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Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelle-like structures that can concentrate molecules and often form through liquid-liquid phase separation. Biomolecular condensate assembly is tightly regulated by developmental and environmental cues. Although research on biomolecular condensates has intensified in the past 10 years, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and components underlying their formation remains in its infancy, especially in plants. However, recent studies have shown that the formation of biomolecular condensates may be central to plant acclimation to stress conditions. Here, we describe the mechanism, regulation, and properties of stress-related condensates in plants, focusing on stress granules and processing bodies, 2 of the most well-characterized biomolecular condensates. In this regard, we showcase the proteomes of stress granules and processing bodies in an attempt to suggest methods for elucidating the composition and function of biomolecular condensates. Finally, we discuss how biomolecular condensates modulate stress responses and how they might be used as targets for biotechnological efforts to improve stress tolerance.

This paper presents a robust finite-horizon control scheme based on data that produces feasible control sequences. The scheme makes use of a database that includes information from prior experiences of the same and others controllers handling similar systems. By the convex combination of feasible histories plus an auxiliary control law that deals with uncertainties, this scheme can be used as a robust historian-based predictive controller. Further application could include a cooperative learning-based strategy in which multiple controllers share their previous executions to gain collective benefits in terms of performance. The validity of the proposed controller is tested in a simulated case study.

Renewed interest in CO2 methanation is due to its role within the framework of the Power-to-Methane processes. While the use of nickel-based catalysts for CO2 methanation is well stablished, the support is being subjected to thorough research due to its complex effects. The objective of this work was the study of the influence of the support with a series of catalysts supported on alumina, ceria, ceria–zirconia, and titania. Catalysts’ performance has been kinetically and spectroscopically evaluated over a wide range of temperatures (150–500 °C). The main results have shown remarkable differences among the catalysts as concerns Ni dispersion, metallic precursor reducibility, basic properties, and catalytic activity. Operando infrared spectroscopy measurements have evidenced the presence of almost the same type of adsorbed species during the course of the reaction, but with different relative intensities. The results indicate that using as support of Ni a reducible metal oxide that is capable of developing the basicity associated with medium-strength basic sites and a suitable balance between metallic sites and centers linked to the support leads to high CO2 methanation activity. In addition, the results obtained by operando FTIR spectroscopy suggest that CO2 methanation follows the formate pathway over the catalysts under consideration.

Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities that are difficult to eradicate due to a high tolerance to antimicrobial agents. The use of non-biocidal surface-active compounds to prevent the initial adhesion and aggregation of bacterial pathogens is a promising alternative to antibiotic treatments and several antibiofilm compounds have been identified, including some capsular polysaccharides released by various bacteria. However, the lack of chemical and mechanistic understanding of the activity of these polymers limits their use to control biofilm formation. Here, we screen a collection of 31 purified capsular polysaccharides and first identify seven new compounds with non-biocidal activity against Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. We measure and theoretically interpret the electrophoretic mobility of a subset of 21 capsular polysaccharides under applied electric field conditions, and we show that active and inactive polysaccharide polymers display distinct electrokinetic properties and that all active macromolecules share high intrinsic viscosity features. Despite the lack of specific molecular motif associated with antibiofilm properties, the use of criteria including high density of electrostatic charges and permeability to fluid flow enables us to identify two additional capsular polysaccharides with broad-spectrum antibiofilm activity. Our study therefore provides insights into key biophysical properties discriminating active from inactive polysaccharides. The characterization of a distinct electrokinetic signature associated with antibiofilm activity opens new perspectives to identify or engineer non-biocidal surface-active macromolecules to control biofilm formation in medical and industrial settings.

The state of the art in violence detection in videos has improved in recent years thanks to deep learning models, but it is still below 90% of average precision in the most complex datasets, which may pose a problem of frequent false alarms in video surveillance environments and may cause security guards to disable the artificial intelligence system. In this study, we propose a new neural network based on Vision Transformer (ViT) and Neural Structured Learning (NSL) with adversarial training. This network, called CrimeNet, outperforms previous works by a large margin and reduces practically to zero the false positives. Our tests on the four most challenging violence-related datasets (binary and multi-class) show the effectiveness of CrimeNet, improving the state of the art from 9.4 to 22.17 percentage points in ROC AUC depending on the dataset. In addition, we present a generalisation study on our model by training and testing it on different datasets. The obtained results show that CrimeNet improves over competing methods with a gain of between 12.39 and 25.22 percentage points, showing remarkable robustness.

Cancer cells are highly dependent on Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) activity for proliferation, therefore NAMPT represents an interesting target for the development of anti-cancer drugs. Several compounds, such as FK866 and CHS828, were identified as potent NAMPT inhibitors with strong anti-cancer activity, although none of them reached the late stages of clinical trials. We present herein the preparation of three libraries of new inhibitors containing (pyridin-3-yl)triazole, (pyridin-3-yl)thiourea and (pyridin-3/4-yl)cyanoguanidine as cap/connecting unit and a furyl group at the tail position of the compound. Antiproliferative activity in vitro was evaluated on a panel of solid and haematological cancer cell lines and most of the synthesized compounds showed nanomolar or sub-nanomolar cytotoxic activity in MiaPaCa-2 (pancreatic cancer), ML2 (acute myeloid leukemia), JRKT (acute lymphobalistic leukemia), NMLW (Burkitt lymphoma), RPMI8226 (multiple myeloma) and NB4 (acute myeloid leukemia), with lower IC50 values than those reported for FK866. Notably, compounds 35a, 39a and 47 showed cytotoxic activity against ML2 with IC50 = 18, 46 and 49 pM, and IC50 towards MiaPaCa-2 of 0.005, 0.455 and 2.81 nM, respectively. Moreover, their role on the NAD+ synthetic pathway was demonstrated by the NAMPT inhibition assay. Finally, the intracellular NAD+ depletion was confirmed in vitro to induced ROS accumulation that cause a time-dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization, leading to ATP loss and cell death.

We explore two-particle transfer reactions as a crucial probe of the occurrence of shape coexistence in shape phase transitions. The (t,p) reactions to the ground state and to excited 0+ states are calculated for the isotope chain of even-even Zirconium isotopes starting from stable nuclei up to beyond current experimental limits. Two-particle spectroscopic factors derived from Monte Carlo Shell Model calculations are used, together with the sequential description of the two-particle transfer reaction mechanism. The calculation shows a clear signature for a shape phase transition between 98Zr and 100Zr, which displays coexistence of a deformed ground state with an excited spherical 0+ state. Furthermore, we show that there is a qualitative difference with respect to the case of a normal shape phase transition that can be discriminated with two-neutron transfer reactions.

Chloride (Cl−) and nitrate ((Formula presented.)) are closely related anions involved in plant growth. Their similar physical and chemical properties make them to interact in cellular processes like electrical balance and osmoregulation. Since both anions share transport mechanisms, Cl− has been considered to antagonize (Formula presented.) uptake and accumulation in plants. However, we have recently demonstrated that Cl− provided at beneficial macronutrient levels improves nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Biochemical mechanisms by which beneficial Cl− nutrition improves NUE in plants are poorly understood. First, we determined that Cl− nutrition at beneficial macronutrient levels did not impair the (Formula presented.) uptake efficiency, maintaining similar (Formula presented.) content in the root and in the xylem sap. Second, leaf (Formula presented.) content was significantly reduced by the treatment of 6 mM Cl− in parallel with an increase in (Formula presented.) utilization and NUE. To verify whether Cl− nutrition reduces leaf (Formula presented.) accumulation by inducing its assimilation, we analysed the content of N forms and the activity of different enzymes and genes involved in N metabolism. Chloride supply increased transcript accumulation and activity of most enzymes involved in (Formula presented.) assimilation into amino acids, along with a greater accumulation of organic N (mostly proteins). A reduced glycine/serine ratio and a greater ammonium accumulation pointed to a higher activity of the photorespiration pathway in leaves of Cl−-treated plants. Chloride, in turn, promoted higher transcript levels of genes encoding enzymes of the photorespiration pathway. Accordingly, microscopy observations suggested strong interactions between different cellular organelles involved in photorespiration. Therefore, in this work we demonstrate for the first time that the greater (Formula presented.) utilization and NUE induced by beneficial Cl− nutrition is mainl

Homomorphic encryption is a powerful mechanism that allows sensitive data, such as biometric data, to be compared in a protected way, revealing only the comparison result when the private key is known. This is very useful for non-device-centric authentication architectures with clients that provide protected data and external servers that authenticate them. While many reported solutions do not follow standards and are not resistant to quantum computer attacks, this work proposes a secure biometric authentication scheme that applies homomorphic encryption based on the Classic McEliece public-key encryption algorithm, which is a round 4 candidate of the NIST post-quantum standardization process. The scheme applies specific steps to transform the features extracted from biometric samples. Its use is proposed in a non-device-centric biometric authentication architecture that ensures user privacy. Irreversibility, revocability and unlinkability are satisfied and the scheme is robust to stolen-device, False-Acceptance Rate (FAR) and similarity-based attacks as well as to honest-but-curious servers. In addition to the security achieved by the McEliece system, which remains stable over 40 years of attacks, the proposal allows for very reduced storage and communication overheads as well as low computational cost. A practical implementation of a non-device-centric facial authentication system is illustrated based on the generation and comparison of protected FaceNet embeddings. Experimental results with public databases show that the proposed scheme improves the accuracy and the False-Acceptance Rate of the unprotected scheme, maintaining the False-Rejection Rate, allows real-time execution in clients and servers for Classic McEliece security parameter sets of 128 and 256 bits (mceliece348864 and mceliece6688128, respectively), and reduces storage requirements in more than 90.5% compared to the most reduced-size homomorphic encryption-based schemes with post-quantum security

Photosynthetic algae have evolved mechanisms to cope with suboptimal light and CO2 conditions. When light energy exceeds CO2 fixation capacity, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii activates photoprotection, mediated by LHCSR1/3 and PSBS, and the CO2 Concentrating Mechanism (CCM). How light and CO2 signals converge to regulate these processes remains unclear. Here, we show that excess light activates photoprotection- and CCM-related genes by altering intracellular CO2 concentrations and that depletion of CO2 drives these responses, even in total darkness. High CO2 levels, derived from respiration or impaired photosynthetic fixation, repress LHCSR3/CCM genes while stabilizing the LHCSR1 protein. Finally, we show that the CCM regulator CIA5 also regulates photoprotection, controlling LHCSR3 and PSBS transcript accumulation while inhibiting LHCSR1 protein accumulation. This work has allowed us to dissect the effect of CO2 and light on CCM and photoprotection, demonstrating that light often indirectly affects these processes by impacting intracellular CO2 levels.

Some HIV controllers experience immunologic progression with CD4+ T cell decline. We aimed to identify genetic factors associated with CD4+ T cell lost in HIV controllers. A total of 561 HIV controllers were included, 442 and 119 from the International HIV controllers Study Cohort and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, respectively. No SNP or gene was associated with the long-term non-progressor HIV spontaneous control phenotype in the individual GWAS or in the meta-analysis. However, SNPs previously associated with natural HIV control linked to HLA-B (rs2395029 [p = 0.005; OR = 1.70], rs59440261 [p = 0.003; OR = 1.78]), MICA (rs112243036 [p = 0.011; OR = 1.45]), and PSORS1C1 loci (rs3815087 [p = 0.017; OR = 1.39]) showed nominal association with this phenotype. Genetic factors associated with the long-term HIV controllers without risk of immunologic progression are those previously related to the overall HIV controller phenotype.

Many eukaryotic membrane-dependent functions are often spatially and temporally regulated by membrane microdomains (FMMs), also known as lipid rafts. These domains are enriched in polyisoprenoid lipids and scaffolding proteins belonging to the stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C (SPFH) protein superfamily that was also identified in Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, little is still known about FMMs in Gram-negative bacteria. In Escherichia coli K-12, 4 SPFH proteins, YqiK, QmcA, HflK, and HflC, were shown to localize in discrete polar or lateral inner membrane locations, raising the possibility that E. coli SPFH proteins could contribute to the assembly of inner membrane FMMs and the regulation of cellular processes. Here, we studied the determinant of the localization of QmcA and HflC and showed that FMM-associated cardiolipin lipid biosynthesis is required for their native localization pattern. Using Biolog phenotypic arrays, we showed that a mutant lacking all SPFH genes displayed increased sensitivity to aminoglycosides and oxidative stress that is due to the absence of HflKC. Our study therefore provides further insights into the contribution of SPFH proteins to stress tolerance in E. coli. IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic cells often segregate physiological processes in cholesterol-rich functional membrane microdomains. These domains are also called lipid rafts and contain proteins of the stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C (SPFH) superfamily, which are also present in prokaryotes but have been mostly studied in Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we showed that the cell localization of the SPFH proteins QmcA and HflKC in the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli is altered in the absence of cardiolipin lipid synthesis. This suggests that cardiolipins contribute to E. coli membrane microdomain assembly. Using a broad phenotypic analysis, we also showed that HflKC contribute to E. coli tolerance to aminoglycosides and oxidative stress. Our study, therefore, provide

The dineutron correlation is systematically studied in three different Borromean nuclei near the neutron dripline, 11Li, 14Be and 17B, via the knockout reaction measured at the RIBF facility in RIKEN. For the three nuclei, the correlation angle between the valence neutrons is found to be largest in the same range of intrinsic momenta, which can be associated to the nuclear surface. This result reinforces the prediction that the formation of the dineutron is universal in environments with low neutron density, such as the surface of neutron-rich Borromean nuclei.

This work presents an extension of the touch-free flash sintering technique. In the proposed technique, chemical reaction and sintering occur in a single step, without the use of electrodes, in the presence of electric and magnetic fields.We show that a dense, single-phase strontium hexaferrite magnet can be produced from a mixture of commercial carbonate and oxide powders in a single step in a little more than a minute. This new technique implies significant reduction in energy and time consumption (primarily because of ultrafast processing) relative to conventional sintering.

This manuscript, developed in the framework of SCARABEUS project, presents an assessment of the part-load performance of a transcritical Recompression cycle running on a 80%CO2-20%SO2 mixture under different load-control schemes. The first part of the paper describes the computational platform of the integrated system, implemented in Thermoflex but with profuse use of in-house scripts, in order to accurately describe the off-design performance of key components when operating on CO2 mixtures with non-ideal gas behaviour. These off-design models make use of performance maps for turbomachinery -provided by the SCARABEUS partners- whereas the Conductance Ratio Method employed to model the counter-current heat exchangers is calibrated with in-house tools. The paper is specifically focused on the Heat Rejection Unit, for which a specific design tool accounting for accurate heat transfer between working fluid and cooling medium (air) and for auxiliary power consumption -both in off-design- has been developed by the authors. In the second part of the paper, different operating strategies of the power cycle are considered, based on keeping one of the following three parameters constant: turbine inlet temperature, turbine outlet temperature or return temperature of molten salts. Globally, plant operation is constrained by the need to keep the temperature of cold HTF returning to the storage system as close as possible to its rated (design) value and by the need to keep turbine outlet temperature below 450ºC to avoid the installation of an external cooling system in the low pressure section of this equipment. Therefore, the trade-off between these two parameters and system net efficiency are assessed in the paper. Regarding the Air-Cooled Condenser, the optimal operation strategy of this component found to be based on a combination of Single-speed and Variable Frequency Driver fans. The results show that the operation at constant turbine inlet temperature leads to the highest

Micro gas turbines are an on-site power and heat generation technology with a small footprint, low gaseous (NOx) and acoustic emissions, low maintenance and high-grade heat. They entered the market at the dawn of the twentieth century; nevertheless, they achieved minimal success and a marginal role in the microgeneration market. Reciprocating internal combustion engines raised considerable barriers hindering their market deployment, and Fuel Cells are also set to compete in this segment. In this scenario, this work presents an analysis of competitiveness grounded in the Theory of Constraints. To this end, a specific Key Performance Indicator has been produced, which combines technical, economic, and operational factors according to the end-user requirement. This indicator is a function of several penalty factors representing technology and market barriers, which aims to yield a unique insight into the most competitive technology for a given application, accounting for the uncertainty deriving from technical and economic elements. This novel methodology is applied to a new potential niche market: Power-to-Hydrogen-to-Power for remote applications. The methodology is applied to an independent rural community in South Wales, for which a backup power system is assessed. Four technologies are considered in the analysis: reciprocating engines, fuel cells and two different microturbines layouts. Finally, this work provides an overview of the possible R&D&I paths necessary to increase the competitiveness of micro gas turbines in certain markets.

Agricultural expansion and intensification have boosted global food production but have come at the cost of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. Biodiversity-friendly farming that boosts ecosystem services, such as pollination and natural pest control, is widely being advocated to maintain and improve agricultural productivity while safeguarding biodiversity. A vast body of evidence showing the agronomic benefits of enhanced ecosystem service delivery represent important incentives to adopt practices enhancing biodiversity. However, the costs of biodiversity-friendly management are rarely taken into account and may represent a major barrier impeding uptake by farmers. Whether and how biodiversity conservation, ecosystem service delivery, and farm profit can go hand in hand is unknown. Here, we quantify the ecological, agronomic, and net economic benefits of biodiversity-friendly farming in an intensive grassland–sunflower system in Southwest France. We found that reducing land-use intensity on agricultural grasslands drastically enhances flower availability and wild bee diversity, including rare species. Biodiversity-friendly management on grasslands furthermore resulted in an up to 17% higher revenue on neighboring sunflower fields through positive effects on pollination service delivery. However, the opportunity costs of reduced grassland forage yields consistently exceeded the economic benefits of enhanced sunflower pollination. Our results highlight that profitability is often a key constraint hampering adoption of biodiversity-based farming and uptake critically depends on society’s willingness to pay for associated delivery of public goods such as biodiversity.

El soneto PO. núm. 356 de Quevedo reúne toda la evolución simbólica de la que fue recubriéndose el tópico de la Nave del Estado hasta su época. Sin embargo, ya se ha identificado en el poema algo más: una posible influencia de las pinturas del Bosco. Este artículo explora la verosimilitud de dicha influencia y el sustrato que la misma contenía y que habría de incorporarse, enriqueciéndola decisivamente, a la refundición de Quevedo., Quevedo’s sonnet PO. no. 356 brings together all the symbolic evolution of the topic of the Ship of the State up to his time. However, something else has already been identified in the poem: a possible influence of Bosch’s paintings. This article explores the plausibility of this influence and the substratum that it contained, and that would be incorporated, enriching it decisively, to Quevedo’s recasting.

The kinetic analysis of solid-state processes aims at obtaining fundamental information that can be used for predicting the time evolution of a process within a wide range of conditions. It is an extended belief that the determination of the kinetic parameters from the analysis of curves recorded under isothermal conditions is strongly conditioned by the kinetic model used to fit the experimental data. Thus, much effort is devoted to finding the model that truly describes a process in order to calculate the kinetic parameters with accuracy. In this work, we demonstrate that the value of activation energy determined from kinetic analysis of isothermal curves is independent of the kinetic model used to fit the experimental data and, taking advantage of the underlying reason for this, a method for determining the activation energy with two isothermal curves is proposed.

The proliferation of devices for the Internet of Things (IoT) and their implication in many activities of our lives have led to a considerable increase in concern about the security of these devices, posing a double challenge for designers and developers of products. On the one hand, the design of new security primitives, suitable for resource-limited devices, can facilitate the inclusion of mechanisms and protocols to ensure the integrity and privacy of the data exchanged over the Internet. On the other hand, the development of techniques and tools to evaluate the quality of the proposed solutions as a step prior to their deployment, as well as to monitor their behavior once in operation against possible changes in operating conditions arising naturally or as a consequence of a stress situation forced by an attacker. To address these challenges, this paper first describes the design of a security primitive that plays an important role as a component of a hardware-based root of trust, as it can act as a source of entropy for True Random Number Generation (TRNG) or as a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) to facilitate the generation of identifiers linked to the device on which it is implemented. The work also illustrates different software components that allow carrying out a self-assessment strategy to characterize and validate the performance of this primitive in its dual functionality, as well as to monitor possible changes in security levels that may occur during operation as a result of device aging and variations in power supply or operating temperature. The designed PUF/TRNG is provided as a configurable IP module, which takes advantage of the internal architecture of the Xilinx Series-7 and Zynq-7000 programmable devices and incorporates an AXI4-based standard interface to facilitate its interaction with soft- and hard-core processing systems. Several test systems that contain different instances of the IP have been implemented and subjected to an exhaustive

En este estudio se analizan y comparan las áreas de accesibilidad que se pueden generar alrededor de las estaciones que componen la red ferroviaria andaluza a partir del desplazamiento en automóvil privado. Para ello, se han establecido los tres grupos en los que una misma estación puede estar incluida y que se encuentran compuestos por aquéllas que prestan servicios de Alta Velocidad, Media Distancia y Cercanías. Los cálculos de estos ámbitos se han obtenido mediante un SIG, con información espacial proveniente del Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía (IECA), revisada y actualizada con el fin de corregir aquellas discordancias que puedan existir en la información, principalmente, de la red ferroviaria, viaria y núcleos de población. También, se ha manejado datos provenientes de Renfe con el fin de conocer los servicios que prestan las diferentes estaciones. Los resultados vienen a constatar cómo actualmente las estaciones que prestan servicios de Media Distancia tienen bajo sus ámbitos de accesibilidad a más población, al ser las más numerosas. Por el contrario, las que permiten acceder a servicios de Alta Velocidad llegan a menos habitantes, si bien, por número de paradas, sirven a más población. Para finalizar, las que conforman los tres núcleos de Cercanías se caracterizan por emplazarse en ámbitos muy poblados, siendo el segundo tipo de servicio que tiene mayor volumen de habitantes en sus ámbitos de accesibilidad., This study analyses and compares the areas of accessibility that can be generated around the stations that make up the Andalusian railway network by private car. To this end, the three groups in which the same station can be included have been established, consisting of those providing high-speed, medium-distance and local services. The calculations of these areas have been obtained using a GIS, with spatial information from the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia (IECA), revised and updated to correct any discrepancies that may exist in the information, mainly of the railway network, roads and population centres. Data from Renfe has also been used to determine the services provided by the different stations. The results show that currently the stations that provide medium-distance services have more people within their areas of accessibility, as they are the most numerous. On the other hand, those that provide access to High-Speed services reach fewer inhabitants, although, in terms of number of stops, they serve more people. Finally, those that make up the three Cercanias hubs are characterised by being in highly populated areas, being the second type of service with the largest number of inhabitants in their areas of accessibility.

One of our grand challenges towards fusion energy is the achievement of a high-performance plasma core coupled to a boundary solution. The high confinement mode (H-mode) provides such a high-performance fusion core due to the build-up of an edge transport barrier leading to a pedestal. However, it usually features type-I edge localized modes (ELMs) which pose a threat for long-duration plasma operation in future fusion devices as they induce large energy fluences onto the plasma facing components and typically are projected to damage the first wall. For future fusion devices, the integration of a stationary no-ELM regime with a power exhaust solution is indispensable. Several no-ELM and small-ELM regimes have extended their operational space in the past years, with the ultimate goal of providing an alternative core–edge solution to ITER and EU-DEMO. Prominent no-ELM or small-ELM alternatives include the I-mode, QH-mode, EDA H-mode, quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) and ‘grassy’ ELM regimes, X-point radiator scenarios and negative triangularity L-mode. The state-of-the-art, including access conditions and main signatures, of these alternative regimes is reviewed. Many of these regimes partly match the operational space of ITER and EU-DEMO, however, knowledge gaps remain. Besides compatibility with divertor detachment and a radiative mantle, these include extrapolations to high Q operations, low core collisionality, high Greenwald fractions, impurity transport, amongst others. The knowledge gaps and possible strategies to close these gaps to show their applicability to ITER and EU-DEMO are discussed.

In Tokamak á Configuration Variable (TCV), unstable modes excited by resonant interaction between the shear Alfvèn waves in continuum gaps and energetic particles have been observed in scenarios with neutral beam injection (NBI). TCV is a middle-size device ( R 0 / a = 0.88 / 0.25 ) equipped with a 1 MW , 25 keV tangential neutral beam injector. In this paper the phenomenology of modes excited with on-axis NBI is presented. The Alfvènic nature of the modes has been confirmed investigating their sensitivity against plasma parameters such as NBI energy, toroidal magnetic field, and cross-checking with the predictions from linear kinetic stability code. The mode radial profile is estimated using electron cyclotron emission measurement and agrees well with modelling results. In addition, the fast particle distribution function has been modelled using TRANSP/NUBEAM code. Even with counter-current NBI (leading to higher losses), the drive from the resonant particles is sufficient for the mode excitation. An ad-hoc additional diffusion model allows to estimate the fast particle transport, modifying the fast particle gradient at the mode location and matching the neutron rates.

El propósito de este artículo es investigar el papel que jue-ga la banda sonora en la película La odisea de los Giles, que funciona como adaptación de la novela La noche de la Usina. Para ello, utilizaremos la metodología propuesta por Patrick Cattrysse, teórico de la adaptación que la contempla desde una perspectiva pragmática, preguntándose no solo qué cambios se efectúan de un medio a otro sino el porqué de estos. Así, analizaremos dos planos principales: el papel de la música en la recreación de los elementos del wéstern de la novela al cine y su función para adaptar el filme a una audiencia meta, en este caso, la sociedad argentina. Final-mente, concluiremos nuestro trabajo con una reflexión sobre el impacto que la música tiene en el traslado de un medio a otro y cómo los estudios de adaptación plantean el abordaje de esta cuestión., This paper analyzes the soundtrack in the movie Heroic Losers, and how it functions as an adaptation of the novel La noche de la Usina. We will use the methodology proposed by Patrick Cattrysse —an important scholar of adaptation studies who focus of the pragmatic outlook of film adaptation. Thus, we will analyze two main areas: the contribution of music in the recreation of western elements from the novel to the film, and its function to adapt the film to a target audience, which, in this case, would be the contemporary Argentinian society. Finally, we will conclude our work with a reflection on the impact that music has in the trans-fer from the literature to the cinema., O objetivo deste artigo é investigar o papel desempenhado pela trilha sonora do filme La odi-sea de los Giles, que funciona como uma adaptação do romance La noche de la Usina. Para isso, usaremos a metodologia proposta por Patrick Cattrysse, teórico da adaptação que a vê desde uma perspectiva pragmática, perguntando-se não apenas quais mudanças se efetivam de um meio a outro, mas o porquê. Assim, analisaremos dois planos principais: o papel da música na recriação de elementos do faroeste desde o romance até o cinema e seu papel na adaptação do filme a um público-alvo, neste caso, a sociedade argentina. Finalmente, conclui-remos nosso trabalho com uma reflexão sobre o impacto que a música tem na transferência de um meio para outro e como os estudos de adaptação planejam a abordagem desta questão.

The small ruminant livestock sector faces the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon footprint (CF) studies on dairy goats, the most widely used indicator to quantify the impact of livestock farming on global warming, are still few. The aim of this study was to calculate the CF of the different production systems of autochthonous dairy goat breeds presently occurring in Andalusia (S Spain) and identify systems and practices that can minimize their environmental impact in these terms. Twenty-one farms were monitored during a year, obtaining valuable information that allowed the CF calculation on a “cradle-to-gate” approach, taking into account both GHG emissions at the farm level and carbon sink by vegetation associated with land-based systems. Results showed similar CF values for the analyzed systems (1.42, 1.04, 1.15, and 1.17 kg CO2-eq kg−1 fat–protein corrected milk for indoor systems without associated crops, indoor systems with associated crops, grazing systems with high feed supply, and pastoral systems, respectively). To minimize their environmental impact, specific actions must be developed for each system, particularly regarding genetic improvement, reproductive and feeding management, including pasture management, and the integration of livestock activity into the bio-circular economy with the help of professional advice.

Background: Microsatellite markers were developed for distylous Linum suffruticosum and tested in the monomorphic sister species Linum tenuifolium. These species are perennial herbs endemic to the western and northwestern Mediterranean, respectively, with a partially overlapping distribution area. Methods and results: We developed 12 microsatellite markers for L. suffruticosum using next generation sequencing, and assessed their polymorphism and genetic diversity in 152 individuals from seven natural populations. The markers displayed high polymorphism, with two to 16 alleles per locus and population, and average observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.833 and 0.692, respectively. All loci amplified successfully in the sister species L. tenuifolium, and 150 individuals from seven populations were also screened. The polymorphism exhibited was high, with two to ten alleles per locus and population, and average observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.77 and 0.62, respectively. Conclusions: The microsatellite markers identified in L. suffruticosum and tested in L. tenuifolium are a powerful tool to facilitate future investigations of the population genetics, mating patterns and hybridization between both Linum species in their contact zone.

This work presents a tool for developing competencies in sustainability, focusing on evaluating the environmental impact and carbon footprint in schools. The tool is based on sustainability indicators and follows a methodology derived from the ClimAct and ECF4CLIM projects. It is conceived as a support for the users and the schools to identify and evaluate the relative impact of different actions and measures, to engage them in a sustainable pathway to low-carbon schools supporting their decision-making at the different levels of users. The areas are transport, waste, green procurement, green spaces, energy, water, and indoor air quality. The tool aims to support users and schools in identifying and evaluating the impact of various actions and measures, facilitating decision-making for a sustainable and low-carbon school environment. To quantify sustainability performance, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been established for each area. The results from schools that tested the tool revealed low scores in green procurement (0.59/5) and water (2.03/5), while achieving higher scores in green spaces (3.46/5) and indoor air quality (3.92/5). These findings highlight the areas where improvement is needed and provide a basis for targeted interventions. Developed on the PowerApps platform, supported by Microsoft, the tool allows access to users of different ages and knowledge levels. It has been successfully tested in six schools in Andalusia, Spain, obtaining relevant results in the seven sustainable areas defined. Based on the results, this tool will be used within co-creation and co-implementation processes for more sustainable schools and competencies acquisition by the participants.

This manuscript develops a simultaneous navigation and gravity estimation strategy around a small body. The scheme combines dynamical model compensation with a mascon gravity fit. Dynamical compensation adds the unmodeled acceleration to the filter state. Consequently, the navigation filter is able to generate an onorbit position-unmodeled acceleration dataset. The available measurements correspond to the landmarks-based navigation technique. Accordingly, an on-board camera is able to provide landmark pixels. The aforementioned position-unmodeled acceleration dataset serves to train a mascon gravity model on-board while in flight. The training algorithm finds the optimal mass values and locations using Adam gradient descent. By a careful choice of the mascon variables and constraints projection, the masses are ensured to be positive and within the small body shape. The numerical results provide a comprehensive analysis on the global gravity accuracy for different estimation scenarios.

In recent years, a plethora of new synthetic biology tools for use in cyanobacteria have been published; however, their reported characterizations often cannot be reproduced, greatly limiting the comparability of results and hindering their applicability. In this interlaboratory study, the reproducibility of a standard microbiological experiment for the cyanobacterial model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was assessed. Participants from eight different laboratories quantified the fluorescence intensity of mVENUS as a proxy for the transcription activity of the three promoters PJ23100, PrhaBAD, and PpetE over time. In addition, growth rates were measured to compare growth conditions between laboratories. By establishing strict and standardized laboratory protocols, reflecting frequently reported methods, we aimed to identify issues with state-of-the-art procedures and assess their effect on reproducibility. Significant differences in spectrophotometer measurements across laboratories from identical samples were found, suggesting that commonly used reporting practices of optical density values need to be supplemented by cell count or biomass measurements. Further, despite standardized light intensity in the incubators, significantly different growth rates between incubators used in this study were observed, highlighting the need for additional reporting requirements of growth conditions for phototrophic organisms beyond the light intensity and CO2 supply. Despite the use of a regulatory system orthogonal to Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, PrhaBAD, and a high level of protocol standardization, ∼32% variation in promoter activity under induced conditions was found across laboratories, suggesting that the reproducibility of other data in the field of cyanobacteria might be affected similarly

This article proposes the conceptualization of the term “mediating alliance” to further the development of theories about success factors in mediation. Extending Bordin's pan-theoretical conceptualization of the “working alliance” to the field of mediation, we first define the term “mediating alliance.” We then apply research on success factors in mediation to elements of the alliance as it relates to goals, tasks, and bonds developed in the mediation process. We offer the mediating alliance as a framework in which cooperative interaction emerges. At a theoretical level, the mediating alliance, as an integrative framework, contributes to the study of effectiveness in mediation. Methodologically, the operationalization of this concept, based on the theory of speech acts, facilitates the application of a mixed methods approach to future lines of research. At a practical level, this new concept, and the results of future research, will allow scholars to develop hypotheses about the effectiveness of communication strategies in mediation that can be applied to the practice of mediation and the training of mediators.

Scanning tunneling microscopy experiments have revealed a spontaneous rippled-to-buckled transition in heated graphene sheets, in absence of any mechanical load. Several models relying on a simplified picture of the interaction between elastic and internal, electronic, degrees of freedom have been proposed to understand this phenomenon. Nevertheless, these models are not fully consistent with the classical theory of elasticity, since they do not preserve rotational invariance. Herein, we develop and analyze an alternative classical spin-elastic model that preserves rotational invariance while giving a qualitative account of the rippled-to-buckled transition. By integrating over the internal degrees of freedom, an effective free energy for the elastic modes is derived, which only depends on the curvature. Minimization of this free energy gives rise to the emergence of different mechanical phases, whose thermodynamic stability is thoroughly analyzed, both analytically and numerically. All phases are characterized by a spatially homogeneous curvature, which plays the role of the order parameter for the rippled-to-buckled transition, in both the one- and two-dimensional cases. In the latter, our focus is put on the honeycomb lattice, which is representative of actual graphene.

Rhodium-catalysed hydroformylation, effective tool in bulk and fine-chemical synthesis, predominantly uses soluble metal complexes. For that reason, the metal leaching and the catalyst recycling are still the major drawbacks of this process. Single-atom catalysts have emerged as a powerful tool to combine the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Since using an appropriate support material is key to create stable, finely dispersed, single-atom catalysts, here we show that Rh atoms anchored on graphitic carbon nitride are robust catalysts for the hydroformylation reaction of styrene.

2-Halo-3-tosyl-oxanorbornadienes are able to accept two thiol molecules through an initial nucleophilic substitution, giving isolable oxabicyclic thiovinyl sulfones that, subsequently, can react with a second thiol molecule via thio-Michael addition. The resulting oxanorbornenic thioketals undergo retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) fragmentation to release a furan derivative and a ketene S,S-acetal. The substitution pattern of the oxanorbornadienic skeleton influences the rate of the rDA through electronic and steric factors examined by quantum mechanical calculations.

The excessive use of chemical fertilizers can cause severe environmental damage. In recent decades, the application of biostimulants to improve soil composition and stimulate plant growth has contributed significantly to environmental preservation. In this paper, we studied the production and characterization of an amino acid/peptide-enriched biostimulant using edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by-products (tails and nonmarketable mushrooms) as raw materials and commercial proteases as hydrolytic agents. A single hydrolytic process using four different endoproteases, Alcalase®, L-450, Flavourzyme® or papain, and a sequential hydrolytic process using two proteases, an endoprotease and an exoprotease, Alcalase® + Flavourzyme® or L-450 + Flavourzyme), were conducted. A preevaluation of potential plant biostimulants was also carried out, testing the biostimulant capacity of single and sequential Mb-PPHs to stimulate maize seed germination and root growth, as well as the evaluation of the vigor index (VI), with very promising results.

Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) are an attractive alternative to conventional drug administration routes. Oral and injectable drug administration are the most common routes for drug delivery providing peaks of drug concentrations in blood after administration followed by concentration decay after a few hours. Therefore, constant drug administration is required to keep drug levels within the therapeutic window of the drug. Moreover, oral drug delivery presents alternative challenges due to drug degradation within the gastrointestinal tract or first pass metabolism. IDDS can be used to provide sustained drug delivery for prolonged periods of time. The use of this type of systems is especially interesting for the treatment of chronic conditions where patient adherence to conventional treatments can be challenging. These systems are normally used for systemic drug delivery. However, IDDS can be used for localised administration to maximise the amount of drug delivered within the active site while reducing systemic exposure. This review will cover current applications of IDDS focusing on the materials used to prepare this type of systems and the main therapeutic areas of application.

The Earth is undergoing alterations at a high speed, which causes problems such as environmental pollution and difficulty in food production. This is where halophytes are interesting, due to their high potential in different fields, such as remediation of the environment and agriculture. For this reason, it is necessary to deepen the knowledge of the development of halophytes and how plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGP) can play a fundamental role in this process. Therefore, in this work were tested the effects of five PGP bacteria on its rhizosphere and other endophytic bacteria at different concentrations of NaCl on seed germination, plant growth (0 and 171 mM) and cutting growth (0 mM) of Arthrocaulon macrostachyum. The growth promotion in this strict halophyte is highlighted due to the presence of PGP bacteria and the fact that no salt is needed. Thus, without salt, the bacterial strains Kocuria polaris Hv16, Pseudarthrobacter psychrotolerans C58, and Rahnella aceris RTE9 enhanced the biomass production by more than 60% in both stems and roots. Furthermore, germination was encouraged by more than 30% in the presence of both R. aceris RTE9 and K. polaris Hv16 at 171 mM NaCl; the latter also had a biocontrol effect on the fungi that grew on the seeds. Additionally, for the first time in cuttings of this perennial species, the root biomass was improved thanks to the consortium of K. polaris Hv16 and P. psychrotolerans C58. Finally, this study demonstrates the potential of PGPs for optimising the development of halophytes, either for environmental or agronomic purposes.

Today’s agriculture has the challenge of ensuring food supply for a growing population while human activity has already deteriorated about 40% of the world’s soils, reducing productive capacity and increasing reliance on mineral fertilizers. In this context, valorizing and recycling mineral and agricultural waste for use as substrates or soil supplements enhance a sustainable economy, as well as the development of activities focused on finishing the soil nutrients’ cycle. Looking for an effective solution to the massive waste generation and to enhance the agronomic qualities of soils, this study investigates the agronomic impact of contrasting inorganic and organic materials such as green compost (GC), wood biochar (WB), rice husk ash (RA), and volcanic ash (VA) as amendments to an alkaline Luvisol under controlled conditions. In this sense, barley seeds were planted and grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions for 60 days on a soil amended with the aforementioned materials. The amendments demonstrated appropriate attributes for improving soil agronomic properties, enhancing the soil’s nutritional content with no effect on barley germination. The WB showed high aromaticity and abundance of refractory organic C. Both ash-rich amendments showed high P and K contents, which are important elements for plant development. The GC has high water retention capacity and an adequate C and N balance. Although the application of the amendments had no effect on barley yields, the plants from the ash-amended pots showed an increase of Photosystem II efficiency, indicative of a better physiological status. In terms of toxicological safety, the abundance of trace elements in soils and plants was investigated. All soils met the maximum allowable limits for these persistent pollutants. Nevertheless, longer-term tests on plants are required to determine the risk of Pb accumulation, particularly in soils amended with GC and compost-ash mixtures. The simultaneous combination of

El presente artículo analiza las diversas políticas de orden público que se pusieron en marcha en San Juan de Puerto Rico entre los años 1809 y 1820, bajo el gobierno del capitán general Salvador Meléndez. Este conjunto de medidas se enmarca dentro del amplio proyecto propio de las clases dirigentes de los principales núcleos urbanos de la América hispana por hacer de la ciudad un lugar ordenado, limpio, salubre, funcional y seguro, por influencia de los ideales de la Ilustración. En un periodo de grandes transformaciones para Puerto Rico y San Juan, que se extiende desde el inicio de la invasión napoleónica de la península ibérica hasta el comienzo del Trienio Liberal, se tratará de conocer, a través del análisis de una documentación diversa obtenida de archivos puertorriqueños y españoles, qué estrategias fueron impulsadas para evitar desórdenes públicos y controlar a la población., This article analyses the different public order policies that were implemented in San Juan de Puerto Rico, between 1808 and 1820, during Salvador Meléndez Bruna’s government. This set of policies are belonged to the wide project within the ruling class of the main city centres in Spanish America in order to make the city an organized, clean, healthy, functional and safe place, under the influence of Enlightment’s ideas. In a period of big transformations for Puerto Rico and San Juan, spread from the beginning of the Napoleonic invasion in the Iberian Peninsula to the Trienio Liberal’s start, it will be addressed, through the analysis of a various documentation obtained from Spanish and Puerto Rican archives, which strategies were taken to avoid public disorders and control the population.

En este trabajo nos ocupamos de la regulación del embargo y decomiso contemplada en la propuesta de Directiva sobre recuperación y decomiso de activos (arts. 11 a 16 PD). Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio partimos del Informe la Comisión de 2020 titulado “Recuperación y decomiso de activos: Garantizar que el delito no resulte provechoso” en el que se evaluó la Directiva 2014/42/UE, para luego centrarnos en el análisis detallado de los artículos en los que se regula el embargo (art. 11PD) y las distintas modalidades de decomiso (arts. 12 a 16 PD), prestándolo una especial atención al estudio de la regulación de la nueva modalidad de decomiso de patrimonio no explicado (art. 16 PD), no sólo en el texto de la propuesta de Directiva presentada por la Comisión en mayo de 2022 sino también en la orientación general aprobada por el Consejo en junio de 2023. Previamente abordamos los cambios que afectan al objeto (art. 1) y ámbito de aplicación (art. 2) de la propuesta de Directiva., In this work, we deal with the regulation of freezing and confiscation contemplated in the proposed Directive on asset recovery and confiscation (arts. 11 to 16 PD). To carry out this study, we start from the 2020 Commission Report entitled “Asset recovery and confiscation: Ensuring that crime is not profitable” in which Directive 2014/42/EU was evaluated, and then focus on the detailed analysis of the articles that regulate freezing (art. 11PD) and the different types of confiscation (arts. 12 to 16 PD), paying special attention to the study of the regulation of the new modality of confiscation of unexplained wealth (art.16 PD), not only in the text of the proposal for a Directive presented by the Commission in May 2022 but also in the general orientation approved by the Council in June 2023. We previously addressed the changes that affect the subject matter (art. 1) and scope (art. 2) of the proposed Directive.

1. Many insular plant species inhabiting different archipelagos worldwide present typical ornithophilous floral traits (e.g. copious nectar, red-orange colours), but most of them are visited by insectivorous/granivorous birds and lizards, which act as generalist pollinators. Oceanic islands promote these ecological interactions mainly due to the scarcity of arthropods. Our goal is to understand how these generalist interactions contribute to the shift of floral traits from entomophily (mainland) to ornithophily or saurophily (island), where specialist nectar-feeding birds have not inhabited. 2. We used the well-known pollination interactions occurring in the Canary Islands to evaluate two proposed ecological hypotheses, bee-avoidance or bird-attraction, explaining evolutionary transitions of floral traits. Specifically, we studied the flower colour conspicuousness of bird-pollinated Canarian species visited by birds and lizards with their closest relatives from the mainland mainly visited by bees. We analysed the chromatic contrast of flower colours using visual models of bees, birds and lizards and the achromatic contrast in visual models of bees. We also compared reflectance spectra marker points of flowers with available spectral discrimination sensitivities of bees and birds. 3. Using a phylogenetically corrected framework of independent plant lineages, our results revealed that bird-pollinated Canarian species showed lower chromatic contrast according to bees and lizard visual models than their mainland relatives, but similar chromatic contrast for bird vision. In addition, reflectance spectra marker points of the Canarian species were displaced to the longest wavelengths, far from the wavelengths of maximum discrimination of bees, but close to birds. 4. We conclude that the avoidance of bees would be a primary ecological strategy explaining the evolutionary transitions of flower colours from melittophily to ornithophily. The lower conspicuousness of bird-polli

Las asociaciones ilícitas constituyen una figura penal tradicional de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. A pesar de haber presentado una configuración legal peculiar, en tanto ubicadas entre los delitos cometidos con ocasión del ejercicio de derechos fundamentales –en este caso del de asociación –, lo que ha provocado una fuerte reticencia de los tribunales a su aplicación a la delincuencia organizada común, durante la vigencia del CP actual la figura fue efectivamente aplicada en ocasiones a bandas comunes de delincuentes. La introducción, con la LO 5/2010, de 22 de junio, de los nuevos delitos de organización y grupo criminal plantea el interrogante sobre cuál haya de ser ahora el ámbito de aplicación del clásico delito de asociación ilícita de fin delictivo. ¿Ha de reservarse para una específica manifestación de la delincuencia organizada, asociada en su caso con el ámbito político, o, por contra, ha de aceptarse la existencia de un completo solapamiento normativo con los arts. 570 bis y ss. CP?, Unlawful associations are a traditional criminal offense in our legal system. Despite having traditionally presented a peculiar legal configuration, as crimes committed in the exercise of fundamental rights - in this case the right of association -, which has led to a strong reluctance of the courts to its application to common organized crime, during the current CP they were actually applied on some occasions to common criminal gangs. The introduction of the new crimes of organization and criminal group, as a result of the LO 5/2010, of 22 June, raises the question of what should now be the scope of application of the classic crime of unlawful association for criminal purposes. Should it be reserved for a specific manifestation of organized crime, associated in its case with the political sphere, or, on the contrary, should we accept the simple concurrence of an absolute regulatory overlap with arts. 570 bis and following CP?

Alternative paradigms to the von Neumann computing scheme are currently arousing huge interest. Oscillatory neural networks (ONNs) using emerging phase-change materials like VO2 constitute an energy-efficient, massively parallel, brain-inspired, in-memory computing approach. The encoding of information in the phase pattern of frequency-locked, weakly coupled oscillators makes it possible to exploit their rich non-linear dynamics and their synchronization phenomena for computing. A single fully connected ONN layer can implement an auto-associative memory comparable to that of a Hopfield network, hence Hebbian learning rule is the most widely adopted method for configuring ONNs for such applications, despite its well-known limitations. An extensive amount of literature is available about learning in Hopfield networks, with information regarding many different learning algorithms that perform better than the Hebbian rule. However, not all of these algorithms are useful for ONN training due to the constraints imposed by their physical implementation. This paper evaluates different learning methods with respect to their suitability for ONNs. It proposes a new approach, which is compared against previous works. The proposed method has been shown to produce competitive results in terms of pattern recognition accuracy with reduced precision in synaptic weights, and to be suitable for online learning.

El auge de la inteligencia artificial generativa ha condicionado el devenir de los modus operandi de los ciberdelitos de género; destacando la utilización de los deepfakes. En la actualidad, preocupa la rápida adecuación y adaptación por parte de los ciberdelincuentes, en contraposición al lento desarrollo de una regulación de los diferentes sistemas de IA. El empleo de las tecnologías más novedosas para la comisión de ciberdelitos de género aumenta los obstáculos que ya encontraban las autoridades policiales y judiciales en la práctica de investigaciones en Internet. Estas cuestiones han determinado que en el presente estudio se apueste por analizar la necesidad de implementar los sistemas de IA generativa como herramientas de investigación tecnológicas, proponiendo diferentes líneas de actuación a corto, medio y largo plazo para conseguir materializar investigaciones salvaguardando todas las garantías y, por consiguiente, finalizar este tipo de procesos penales con éxito., The rise of generative artificial intelligence has conditioned the evolution of the modus operandi of gender cybercrime, espe-cially the use of deepfakes. Currently, there is concern about the rapid adaptation by cybercriminals, as opposed to the slow development of regulation of AI systems. The use of the latest technologies for the commission of gender-based cybercrime in-creases the obstacles already encountered by law enforcement and judicial authorities in the practice of Internet research. The present study focuses on analyzing the need to implement gen-erative AI systems as technological research tools, proposing dif-ferent lines of action in the short, medium and long term in order to carry out investigations that safeguard all the guarantees and, consequently, this type of criminal proceedings.

El estudio acerca del impacto de los sistemas de inteligencia artificial en el ámbito de la Administración de Justicia no es, en absoluto, una cuestión novedosa. Como tampoco lo es hablar hoy en día de la digitalización de la cooperación judicial penal internacional. Es por ello por lo que, partiendo de la consolidación del uso de las nuevas tecnologías para el intercambio de información entre las autoridades judiciales y policiales en relación con in-vestigaciones penales transfronterizas, nos adentramos en la incidencia de las nuevas soluciones de inteligencia artificial en este ámbito de la cooper-ación entre Estados., The study of the impact of artificial intelligence systems in the field of the administration of justice is by no means a new issue. Nor is talking about the digitisation of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters. This is why, based on the consolidation of the use of new technologies for the exchange of information between judicial and police authorities in relation to cross-border criminal investigations, we will examine the impact of new artificial intelligence solutions in this area of cooperation between States.

A través de un estudio de caso, protagonizado por Juana Escobar, analizamos el tránsito de esclava a señora de una cautiva que pasó, en pocos años, de ser una esclavizada a una mujer libre, con negocios y propietaria de otros seres humanos. En el tránsito a la segunda esclavitud aún fue posible para algunas mujeres esclavizadas alcanzar la libertad, detentar cierta prosperidad económica y establecer un entorno de seguridad para ella y para sus descendientes., This article focuses on Juana Escobar, an enslaved women in Ponce, Porto Rico, in the beginning of the nineteenth Century. This case study shows how she could earn her freedom, becoming a businesswoman and slave owner. During the transition to «second slavery», some enslaved women became free and wealthy, creating a safe environment for them and their children.

La globalización, la economía de libre mercado, la supresión de fronteras internas entre Estados europeos con el Tratado Schengen, y el desarrollo tecnológico han contribuido a un desarrollo exponencial de las clásicas agrupaciones de delincuentes, que, aprovechando tales circunstancias, han expandido su ámbito territorial de actuación y han desarrollado sus estructuras criminales, haciéndolas más sofisticadas, siempre con la finalidad última de lucrarse. Esta nueva realidad ha llevado a las instituciones internacionales a imponer a los Estados la obligación de tipificar la participación activa en organizaciones delictivas. A raíz de ello, nuestro legislador introduce en 2010 en el Código penal español los delitos de organización y grupo criminal. El presente trabajo pretende desentrañar el complejo panorama legislativo previsto en esta materia ante la coexistencia de tres tipos penales en principio aptos para castigar la participación en agrupaciones delictivas: el clásico delito de asociación ilícita y los nuevos delitos de organización y grupo criminal., Globalization, the free market economy, the abolition of internal borders between European States with the Schengen Treaty, and technological development have contributed to an exponential development of the classic criminal groups, which, taking advantage of such circumstances, have expanded their territorial scope of action and have developed their criminal structures, making them more sophisticated, always with the ultimate aim of making a profit. This new reality has led international institutions to impose on States the obligation to criminalize active participation in criminal organizations. As a result, in 2010 our legislator introduced in the Spanish Criminal Code the crimes of organization and criminal group. This paper aims to unravel the complex legislative landscape in this area, given the coexistence of three types of criminal offenses that are in principle suitable for punishing participation in criminal groups: the classic crime of illicit association and the new crimes of organization and criminal group., Die Globalisierung, die freie Marktwirtschaft, die Abschaffung der Binnengrenzen zwischen den europäischen Staaten mit dem Schengener Abkommen und die technologische Entwicklung haben zur exponentiellen Entwicklung klassischer krimineller Gruppen beigetragen, die unter Ausnutzung dieser Umstände ihren territorialen Aktionsradius ausgeweitet und ihre kriminellen Strukturen weiterentwickelt und verfeinert haben, immer mit dem Ziel, Profit zu machen. Diese neue Realität hat die internationalen Institutionen dazu veranlaßt, den Staaten die Verpflichtung aufzuerlegen, die aktive Beteiligung an kriminellen Organisationen unter Strafe zu stellen. Daher hat unser Gesetzgeber im Jahr 2010 die Straftatbestände der kriminellen Vereinigung und der kriminellen Vereinigung in das spanische Strafgesetzbuch aufgenommen. Das vorliegende Papier soll die komplexe Gesetzeslandschaft in diesem Bereich entwirren, da drei Arten von Straftatbeständen nebeneinander bestehen, die grundsätzlich geeignet sind, die Beteiligung an kriminellen Vereinigungen zu bestrafen: der klassische Straftatbestand der unrechtmäßigen Vereinigung und die neuen Straftatbestände der Organisation und der kriminellen Vereinigung.