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While certain animal species are sensitive to heat stress, poultry particularly modern breeds, are more susceptible to high ambient temperatures. This has major implications for the poultry industry, as heat stress causes large financial losses. These economic losses will probably increase as a consequence of a predicted rise in global temperatures. Heat stress adversely affects various aspects of poultry, including physiological responses, growth and production performance, meat quality, egg quality, and reproductive activities. These effects occur through specific molecular and metabolic pathways. To mitigate the impacts of heat stress, it is crucial to go beyond administrative practices and implement dietary interventions during high ambient temperature. Such interventions aim to optimize the development of stressed bird species in terms of performance, health, and profitability. Essential oils have shown promising in mitigating the negative effects of heat stress and improved antioxidant status, growth and yield performance, as well as meat and egg quality in poultry. They actively participate in certain metabolic and molecular pathways that help to counteract the effects of heat stress. The article discusses the impacts of essential oil supplementation on the relationships between antioxidant enzyme activity, these molecular, and metabolic pathways, as well as various parameters such as growth and yield performance, and product quality heat‐stressed poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching (MT-EO), as well as its synergistic antibacterial effect in combination with commercial antibiotics. Fifty-seven compounds were identified in MT-EO, representing 97.9% of the total oil content. The compounds bicyclogermacrene (12.9%), spathulenol (11.9%), ß-elemene (5.7%), and hexyl hexanoate (5.0%) were detected as the main constituents. The microdilution and checkerboard assays were used to evaluate the antibacterial and synergistic properties of the essential oil. It was found that MT-EO possessed bactericidal activity against all tested bacteria, with MIC values between 0.625 to 1.250 mg/mL, which was the same as MBCs. Additionally, synergistic effects were detected in both M. torresiana essential oil -chloramphenicol and -streptomycin combinations. Besides, according to the MTT test, MT-EO possessed broadspectrum cytotoxicities on various cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 15.12 ± 0.96 to 47.07 ± 1.96 µg/mL, including the MCF-7, A-549, HCT-116, HepG2, and LO2 cell lines. Furthermore, MT-EO showed moderate antioxidant activities in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, with IC50 values of 434.5 ± 9.6 and 98.1 ± 1.1 µg/mL, and Trolox equivalent of 97.11 ± 3.37 µmol Trolox × g-1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the active components in the essential oils and determine the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of flowers of Achillea fragrantissima and A. santolina collected from AlKalamoon (Damascus countryside, Syria). Flower oils were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three extracts were prepared using distilled water, methanol, and chloroform. Total phenol content and antioxidant activity were determined for the essential oils as well as for the aqueous, methanolic, and chloroformic extracts. The results revealed the presence of 20 components in the essential oil of A. fragrantissima. The major compounds identified were beta-thujone (39.63%), santolina alcohol (15.54%), artemisia ketone (15%), and alpha-thujone (10.58%). Sixteen components were identified in the essential oil of A. santolina, with the primary compounds being camphor (49.13%), eucalyptol (17.13%), and terpine-4-ol (8.29%). The essential oil and aqueous, methanolic, and chloroformic extracts of A. santolina contained 414.2, 1388.4, 2084.2, and 965.7 mg of TAE/g of dry extract, respectively. In interaction with 2,2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the IC50 values were 105, 120, and 110 µg/L for the aqueous, methanolic, and chloroformic extracts of A. fragrantissima, respectively, and 720 and 320 µg/L for the aqueous and methanolic extracts of A. santolina, respectively. The essential oils of A. fragrantissima and A. santolina, as well as the chloroformic extract of A. santolina, did not show antioxidant activity. The study demonstrated that the aqueous and methanolic extracts of A. fragrantissima exhibit good free radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Evaluate the in vitro efficacy of the essential oils derived from Aloysia citrodora (Verbenaceae), Cymbopogon winterianus (Poaceae), and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) against Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites. Additionally, microemulsions formulated with these essential oils, along with their major components, were analyzed. Methods and results The prepared microemulsions were characterized using polarized light microscopy and rheological techniques. The amoebicidal activity was determined by measuring the inhibitory concentration (IC50). Flow cytometry was employed to detect membrane damage and alterations in trophozoites size. The results revealed transparent and thermodynamically stable microemulsions. The essential oil from O. gratissimum exhibited a lower IC50, with values of 280.66 and 47.28 µg ml−1 after 24 and 48 h, respectively. When microemulsions containing essential oils were tested, the IC50 values exhibited a reduction of over 80% after 24 h. Particularly, eugenol, a constituent of the O. gratissimum essential oil, displayed higher amoebicidal activity. The essential oils also caused damage to the cell membrane, resulting in the subsequent death of the trophozoites. Conclusions The EOs of A. citrodora, C. winterianus , and O. gratissimum and their microemulsions showed antiparasitic effect against A. polyphaga trophozoites, representing promising alternatives for the treatment of diseases caused by this protozoan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Enteric viruses are recognized as a major concern in health care and in the food sector in Canada. Novel clean-label strategies for controlling enteric viruses are sought in the food industry. In this study, we examined the antiviral potential of plant extracts and essential oils on murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Methods and results Inactivation of the viruses by grape seed, blueberry, green tea, and cranberry extracts and by rosemary and thyme essential oils was measured using plaque formation assay. Concentrations ranging from 50 to 200   000 ppm with a contact time of 90 min were tested. Grape seed extract at 10 000 ppm was the most effective (P < 0.05) at reducing MNV-1 and HAV infectious titers, respectively, by 2.85 ± 0.44 log10 and 1.94 ± 0.17 log10. HSV-1 titer was reduced by 3.81 ± 0.40 log10 at 1000 ppm grape seed extract. Conclusions Among the plant products tested, grape seed extract was found the most effective at reducing the infectious titers of MNV-1, HAV, and HSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants from the Myrtaceae family are known to contain considerable quantities of volatile compounds, ranging from oxygenated monoterpenes to hydrogenated sesquiterpenes, and others, which exhibit antimicrobial activity. One such plant includes Syzygium aromaticum, which has been extensively used to treat a number of disorders, including bacterial and fungal infections. Thus, the scientific validation of the essential oil (EO) of Syzygium aromaticum vis-à-vis Candida and Cryptococcus species is valuable. To this end, the present study sought to investigate the antifungal activity of EO from S. aromaticum (clove) leaves and flower buds against Candida and Cryptococcus species. The antioxidant activity of S. aromaticum's essential oils was also elucidated. The EO was extracted from fresh leaves and floral buds of S. aromaticum using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The as-prepared essential oils were further evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida and Cryptococcus species using a microdilution method. The phytochemical analysis of the EOs was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities of the EOs were evaluated using standard methods. As a result, the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of volatile compounds, such as eugenol (87.08%), β-caryophyllene (6.40%) and acetyleugenol (4.45%) as the major constituents of EO from the flower buds, and eugenol (90.54%) and β-caryophyllene (8.42%) as the major components of the leaf's EO. The eugenol-rich essential oils exhibited significant antifungal effects against Candida species (common MIC value: 200 ppm) and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC value: 50 ppm), as well as antioxidant activity. Overall, essential oils of S. aromaticum demonstrated antioxidant and antifungal effects, thus validating the ethnopharmacological use of this plant in the treatment of fungal infections. However, antifungal mechanisms of action, in-depth toxicity and in vivo experiments, and pharmacokinetics are warranted to support the use of this plant in ethnomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human coronaviruses are a continuous threat to the human population and have limited antiviral treatments, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic sparked interest in finding new antiviral strategies, such as natural products, to combat emerging coronaviruses. Rapid efforts in the scientific community to identify effective antiviral agents for coronaviruses remain a focus to minimize mortalities and global setbacks. In this study, an essential oil derived from Myrtus communis L. (MEO) is effective against HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 virus infections in comparison to two FDA-approved drugs, Remdesivir and Nirmatrelvir. Gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to identify the chemical composition of MEO. Slight antioxidant activity was observed in MEO, indicating a role in oxidative stress. A dose–response curve measuring the EC50 indicates a high potency against HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 virus infections on Huh7.5 cells with low cytotoxicity using a PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Our findings demonstrate that MEO exhibits potent antiviral activity against HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 on Huh7.5 cells within a low-cytotoxicity range, but not on SARS-CoV-2. Artificial bacterial chromosome plasmids that expressed SARS-CoV-2 used for replicon—to determine viral replication and viral assembly/egress on HEK293T/17 cells—and virus-like particles on Huh7.5-AT cells—to determine viral entry and assembly/egress—showed no antiviral activity with MEO in comparison to Remdesivir. This study reveals the potential effectiveness of MEO as an alternative natural remedy to treat human coronaviruses and a potential antiviral agent for future coronavirus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are rich in bioactive components, which exert various biological activities that are beneficial for living. This study evaluated the antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities of Dhimran (Ocimum forsskaolii benth) in mice. The main volatile compounds in Dhimran essential oil (DEO) were endo-fenchol, tau-cadinol, and ß-atlantol, while Dhimran extract (DE) was rich in caffeic acid and quercetin. These active compounds in DE and DEO possess antioxidant activity, scavenging 93% of DPPH radicals, antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria, and anticancer activity against HepG2 cancer cell line. These activities influenced the mice's health. A total of 180 mice were divided into six treatment groups for 30 days as follows: T1 was fed a basal diet; T2 received CCl4 (187 mg/kg BW); T3 received DEO (4 mL/kg); T4 received DE (4 mL/kg); T5 received DEO+CCl4; and T6 received DE+CCl4. The oral administration of CCl4 to mice resulted in an increase in absolute liver weight (ALW) and relative organ weight (ROW) and a significant decrease in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Additionally, there was a notable reduction in levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), and platelets; however, there was an increase in white blood cells (WBCs). The administration of CCL4 in mice lowered total protein content; however, it raised the activity of AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH in mice liver homogenate compared to the control (P<0.05). CCl4 increased inflammation cytokines (TNF-a and IL-6). The coadministration of DEO or DE with CCl4 significantly corrected all biomarkers to control levels, with a preference for DE. Liver sections from the control, DE, and DEO groups revealed a normal structure. It is concluded that Dhimran extract or essential oil has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can be used as hepatoprotective agents against CCl4 toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iris taxa are sources of valuable essential oils obtained from aged rhizomes used by various industries, including pharmacy, cosmetic, perfume, and food industry, in which irones are the most important aroma components. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained from dried rhizomes of three endemics from Croatia, Iris pseudopallida, I. illyrica, and I. adriatica, were studied. The VOCs were isolated by three different methods: headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS–SPME) using divinylbenzene/carboxene/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber or polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber, and hydrodistillation (HD). The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In five out of six samples, the main compounds detected by HS–SPME were perilla aldehyde, butan-2,3-diol, acetic acid, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, hexanal, and nonanal, while 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, trans-caryophyllene, and ethanol were common for all studied samples. The former VOCs were absent from the oldest, irone-rich I. pseudopallida sample, mainly characterized by cis-α-irone (43.74–45.76%). When using HD, its content was reduced (24.70%), while docosane prevailed (45.79%). HD yielded predominantly fatty acids, including myristic, common for all studied taxa (4.20–97.01%), and linoleic (40.69%) and palmitic (35.48%) as the major VOCs of I. adriatica EO. The performed GC–MS analyses of EOs, in combination with HS–SPME/GC–MS, proved to be useful for gaining a better insight into Iris VOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia sclarea L. and Citrus aurantium L. are used ethnobotanically for wound treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical composition of Salvia sclarea L. and Citrus aurantium L. leaf essential oils and wound healing activities of their combinations. The phytochemical analysis was performed gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy (MS). Major components of S. sclarea leaf essential oil was confirmed both by GC-FID and GC/MS as 67% linalyl acetate, 20.2% linalool, 2.6%a-terpineole, respectively. The major components of C. aurantium leaf essential oil was also confirmed as 55% linalyl acetate, 23.4% linalool, 5.4%a-terpineole, respectively. Combinations of essential oils were loaded into Carbopol gel formulations. Wound healing activity of essential oil and combinations was investigated using in vitro scratch assay. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most effective wound healing concentration for Salvia sclarea essential oil was 50 µg/mL. The most effective concentration of Citrus aurantifolia essential oil was determined as 12.5 µg/mL. The aim of the study is to investigate the wound healing activities of the tested essential oils individually and in combination. The fact that no activity is observed in empty formulations is evidence that the activity of the loaded formulations does not come from empty formulations. It was observed that the loaded formulations showed better effects than the control Madecassol. Studies need to be confirmed by working under in vivo conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnolia biondii flower buds are a well‐known medicinal plant in China, and it is important to determine the differences in aroma, flavour components, and biological activity of the essential oils of M. biondii flower buds (EOM) from different origins. In this study, the essential oils of M. biondii flower buds from Sichuan (EOM‐SC), Anhui (EOM‐AH) and Henan (EOM‐HN) provinces were extracted by hydrodistillation. The condition of the extraction process was optimized. The differences in the flavour compounds were further confirmed by GC–MS and relative odour activity value (ROAV) analyses. In addition, the antibacterial and antioxidant activity was also evaluated. The results showed that the optimized condition for steam distillation was water: flower powder ratio = 10:1 with extraction time for more than 3.0 h. Interestingly, special floral, fruity and freshness flavours were found for EOM‐SC, and the medicinal herb and sweetness odours of EOM‐HN were more prominent. The numbers and contents of flavour compounds in EOM‐SC and EOM‐HN were higher than those of EOM‐AH. Eucalyptol, β‐pinene, linalool, α‐terpineol and sabinene could be proposed as the key mutual flavour compounds for three essential oils. In addition, the strong floral, fruity and freshness aroma of EOM‐SC could be associated with the high ROAVs of α‐terpineol, linalool and sabinene. Moreover, EOM‐SC exhibited better antibacterial and antioxidant activity than those of the other two essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The composition and bioactivities of essential oil (EO) from Bulbophyllum kwangtungense were investigated for the first time. • Network pharmacology was utilized to evaluate B. kwangtungense EO potential therapeutic effects. • B. kwangtungense EO can be exploited as nature-derived antioxidant preservatives, synergistic antibiotics, and therapeutic agents against oxidative stress. The present study investigates the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from Bulbophyllum kwangtungense Schltr., evaluates its antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activities, and analyzes its therapeutic mechanisms against oxidative damage through network pharmacology. The main components identified were n -hexadecanoic acid (9.95 %), linalool (9.17 %), 1-hexanol (5.16 %), pentadecanoic acid (4.66 %), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (3.39 %), phytol (2.67 %), linoleic acid (2.49 %), 1-hexadecanol (2.39 %), α-curcumene (2.28 %). The 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity was characterized by IC 50 values of 0.43 ± 0.08 mg/mL and 3.87 ± 1.26 mg/mL. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant value (Trolox equivalent antioxidant concentration) was 116.49 ± 0.26 μM/g. The EO exhibited anti-β-lactamase activity with an IC 50 of 229.4 ± 18.7 μg/mL. The anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was 18.10 ± 2.71% at the 500 μg/mL concentration. The network pharmacology analysis was conducted to reveal potential targets and pathways of oxidative damage involved in the therapeutic effects of our EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural substances in cancer treatment is gaining popularity due to their potentially lower side effects compared to radiation or chemotherapy. The development of these substances for the treatment of cancer has been successful. New technologies now incorporate nanoformulations for nanomedicines that are intended to increase the anticancer potential of drugs synthesized from phytocompounds. Essential oil from Catharanthus roseus plant was extracted and incorporated into IA-NE and assess anticancer activity of synthesized formulation against breast cancer. The 9, 10-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) induced rat mammary tumor model was used to evaluate anticancer properties of biosynthesized nanoemulsion Nanoemulsions was examined for in vitro cytotoxicity activity, anti-cancer effects, and physicochemical characteristics. Study findings demonstrated that incensole acetate mediated nanoemulsion may successfully improve tumor parameters, oxidative stress enzyme levels and over expressed WWP1 level in DMBA induced rats. The present investigations indicate the effect of nanoemulsion to reduce expression level of WWP1 gene significantly in breast cancer induced model. Therefore, this nanoformulation is considered a key therapeutic agent for future cancer treatment, pending extensive molecular studies. [Display omitted] • Formulation and characterization of nanoformulation was performed by interpreting its UV, SEM, Zeta size and PDI. • Investigate the effects of synthesized nanoemulsion on DMBA tumor parameters. • Analysis of oxidative stress markers in cancer induced animals as treated with nanoemulsion. • Optimized nanoemulsions had a significant cytotoxicity against MBA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. • Investigation of WWP1 gene expression in cancer induced animals as treated with nanoemulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• nSi-DA6, showed a notable increase in shoot and root dry weight, the number of leaves and the chlorophyll content. • nSi-DA6 and nSi-Atonik increased the phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity in the leaves. • Sodium silicate and nSi-DA6 treatments increased the essential oil content in Z. multiflora. • The highest content of carvacrol and thymol was observed with Atonik and Si nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can drastically improve the growth, yield and quality of medicinal plants. In this study, silicon (Si) nanocomplexes were green synthesized from the growth regulators DA-6 and Atonik, and their effects on the growth, bioactive compounds, essential oil yield and composition in Zataria multiflora medicinal plant were compared with sodium silicate, a regular Si nanoparticle, DA-6 and Atonik. The Si-containing treatments such as sodium silicate and nanoparticles significantly increased shoot and root dry weight and the number of leaves, but not the inflorescence dry weight; however, the growth improvement effects of the Si-nanocomplexes were more evident. The nSi-DA6 and nSi-Atonik treatments did not affect the carotenoids and protein contents but increased the chlorophyll content in the leaves. The Si-nanocomplexes by increasing total phenols and total flavonoids enhanced antioxidant activity in the plant. Accumulation of epicatechin, naringenin and rosmarinic in response to the application of the Si-nanocomplexes promotes cardiovascular health effects and antioxidant activity of the plant. The essential oil (EO) content of the plants (2.75 %) increased to about 3.2 % after the application of Si-nanocomplexes. The main compounds of EO were carvacrol, thymol and linalool. The Si-nanocomplexes increased carvacrol and thymol content in the EO, however, linalool content remained unchanged after the treatments. Therefore, the application of silicon nanocomplexes increased the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of EO without reducing the important factor in the fragrance of the EO. In conclusion, the application of 6 mM of nSi-DA6 and nSi-atonik nanoparticles was suggested to improve the growth and quality of Z. multiflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity of Tanacetum balsamita L. essential oil. The essential oil was extracted using the water distillation method, and then the total phenolic content (using the Folin -Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (using the aluminium chloride colorimetric method), antioxidant activity (using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods), and antimicrobial activity (using disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration methods) were evaluated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the essential oil were found to be 29.50 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram and 14.90 mg quercetin equivalent per gram, respectively. The essential oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the ability to scavenge 50.40% and 53.55% of free radicals DPPH and ABTS, respectively. According to the results of disc diffusion agar method, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi were the most sensitive and resistant bacterial strains, respectively, with zone of inhibition diameters of 16 mm and 10.50 mm. The zone of inhibition diameters for these bacteria in the well diffusion agar method were obtained as 16.30 mm and 10.80 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration for B. subtilis were determined as 4 mg/mL and 32 mg/mL, respectively, and for S. typhi, they were 64 mg/mL and greater than 512 mg/mL, respectively. According to the results, T. balsamita essential oil can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the total phenol and flavonoid content and investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Perovskia abrotanoides essential oil. The total phenol content was determined using the Folin Ciocalteu method, the total flavonoid content using the colorimetric aluminum chloride method, the antioxidant potential using the DPPH and ABTS free radical inhibition methods, and the antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. The total phenol, total flavonoid, DPPH free radical inhibition, and ABTS free radical inhibition of the essential oil were found to be 24.26 mg of gallic acid per gram, 13.15 mg of quercetin per gram, 52.49%, and 56.79%, respectively. The antimicrobial results showed that the antimicrobial effect of the essential oil was higher against Gram -positive bacteria than Gram -negative types, and Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi were the most sensitive and resistant microbial strains against P. abrotanoides essential oil, respectively. The diameter of the growth inhibition zone in the disc diffusion agar and well diffusion agar tests, as well as the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for S. aureus, were 16.50 mm, 17.30 mm, 2 mg/mL, and 128 mg/mL, respectively, and these values for S. typhi were 7.60 mm, 9.20 mm, 16 mg/mL, and 512 mg/mL, respectively. In general, P. abrotanoides essential oil can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chitosan coating and Ferulago angulate essential oil on button mushroom (Agaricus Bisporous) shelf life. Therefore, Ferulago angulate essential oil was extracted by clevenger method and whit different concentrations of chitosan (control sample without chitosan and essential oil, with 0.5% chitosan, chitosan with two different concentrations of 100 and 150 ppm) were used to coating the mushroom samples. After packing, the samples were stored in the refrigerator at 4°C for 15 days and samples were evaluated for physicochemical, structural and sensory tests every 3 days. With increasing shelf life, the hardness of all coated samples decreased and addition of chitosan to samples could have a positive effect on increase the hardness of the samples during storage, which was significantly increased by adding Ferulago angulate essential oil. All color parameters were significantly retained (P<0.05) By adding chitosan which the addition of essential oils exacerbated these conditions. Using the chitosan significantly (p<0.05) reduced the weight loss of samples, but the addition of essential oil had no significant effect on reducing weight loss changes. The use of chitosan significantly (p <0.05) prevented the growth of total count of microorganism and molds and yeasts, and the addition of essential oil to chitosan as a preservative compound also exacerbated the inhibition of microorganism growth. Similar results were also true for color and appearance evaluation. Chitosan structure, antimicrobial properties and phenolic compounds in essential oils were the main reason for maintaining the quality of mushroom samples during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites are often among the major players in plants' function, stability, support, bioactivities, defense mechanisms, and therapeutic applications. One of the major components of these metabolites is volatile oils. Essential oils are considered one of the most important ways in which plants express themselves through aroma. The oils are also one of the reasons for therapy, mood-upliftment, life processes, plants and dependent organisms' survival, joy, happiness, aesthetic beauty, and attractions in several realms, as well as for various interactive species, including insects, animals, and humans. In addition, essential oils participate in modern industries and worldwide healthcare systems. Aromatic plants and their extracted and distilled volatile oils have been used in different systems of traditional medicine and in all ancient civilizations. They are also still used as part of modern healthcare systems and in folkloric therapeutic and prophylactic applications. Therefore, the chemistry, bio-based diversity, geographic sources, biological activities, and clinical applications of volatile oils have gained the momentum and continued attention of researchers, culminating in several thousand publications each year. This review provides updated information on the biological activities and current applications of essential oils in medicine and other healthcare uses. The underlined biomechanistic details of the volatile oils' biological effects are also encompassed. The collected data unambiguously supported the biological importance of this class of secondary metabolites, especially in cancer, inflammation, and microbial infection management. The information contained in the data also highlighted the therapeutic importance of these molecules in various aspects of medicine. [Display omitted] • The sources and biogenesis of essential oils (EOs) were discussed. • The review provides updated information on the biological activities and applications of EOs. • Detailed biomechanistic of the EOs' biological effects were encompassed. • The data supported the importance of EOs in cancer, inflammation, and infection management. • The review highlighted the therapeutic importance of volatile oils in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the capability of a thymol nanoemulsion (nTHY) to reduce cross-contamination with Salmonella Enteritidis in ground chicken meat. First, an nTHY (~ 54 nm) was prepared in a high-shear speed system (rotor–stator) and proved stable, remaining below 100 nm for 30 days in storage at 4 °C. Then, a minimum inhibitory concentration assay was performed by combining S. Enteritidis with viable native bacteria from chicken meat. nTHY presented half the MIC that was observed for its non-nanoemulsified versions for Salmonella Enteritidis (MIC = 0.31 mg/mL) and combined with native chicken bacteria (MIC = 0.625 mg/mL). A chitosan (CH) coating containing nTHY (6 mg/mL), equivalent to 10 × MIC (S. Enteritidis + native chicken bacteria), was prepared for in situ evaluation. Two groups of distinct chicken fillets were prepared for cross-contamination during grinding: chicken fillets experimentally contaminated with S. Enteritidis (~ 6.5 log CFU/g) and chicken fillets without S. Enteritidis but with the applied treatments (control, coated with CH, nTHY, and CH + nTHY). nTHY showed a bacteriostatic effect throughout the 7 days of storage. The CH + nTHY coating was the best treatment applied, reducing cross-contamination by up to 1.91 log CFU/g compared to uncoated samples. Thymol nanoemulsions can be natural alternatives to guarantee the microbiological safety of meat and meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antifouling paint was introduced and utilized as a control to prevent the problem of biofouling. The Methanolic Crude Extract (MCE) and the Essential Oil (EO) were extracted from Melaleuca cajuputi. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the metabolite profiles. An antibacterial assay was conducted via the disc diffusion technique and an antifouling assay of MCE and EO of M. cajuputi was investigated using a crystal violet assay and painted steel panels incorporating MCE and EO. Painted steel panels were immersed in the aquarium to measure the antibiofilm activity and in the natural sea environment to observe the settlement of foulers. The MCE exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, indicating narrow-spectrum activity, while EO has broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and −negative bacteria. The GC-MS profile showed the presence of cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl-, cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-, terpinene-4-ol, caryophyllene, and 1,8-cineole in both MCE and EO of M. cajuputi. Crystal violet assay revealed that both samples reduced the attachment of biofilm form by Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 61% and 60%. Panel painted with paint incorporated 5% MCE inhibits bacteria growth in natural seawater, followed by 10% MCE, 5% EO, and 10% EO in aquarium testing. Referring to photographic observation, all the panels coated with paint incorporated with samples successfully reduced the attachment of foulers compared to Blank Paint (BP). In conclusion, these findings indicated that the MCE and EO of M. cajuputi could potentially be used as a substitute for toxic antifoulants to prevent the formation of microfoulers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Water deficit stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and distribution of natural vegetation and the performance of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factors. Methods: To investigate the effect of water absorption, drought stress and chemical fertilizers on Mint, this experiment was conducted in 2019 at the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, in Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted as a split factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was water absorption in two levels (use and no use) and the sub-factors were drought stress in three levels (90%FC, 60%FC and 30%FC) and chemical fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphor) in four levels (N0P0, N0P150, N300P0 and N300P150 kg/ha). Results: A mean comparison of the interactions of the super adsorbent treatments with stress and chemical fertilizers indicated that the highest leaf yield was achieved with the use of super adsorbent*90%FC*N300P0. Application of super adsorbent*90%FC*N0P150 had the highest inflorescence yield. A mean comparison of the interaction between super adsorbent, drought stress and chemical fertilizers indicated that the highest leaf essential oil percentage (2.9 %) was achieved in the treatment without super adsorbent*30%FC*N300P150. The use of super adsorbent*90%FC*N0P150 had the highest leaf essential oil yield. Mean comparison of the interaction between super adsorbent, drought stress and chemical fertilizers indicated that the highest inflorescence essential oil percentage and yield with the average of 10.2 % and 30.3 kg/ha, respectively, were achieved in the treatment without super adsorbent*90%FC*N300P0. Conclusion: Results indicated that mint is sensitive to water deficiency and sufficient moisture is necessary for its production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the composition characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity mechanisms of the essential oil from the leaves of Crossostephium chinense. C. chinense is a perennial herb commonly found in East Asia, traditionally used to treat various ailments. The essential oil extracted through water distillation, primarily contains 1,8-cineole (13.73%), santolina triene (13.53%), and germacrene D (10.67%). Three compounds were identified from the essential oil, namely 1-acetoxy-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)-5-methylhex-3,5-diene, 1-acetoxy-isopyliden-hex-5-en-4-one, and chrysanthemyl acetate, with the first two being newly discovered compounds. Then, the essential oil of C. chinense exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages, effectively inhibiting the production of NO and ROS, with the IC50 value of 10.3 μg/mL. Furthermore, the essential oil reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Mechanistic studies indicate that the essential oil affects the inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of iNOS but has no significant impact on COX-2. Further analysis suggests that the essential oil may regulate the inflammatory response through the ERK protein in the MAPK pathway and IκBα in the NF-κB pathway, while also promoting the activity of the NRF2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, enhancing the cell's antioxidant capacity, thereby achieving an effect of inhibiting the inflammatory response. These results highlight the potential application value of C. chinense leaf essential oil in the medical and healthcare fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research was conducted to compare the growth, yield, and phytochemical composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum) in the open field and the soil and hydroponic cultivation in a greenhouse. Furthermore, the effect of foliar spraying of micronutrients on this crop was also evaluated. In each of the cultivation systems, foliar spraying of one micronutrient, either iron sulfate (Fe), zinc sulfate (Zn), copper sulfate (Cu), manganese sulfate (Mn), or boric acid (B), at a concentration of 0.1% was applied in a randomized complete block design. Plants grown in the hydroponic system had higher yield and biomass. The concentration of the elements K, Ca, Mg, N, P, Mn, Fe, B, and Zn in the leaves of hydroponic plants was higher. Contrarily, plants cultivated in the field showed higher stem dry weight, essential oil content, phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. The level of methyl chavicol was higher in the hydroponic culture, but the level of 1,8-cineole was much lower in this cropping system. Foliar spraying of Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, or B significantly increased leaf dry weight and anthocyanin content. In field conditions, the highest levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity were observed with Zn or Mn application. In the hydroponic system, foliar spraying of Zn or B led to the highest antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Overall, the basil plants cultivated in the field showed higher bioactive ingredients. However, the essential oil of plants cultivated in the hydroponic system had a higher economic value due to its higher percentage of methyl chavicol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. (sage) exhibits versatile biological properties. The high sensitivity of sage essential oil (SEO) to environmental conditions and limited processability represent important hurdles in its use, which, however, can be overcome by microencapsulation. The objective of the current study was to encapsulate sage essential oil into core-shell type microcapsules by complex coacervation technology and to transform it into solid form by freeze-drying. Arabic gum (GA) and three different type A gelatin (G) grades were used to investigate the effect of the gel strength on microcapsule characteristics. The formation of essential oil containing microcapsules during complex coacervation was assessed by optical microscopy while SEM imaging was used to determine the morphology of the freeze-dried forms. Characterization of microcapsules was completed with FT-IR spectroscopy. Encapsulation efficiency was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and the composition of essential oil by GC-MS technique. Results revealed that by the application of selected microencapsulation technology and freeze-drying method high encapsulation efficiency values could be achieved, the gel strength of gelatin has a decisive role in microcapsule particle size and the composition of essential oil is well preserved following the technological process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at investigating the chemical composition of root, stem and leaf essential oils from Ivorian Synedrella nodiflora, with the root oil being described for the first time. Sixty, fifty-one and forty-nine constituents were, respectively identified in the root, stem and leaf oils using a combination of GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C-NMR analyses. They accounted for 95.6–97.3%, 92.6–97.6% and 93.3–98.8% of the total composition, respectively. The main components of the root oil samples were γ-curcumene, (E)-β-caryophyllene, α-curcumene and curcuphenyl acetate. Three stem oil samples (S1, S2a, S3) were dominated by myrcene and limonene, while the most abundant components of sample S2b were thymol, germacrene D and β-elemene. (E)-β-caryophyllene and germacrene D were the major compounds of the leaf oil. Hierarchical cluster and principal component statistical analyses were performed and confirmed that the location does not influence the chemical composition. Group I consisted of the seven leaf oil samples, group II consisted of four stem oil samples and group III consisted of three root oil samples. The root oil composition differed considerably from the stem and leaf oil composition due to the presence of curcumene derivatives as major constituents. The leaf oil showed significant amounts of (E)-β-caryophyllene and germacrene D, while the stem oil stood out for its high myrcene, limonene and thymol contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this double-blind in vivo study was to compare the extent of corrosion on the surface of nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires in various mouthwashes. Methods: A total of 80 patients who received orthodontic treatment with as-received 0.016x0.022 inch NiTi wires were included in the study, and they were split into 4 groups. The first group used 0.05% of (225ppm F-) sodium fluoride (NaF) (Colgate Plax®) containing mouthwash, 21.6% alcohol (Listerine Cool Mint®) containing mouthwash, and 0.2% clorhexidine (CHX) (Klorhex®) containing mouthwash and the control group used drinking water with melt menthol as mouthwash. After 30 days of using mouthwash, the surfaces of NiTi wires were examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface roughness values were calculated. Results: Mouthwashes containing fluoride, essential oils, and CHX created higher surface roughness on NiTi wires than the control group. The floride-containing mouthwash group showed less corrosion than the CHX group, whereas there was no difference between the essential oil group. AFM images show supportive data with the results of the clinical study. The results were assessed using a 95% confidence interval and a significance level p<0.05. Conclusion: CHX, essential oil, and floride-containing mouthwashes cause corrosion of NiTi wires. Floride-containing mouthwash can be preferred over CHX mouthwash due to its lesser corrosion effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L., AM) is a widely used medicinal plant, with its essential oil highly valued in the cosmetic industry. In view of the numerous biological effects, however, microencapsulation, due to its ability to protect sensitive constituents, transform liquids into solid-state material, and provide modification of release kinetics, might open up new possibilities for the biomedical utilization of yarrow essential oil (AMO). In the current work, yarrow plantation was established by its propagation from spontaneous flora. Following the steam distillation of aerial parts, the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by GC-MS analysis and compared with two commercial samples. This study concludes that Achillea millefolium L. from this region, given the environmental conditions, produces high-azulene-content essential oil. Furthermore, microencapsulation of AMO was successfully performed by complex coacervation into gelatin (GE) and gum arabic (GA) based core–shell microcapsules (MCs). According to the optical microscopic investigation, the particle sizes of the formed polynucleated microcapsules ranged from 14 to 132 µm, with an average of 47 µm. The assessment of morphology by SEM analysis of the freeze-dried form revealed a sponge-like character with embedded circular structures. The microencapsulation was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while an encapsulation efficiency of 87.6% was determined by UV spectroscopy. GC-MS analysis revealed that microencapsulation preserves the key components of the essential oil. It was concluded that AMO can be effectively processed by complex coacervation followed by freeze-drying into solid-state material for new applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a rhizomatous plant of the Asteraceae family. In folk medicine, Solidago galenic remedies are used for diseases of the kidneys, urinary tract, liver, etc. Externally, goldenrod is used to treat purulent wounds, furunculosis, and gum abscesses as washes and compresses. The aims of this research were to study the yield and chemical composition of essential oil (EO), the anti-inflammatory activity of S. canadensis dry extracts based on its decoction and tincture. In EO (2.8 mL/kg) of S. canadensis were identified and quantified 34 compounds. The principal compounds of the EO from flowering tops of S. canadensis were α-pinene (20.36%), β-copaene (16.16%), bornyl acetate (10.45%), D-limonene (8.21%), and β-elemene (6.80%). In the S. canadensis dry extracts were identified and quantified 20 phenolics (10 flavonoids, 8 hydroxycinnamic acids and 2 phenolic acids) and 14 amino acids, 7 of which are essential. The dominant hydroxycinnamic acids were neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic, 3,5-dicafeylquinic and 3,4-dicafeylquinic acids. The main flavonoids were rutin and isoquercitrin. The main amino acids (more than 1 mg/g) were proline, histidine, serine, alanine, aspartic acid, lysine and glutamic acid. The extracts of S. canadensis were characterized as practically non-toxic substances (toxicity class V). The extracts act on the exudative phase of inflammation. The antiexudative effect of the dry aqueous-alcohol S. canadensis extract was 23.59%, and for the aqueous one –19.26%. The dry aqueous-alcohol S. canadensis extract showed promising anti-inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigates the evolving online marketing skills in the digital marketplace, focusing on essential oil products. These products often face market uncertainty regarding product attribute value. Therefore, it is crucial to identify marketing strategies to drive future entrepreneurial success in the essential oil market. Purpose: This research aims to identify how essential oil product sellers communicate their products to attract consumer interest and preferences in the online market. Design/methodology/approach: The study utilizes digital research methods to elucidate the phenomenon of online markets. Using electronic data consisting of product information written by sellers, this research employs web scraping through Python algorithmic computational techniques for data collection. The digital data collected spans from 2020 to 2023, a period marked by the surge in online shopping activities. The data is analyzed using Text Network Analysis (TNA) to map emerging narrative networks. Findings/Result: Essential oil product sellers not only emphasize the intrinsic value attributes of the products as the primary marketing narrative but also explore the social and symbolic values of the products as online marketing strategies to address uncertainties regarding product standardization and safety. Conclusion: Sellers are concerned about the vulnerability of essential oil product values beyond merely campaigning for the product's benefits. Entities with the authority to provide safety labels play a crucial role in enhancing the product's reputation regarding its social value, such as safety. Originality/value (State of the art): Online marketplaces play a crucial role as a new marketing channel for essential oil products. This is due to the increased accessibility of products to consumers and the growing need for advanced online marketing skills in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the chemical constituents and antioxidant potential of essential oils extracted from Ficus elastica. The essential oils were obtained through steam distillation and were subjected to gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to determine their constituents representing 100% of the total peak areas. The analysis revealed the presence of 34 compounds. Among these compounds, Caryophyllene was found to be the major constituent, accounting for 50.57% of the total percentage area. Among other identified major compounds include γ-Muurolene (8.19%), camphene (5.69%), Heptacosane (2.61%), and Heneicosane (2.60%). Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of Ficus elastica essential oil was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging methods. The results indicated that F. elastica's essential oil exhibited significant radical scavenging activity when compared to the standard antioxidant, Ascorbic acid. For the highest concentration tested (10 µL/mL), the DPPH scavenging inhibition percentage was 45.26% for F. elastica and 90.40% for Ascorbic acid. Similarly, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity at 10 µL/mL was found to be 74.90% for F. elastica and 90.12% for Ascorbic acid. Additionally, the essential oils demonstrated high radical scavenging and chelating activity. The quantitative DPPH and hydrogen peroxide assays indicate the potent antioxidant activity of F. elastica essential oil, making it a promising candidate for further biological and chemical analysis. The isolation of therapeutically active compounds from these essential oils can be pursued, considering their potential role in the management and treatment of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the heavy metals that cause environmental pollution and biochemical changes in plants grown in contaminated soils. In plants, sodium nitroprusside is used as a nitric oxide (NO) release agent. In this research, a glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to examine the effect of exogenous NO on the essential oil composition of the savory plant, Satureja hortensis, under the Cd stress. For this, the plants were treated by different levels of Cd concentration including 0 (control), 75, 100, and 150 µM in the contaminated soil. Plants were also foliar sprayed with concentrations of 0 (control), 50, 100, and 200 µM NO. The results indicated that carvacrol was the main compound in all examined essential oils. Also, there were significant differences among the essential compounds under treatments of Cd and NO. Moreover, the differences among minor constituents were not significant in most of treatments. In apposite, carvacrol (approximately 60% of total volume) showed a significant difference than the others. The results indicated the role of exogenous agents on the changes of essential oil constituents in S. hortensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial resistance to antibiotics and the shortage of efficient antimicrobial agent has necessitated the search for a better antimicrobial agent from various sources. Plants secondary metabolites are the major sources for discovery of new bioactive chemical compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Laurus nobilis leaf extract and its essential oil against human pathogenic microorganisms and to analyse its chemical composition. The leaf of L. nobilis (500 g) was air-dried, powdered and extracted using four different solvents. The crude extract and the essential oil were tested against four Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. The radical scavenging activity of the crud extract was examined using DPPH assay. Bacterial inhibition activity of the crude extract increased with increased concentration from 25 mg/mL to 200 mg/mL. The maximum inhibition zone was recorded against Enterococcus faecalis 13.33±1.52 mm, Escherichia coli 14.33±1.53 mm and Salmonella typhimurium 16.00±1.00 mm, respectively. MeOH extract (1000 µg/mL) showed superior radical scavenging property (0.02) than ascorbic acid (0.05). The analysis of the oil using GC-MS indicated the presence of 48 chemical substances accounting for 91.4 % of the total compositions. The finding of this study showed that bay leaf has considerable antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Further evaluation of this plant is recommended with particular focus on the mechanisms of action of the antimicrobial substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemicals and antibiotics are serious problems that cause the resistance of bacteria and the persistence of chemical residues in food. These chemical products affect human health and promote diseases. Therefore, the use of natural resources, especially plants, appears as an alternative to avoid the harmful impacts of such products. Plant active substances such as essential oils, alkaloids and phenols are of great interest to scientists and have been studied for their biological activities. Essential oils (Eos) from the stems of Santolina africana were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gaz Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The antioxidant activity of crude extracts and Eos was evaluated by the DPPH assay and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and the broth microdilution method against Gram-positive strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). S.africana Eos from Morocco and Tunisia were found to be rich in artemisia ketone (35.4% and 44.3%, respectively), santolina alcohol (16.2%and 3.2%, respectively) and isoborneol (6.1% and 26.6%, respectively). Methanol extracts were rich in phenolic and flavonoids contents and showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Results exhibited the sensitivity of the strains to essential oils from S. africana especially against Grampositive bacteria. This current research will provide new information about this plant that can be used as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial for industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from leaves and bark of two morphotypes, white (WM) and black (BM) of Salmea scandens obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were analyzed by GC-MS. The major components of the bark EOs were aliphatic hydrocarbons (38.0% in WM, 48.6% in BM) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (27.6% in WM, 11.3% in BM); in leaves EOs major components were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43.9% in WM, 45.7% in BM) and oxygenated aliphatics (13.7% in WM, 1.1% in BM) stood out. Nine components have been reported to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis confirmed the variability of the EOs. These results suggest that WM may have a better therapeutic effect for treating infectious and inflammatory processes in traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacobaea is a small genus of plants belonging to Asteraceae family, formerly joint to Senecio genus, that includes more than 60 species and sub-species. Several taxa of this genus have been extensively studied both for their non-volatile and volatile metabolites. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from aerial parts of Jacobaea delphiniifolia (Vahl) Pelser & Veldkamp, collected in Sicily, was analyzed by GC–MS. No one report has been previously published on the EO of this species. The result showed the presence of a large quantity of two metabolites, namely 1-undecene (63.57%) and thymol methyl ether (13.65%). Chemotaxonomic considerations were carried out by comparing the other oils of Jacobaea taxa studied so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoncides and aromatherapy scents mainly derive from plant secondary metabolites and are now well known for their health benefits. In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition of the leaf-derived essential oil of Liquidambar formosana (Altingiaceae) using GC-MS; we also investigated the VOCs released from L. formosana leaves and the leaf essential oil at different temperatures by means of headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). Regarding the VOCs of the leaves, monoterpenes predominated the VOCs at both temperatures, mainly comprising sabinene, followed by γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, and α-pinene. The intensity of the leaf VOCs at 50 °C was nearly three times higher than that at 25 °C; the emission of monoterpenes significantly increases at higher environmental temperatures. The VOC emissions of oxygenated monoterpenes from the leaf essential oil increased at higher temperatures (50 °C), especially those of terpinen-4-ol. Our results reveal that HS-GC-MS can be used to conveniently and directly analyze the VOCs emitted from L. formosana leaves and their essential oils and to evaluate the influence of temperature on the composition of the VOCs of specimens. These VOC studies will assist in the sustainable development and utilization of L. formosana trees for forest therapy, as well as the use of their leaf essential oil for aromatherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a chronic disease and one of the characteristic features of metabolic syndrome that is associated with severe health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Cardamom Essential Oil-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier) CEO-NLC) as a potential therapeutic agent to lower blood sugar and an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and weight-reducing agent. Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats, aged 8–10 weeks and weighing 200–410 g, were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups: negative control (G1), diabetic control (G2), treatment group (CEO-NLC) (G3), and positive control (Empagliflozin; EMPA) (G4). Diabetes was induced in all groups by injection of Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) except G1. Then, animals were treated consecutively for four weeks. On day 29, they were sacrificed, and blood/tissue samples were collected for serological and histopathological analysis, respectively. Results: Significant decrease in blood sugar levels on day 28 for both the CEO-NLC group and EMPA versus diabetic control group were seen (250 mg in CEO-NLC, and 300 mg in EMPA, vs 450 mg in the diabetic control group). CEO-NLC achieved a significant effect as a weight-losing agent (p = 0.004). Proinflammatory biomarkers and kidney and liver function tests were enhanced after CEO-NLC treatment. Additionally, substantial histopathological modifications in the CEO-NLC group were also seen compared to the diabetic group and EMPA group. Conclusions: CEO-NLC has potential activity in lowering blood sugar levels, aiding weight loss, and eventually, organ protection ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Background: Acronychia pedunculata is commonly found in mountainous regions across Vietnam. The species has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. Methods: The essential oils (EOs) of A. pedunculata roots, leaves, and flowers were extracted by hydrodistillation process and their chemical compositions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Besides, the EOs were assayed for in vitro α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. In silico molecular docking simulations on the major components of the EOs were conducted. Results: The EOs from A. pedunculata roots and leaves consisted of 41 compounds (97.6 and 95.1%, respectively) while the flower EO comprised 37 compounds (98.7%). α-Pinene was found to be the most abundant component in the root and flower EOs, with the percentages of 63.9% and 52.6%, respectively. (E)-β-Caryophyllene was detected at the highest level (22.8%) in the leaf EO. The root EO had the most potent anti-α-amylase and antityrosinase activities, with IC50 values of 53.73 ± 1.94 and 815.53 ± 3.24 μg/mL, respectively. Its inhibitory activity against α-amylase was stronger than that of acarbose (88.80 ± 1.87 μg/mL). In molecular docking results, limonene was the potential compound in the EOs with the best binding affinity against tyrosinase. Moreover, the evaluation of potential interactions between the main components of the EOs and the selected proteins was elucidated. Conclusions: The findings unveiled that the EOs of A. pedunculata possessed α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory effects and potential applications in nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Background: Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., a plant of the Cupressaceae family, is known for its leaves and cones rich in essential oils, which are traditionally used in folk medicine. This study employed hydrodistillation to extract essential oils from three parts of T. distichum, namely its leaves, twigs, and cones, and evaluated the yield and composition of these oils as well as their anti-mildew property on paper. Methods: The chemical compositions of the essential oils from the three parts were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The anti-mildew properties were assessed on paper against seven mold fungi, namely Aspergillus clavatus, A. niger, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Myrothecium verrucaria, Penicillium citrinum, and Trichoderma viride, following standards such as TAPPI T487 cm-93 and CNS 2690. Furthermore, the essential oil demonstrating the strongest anti-mildew properties was selected from the oils extracted from three different parts, underwent column chromatography for isolation, and the main active compounds were identified. Results: Among the three parts, cones had the highest essential oil yield (0.53 ± 0.03 mL/100 g), followed by leaves (0.46 ± 0.02 mL/100 g) and twigs (0.06 ± 0.01 mL/100 g). The main components were limonene (39.8%) and α-pinene (37.1%) in leaves; limonene (16.8%), α-pinene (15.8%), and ferruginol (11.0%) in twigs; and ferruginol (43.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.5%) in cones. The cone oils exhibited the most effective anti-mildew properties on paper. Furthermore, the cone oils were fractionated into six fractions (CO1–CO6), with the CO4 fraction exhibiting the best activity. CO4's main components were ferruginol, caryophyllene oxide, and β-caryophyllene. Ferruginol showed the best anti-mildew performance, with 100% inhibition at 200 μg/cm² for all strains. Conclusion: The study results indicated that essential oils from the cones of T. distichum and ferruginol exhibit promising anti-mildew effects on paper. Therefore, further research and development are highly warranted for their application in inhibiting fungal growth on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Insects use odor detection to sense their surroundings. Use of volatile compounds, such as essential oils (EOs) of plants, to repel pests and disrupt their olfaction‐driven behaviors has great practical potential for use in integrated pest management. Despite the available information on the repellent effects of EOs on herbivorous insects, the olfaction‐based mechanisms remain unknown. RESULTS: Y‐tube olfactometer tests showed that the EOs of three Lamiaceae plants – Mentha arvensis L., Mentha piperita L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. – were significantly repellent to winged cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) tests indicated the EOs reduced phloem feeding and increased the level of non‐productive probing by the aphids. The EOs also reduced the fecundity of winged Aphis gossypii. Electrophysiological bioassays and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) identified five physiologically active volatiles, that is menthone, isomenthone, neomenthol and menthol from Mentha piperita; menthone and menthol from Mentha arvensis; and linalool from L. angustifolia. Behavioral tests confirmed that all five compounds repelled winged Aphis gossypii. Under field conditions, the growth rate of aphid populations after 7 days was significantly lower in fields treated with these compounds than in the control fields. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that three EOs not only repelled winged Aphis gossypii but also interfered with the aphid's feeding behavior and reduced its fecundity. These EOs and their active constituents have great potential as eco‐friendly control products for use against Aphis gossypii. The effects of these EOs also exceed other repellents that only keep pests away from host plants. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of the essential oil from Amomum villosum (EOA) on liver-protective effects in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), utilizing a multidisciplinary approach that integrates physiological assessments and transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Fish were fed diets containing 2 g/kg of EOA over a 56-day trial, with a no-EOA diet serving as the control. The results demonstrate that EOA supplementation improves liver histology, enhances antioxidant capacities, and reduces inflammation in tilapia. The transcriptomic analysis revealed significant alterations in gene expression profiles related to RNA splicing, metabolism, and disease pathways. The identification of differential genes and disease databases identified key target genes associated with the primary component of EOA for its anti-hepatobiliary disease effects. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis of EOA major components with core differentially expressed genes in the hepatobiliary syndrome indicated that α-pinene is a potential Hsp90 inhibitor, which may prevent inflammation. A metabolomic analysis further demonstrated that EOA supplementation leads to notable changes in liver phospholipids, fatty acids, and carbohydrate metabolism. These findings underscore the potential of EOA as a natural additive for improving liver health in tilapia, offering valuable insights to the aquaculture industry for enhancing fish health and welfare in intensive farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the inhibitory effect of phytoncide (Pht) on food-borne pathogenic bacterial growth, the hydrophobic nature and susceptibility to biodegradation under physiological conditions limits its applications. Here, we developed Pht-loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) micelles (Pht@PVP MC) via micelle packing. Pht was solubilized using different types of PVP as micellar vehicles. The as-prepared Pht@PVP MCs were characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The sizes of the Pht@PVP MCs were controlled from 301 ± 51 to 80 ± 3 nm by adjusting the PVP content. The polydispersity index of Pht@PVP MC was between 0.21 ± 0.03 and 0.16 ± 0.04, indicating homogeneous size. A colony-counting method was employed to evaluate the improvement in antibacterial activity after Pht encapsulation in PVP micelles. The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Pht@PVP MC were analyzed in a concentration range of 10–100 μg/mL by evaluating in vitro ROS and nitric oxide levels using DCFDA and Griess reagents. PVP with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties improved the aqueous solubility of Pht and stabilized it via steric hindrance. Higher-molecular-weight PVP at higher concentrations resulted in a smaller hydrodynamic diameter of Pht@PVP MC with uniform size distribution. The spherical Pht@PVP MC maintained its size and polydispersity index in a biological buffer for 2 weeks. Pht@PVP MC exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity compared to bare Pht. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus was effectively inhibited by Pht@PVP MC treatment. Furthermore, biocompatible Pht@PVP MC exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. Overall, Pht@PVP MC is an effective alternative to synthetic antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lemon contains essential oil compounds found in the peel, namely the flavedo. This section can produce essential oils by various methods, including the distillation method. Differences in distillation methods can affect the quality of essential oils. In the essential oil production process, paying attention to the distillation method and the samples of raw materials used is necessary. This study compares the process of extracting lemon peel oil using hydrodistillation and hydro-steam distillation methods.This research has enormous benefits for obtaining the best essential oils using a method that has stable quality and at a not too high cost. The process conditions are carried out by applying the influence factors of temperature, distillation time, and the ratio of raw materials to yield and aroma characteristics. The heating temperature is 100 oC, the distillation time is 4 hours, the raw material ratio is 1:5, as well as the pretreatment process of raw materials. The resulting steam is condensed, and the distillate, a mixture of oil and water, is separated using a separatory funnel. The oil is purified with anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) to separate the oil from the remaining water. The best results were obtained from the research results in the hydrodistillation method with a heating temperature of 100 oC, a distillation time of 4 hours, and a raw material size of 1 cm with a % yield of 0.99%. As well as, the aroma produced is not too strong to get a value of 1 for the hydrodistillation method, and the aroma characteristics are quite strong with a scale of 3 produced by the hydro-steam distillation method. As well as the % yield value generated is 0.495%.

Abstract Background Melaleuca species (family Myrtaceae) are characterized by their wide-ranging applications as antimicrobials and in skin-related conditions. Herein, we estimated the volatile profile and biological significance of M. rugulosa (Link) leaves for the first time supported by a dereplication protocol. Materials and methods Volatile components were extracted using hydrodistillation (HD), supercritical fluid (SF), and headspace (HS) techniques and identified using GC/MS. The variations among the three extracts were assessed using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The extracted volatiles were tested for radical scavenging activity, anti-aging, and anti-hyperpigmentation potential. Finally, disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays were implemented to explore the antibacterial capacity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results The yield of the SF technique (0.8%) was three times higher than HD. GC/MS analysis revealed that the oxygenated compounds are the most proponents in the three extracts being 95.93% (HD), 80.94% (HS), and 48.4% (SF). Moreover, eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) represents the major component in the HD-EO (89.60%) and HS (73.13%) volatiles, while dl-α-tocopherol (16.27%) and α-terpineol (11.89%) represent the highest percentage in SF extract. Regarding the bioactivity profile, the HD-EO and SF-extract showed antioxidant potential in terms of oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and β- carotene assays, while exerting weak activity towards DPPH. In addition, they displayed potent anti-elastase and moderate anti-collagenase activities. The HD-EO exhibited potent anti-tyrosinase activity, while the SF extract showed a moderate level compared to tested controls. OPLS-DA and dereplication studies predicted that the selective antibacterial activity of HD-EO to S. aureus was related to eucalyptol, while SF extract to C. perfringens was related to α-tocopherol. Conclusions M. rugulosa leaves are considered a vital source of bioactive volatile components that are promoted for controlling skin aging and infection. However, further safety and clinical studies are recommended.

Abstract Background Essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Hyptis suaveolens are known for their insecticidal properties, but remain ineffective against mosquitoes resistant to synthetic insecticides. In order to improve insecticidal properties of these plants, this study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and insecticidal activity against Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes of essential oil obtained by co-distillation of dry leaves of C. citratus and H. suaveolens. Methods Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from dry leaves of C. citratus and H. suaveolens, separately, then from the mixture of the dry leaves of the two plants in mass ratio 50/50. Each pure essential oil and the mixture obtained either by co-distillation or by combining pure essential oils in volume ratio 50/50 were then analysed by GC/MS. All essential oils and Deltamethrin 0.05% (positive control) were tested on two species of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles gambiae according to the World Health Organization standard methods. Results Essential oil obtained by co-distillation mainly contained piperitone (40.80%), 1,8-cineole (24.64%), p-menth-4(8)-ene (13.20%), limonene (6.09%) and α-pinene (4.73%). However, the mixture of pure essential oils of these two plants mostly contained geranial (20.74%), neral (16.42%), 1,8-cineole (19.79%), sabinene (6.03%) and β-pinene (3.87%). The essential oil of C. citratus mainly contained geranial (41.49%), neral (32.83%), β-myrcene (13.66%) and geraniol (3.49%) while the major constituents of essential oil of H. suaveolens were 1,8-cineole (39.58%), sabinene (12.06%), β-pinene (7.73%), α-terpinolene (6.72%) and (E)-caryophyllene (7.49%). At the dose of 1%, all essential oils, except that of H. suaveolens, induced about 100% of mortality on the sensitive species of An. gambiae. However, on the resistant species at the same dose, the essential oil obtained by co-distillation induced the highest mortality (53.44%). The essential oils of C. citratus, H. suaveolens and the mixture of the two pure essential oils caused respectively 2.47, 15.28 and 18.33% of mortality. The synthetic insecticide caused 100 and 14.84% of mortality respectively on the sensitive and resistant species of An. gambiae. Conclusion Essential oil obtained by co-distillation showed good insecticidal efficacy against a resistant species of An. gambiae and might constitute a new solution to fight against mosquitoes resistant to synthetic insecticides.

Abstract Aromatherapy using essential oils (EOs) is well known for its beneficial effects on mental health and neuroprotection. However, the significant molecular mechanisms have not yet been identified. Recent studies have identified a decrease in glucose uptake as a common feature across various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive autophagy. This suggests that glucose may serve not only as an energy source but also as a therapeutic target for NDDs. Using SH-SY5Y neuroblast-like cells and the glucose uptake inhibitor BAY-876, we demonstrated that glucose depletion promoted autophagy. To discover the potential therapeutics that modulate glucose metabolism, we obtained EO from Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. (PKSZ) using steam distillation. PKSZ-EO upregulated mRNA expression of SLC2A2, SLC2A3, and SLC2A4, leading to increased glucose uptake in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, PKSZ-EO protected SH-SY5Y cells from BAY-876-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, cytostasis, autophagy, and inflammation. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we confirmed the high levels of α-pinene, an inducer of GLUT4 expression, in PKSZ-EO. These results suggest that PKSZ-EO exerts a protective effect against glucose depletion stress, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for NDDs.