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A pot experiment with red soil, yellow brown soil, and yellow cinnamon soil was conducted to detect the Bt protein content in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils at different growth stages of transgenic Bt cotton and common cotton by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With the planting of transgenic Bt cotton, the Bt protein content in rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in non-rhizosphere soil; while in common cotton soils, there was no significant difference in the Bt protein content between rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil. At bud stage of transgenic Bt cotton, the Bt protein content in rhizosphere soil was in the order of yellow cinnamon soil > yellow brown soil > red soil, being 144%, 121%, and 238% of that in common cotton rhizosphere soil; at florescence stage of transgenic Bt cotton, the Bt protein content in rhizosphere soil was in the order of yellow brown soil > yellow cinnamon soil > red soil, being 156%, 116%, and 197% of that in common cotton rhizosphere soil, respectively. Regardless of planting Bt cotton or common cotton, the Bt protein content in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils had an initial increase with the growth of cotton, peaked at florescence stage, and then decreased. Throughout the whole cotton growth period, the Bt protein content in transgenic Bt cotton rhizosphere soil was higher than that in Bt cotton non-rhizosphere soil, and also, higher than that in common cotton rhizosphere soil, indicating that transgenic Bt cotton could release its Bt protein to rhizosphere soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are essential in initiating and driving allergic immune responses. However, there were inconsistent findings of the ILC2 levels in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. This study investigated the ILC2 levels in the peripheral blood of house dust mite (HDM)-sensitized AR patients and their ability to secrete type 2 cytokines. The levels of ILC2s with phenotypic ILC2 characteristics were increased in the HDM-AR patients. The AR patients' symptom score and IL-13 levels were positively associated with the ILC2s in HDM-AR patients. The epithelial cytokine stimulation induced dramatic production of IL-5 and IL-13 in PBMCs of AR patients. We successfully sorted ILC2s from AR patients and identified their ability of type 2 cytokines production. The number of ILC2s increased in the HDM-AR patients and ILC2s produced the amount of T H 2 cytokines in the presence of epithelial cytokines, which suggested the important role of ILC2 in AR patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by progressive motoneuron degeneration, and effective clinical treatments are lacking. In this study, we evaluated whether intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) is a strategy for ALS therapy using SOD1 G93A mice. In vivo tracing showed that intranasally-delivered sEVs entered the central nervous system and were extensively taken up by spinal neurons and some microglia. SOD1 G93A mice that intranasally received sEV administration showed significant improvements in motor performances and survival time. After sEV administration, pathological changes, including spinal motoneuron death and synaptic denervation, axon demyelination, neuromuscular junction degeneration and electrophysiological defects, and mitochondrial vacuolization were remarkably alleviated. sEV administration attenuated the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines and glial responses. Proteomics and transcriptomics analysis revealed upregulation of the complement and coagulation cascade and NF-ĸB signaling pathway in SOD1 G93A mouse spinal cords, which was significantly inhibited by sEV administration. The changes were further confirmed by detecting C1q and NF-ĸB expression using Western blots. In conclusion, intranasal administration of sEVs effectively delays the progression of ALS by inhibiting neuroinflammation and overactivation of the complement and coagulation cascades and NF-ĸB signaling pathway and is a potential option for ALS therapy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Low-density neutrophils are heterogeneous immune cells with immunosuppressive (such as polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells [PMN-MDSC]) or pro-inflammatory (such as low-density granulocytes [LDG]) properties that have been well described in multiple cancers and immune diseases. However, its role in allergic rhinitis (AR) is still unclear., Methods: In the present study, we defined low-density neutrophils as CD14 - CD11B + CD15 + LOX-1 + (LOX-1 + neutrophils), and their levels in the peripheral blood (PB) were evaluated and compared between patients with AR and healthy donors using flow cytometric analysis. LOX-1 expression on polymorphonuclear neutrophils was identified. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-stained CD3 + T cells were cultured alone or with LOX-1 + neutrophils, T cell proliferation was assessed using flow cytometry, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the supernatants were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinicopathological analyses were performed to gain a thorough understanding of LOX-1 + neutrophils., Results: We determined that LOX-1 + neutrophils were significantly increased in the PB of patients with AR, and LOX-1 expression in neutrophils from patients with AR was elevated. Interestingly, LOX-1 + neutrophils derived from patients with AR, unlike PMN-MDSC, promoted T cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Moreover, clinicopathological analysis revealed that there was no any relation between circulating LOX-1 + neutrophil levels and the levels of IgE, age and sex., Conclusion: These findings indicate that elevated circulating LOX-1 + neutrophils play a pro-inflammatory role in AR., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Previous studies showed that serum amyloid A (SAA) and macrophages were associated with allergic airway inflammation. However, the interaction between SAA1 and macrophages in allergic airway inflammation remains to be further elucidated. In this study, the levels of SAA1 were measured in nasal tissues from patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), house dust mite (HDM)-treated BEAS-2B cells and the tissues of mice of HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. Human monocytes-derived macrophages and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were exposed to SAA1, and CCL17 and the other M1/M2-related factors were evaluated using RT-PCR and/or ELISA. To test the effects of SAA1-treated BMDMs on chemotaxis and differentiation of CD4 + T cells, number of migrated cells and the levels of Th1 and Th2 were measured using flow cytometry. SAA1 receptors were examined in BMDMs and lung macrophages of model mice. CD36 neutralizing antibody was applied to explore the mechanisms of SAA1 in regulating BMDMs using RT-PCR and/or ELISA. We found that SAA1 was expressed in epithelial cells, and was increased in the nasal tissues of patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP and HDM-treated BEAS-2B- cells as well as the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissues of mice exposed to HDM. We also found that the level of CCL17 was increased in M2 macrophages, more CD4 + T cells were recruited and proportion of Th2 was increased after the treatment of SAA1. The treatment of CD36 neutralizing antibody decreased CCL17 level in SAA1-treated M2 BMDMs. In summary, our results showed that SAA1 was increased in allergic airway inflammation, and the administration of SAA1 upregulated the expression of CCL17 in M2 macrophages via CD36 and promoted the chemotaxis of CD4 + T cells and differentiation of Th2. It may provide a new therapeutic strategy that could mediate allergic airway inflammation via suppressing SAA1 to reduce recruitment of CD4 + T cells and activation of Th2., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.)

As a good passivation agent for heavy metals, modified biochar has been widely used in environmental remediation. In order to explore the effects of different modification methods on arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) passivation in soil by biochar, this study used co-precipitation and impregnation pyrolysis to prepare iron-modified biochar. Through adsorption experiments and soil culture experiments, the properties of biochar, adsorption capacity, and the As and Cd passivation ability in soil were analyzed. The results showed that both modification methods could increase the iron (Fe) content and zero charge point of biochar, and the Fe minerals supported by Fe-modified biochar (FeBC-1) prepared by co-precipitation were mainly Fe 3 O 4 , FeO(OH), and γ -Fe 2 O 3 . The Fe-modified biochar (FeBC-2) prepared by impregnation pyrolysis mainly consisted of α -Fe 2 O 3 and γ -Fe 2 O 3 . FeBC-1 showed strong adsorption and removal ability for As and Cd, with a removal rate of 21.40%-34.14%, which could significantly promote the conversion of non-obligate adsorbed As to residual As in soil, whereas FeBC-2 only had a good adsorption effect on As. The adsorption capacity of BC, FeBC-1, and FeBC-2 for Cd were proportional to their CEC. The adsorption and removal effect of BC on Cd was better than that of FeBC-1 and FeBC-2, which could significantly promote the conversion of soil acid-soluble Cd to stable residue Cd.

Taking soil contaminated with a combination of Cd and Ni as the research objective, biochar, and oxalic acid activated phosphate rock (APR) were applied both together and separately for the remediation of this contaminated soil. The effects of different ratios of amendments on the remediation of Cd and Ni heavy metals in the soil and on inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in the soil were compared. The results show that an increasing amount of biochar and APR, increases the soil pH gradually and acid-extractable Cd and Ni are gradually transformed into reducible, oxidable and residual Cd and Ni, resulting in a reduction in Cd and Ni bioavailability. After 40 days incubation, the acid extractable Ni decreased by 37.04% with a 14.8% increase in residual Ni, and acid extractable Cd decreased 40.28% with a 35.20% increase in residual Cd with the amendment of C50P3 (Applying 50 g·kg -1 biochar and 3 g·kg -1 APR) when compared to C0P0 treatment (Applying nothing). Furthermore, the MBN content for C50P0 (Applying 50 g·kg -1 biochar only) and C0P3 (Applying 3 g·kg -1 APR only) increased by 1.5 and 1 times, respectively, while the content of ammonium nitrogen decreased by 12.5% and 6.4%, respectively and the content of nitrate nitrogen decreased by 11.6% and 10.2%, respectively. This comparison shows that the combined effect of the application of biochar and APR is superior to each respective separate treatment. A mixture of 50 g·kg -1 of biochar and 3g·kg -1 of APR (C50P3) demonstrates the best effect on the remediation of the Cd and Ni in soil. Furthermore, the application of amendments promoted the transformation of inorganic nitrogen into organic nitrogen.

A compound contaminated soil sampled from Lingxiang City,Hunan Province,was used to investigate the effects of biochar (BC) and montmorillonite (MM) addition on heavy metals fractions.The addition amounts of BC and MM were 1%,2%,5%,respectively,and the mixture treatment was 1% BC+1% MM.BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction method was used to assess the fractions of heavy metals in soil after incubation.The results indicated that adding BC alone significantly reduced the available contents of Pb,Cu and Cd.Among montmorillonite treatments,MM5% treatment decreased the weak acid extractable content of Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd by 27.6%,19.2%,25.6%,19.2%,respectively.BC+MM treatment worked well,decreased the weak acid extractable content of Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd by 15.8%,15.9%,13.1%,12.0%,and increased the residual content by 39.0%,110.1%,9.6%,62.5%,significantly reducing the mobility of the four elements.For the stabilization effect,MM treatment worked better than BC treatment,and a combination of two amendments worked the best.

The soils treated with phosphate rock (PR) and oxalic acid activated phosphate rock (APR) mixed with decomposed rice straw were incubated in different moisture conditions for 60 days to study the effect on the basic property of the soil and on the speciation variation of Pb. The results showed that all these three types of immobilizing materials increased the pH, the Olsen-P, the exchangeable Ca and the soil cation exchange capacity, and APR showed more obvious effect; the pH and the exchangeable Ca of soil in the flooding treatment were higher than those in normal water treatment (70%), but the Olsen-P of soil in normal water treatment was a little bit more. These materials reduced exchangeable Ph fraction, and converted it into unavailable fraction. But the APR was better than raw PR in immobilizing lead, and the exchangeable Pb fraction was reduced by 40.3% and 24.2%, compared with the control, respectively, and the immobilization effect was positively correlated with the dosage. Decomposed rice straw could transform the exchangeable Ph fraction in soil into organic-bound fraction, while the flooding treatment changed it into the Fe-Mn oxide-bound and residue fractions.

CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediate immune tolerance in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). However, Tregs are functionally heterogeneous. Recently, we reported that three distinct Treg subsets (resting Tregs, activated Tregs and cytokine-secreting CD45RA-Foxp3lowCD4+ T cells) vary in the peripheral circulation of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, the potential implication of these Treg subsets in LSCC immunity is unclear. Here, we report that activated Tregs and cytokine‑secreting CD45RA-Foxp3lowCD4+ T cells were increased in LSCC patients compared with healthy donors (HD) (p<0.001, p<0.001), whereas resting Tregs were decreased (p<0.001). Activated Tregs inhibited the proliferation of CD4+CD25- T cells (p<0.001) and secreted lower levels of interleukin-2 (p<0.001), interferon-γ (p<0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (p<0.001) compared with the cytokine-secreting CD45RA-Foxp3lowCD4+ T cells. Importantly, activated Treg prevalence was correlated with tumor stage (p=0.001) and nodal status (p=0.007). The prevalence of naïve CD4+ (p<0.001), naïve CD8+ (p=0.002), and Th1 T-cell subsets (p<0.001, p<0.001) was decreased in the LSCC patients. In conclusion, our findings showed that activated Tregs with suppressive activity are a distinct subset of Tregs in LSCC, and correlate with disease progression. Several immune system abnormalities in LSCC patients are represented by expansion of functionally activated Tregs, both in the circulation and tumor microenvironment along with decreased frequencies of naïve T-cell populations and Th1-cell populations.

In order to ascertain the effect of LMWOA (citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid) on Cu-contaminated soils and to investigate the change of Cu species, a red soil derived from quartz sandstone deposit was added by Cu (copper) in the form of CuSO4 x 5H2O so as to simulate soil Cu pollution, keeping the additional Cu concentrations were 0, 100, 200, 400 mg x kg(-1) respectively. After 9 months, different LMWOA was also added into the simulated soil, keeping the additional LMWOAs in soil were 0, 5, 10, 20 mmol x kg(-1) respectively. After 2 weeks incubation, the modified sequential extraction method on BCR (European Communities Bureau of Reference) was used to evaluate the effects of these LMWOAs on the changes of copper forms in soil. The result showed that the percentage of weak acid dissolved Cu, the most effective form in the soil increased with three organic acids increase in quantity in the simulated polluted soil. And there was a good activation effect on Cu in the soil when organic acid added. Activation effects on Cu increased with concentration of citric acid increasing, but it showed a rise trend before they are basically remained unchanged in the case of tartaric acid and oxalic acid added in the soil. On the contrary, the state of the reduction of copper which was regarded as a complement for effective state decreased with the increased concentration of organic acid in the soil, especially with citric acid. When 20 mmol x kg(-1) oxalic acid and citric acid were added into the soil, the activation effect was the best; whereas for tartaric, the concentration was 10 mmol x kg(-1). In general, the effect on the changes of Cu forms in the soil is citric acid > tartaric acid > oxalic acid.

Objective: To investigate the method of development of allergic airway disease model in mice., Methods: Ten BALB/c mice were devided into the model group and the control group. Each group contained 5 mice. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used as allergen. OVA was emulsified with aluminum hydroxide and injected intraperitoneally for sensitization. Afterwards the mice from model group were challenged with aerosolized 5% OVA and subsequently instilled with OVA intranasally. For the blank control group the mice were sensitized and challenged with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). After final challenge, the nasal symptoms were scored, and mice were sacrificed for evaluation of eosinophilia of nasal septum, peribronchial inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia. Mice serum was collected for measurement of OVA-specific IgE concentration, and levels of IL-4 and IL-5 from bronchoalveolar fluids were also tested., Results: Compared with blank control mice, mice from model group displayed typical sneezing and nasal scratching symptoms. The histopathological changes, such as eosinophilia of nasal septum mucosa, infiltration of peribronchial inflammatory cells and hyperplasia of goblet cells were successfully induced by OVA sensitization and challenge. Moreover, mice in model group showed higher level of OVA-specific IgE in serum and IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines in bronchoalveolar fluids[mice from model group: IgE (1237.00 ± 153.20) pg/ml, IL-4 (46.50 ± 10.15) pg/ml, IL-5 (50.81 ± 11.41) pg/ml; mice from control group: IgE (191.90 ± 43.20) pg/ml, IL-4 (7.96 ± 1.80) pg/ml, IL-5 (7.53 ± 2.23) pg/ml;t value were 6.569, 3.738 and 3.724, respectively, all P < 0.05]., Conclusion: The method using OVA as allergen could effectively develop a mouse model of allergic airway disease which could be used for pathogenesis study and drug effect evaluation.

Objective: To investigate the expression of microglia after optic nerve transection in rats., Method: Thirty healthy adult female SD rats were randomly grouped to experimental and control groups according to the random number table. The experimental group received an optic nerve transection (ONT) on their right eyes. ONT was performed 1.5 mm from the eye ball. The control group received a surgery on day 5. Rats were killed 7 days after the first operation. Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) were retrograde labeled by placing fluorogold dye on the stump of the optic nerve. Microglia was immunohistochemically stained in the retinas of normal and 7-day injury groups using ionized calcium adaptive molecular 1 (Iba-1) as the marker. The protein levels of Iba-1 in the retinas were also examined using Western blotting. The number of RGCs was quantified using flatmount of retinas in the two groups., Results: There were some resting microglia (Iba-1 positive cells) in the nerve fiber layer and inner plexiform layer in the normal control retina. However, microglia showed a moderately activated morphology with increased Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the stroma and processes up to outer plexiform layer. Western blotting showed that the levels of Iba-1 was lower in the normal retina and increased to 2.3-fold 7 days after injury (t = 7.669, P = 0.001). The number of RGCs after injury was (1182 ± 64) per mm(2), decreased to 51% in the normal groups (t = 23.85, P < 0.0001)., Conclusions: The results implicated that microglia was increased and partially activated after the optic nerve transection. This may be a manifestation of the self-protection mechanism of RGCs against the injury insult.

A pot experiment with red soil, yellow brown soil, and yellow cinnamon soil was conducted to detect the Bt protein content in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils at different growth stages of transgenic Bt cotton and common cotton by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With the planting of transgenic Bt cotton, the Bt protein content in rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in non-rhizosphere soil; while in common cotton soils, there was no significant difference in the Bt protein content between rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil. At bud stage of transgenic Bt cotton, the Bt protein content in rhizosphere soil was in the order of yellow cinnamon soil > yellow brown soil > red soil, being 144% 121%, and 238% of that in common cotton rhizosphere soil; at florescence stage of transgenic Bt cotton, the Bt protein content in rhizosphere soil was in the order of yellow brown soil > yellow cinnamon soil > red soil, being 156% , 116% , and 197% of that in common cotton rhizosphere soil, respectively. Regardless of planting Bt cotton or common cotton, the Bt protein content in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils had an initial increase with the growth of cotton, peaked at florescence stage, and then decreased. Throughout the whole cotton growth period, the Bt protein content in transgenic Bt cotton rhizosphere soil was higher than that in Bt cotton non-rhizosphere soil, and also, higher than that in common cotton rhizosphere soil, indicating that transgenic Bt cotton could release its Bt protein to rhizosphere soil.

This study aims to employ in vivo dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to evaluate the ocular transport following an induction of ocular hypertension in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Upon systemic administration of Gd-DTPA solution, T1-weighted signal increase was observed in the vitreous body of the glaucomatous eye but not the control eye. This increase occurred earlier in the anterior vitreous body than the preretinal vitreous. Further, there was an earlier Gd-DTPA transport into the anterior chamber in the majority of glaucomatous eyes. Our DCE-MRI findings revealed the leakage of Gd-DTPA at the aqueous-vitreous interface, which was likely resulted from increased permeability of blood-aqueous or aqueous-vitreous barrier. These may explain the sources of changing biochemical compositions in the chamber components, which may implicate the neurodegenerative processes in the glaucomatous visual components.

Axonal degeneration has been known to occur in the optic nerve (ON) of rat glaucoma model. Recently, quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been developed to investigate various white matter diseases in vivo. In this study, longitudinal DTI was thus employed to study such animal model in the present study. The results showed that radial diffusivity (lambda) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of the glaucomatous ON (gON) was increasing and decreasing respectively with time after glaucoma induction, whereas there was no significant change in the axial diffusivity (lambda//). Supported by the histological staining of the ON, such changes in the two DTI-derived parameters were attributed to the 10% decrease in the axonal density of the gON as compared to nON. It was shown for the first time that DTI can be sensitive enough to detect axonal degeneration in rat glaucoma model. DTI therefore holds promise for reliable diagnoses and assessment of the glaucoma disease in human upon careful interpretation of the DTI-derived directional diffusivities.

This study aims to employ in vivo manganese-enchanced MRI (MEMRI) to evaluate dynamically the Mn(2+) enhancements along the visual pathway following an induction of ocular hypertension in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Results showed an accumulation of Mn(2+) ions in the vitreous humor of the glaucomatous eye, with no statistical changes in the total retinal thickness but a possible occlusion of the ions at the optic nerve head. Meanwhile, there was a reduction in Mn(2+) transport in the glaucomatous optic nerve in the later stage of our model. Fewer enhancements in the visual cortex projected from the glaucomatous eye were also detectable. These may help understand the disease mechanisms, monitor the effect of drug interventions to glaucoma models, and complement the conventional techniques in examining the visual components.

The brain modulates the immune system in an asymmetrical way, as shown by the association between paw preference and immune response in the mice. The purpose of the present work was to study the relationship between plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and brain lateralization. In the study, paw preference test was used to select right-pawed, left-pawed and ambidextrous mice. Mice were classified as the right-pawed if the right paw entry (RPE) score was equal to or greater than 30 (30-50), as the left-pawed if the score was equal to or less than 20 (0-20), and as the ambidextrous if the score was between 21 and 29. One week after the paw preference testing, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with either sterilized 0.9% saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 microg/0.5 ml NS) and were killed 2 h later. Plasma was collected from each mouse. The level of plasma TNF-alpha was measured with ELISA kits provided by ENDOGEN. NO and NOS levels of plasma were detected with kits from Juli Biotechnology Company. The results showed that (1) in the normal mice, ambidextrous mice had higher NO levels compared with left-pawed mice (P<0.05). After the injection of LPS, plasma level of TNF-alpha was lower in left-pawed mice compared with those of the right-pawed and ambidextrous mice; plasma level of NO was higher in ambidextrous mice compared with those of the right- (P<0.01) and left-pawed (P<0.05) ones, and there was no significant difference in the plasma levels of NOS among ambidextrous, right- and left-pawed mice. (2) Immune parameters were correlated with the RPE scores. The shape of the curve describing this relation was similar to a parabola. In general, the levels of TNF-alpha, NO, NOS rose along with the increase of RPE if the scores were in the score range of left-pawed mice.After that, they reached a peak if the scores were in the score range of ambidextrous mice. Then they declined along with the increase of RPE if the scores were in the score range of right-pawed mice. In conclusion, plasma levels of TNF-alpha, NO and NOS were associated with brain lateralization, suggesting that the activities of Mo/Mphi were influenced by brain lateralization, and that the immune parameters were correlated with the RPE scores.