummifer, Metlapilcoatlus occiduus and Metlapilcoatlus olmec, and for three of them, we analyze whether ontogenetic change occurs in the composition of their venoms. Additionally, we evaluated the cross-neutralizing capacity of the antivenom PoliVal-ICP used in Central American countries to treat viper envenomation., Methods: We utilized sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse-phase HPLC for venom characterization. Toxin identification was conducted using a bottom-up shotgun proteomic approach. We also estimated venom toxicity based on average lethality estimates in a murine model. The PoliVal-ICP neutralizing capacity on lethal activity was evaluated for all venoms. Using the venom of M. mexicanus as a model, we also tested the neutralizing capacity of this antivenom on hemorrhagic, myotoxic, proteolytic, phospholipase and coagulant activities., Results: Our analysis revealed that the venoms of jumping vipers are composed of proteins belonging to approximately 8-17 families, typically shared with other crotalines. Despite these general similarities, we observed variations at both intraspecific, including ontogenetic, and interspecific levels in venom composition and toxicity. The chromatographic pattern of Metlapilcoatlus venom exhibited peaks in the PLA2/PLA2-like eluting region, likely responsible for the myotoxic activity of these venoms. By contrast, these peaks were almost negligible in the chromatogram of A. picadoi, whose venom is significantly more hemorrhagic. Among the Metlapilcoatlus species, M. indomitus venom stood out as notably different from the others, and it was also the most lethal. The antivenom demonstrated its effectiveness in neutralizing the lethal activity of all the venoms tested, as well as the various biological activities studied in the venom of M. mexicanus., Conclusions: Beyond the scope of the variation revealed here, our preclinical results demonstrate that PoliVal-ICP antivenom effectively neutralizes toxins from the venom of all Mesoamerican jumping vipers, despite not including venom from any of them in its immunization mixture. This cross-neutralization capacity predicts ICP antivenom's effectiveness in treating snake envenoming in the Neotropical region., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)

Imaging is used for lymphoma detection, Ann Arbor/Lugano staging, and treatment response assessment. [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT should be used for most lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma, aggressive/high-grade Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and many indolent/low-grade NHLs such as follicular lymphoma. Apart from these routinely FDG-avid lymphomas, some indolent NHLs, such as marginal zone lymphoma, are variably FDG-avid; here, [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT is an alternative to contrast-enhanced CT at baseline and may be used for treatment response assessment if the lymphoma was FDG-avid at baseline. Only small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (SLL/CLL) should exclusively undergo CT at baseline and follow-up unless transformation to high-grade lymphoma is suspected. While [ 18 F]FDG PET/CT is sufficient to rule out bone marrow involvement in Hodgkin lymphoma, biopsy may be needed in other lymphomas. The 5-point (Deauville) score for [ 18 F]FDG PET that uses the liver and blood pool uptake as references should be used to assess treatment response in all FDG-avid lymphomas; post-treatment FDG uptake ≤ liver uptake is considered complete response. In all other lymphomas, CT should be used to determine changes in lesion size; for complete response, resolution of all extranodal manifestations, and for lymph nodes, long-axis decrease to ≤ 1.5 cm are required. KEY POINTS: [ 18 F]FDG-PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT are used to stage lymphoma depending on type. Imaging is required for staging, and biopsies may be required to rule out bone marrow involvement. For treatment response assessment, the 5-PS (Deauville) score should be used; in a few indolent types, CT is used to determine changes in lesion size., Competing Interests: Compliance with ethical standards. Guarantor: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Marius E. Mayerhoefer. Conflict of interest: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article. Statistics and biometry: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper. Informed consent: Written informed consent was not required. Ethical approval: Institutional Review Board approval was not required. Study subjects or cohorts overlap: Not applicable. Methodology: Practice recommendations, (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Disintegrins are small non-enzymatic proteins present often at low concentration in the venom of viperid snakes. Isolated disintegrins are known for their lack of toxicity as well as their capacity to antagonize integrin receptors. Integrins are a major family of heterodimeric cell surface receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Integrins regulate key functions in cancer pathology and also tumor development. The aim of this study consisted in the isolation and characterization of disintegrins from rattlesnake new species Crotalus mictlantecuhtli venom. A disintegrin fraction obtained by RP-HPLC and named mictlan-D3, consist in two isoforms of 7439 and 7509 Da with 72 amino acid sequence containing the RGD binding motif. Mictlan-D3 inhibited MDA-MB-231 and HMEC-1 cell adhesion to laminin (LN), fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN), highest inhibition was on MDA-MB-231 cell adhesion to LN by 81 % at 1 μM. The blockade of ⍺ V β 3 integrin was evaluated by wound healing migration assay. Mictlan-D3 inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell migration by 80 % and 38 % after 24 and 72 h of incubation respectively. HMEC-1 cell migration was inhibited by 67.6 % and 27.9 % after 24 and 72 h of incubation. Additionally, mictlan-D3. This work represent the first characterization of disintegrins from the Crotalus mictlantecuhtli venom., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Purpose To determine the prevalence of mitral annular disjunction (MAD) in patients undergoing cardiac MRI for various clinical indications and to assess the association of MAD with arrhythmia, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), and myocardial alteration. Materials and Methods This study analyzed data from a retrospective observational registry of consecutive patients undergoing cardiac MRI for different clinical indications. Cardiac MRI examinations were performed from January 2019 to June 2019 at 13 Italian hospitals. Images underwent double reading by expert cardiac radiologists from the enrolling center and the core laboratory to assess the presence of MAD. Presence and maximum length of MAD and its association to MVP pattern, functional and structural myocardial alteration, and arrhythmia were evaluated using nonparametric and parametric tests. Logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of arrhythmia. Results Cardiac MRI studies from 2611 consecutive patients (1730, 66% male; median age, 53 years; IQR, 39-65 years) were evaluated. Prevalence of MAD was 5.44% (142 of 2611). MAD was an incidental finding in 74.6% (106 of 142) of patients. Patients with MAD had a higher prevalence of arrhythmias compared with patients without MAD (40% [57 of 142] vs 18% [444 of 2469]; P < .001). Patients with MAD and bileaflet MVP showed a longer MAD compared with patients with single-leaflet or absent MVP (median, 7 mm [IQR, 3-9.5 mm] vs 4 mm [IQR, 3-5 mm]; P < .001), a higher prevalence of systolic curling (75% [21 of 28] vs 30.7% [35 of 114]; P < .001), higher extracellular volume values (30% [IQR, 28%-32%] vs 27% [IQR, 25%-30%]; P = .04), and a higher prevalence of arrhythmia (64.2% [18 of 28] vs 34.2% [39 of 114]; P = .006). MAD length of at least 5 mm was an independent predictor of arrhythmia (odds ratio 3.96; 95% CI: 1.93, 8.15; P < .001). Conclusion MAD was a frequent incidental finding on cardiac MRI scans from a multicenter registry. MAD length of at least 5 mm and coexisting bileaflet MVP showed a higher risk of arrhythmia. Keywords: MR Imaging, Cardiac, Mitral Annular Disjunction Supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2024.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between COVID-19 pneumonia outcomes and three chest CT analysis approaches. Methods: Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who underwent chest CT were included and divided into survivors/non-survivors and intubated/not-intubated. Chest CTs were analyzed through a (1) Total Severity Score visually quantified by an emergency (TSS1) and a thoracic radiologist (TSS2); (2) density mask technique quantifying normal parenchyma (DM&#95;Norm 1) and ground glass opacities (DM&#95;GGO1) repeated after the manual delineation of consolidations (DM&#95;Norm2, DM&#95;GGO2, DM&#95;Consolidation); (3) texture analysis quantifying normal parenchyma (TA&#95;Norm) and interstitial lung disease (TA&#95;ILD). Association with outcomes was assessed through Chi-square and the Mann-Whitney test. The TSS inter-reader variability was assessed through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. The relationship between quantitative variables and outcomes was investigated through multivariate logistic regression analysis. Variables correlation was investigated using Spearman analysis. Results: Overall, 192 patients (mean age, 66.8 ± 15.4 years) were included. TSS was significantly higher in intubated patients but only TSS1 in survivors. TSS presented an ICC of 0.83 (0.76; 0.88) and a bias (LOA) of 1.55 (-4.69, 7.78). DM&#95;Consolidation showed the greatest median difference between survivors/not survivors ( p = 0.002). The strongest independent predictor for mortality was DM&#95;Consolidation (AUC 0.688), while the strongest independent predictor for the intensity of care was TSS2 (0.7498). DM&#95;Norm 2 was the singular feature independently associated with both the outcomes. DM&#95;GGO1 strongly correlated with TA&#95;ILD (ρ = 0.977). Conclusions: The DM technique and TA achieved consistent measurements and a better correlation with patient outcomes.

Background: Despite bilateral mastectomy (BLM) for early-stage breast cancer (BC) showing no survival benefit and increased risk compared to breast conserving surgery, some patients still choose this treatment. This study examined whether emotion reactivity and regulation influence treatment decision making among newly diagnosed women with breast cancer., Methods: Cross-sectional survey data were analyzed as part of a larger study. Measures included the Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy (CPM) survey, PROMIS Anxiety scale, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) Cognitive Reappraisal and Emotional Suppression subscales. Primary analysis included a logistic regression model predicting treatment choice (BLM vs. non-BLM)., Results: Participants (N = 137) with unilateral BC (Stages 0-III) were divided between BLM (n = 66) versus breast conserving surgery (i.e., non-BLM, n = 71) treatment groups. Compared to the non-BLM group, the BLM group was younger, more likely to be partnered, and had a higher household income. Women with high levels of BC-specific worry were 3.6 times more likely to choose BLM compared to women with low levels of worry (OR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.07-0.8.93). Those who used cognitive reappraisal were 10% less likely to choose BLM compared to women who did not use cognitive reappraisal (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.99). There were no group differences in levels of generalized anxiety (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-0.99) or emotional suppression (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.90-1.16)., Conclusions: Findings suggest the choice of BLM may be due, in part, to negative emotional experiences after a BC diagnosis and lesser use of reappraisal to reframe cancer-related fears. These may be important targets of intervention to support women making BC treatment decisions., (© 2024 The Author(s). Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Radiomics represents the science of extracting and analyzing a multitude of quantitative features from medical imaging, revealing the quantitative potential of radiologic images. This scientific review aims to provide radiologists with a comprehensive understanding of radiomics, emphasizing its principles, applications, challenges, limits, and prospects. The limitations of standardization in current scientific production are analyzed, along with possible solutions proposed by some of the referenced papers. As the continuous evolution of medical imaging is ongoing, radiologists must be aware of new perspectives to play a central role in patient management., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Riccardo Ferrari, Margherita Trinci, Emanuele Neri, Lorenzo Faggioni and Damiano Caruso declare to be part of scientific editorial board of Radiologia Medica. Ethical approval: This is a review of literature. No ethical approval is required., (© 2024. Italian Society of Medical Radiology.)

Purpose: To compare the adherence of the interpretation and reporting staging system, respectively proposed in the 2012 and 2016 European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) staging of rectal cancer, focusing on the improvement offered by the criteria introduced by 2016 ESGAR guidelines., Method: Fifty-six patients affected by rectal cancer were included; 25/56 patients underwent upfront surgery; 31 underwent to neo-adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy before surgery. All patients underwent 3 T MRI examination for local staging. All MR exams were evaluated by two radiologists with 20- and 4-years' experience, who were blinded to each other; the T and N stages, the Mesorectal Fascia (MRF) status and the Extramural Vascular Invasion (EMVI) were assessed according to both 2012 and 2016 ESGAR guidelines. The correlation between radiological and pathological findings, as well as the MRI staging were evaluated., Results: As to the expert reviewer, no significant differences were found by comparing the MR T and N stages, T and N restaging, MRF status and EMVI according to 2012 and 2016 ESGAR guidelines. As to the 4-years' experience radiologist the MR staging agreement between 2012 and 2016 guidelines was "moderate" in N-stage evaluation and "fair" in T-restaging evaluation. No significant discrepancies were found for other parameters., Conclusions: MRI is a reliable method in rectal cancer staging/restaging. The assessment of T-restaging is improved by adopting the 2016 ESGAR guidelines, especially for non-expert readers; this result could be justified by the introduction of diffusion-weighted imaging. On the contrary, the newest guidelines do not improve the diagnostic performance in assessing nodal staging and restaging., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the integration of dual-energy CT (DECT) into CT-guided bone biopsy procedures, comparing it with conventional CT techniques. The focus was on technical aspects, accuracy and radiation dose exposure., Materials and Methods: A total of 51 bone biopsies were conducted, with 36 using conventional CT and 15 utilizing DECT. Patient data, lesion characteristics and biopsy techniques were analyzed. Statistical analyses, including Fisher's exact test and independent samples t-test, were performed to compare accuracy and radiation doses between the two methods., Results: DECT-guided biopsies demonstrated a significantly higher accuracy (93.33%) compared to conventional CT biopsies (86.11%). The radiation dose exposure for DECT was comparable to conventional CT. DECT's ability to differentiate tissues, especially in bone marrow edema detection, led to higher precision., Conclusion: Integrating DECT into CT-guided bone biopsies enhances tissue differentiation and accuracy without significantly increasing radiation exposure. This advancement holds promise for improving musculoskeletal interventional radiology, leading to more precise diagnoses, informed treatment decisions and improved patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare they have no competing interests. Ethical approval: This retrospective investigation received formal approval from the Ethical Committee of local ASST (Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale); informed consent was obtained. The study was conducted according to ethical principles laid down by the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki., (© 2024. Italian Society of Medical Radiology.)

Background: Loneliness and social isolation coexist, making it difficult to study each separately. The COVID-19 lockdown provided an unprecedented and ethically viable opportunity to study loneliness in seriously ill nursing home residents under uniformly imposed social isolation conditions. Objective: To understand the phenomenon of loneliness of the seriously ill nursing home patients under a uniform social isolation condition imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Design: Cross-sectional, semi-structured interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed qualitatively using an inductive thematic analysis. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Three-Item Loneliness Scale was used to measure loneliness and any relationships between self-reported loneliness and isolation were elucidated. Setting/Participants: Thirty seriously ill nursing home residents living in complete social isolation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Results: Thematic analysis identified four key themes: (1) Diverse perceptions about the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown, (2) regret over the missed opportunities for spending time with friends and family, (3) using electronic communication to maintain connections with loved ones, and (4) the impact of nursing home staff. In total, 50% of the participants reported feeling socially isolated, 60% patients reported loneliness, and 70% reported being adversely impacted by the lockdown. Patients who felt socially isolated also reported experiencing loneliness (Kendall's Tau = 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30, 0.89, p < 0.01, large effect size). Persons from communities of color had higher median loneliness scores compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Participants in the last year of life also reported higher levels of loneliness. Conclusion: A study of loneliness under uniform social isolation conditions in seriously ill nursing home patients showed a high prevalence of loneliness and a strong correlation between self-reported loneliness and social isolation, especially in persons from minority communities and those in the last year of life. In-person support provided by nursing home staff and virtual support from family was helpful to patients.

Recent research highlights a growing interest in early interactions between fathers and their infants, acknowledging the significant influence these interactions have on developmental outcomes. However, there is a limited understanding of the specific characteristics of paternal infant-directed speech (IDS), especially in the context of premature birth. This study aimed to analyze the functional and morpho-syntactic features of paternal IDS to full-term (FT) and preterm (PT) infants at 3 months, comparing it with maternal communicative style. Additionally, the study explored the influence of the severity of preterm birth according to birth weight, further distinguishing between extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) and very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. Seventy-one father-infant and mother-infant dyads (24 FT, 22 ELBW, 25 VLBW) were recruited at 3 months (corrected age for PTs). Parent-infant interactions were video recorded to assess lexical, syntactic, and functional aspects of paternal and maternal speech. Results revealed lower verbosity and lexical variability in paternal IDS compared to the maternal one. No differences were found between parents of the PT and FT groups. Overall, these findings could contribute to better understanding the patterns of parent-infant communications in both FT and PT dyads, confirming the importance of involving both mothers and fathers from the early stages of development.

Background: The snake genera Atropoides, Cerrophidion, and Metlapilcoatlus form a clade of neotropical pit vipers distributed across Mexico and Central America. This study evaluated the myotoxic and neurotoxic effects of nine species of Atropoides, Cerrophidion, and Metlapilcoatlus, and the neutralising efficacy of the ICP antivenom from Costa Rica against these effects, in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. Given the prominence of PLA 2 s within the venom proteomes of these species, we also aimed to determine the neutralising potency of the PLA 2 inhibitor, varespladib., Results: All venoms showed myotoxic and potential neurotoxic effects, with differential intra-genera and inter-genera potency. This variation was also seen in the antivenom ability to neutralise the muscle damaging pathophysiological effects observed. Variation was also seen in the relative response to the PLA 2 inhibitor varespladib. While the myotoxic effects of M. mexicanus and M. nummifer venoms were effectively neutralised by varespladib, indicating myotoxicity is PLA 2 mediated, those of C. godmani and M. olmec venoms were not, revealing that the myotoxicity is driven by non-PLA 2 toxin types., Conclusions: This study characterises the myotoxic and neurotoxic venom activity, as well as neutralisation of venom effects from the Atropoides, Cerrophidion, and Metlapilcoatlus clade of American crotalids. Our findings contribute significant clinical and evolutionary knowledge to a clade of poorly researched snakes. In addition, these results provide a platform for future research into the reciprocal interaction between ecological niche specialisation and venom evolution, as well as highlighting the need to test purified toxins to accurately evaluate the potential effects observed in these venoms., (© 2024. The Author(s).)