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This paper investigates the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and output growth among African OPEC countries (Libya, Nigeria, Angola, Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon) using the panel autoregressive distributed lag model (PARDL) estimated by means of mean group (MG) and pooled mean group (PMG) for the period 1970–2016. The paper estimated three panel models comprising the components of greenhouse gasses which includes nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane and examined their relationship with economic growth and energy consumption. The findings of the study showed evidence of a positive impact of economic growth on both CO2 and methane emissions in the long run. Its impact on nitrous oxide emissions although positive was found to be statistically insignificant. Energy consumption was also found to produce an insignificant positive impact on CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions in the long run. In the short run, economic growth exerts a significant positive effect on methane emissions; however, its effect on CO2 and nitrous oxide emissions although positive was found to be statistically insignificant. Energy consumption produces an insignificant impact on all components of greenhouse gasses in the short run. In addition, our empirical results showed the presence of a non-linear relationship between methane emissions and economic growth, confirming the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) only in the case of methane emissions model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for the current Brazilian agricultural frontier, located in the region known as MATOPIBA. The question to be answered can be summarized as: how does human development affect the region’s environment, captured by deforestation? Specifically, we analyzed the presence of spatial dependence and heterogeneity, as well as the existence of clusters between the 337 municipalities of MATOPIBA in 2010, using exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and spatial econometrics. We identified the presence of spatial dependence for deforestation, which led to the incorporation of this effect into the econometric modeling, which resulted in the SLX as the best spatial model. In addition, we got an inverted-U shape for the EKC; thus, deforestation increases until a certain threshold, as the region develops, from which it begins to fall. The “turning point”, where development reaches its maximum impact on the environment, is a Human Development Index of 0.57 and 28.18% of the municipalities are below this value, which highlights environmental concerns, since their development could boost degradation. To worsen this scenario, we identified many variables, especially related to the agricultural frontier expansion, which induces deforestation in MATOPIBA.

Environmental pollution is the cause of reduction in production of man-made labor and capital and lead to reduce output as well. All such decaying nature of pollution leads to adverse impact on human being and economy for sure in case of long duration of it. The main objective for this paper is to analyze the link relating Co2 witheconomical development in 8 Asian countries. Data from 1965 to 2010 has been taken to scale out the income level income per capita and per capita GDP. For this study three simultaneous equations are used EKC relationship with indicator of CO2 are air pollution, income and population density. And found a direct relationship between pollution and income initially and then start decreasing towards negativity and shows inverse impact afterwards. Also there is negative impact of pollution on population density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding changes in livestock production and their relationship with socio-economic and environmental impacts is important for exploring the pathways towards sustainable development goals (SDGs) of food systems. We used pig production in China as a case study to evaluate how socio-economic indicators influence pig production and nutrient losses using the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and Gini index. The recent acceleration in pig production is driven by an increase in average consumption of pig products per capita and government policies that support new pig production systems. The relationship between the rapid growth of worldwide pig production and its environmental impacts can be described using the EKC. The turning point in the EKC, i.e. the average income at which environmental degradation starts to decrease, is estimated to be USD 15–35 000 per capita when the pig production density is greater than 5.0 head per hectare of arable land. China's pig production has not yet reached the EKC turning point; however, given the uneven distribution of pig production systems and supply chains (feed and water) and the limited land availability for utilizing manure nutrients, the continued increasing demand for pork in China will inevitably result in continued environmental degradation. The EKC turning point should be reached earlier than the global average level, especially as environmental regulation has been reinforced since 2014. Future government policies and regulations that optimize geographical locations for sustainable pig production (i.e. better spatial planning) and support improved manure nutrient management at both regional and farm levels are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy plays an important role in reducing global carbon (CO 2) emission. This paper builds a RER (renewable energy consumption rate) index to represent the energy structure of a country and proposes a U-shaped RKC (renewable energy Kuznets Curve) hypothesis between RER and economic growth. We also examine the dynamic relationship between RER and the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using two panel data sets of 17 major developing and developed countries as well as six geo-economic regions of the world during 1990–2014. Panel co-integration tests indicate that a long-run relationship exists among economic growth, RER and carbon emission. We employ the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) techniques to estimate the co-integration coefficients of the panels and individual countries/regions respectively. The results verify both the EKC and RKC hypotheses, indicating that a 10% rise in RER would to a 1.6% carbon emission reduction. It is also found that the RKC turning points of individual countries and the entire samples in general take place before the turning points of the respective EKCs. It suggests that promoting renewable energy consumption to make RKC cross its turning point earlier can accelerate EKC to reach its turning point more quickly. This finding has important policy implications with respect to the development and utilization of renewable energy and environmental protection. The dynamic relationship between EKC and RKC. Image 1 • We examined the relationship between renewable energy and GDP. • A U-shaped curve exists between GDP and renewable energy consumption. • The turning points of RKCs take place earlier than that of the EKCs. • Promoting RKC arrive its turning point in advance can accelerate EKC to reach its turning point more quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the validity of the EKC (environmental Kuznets curve) hypothesis for the 50 US states and a Federal District (Washington, D.C.). To this aim, the common correlated effects (CCE) and the augmented mean group (AMG) estimation procedures are applied between 1980 and 2015. While the CCE estimation does not support EKC hypothesis, the AMG does. The empirical findings of the AMG estimation indicate that only 14 states verify the EKC hypothesis. Additionally, the expected negative impacts of fossil energy consumption on the environment (CO2 emissions) are strongly detected in all states except Texas. However, the expected positive impacts of renewable energy consumption on the CO2 emissions are detected only in 13 states. Furthermore, the expected negative impacts of the population are not detected in some mostly populated states like New York, Texas, and Ohio. The overall findings of this study may help the US state-level policy makers in two ways: first, to understand whether their economic growths are sustainable (eco-friendly); second, to see how their fossil and renewable energy consumptions affect their environments and to review their energy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationship of economic development, measured as economic growth, energy use, trade and foreign direct investment, on the one hand, and environmental degradation (carbon dioxide (hereafter CO2) emissions), on the other hand, in eleven emerging Eastern European and Central Asian countries during the period of 1990 to 2014. The empirical results give an evidence of a carbon emission Kuznets curve for these emerging economies. The current income level indicates that not every country has reached the turning point for CO2 emissions reductions. Income elasticities for CO2 are positive for all eleven countries. The paper concludes that within the group, Ukraine and Kazakhstan have the most sensitive change in economic growth in respect to CO2. In addition, it concludes that there is a negative effect of total energy consumption on environment as such consumption increases CO2 emissions. The results also show a positive effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO2 emissions in Eastern European and Central Asian countries. It is expected that the innovative transition to a low-carbon economy offers great opportunities for economic growth and job creation. Technological leadership (the initiative Industry 4.0) should be accompanied by the development and introduction of new technologies throughout Eastern European and Central Asian countries, hence, the paradigm of "sustainable development" should be considered as fatal. Furthermore, Eastern European and Central Asian economies should consider the experience of policy making implications made by other developing countries in gaining sustainable growth. Econometric analyses prove the existence of different impact on energy consumption of the ICT sector, which plays a key supporting role for intelligent manufacturing. Thus, there is a need for further investigations of the relationship between technology use and CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) proposes uncontrolled pollution during initial development stage of a nation and then a gradual shift to environmental protection and remediation as income (GDP) improves, a developmental route that was used by a few countries. This theory, however, is marred with a lot of conceptual and ecological errors. Importantly, there is little evidence of an EKC pathway, mainly because the "statistical analysis on which the EKC is based is not robust" (Stern in International society for ecological economics internet encyclopaedia of ecological economics the Environmental Kuznets Curve, 2003). This study investigates through questionnaire survey, the opinions of young African students studying in China, on the issue of development with environmental pollution and degradation. Results show that 72% of respondents agreed to development with pollution citing EKC, an outcome that indicates the possible developmental route likely to be followed by majority of Africa. The study concluded that environmental protection discussions should not be done at economic level but at ethical level to save human life and conserve biodiversity. The study recommends that all nations, regardless of level of economic development, be encouraged to mainstream the AICHI Biodiversity Targets in their national (local) developmental plans to ensure sustainable development agenda fulfilment. Also, as a precautionary measure, nations should embrace the "polluter-stops-polluting" against the usual "polluter–pays–principle". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to test the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) hypothesis for the ten states, having the highest levels of carbon dioxide emissions in the USA, through the independent variables of real GDP, population, and renewable energy and fossil energy consumptions. To this aim, the panel estimation method with cross-sectional dependence is applied to data from 1980 to 2015. The empirical findings of the study indicate that the EKC (inverted U-shaped) hypothesis is valid only for Florida, Illinois, Michigan, New York, and Ohio. Interestingly, the negative impacts of fossil energy consumption on CO2 emission levels in Texas are not detected statistically although this state is the leading oil-producing state. Furthermore, the positive impacts of renewable energy consumption in Florida, officially known as "Sunshine State", are considerably low when compared with the other states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) formed during coal combustion is responsible for over half of the increase in the greenhouse effect, globally. It is crucial to conduct a comprehensive analysis and accurate prediction for coal production and consumption to optimize coal utilization and control emissions. However, several unstable factors inhibit the accurate forecasting of coal. Therefore, taking into account both effect and efficiency of prediction, the Hubbert model is applied in this study to forecast China's peak coal production, peak year, and future production. Additionally, a combined model, with weights determined by a flower pollination algorithm and no-negative-constraint theory, is proposed to forecast coal consumption, which is superior to that of all individual models. Subsequently, accounting for the vital effect of CO2 from coal combustion on economic issues, correlation analysis and an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) are applied to quantitatively examine the relationship among coal consumption, economic development, and carbon emissions. The results of this estimation suggest that, compared to the US, China's economic development relies more on coal consumption; however, the EKC indicates that China has still not reached the 'inflection point'. Accordingly, it is essential for policymakers to balance the relationship among coal utilization, economic development, and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Natural resources, especially forests, are critical to China's sustainable development. In recent years, effective utilization of forest resources has become a significant concern in China. In this study, on the basis of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, the relationship between forest resources and economic growth is examined using panel data from 30 provinces in China for the period 2002–2015 and the generalized method of moments (GMM) approach to control for potential endogeneity. The empirical results indicate that with continuous economic growth, the timber output and area of afforestation would at first increase and then decrease after reaching the corresponding turning points. Given the considerable regional gap in economic and social development, three regions of China were investigated to perform a more in-depth analysis. Evidence observed for the country and the three regions suggests an EKC for forest resources. These findings indicate positive effects of China's pursuit of a more balanced growth path where forest resources would be less consumed and more actively protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Based on a sample of 1974–2016 annual data of Vietnam, we show that the EKC does not exist in the short run but only in the long run. However, the N-shape describes better the long-run income-pollution relationship. This implies that Vietnam can expect a temporary reduction in CO 2 emissions at a given stage of economic growth. However, this will be followed by a further increase of CO 2 emissions after reaching another income turning point. The Vietnamese government should thus focus on long-term economic and environmental strategies. A robustness check shows that these results are not impacted by the variables' selection. Highlights • The long-run relationship between CO 2 emissions and growth follows an N- curve. • The EKC is not able to show the risk of rising CO 2 emissions at later stages. • Energy consumption, industry, agriculture, urbanization, FDI impact CO 2 emissions. • Government size and trade openness also impact CO 2 emissions. • Future research should consider the N-shaped relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the moderating presence of FDI in the nexus between economic progression and quality of environment in 115 countries, and various income panels of countries from 1992 to 2019, based on a theoretical underpinning of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The results reveal a significant positive influence of energy consumption on CO2 discharges across all income panels. The interaction between FDI and square of GDP leads to a decrease in CO2 emissions for low and lower-middle income countries, whereas a drop in PM2.5 discharges is distinctively recorded for low, lower middle, high income, and overall income levels. Likewise, the interaction of FDI with manufacturing growth exhibits a negative influence on CO2 emissions reduction in both low and lower-middle income economies, and a reduction in CH4 discharges for upper-middle, high income, and overall income levels. All these results support the EKC hypothesis and offer a useful insight for countries that intend to pursue green economic growth with due consideration for energy consumption and environmental pollution. [Display omitted] • There is a significant positive influence of energy consumption on CO2 discharges across all income panels. • The interaction between FDI and square GDP leads to a decrease in CO2 emissions for low and lower-middle income countries. • The above interaction leads to a drop in PM2.5 discharges for low, lower middle, high income and overall income levels. • The FDI-manufacturing growth nexus negatively affects emissions reduction in both low- and lower-middle income economies. • The aforementioned nexus leads to a reduction in CH4 discharges for upper-middle, high income, and overall income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development activity lowers the quality of the environment, mainly through production with the use of natural resources excessively, and the resulting residue. The impact of the environment is intensified with the increase of international trade. This study examines how the effect of trade liberalization on environmental quality and the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Indonesia. By employing the error correction model (ECM) to annually data along 1976-2014, this study also analyses the dynamic relationship of the economic and environmental variables, in three equations, i.e. linear, quadratic and cubic. This study finds that in the long run, all equations statistically prove the effect of trade liberalization on environmental except in linear equation, and the EKC hypothesis proves on all equations. In the short run, the CO2 emission is partially influenced trade liberalization in all types of equation, and the per capita income by the quadratic equation.

Reaction between economic growth and environmental quality is a controversial issue which has been considered since the 1990s. Pressure on the environment due to economic activities not only from environmental aspects but also from the economic point of view is important. The existence of abundant energy sources in Iran cause the use of them in economic activity exceeding. This will lead to increase environmental pollution in one hand and on another hand, using too much of energy is cause a burden on the environment. In this study, we investigate the relationship between energy consumption as a proxy of environmental pressure and GDP per capita by using the Johansen & Juselius Cointegration econometric method during to 1967-2009. The results show that the correlation between environmental pressures and GDP per capita is the inverse of U shape. Therefore, the increase of per capita GDP growth recommended so is that on the Kuznets curves downward part in stands long run. Also policy makers have to take short run polices that reduce negative externalities as far as economy is at positive part of EKC.

Worldwide socioeconomic development has resulted in huge irretrievable environmental problems in various ecosystems. This study employed seven coastal watersheds in two provinces, Zhejiang and Fujian, China forming a gradient to testify the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) interactions between socioeconomic development and environmental impact at a watershed scale. Annual socioeconomic indicators, including gross domestic product (GDP) and its components, registered population (agricultural and non-agricultural population), and electricity consumption, and annual discharges of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium were collected at a county level, and land use pattern to generate watershed level dataset in the period of 2011-2016. Results indicated that non-agricultural GDP per capita of the non-agricultural population and discharge of COD or ammonium per unit of total GDP were top-ranked pair-indicators significantly fitting the EKC model instead of the classic GDP per capita and pollutants. The development of seven selected watersheds have passed the turning point of the EKC and entered impact-reducing development stages along the EKC, i.e., the three Zhejiang watersheds are at the low-impact development stage, the Huotong Stream watershed from Fujian province was at impact-declining development stage right, and other three Fujian watersheds were at medium-impact development stage. In term of the environmental impact indicator, pollutant discharge per unit of total GDP serves as a development impact indictor per se. These findings might provide an EKC-based approach to support and strategize the watershed management for sustainable development in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical work on the relation between health expenditure and environmental degradation is based predominantly on the ARDL approach to co-integration and to a lesser extent on panel co-integration as applied to a log-log specification. The results invariably show that environmental degradation has a positive effect on health expenditure. In this article, we examine the bivariate relation between environmental degradation and health expenditure, since this relation seems to hold strongly, which can be explained in terms of the environmental Kuznets curve. We cast a shadow of doubt on the practice of using the log-log specification without any theoretical or empirical justification. Our results show that the relation between health expenditure and environmental degradation can be either positive or negative, depending on the level of per capita income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption growth and greenhouse effect deterioration have caused an argument about who should lead the global climate change duty between industrialized and emerging countries. This study investigates the resource efficiency differences between nations in the Group of Seven (G7) and in an association of 5 major emerging economic bodies, including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). This study applies the data envelopment analysis approach to finding the BRICS group's advantages and pointing out what the G7 group should pay attention to in the future. The conclusion shows that the BRICS group has better technical efficiency improvement than the G7 group, and that the BRICS group is moving toward high energy efficiency. Findings show that the G7 suffers from technical deterioration, with some G7 members also presenting the phenomenon of high emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The Environmental Quality Index is constructed based on dynamic data-driven methods. • Spatial Durbin Model is used to examine the environmental Kuznets curve in China. • Provincial spatial effects of environmental quality were strengthened since 2006. • Interdepartmental dependency accelerates the occurrence of the turning point of EQI. Abstract China is facing the challenge of maintaining sustainable economic growth in an environmental friendly manner. Therefore, it is of great necessity and importance to forecast the turning point of China’s environmental pollution. In this field, a frequently used empirical framework is the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC); however, the majority of the literature examining the EKC has focused on specific pollutants, which may have led to controversial estimation results because of the different characteristics of various pollutants. Therefore, in this study, a self-assessed environmental quality index (EQI) is constructed across 8 environmental factors that account for important pollutants and environmental emergencies by using the overall entropy method, and this EQI index is used to investigate the existence of EKC in China. Moreover, given that many environmental pollutants, especially air pollutants, may flow across regions, appropriate spatial econometric tools are employed to account for the potential spatial dependence of the environmental quality. Using the panel data of 30 provinces and autonomous regions for the period 2006–2015, the empirical results indicate evidence for an N-shaped relationship between the EQI and income per capita; this suggests that the overall environmental quality in China would first worsen and then gradually improve as the economy continues to grow. In addition, good governance is an important factor to accelerate the occurrence of the turning point of EKC. For policymakers, targeted policies and industrial upgrades would favor relatively underdeveloped regions and improve environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation has increased the discharge of pollutants, altered water flow regimes, and modified the morphology of transboundary river basins. All these actions have resulted in multiple pressures on aquatic ecosystems of transboundary river basins, undermining the healthy development of their aquatic ecosystems as well as impairing the sustainable economic and social development associated therewith. Quantifying the relationship between socio-economic factors, and water environment systems, and understanding the multiple pressures in their combined impact on environmental fairness of transboundary river basins is challenging, and it is crucial to the strategic planning of the Belt and Road strategy. Here, the Songhua River basin, which is the largest branch of the China-Russia boundary river is taken as the study area. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model, which is coupled with the integrated model (pollutant emissions intensity, pollutant discharge efficiency, and pollutant emissions per capita), are used to reveal the spatio-temporal variations in regional pollutant emissions in the SRB. The results show that the features of the EKC are present in the pollutant emissions during economic development of the SRB. It also demonstrates that the turning point value of the EKC appeared when the GDP per capita is around ¥40,000 (CNY) in the SRB, which means that the pollutant emissions show an increasing trend, when the GDP per capita is less than ¥40,000. Our findings could contribute to a better understanding of the coupling relationship between pollutant emissions in transboundary river basins and urbanisation process in water stress to help address water allocation problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing low carbon city is a global strategy for achieving carbon emission reduction. However, the evolution process of becoming a low carbon city remains unexplored, which is not conductive to the promotion of low carbon city. This study examines the evolution of low carbon city from process characteristic perspective. The evolution processes are analyzed by establishing the relationship between city's economic development and carbon emission performance. By adopting Kaya Identity method, city's emission characteristics in the process of promoting low carbon city are decomposed into energy structure, energy intensity, economic output, industrial structure and population. The performances of these five characteristics in different evolution processes are analyzed. By using the data collected from case cities of Singapore, Beijing, and New York, the evolution process and the corresponding emission characteristics of these cities have been investigated. The key findings from this study are: (1) a city successively goes through three turning points (TP) and four processes (P-Ⅰ, P-Ⅱ, P-Ⅲ, P-Ⅳ) to shift from carbon intensive to low carbon. (2) Performances of the five emission characteristics for cities vary significantly between the four evolution processes. The findings of this study help city governments understand the process they position in and the gap between their emission performances and their goals of becoming a low carbon city. This understanding allows the decision-makers to take proper emission reduction measures which shall incorporate city's emission characteristics in the corresponding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undesirable changes in the environment such as global warming and emissions of greenhouse gases have elicited worldwide attention in recent decades. Environmental problems emanating from economic activities targeted at achieving higher economic growth rate have become a controversial issue. In this study, the effects of financial development and trade on environmental quality in Iran were investigated. To this purpose, statistical data collected between the periods of 1970 and 2011 were used. In addition to using the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), the short-term and long-term relationships between the variables were estimated and analyzed. Moreover, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis was evaluated using various pollutants. The results show that financial development accelerates the degradation of the environment; however, an increase in trade openness reduces the damage to the environment in Iran. Furthermore, the results did not agree with the EKC hypothesis in Iran. Error correction coefficient showed that in each period, 49% of imbalances were justified and approached their long-run procedure. Structural stability tests showed that the estimated coefficients were stable over the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlation between urbanization and environmental pollution is a major focus of study in geography, environmental science, and economics. Particulate matter is the primary pollutant of air pollution and made up of heavy metal, organic carbon and aromatic hydrocarbon and complicated chemicals. PM 2.5 are fine particulate matter with diameters that are less than 2.5 μm. The aim of this study on the relationship between urbanization and PM 2.5 concentration is to achieve a win-win situation of both economic development and environmental protection, which is of great significance to sustainable development in China. This paper uses PM 2.5 remote sensing data and statistical yearbook data from 2000 to 2011 to build four panel data models within the urbanization-PM 2.5 concentration Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. The goal is to find out the correlations between PM 2.5 concentration and economic urbanization, population urbanization, and space urbanization. Furthermore, scenario simulations are set to predict when China will reach inflection point and achieve its target concentration. Results show that the relationship between economic urbanization and PM 2.5 concentration is an inverted N-shaped or inverted U-shaped curve. Most cities in East China have reached the second inflection point of inverted-N curve to step into the win-win stage while many cities in Middle China still need 10–15 years to arrive at the inflection point of the inverted-U curve. Therefore, China is under great pressure to prevent PM 2.5 pollution and pursue more targeted PM 2.5 -reduction policies for air quality improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for panel data of three classifications of countries according to development level and energy orientation, such as consumption of energy, export of energy, import of energy, and share of renewable energy consumption over the period 1991-2010. We use the panel data method to estimate the model for three classifications of countries and do some treatment tests for the data. In general, we find support for the EKC only for middle development countries and for its rejection in other cases and there are different types of energy sources which are significantly affected emission per capita in every country classification. We also found that renewable energy has an important role for sustainable development and we may conclude that investment and joint agreement in clean energy can be significant factors to actualize sustainable development. Abstrak: Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi eksis­tensi Kurva Lingkungan Kuznets (EKC) pada data panel dari tiga klasifikasi negara menurut tingkat pembangunan ekonomi dan orientasi energi, seperti halnya konsumsi energi, ekspor energi, impor energi, dan penggunaan energi alternatif pada periode 1991-2010. Kami menggunakan metode data panel untuk mengestimasi model pada tiga klasifikasi negara dan melakukan tes beberapa metode ekonometrika dan statistika untuk data. Secara umum, ditemukan bahwa pembuktian untuk teori EKC hanya pada negara dengan tingkat pem­bangunan menengah dan terdapat penolakan dalam kasus kategori negara lainnya, serta adanya perbedaan jenis sumber energi yang signifikan mempengaruhi emisi per kapita di setiap klasifikasi negara. Kami juga menemukan bahwa energi alternatif memiliki peran penting bagi pembangunan berkelanjutan dan kami dapat menyimpulkan bahwa investasi dan kesepakatan bersama dalam energi ramah lingkungan dapat menjadi faktor yang signifikan untuk mewujudkan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

Global warming has emerged as a serious threat to humans and sustainable development. China is under increasing pressure to curb its carbon emissions as the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide. By combining the Tapio decoupling model and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework, this paper explores the relationship between China’s carbon emissions and economic growth. Based on panel data of 29 provinces from 2007 to 2016, this paper quantitatively estimates the nexus of carbon emissions and economic development for the whole nation and the decoupling status of individual provinces. There is empirical evidence for the conventional EKC hypothesis, showing that the relationship between carbon emissions and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is an inverted U shape and that the inflection point will not be attained soon. Moreover, following the estimation results of the Tapio decoupling model, there were significant differences between individual provinces in decoupling status. As a result, differentiated and targeted environmental regulations and policies regarding energy consumption and carbon emissions should be reasonably formulated for different provinces and regions based on the corresponding level of economic development and decoupling status.

With China's rapid urbanization and industrialization, carbon emission in Chinese cities deserve special attention, and promoting low-carbon city (LCC) is considered essential for China. However, different cities present different development stages and carbon emission scenarios. This study presents the factors affecting carbon emission by introducing a city development-stage framework. The method of logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) is adopted to decompose emission factors into energy structure, energy intensity, industrial structure, economic output and population scale. Beijing is chosen as the case city in this study, and four development stages for the city are identified by using the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, namely, S 1 (−1991), S 2 (1991–2004), S 3 (2004–2022) and S 4 (2022-). As the data collected for analysis are only available for the period of 1995–2014, this study focuses on the factor analysis for the stage S 2 and S 3 . The results show that the main driving factor for carbon emission increase in the stage S 2 is economic output, followed by population scale, while the main factor contributes to carbon emission reduction in this stage is the industrial structure. In the stage S 3 , the economic output is the top contributor to increase carbon emission, followed by population scale and energy structure, whereas energy intensity is the main influencing factor in curbing the carbon emission. Although the paper refers to the specific case of Beijing, the understanding on the driving emission factors in different development stages not only provides policy-makers and practitioners with valuable references for adopting effective measures to reduce carbon emission, but also provides other cities internationally with important lessons for accelerating the development of LCC. The innovative economic development stage framework incorporates carbon emission characteristics provides a new approach for understanding driving emission factors at city or national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The main contribution of this study is to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis at individual country analysis by the significance of renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption in the context of Pakistan. A series of econometric techniques is used for the period of 1970–2012. The findings provide strong support for the presence of the EKC in the case of Pakistan. The results show that renewable energy plays a dominant role in reducing carbon dioxide emission and non-renewable energy consumption indeed the main culprit for promoting carbon dioxide emission. It is also observed that bi-directional causality exists not only between renewable energy consumption and CO 2 emission but also non-renewable energy consumption and CO 2 emission granger cause each other. Sensitivity analysis is performed to prove that model of this study is stable and findings of the study are valid and reliable for Policy implication. These findings suggest that Government needs to expand investment in renewable energy projects that might contribute to the efforts of climate mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shanghai Cooperation Organizations (SCO) nations are suffering from hydro-climatic threats and permafrost thaw, with issues related to floods upsurging. Existing studies on the SCO have mainly focused on ethnic separatism and the fight against regional terrorism. Recently,the need for structural adjustment in economic activities and ISO 14001 certification has gained attention among academicians yet no study has examined their nonlinear effects on ecological footprint. Using data from 2003 to 2019 and the Fully Modified OLS focusing on the eight permanent SCO nations, this study tests the environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) validity and investigates the linear and nonlinear effects of structural change and ISO 14001 certification on ecological footprint. The empirical results confirm the EKC hypothesis. Next, enough evidence has been found that the nature of current structural reform is inadequate to improve their environmental quality, and a shift from short-term, sector-specific reforms to longer-term, holistic solutions will improve SCO environmental quality by 0.092%. Finally, doubling ISO 14001 certifications will improve the environmental quality by 0.008%. As recommendations, policymakers in developing economies should adopt the EKC postulate as the theoretical basis for policies favouring economic growth. Also, to encourage ISO 14001 implementation, there should be awareness creation about its benefits through workshops and conferences, and governments should provide financial incentives to encourage firms to implement the policy. [Display omitted] • The effects of GDP, structural change, and ISO 14001 is analyzed. • The EKC is valid for SCO countries. • Long-term structural reforms will reduce footprint. • Increasing ISO 14001 certifications will improve the environmental quality by 0.008%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, environmental issues, especially water and air pollution problems have become a major global concern. Air pollution, affects the health of living organisms and natural ecosystems. According to various studies, financial development in a country may attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and higher degrees of research and development (R&D). This, in turn can, increase the environmental performance and thereby reduce environmental pollution. This investigation aims to examine the role of financial development and energy consumption in Iran during 1971-2007, in the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve, using ARDL approach. According to results further financial development in Iran lead to decrease of CO2 emissions. In addition, an increase in energy consumption in Iran is likely to increase CO2 emissions. Also, the results reject the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Iran in the long-term.

The study is aimed to scrutinize the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in Saudi Arabia by analyzing a period of 1971⁻2014. Asymmetrical impacts of Financial Market Development (FMD) and energy consumption per capita have also been tested on CO2 emissions per capita. The estimates buoyed the long and short-run relationships in the hypothesized model, and EKC is found to be true in terms of the relationship between income and pollution. Asymmetrical effects of FMD in the long run and asymmetrical effects of energy consumption per capita in the long and short run are presented on the CO2 emissions per capita. A decreasing FMD is found responsible for environmental degradation, and decreasing energy consumption per capita is found helpful in controlling CO2 emissions. The tested effect of the financial crisis is found insignificant on CO2 emissions.

The paper contributes to the literature on the Environmental Kuznets Curve providing an empirical analysis of the relationship between air pollutant emissions from motor vehicles and social and economic factors in 56 major Russian cities using a panel data set for 2013–2018. The fixed effect regression models were used to analyze the impact of gross municipal product per capita on various types of automobile emissions. We found the evidence of an N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship: emissions rise with economic growth due to the rapid automobilization, thereafter growth slows down, giving way to a decline. The reason may be that the households and commercial organizations in wealthier cities can buy newer cars, which correspondingly meet modern ecological standards and require cleaner fuel. Then, beyond a certain point of the gross municipal product per capita, the growth of automobile emissions resumes. We argue that the further decline is due to the structural economic dynamics and technological shifts, and the second ascending part is because the scale effect outperforms all the others. Other substantial results are as follows: (i) population densification leads to increased automobile pollution in large cities, whereas in relatively small municipalities, the effect is opposite; (iii) roads density is a significant factor of emission reduction in large cities; (iv) increase in the cost of gasoline leads to less vehicular emission. Our results emphasize that Russian cities need massive investments in transport infrastructure to form a new settlement framework outside the established centers. This will not only significantly affect the problem of atmospheric air pollution, but also improve the overall quality of life. Finally, it is necessary to increase the transparency of state environmental statistics, including by expanding the network of monitoring of atmospheric pollution in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an essential element for life, playing an important role in economic development, although it is threatened by negative externalities that do not make it available for everyone. The main purpose of this article is to offer insightful empirical evidence of the nexus between economic growth and water usage. In this article we investigate the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using a country's water footprint as an indicator of water impact. Using linear and nonlinear models we estimate, through the ordinary least square, the relationship between water impact and gross national income (GNI) per capita for 94 Countries. Our study shows an N-shape curve, which does not confirm the EKC hypothesis, both for the relationship between Water Footprint per capita and GNI per capita and Grey Water Footprint per capita and GNI per capita. From this results, a number of recommendations can be provided to strengthen the water resources policies and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]