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Deliberate ignorance is the willful choice not to know the answer to a question of personal relevance. The question of whether a man is the biological father of his child is a sensitive issue in many cultures and can lead to litigation, divorce, and disinheritance. Thanks to DNA tests, men are easily able to resolve the uncertainty. Psychological theories that picture humans as informavores who are averse to ambiguity suggest men would do a DNA test, as does evolutionary theory, which considers investing in raising a rival's offspring a mistake. We conducted two representative studies using computer-based face-to-face interviews in Germany (n = 969) and Spain (n = 1,002) to investigate whether men actually want to know and how women would react to this desire. As a base line, Germans (Spanish) estimated that 10% (20%) of fathers mistakenly believe that they are the biological father of their child. Nevertheless, in both countries, only 4% of fathers reported that they had performed a DNA paternity test, while 96% said they had not. In contrast, among men without children, 38% (33%) of Germans (Spanish) stated they would do a DNA test if they had children, mostly without telling their partners. Spanish women with children would more often disapprove of a paternity test or threaten their husbands with divorce (25%) than would German women (13%). We find that a simple test of risk aversion, measured also by the purchase of non-mandatory insurances, is correlated with not wanting to know. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few policymakers and experts in Germany and elsewhere had expected the Russian attack against Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Retrospectively, mainstays of German political thought and policy—multilateral negotiations, minimal use of military means, and socio-economic entanglement with Russia—seemed flawed. In stark contrast, Russia's declared goal of violently preventing an eventual accession of Ukraine to nato seemed well in line with realist thinking. While some German scholars consequently argued that realism had unjustly been maligned and neglected in Germany, others claimed that realist thought yielded false and politically dangerous analyses of the conflict. The article argues that this controversy over realism can largely be resolved by distinguishing realism-as-theory from realism-as-heuristics. It shows how realism-as-theory can contribute to an improved understanding of the conflict, whereas the use of realism-as-heuristics in German discourse has confounded it. This article thereby provides pointers for increasing the quality of theory-based research and of scholarly interventions into public policy debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The national guidelines and the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) in Germany support preventive vaccinations for patients under immunomodulatory treatments. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of data from patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases from December 2021 to December 2022 with a focus on preventive vaccinations against influenza virus, varicella zoster virus, or SARS-CoV-2. Results: Patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases were referred to our university outpatient's clinic for recommendations of systemic therapy. Vaccinations against influenza virus, varicella zoster virus, or SARS-CoV-2 were documented in 7365 analyzed patient files. A total of 79.7% were completely vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, 49.7% patients were vaccinated against the influenza virus, and only 9.2% were completely vaccinated against varicella zoster virus. Discussion: In our patients who came for counselling before or during systemic treatment, vaccination rates against SARS-CoV-2, varicella zoster virus, or influenza virus were low. Patients age 60 and above had higher rates than the average German population of the same age, but still no satisfying protection. Conclusions: We suggest informing patients about preventive vaccination before and during systemic immunomodulatory treatments and emphasize the need for active communication in this vulnerable patient group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the internment of German civilians in British West Africa during World War II, focusing on the case of Mr. Ernst Friedrichsdorf. It discusses the factors and power dynamics that led to the internment of German subjects in West Africa and highlights the historiographical imbalance in the colonial perspective of internment. The study relies on primary colonial records and provides new insights into the experiences of German civilians in West Africa during the war. The text also discusses the internment of German subjects in West Africa during the First and Second World Wars, highlighting the presence of German-speaking people in the region before official colonization. It examines the treatment of German subjects as enemy immigrants during the Second World War and the categorization of enemy immigrants in Great Britain. The article also discusses the role of consular representation and protecting powers in protecting the interests of enemy subjects during the war. The internment camps in West Africa provided some privileges and opportunities for the internees, but the unconventional treatment of Germans during the war had long-lasting effects on German presence in the postcolonial period. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: After the lifting of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical observation showed an increase in complications of acute otitis, followed by a rise in the number of mastoidectomies performed. The aim of this study was to record the number of mastoidectomies performed before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic as an indicator for complications of acute otitis media. Methods: Data were collected from a tertiary hospital in a university setting, as well as from four major public health insurance companies in Germany. The data of 24,824,763 German citizens during a period from 2014 until 2023 were analyzed. Results: According to the data, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of mastoidectomies performed dropped by 54% for children aged 0–6 and by 62% for children aged 7–18. For adults, there were 30% fewer mastoidectomies performed between 2020 and 2022. After the lifting of most NPI's in the season from July 2022 to June 2023, there was a sharp increase in the number of mastoidectomies performed on patients of all ages. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease in the number of mastoidectomies performed was seen, suggesting a lower incidence of complicated acute otitis, most likely linked to the general decrease of upper airway infections due to NPI's. In contrast, a sharp increase in the incidence of complicated otitis occurred after the hygiene measures were lifted. The current development causes a more frequent performance of mastoidectomies, thus entailing a change in the challenges for everyday clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the life and representation of Joachim Nettelbeck, a Prussian sailor and slave trader, who was celebrated as a national hero in Germany for his defense of Kolberg against Napoleon in 1807. However, his involvement in the slave trade was largely ignored or downplayed in public representations of him. In recent years, there have been efforts to challenge Nettelbeck's commemorative presence and confront Germany's colonial past. The article analyzes the different narratives surrounding Nettelbeck and the strategies used to shield him from criticism. It also calls for further research on German involvement in the slave trade and its connections to nationalism and colonialism. [Extracted from the article]

The affective lives of adolescents are unique in that momentary affect in this age group is more negative and variable. This study examined how neuroticism and romantic relationships (i.e., relationship involvement and relationship quality) relate to adolescents' daily affective experiences. In a weeklong experience sampling period, 408 German adolescents (M Age = 16.83) reported up to five times per day on their positive and negative affect. We estimated mixed-effects location scale models to analyze interindividual differences in adolescents' affect level and variability. Adolescents with higher neuroticism experienced lower levels of positive affect, higher levels of negative affect, and higher variability of positive and negative affect. Whereas adolescents with a romantic partner did not differ from their single peers with regard to affect level, they experienced higher affect variability, although evidence for these effects was weak. Finally, among adolescents who were currently involved in a romantic relationship, those with higher relationship quality experienced more variability in their positive affect if they scored higher in neuroticism. Across models, effect sizes systematically differed between affect level and variability, positive and negative affect, as well as neuroticism facets. We discuss these findings in light of adolescents' affective dynamics, affective development, and personality-social relationship interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex verbs with the same preverb/prefix/particle that is both linguistically productive and analyzable can be compositional as well as non-compositional in meaning. For example, the English on has compositional spatial uses (put a hat on) but also a non-spatial "continuative" use, where its semantic contribution is consistent with multiple verbs (we played / worked / talked on despite the interruption). Comparable examples can be given with German preverbs or Russian prefixes, which are the main data analyzed in the present paper. The preverbs/prefixes/particles that encode non-compositional, construction-specific senses have been extensively studied; however, it is still far from clear how their semantic idiosyncrasies arise. Even when one can identify the contribution of the base, it is counterintuitive to assign the remaining sememes to the preverb/prefix/particle part. Therefore, on one hand, there seems to be an element without meaning, and on the other, there is a word sense that apparently comes from nowhere. In this article, I suggest analyzing compositional and non-compositional complex verbs as instantiations of two different types of constructions: one with an open slot for the preverb/prefix/particle and a fixed base verb and another with a fixed preverb/prefix/particle and an open slot for the base verb. Both experimental and corpus evidence supporting this decision is provided for Russian data. I argue that each construction implies its own meaning-processing model and that the actual choice between the two can be predicted by taking into account the discrepancy in probabilities of transition from preverb/prefix/particle to base and from base to preverb/prefix/particle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound symbolism is a non-arbitrary mapping between phonetic properties and meanings. The existence and nature of sound symbolism have long been the subject of empirical research. It is rarely recognized, however, that participants' intrinsic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, language knowledge), in addition to the commonly studied phonetic features, may also influence size ratings. Our study aims to empirically investigate the impact of participant-specific characteristics on size ratings: It also aims to examine whether these characteristics have a direct impact when considering the impact of phonetic features or they rather modify the effects of phonetic features. The current research reports a novel analysis of a previously published dataset with new research questions and previously unused (participant-specific) data. We show that (a) the participants' characteristics did not affect overall size ratings; however, (b) in some cases, they modify (intensify or weaken but do not reverse) the effect of phonetic features on size ratings. Our results emphasize a more comprehensive treatment of sound symbolism, one that considers not only phonetic but also non-phonetic factors in sound symbolism research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paranoia is a common delusion type found in clinical and non-clinical populations. A hierarchical, dimensional model of paranoia in the general population has been proposed, with four categories representing increasing levels of paranoia: interpersonal sensitivity (IP), mistrust (M), ideas of reference (IR), persecutory ideas (PI). What is currently lacking and could provide insights into etiology is a comprehensive clinical characterization of the lower end of the paranoia spectrum, psychological domains that are associated with symptom severity, and how paranoia and its structure fluctuate over time. This study conducted both cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys with 802 participants from the German population assessing paranoia and general psychopathology. Data was collected through Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). Several statistical approaches were used including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), latent class analysis (LCA) and mixed modelling analyses (ME). Paranoid experiences appear to be a common phenomenon that occur in people with and without mental illness. Subjects clustered into four paranoia severity subgroups (IP, M, IR, PI) and showed significant associations in various psychological domains like increased psychiatric symptoms and maladaptive coping. Paranoia fluctuates over time in all four severity subgroups, but the hierarchical subgrouping was stable. Both persecutory ideations and interpersonal sensitivity were significant predictors of paranoia. Findings provide important insights into the architecture of paranoia in the German population by characterizing their hierarchical, dimensional, and dynamic structure and its link to psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the role of music in Jewish thought, specifically its connection to Zionism and messianism. It focuses on the writings of Rav Kook and his belief that music is crucial for understanding the cosmic structure of the present and shaping the future. The article suggests that future works should also include an overview of music in the Sephardic and Mizrahi world, as well as in contemporary European and US Jewish diasporas. Overall, this article provides a theoretical overview of music in Jewish thought and is recommended for academic libraries. The book explores the efforts of the Kennedy administration to promote the concept of "freedom" as a prerequisite for creative achievement, particularly in contrast to the Soviet Union. The author, a cultural historian, examines the influence of figures like Arthur M. Schlesinger and Nicolas Nabokov in shaping this propaganda of freedom. The book delves into the music, composers, and events that were part of the cultural battles of the Cold War era, highlighting the ideological conflicts that mirrored the potential for armed conflict between the US and USSR. [Extracted from the article]

Gender role attitudes have important implications at the individual, family, and societal levels, underscoring the importance of understanding their development. Although parents predominate in the socialization of gender role attitudes in childhood, the influence of friends increases during adolescence. In particular, cross-gender friends can provide unique insights and perspectives on another gender group, making them likely to shape gender role attitudes. However, empirical explorations of the link between gender role attitudes and cross-gender friendships have been rare. Furthermore, the few studies conducted have yielded ambiguous results and have struggled to separate the influence of cross-gender friends from a selection of such friendships based on gender role attitudes. This study addresses these limitations by using longitudinal social network models to assess the co-evolution of friendship networks and gender role attitudes among 3,194 youth (Mage = 15.2, SD = 0.67, 51% female) in German schools. The findings reveal that, after accounting for selection processes, boys with cross-gender friends develop more egalitarian gender role attitudes, while girls' attitudes are unaffected by cross-gender friendships. These findings suggest that promoting cross-gender friendships among adolescent boys holds the potential to foster egalitarian gender role attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science-related populism is often used to undermine public trust in science. Good scientific practice contributes to public trust in science, whereas misconduct promotes public skepticism. Since research ethics are a vital part of research integrity, we argue that ethical misconduct potentially undermines trust in scientists, particularly among people with populist beliefs. Drawing on a quota sample of German citizens (N  = 1,321), the experimental study examines the influence of ethical conduct on trust in scientists, moderated by science-related populist beliefs. More specifically, we tested the influence of experimental deception (with and without debriefing) using a vignette design. The results of our study showed that ethical misconduct is negatively associated with trust in scientists. In addition, the relationship between ethical misconduct and trust in scientists was influenced by both science-related populist beliefs and science literacy. Although people with high science-related populist beliefs generally placed less trust in scientists, the negative effect was even more pronounced for people with low science-related populist beliefs. Our findings further revealed that ethical misconduct reduces trust in science among people with both low and high science literacy. This demonstrates the importance of researchers transparently discussing and reflecting on ethical research conduct to promote trust in scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of Trump and his enduring popularity in the USA before the elections are difficult for many Germans to understand. The deep-rooted misunderstandings between the USA and Germany become clear through the different perspectives on Trump and his success. Trump's popularity among many American voters highlights the differences in mentalities and worldviews between the USA and Germany. Despite the controversial views, the race remains exciting and unpredictable until the end. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to conduct a linguistic validation of all FACE-Q eye module scales in German, and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scales in patients with blepharoplasty. According to international recommendations, all FACE-Q scales and checklists were translated from English to German. Psychometric testing of blepharoplasty surgery-related scales of translated versions were administered to patients with blepharochalasis or dermatochalasis and a history of blepharoplasty surgery (n = 64; 11 scales) or no history of blepharoplasty surgery (n = 65; seven scales), and to a group of control subjects (n = 64; seven scales). Most of the subscales showed acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.75 to 0.97. Intraclass correlation coefficients were high (0.70–0.92), indicating good reliability, with total values of 0.63 (95% CI 0.46–0.76) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.53–0.80) for the upper eyelid and social function scores, respectively. There was good discriminability between pre- and post-blepharoplasty patients and normal subjects (p < 0.05). The German-language version of the FACE-Q eye module is a successfully validated and helpful tool for assessing outcomes after blepharoplasty surgery, especially with respect to 'satisfaction with overall facial appearance', 'psychological well-being, social function', 'decision satisfaction, outcome satisfaction', and 'early-life impact recovery'. • Blepharoplasty is the most common aesthetic surgery. • FACE-Q is a useful patient-reported outcome instrument for evaluation of surgical and psychosocial effects after blepharoplasty surgery. • This study reports the validation of the German version of the FACE-Q module, to be applied to all German patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of new arrivals from the global South has provoked shifts in Stimmungen (collective moods) and a political backlash against social incorporation in Germany. This long-term study explores erotic apprehensions between Syrian refugees and Germans that inaugurate and form part of processes of incorporation after 2015. It focuses on thick forms of incorporation, based not on shared values or rights to membership but on forms of mutual belonging in which erotic dynamics arise and projections are open to modification. A sense of mutual belonging and long-term incorporation is unlikely without opportunities for encounters in which Germans feel desired and newcomers feel affirmed in their singularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the dynamic impact of two waves of the COVID‐19 pandemic on an exceptionally broad range of indicators of worker well‐being. Our analyses are based on high‐frequency panel data from an app‐based survey of German workers and employ an event‐study design with individual‐specific fixed effects. We find that workers' mental health decreased substantially during the first wave of the pandemic. To a smaller extent, this is also true for life satisfaction and momentary happiness. Most well‐being indicators converged to prepandemic levels when infection rates declined. During the second wave of the pandemic, overall worker well‐being decreased less than that during the first wave. Life satisfaction does not seem to have changed at all. We conclude that worker well‐being adapts to the pandemic. Moreover, subgroup analyses indicate that, in terms of well‐being, workers who took part in a job retention scheme fared less well during the pandemic than other employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National child welfare systems are often unalike in their orientation, and can be understood comparatively. Influenced by the principles of historical institutionalism, this article contrasts early German and English child welfare legislation. The first national German system was based on a statute rarely discussed in English-language social work histories: the Reichsgesetz für Jugendwohlfahrt (National Youth Welfare Act). This legislation came into force in 1924, systematically uniting comprehensive services related to childhood. The law is examined in the context of its contemporaneous cultural, political and academic discourses, and contrasted with English developments. The intentions of the legislation-drafters, as well as ideas specific to German-language discourses such as Erziehung (child-raising) and Verwahrlosung (presenting the effects of abuse/neglect) are investigated to cautiously explain divergence from the English child welfare system that institutionalised later. The article concludes by suggesting that the differing classifications of German and English practices in modern child welfare typologies (a family service versus child protection orientation, respectively) echo differences already evident in the two systems' early and mid-twentieth-century legislation. The 1920s conceptual broadening of German child welfare to encompass prevention, universal support and social pedagogic approaches is still visible today, and shapes modern understandings of social work in that country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administrative burdens appear to influence citizens' perceptions of welfare policies and attitudes toward beneficiaries. However, empirical evidence that has disentangled different state actions' effects on policy perceptions is scarce. We applied a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial survey experiment and manipulated the conceptually distinct state actions implemented in German unemployment benefits. We investigated whether and how exposure to learning demands, compliance demands, and sanctions affected citizens' prejudices against beneficiaries, policy support, and perceived legitimacy. The results from a sample of 1602 German citizens indicate that those confronted with program sanctions exhibit less policy support and expect higher policy spending. Similarly, sanctions decreased the Federal Employment Agency's perceived legitimacy. These results have implications for administrative burden and policy feedback research. Distinguishing different state actions provides nuances to assess policy feedback effects. Practitioners should consider whether program sanctions are necessary because they evoke unintended policy feedback effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the individual and aggregate costs of ethnic discrimination. Studying Germans in the United States during World War I, an event that abruptly downgraded their previously high social standing, we show that anti-German sentiment was strongly associated with counties' casualties in the war, leading to subsequent outmigration of Germans. Such relocation to evade discrimination was costly for German workers. However, counties with larger outflows of Germans, who tended to be well-trained manufacturing workers, incurred economic costs too, including a drop in average annual manufacturing wages of 0.6% to 2.2%. This effect lasted at least until 1930. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptocurrency is an attempt to create an alternative to centralized financial systems using blockchain technology. However, our understanding of the psychological mechanisms that drive cryptocurrency adoption is limited. This study examines the role of basic human values in three stages of cryptocurrency adoption-awareness, intention to buy, and ownership-using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Logistic regression analysis was conducted on a quota sample of 714 German adults, and the results showed that openness-to-change values increased the likelihood of cryptocurrency awareness, while self-enhancement values increased the likelihood of intention to buy and ownership. These findings were consistent even after controlling for demographic characteristics, attitudinal beliefs, and perceived behavioral control, which are important factors in the TPB. The results suggest that basic human values may influence an individual's decision to adopt cryptocurrency, but the transition from awareness to ownership may be influenced by socioeconomic opportunities available to interested individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify independent predictors of urinary continence and report early complications after radical prostatectomy (RP) in a large, contemporary German cohort. Methods: Urinary incontinence data of patients undergoing 3-week inpatient rehabilitation (IR) after RP were prospectively assessed by 24-hr pad test and uroflowmetry at the beginning and the end of IR, respectively. Lymphoceles were assessed prospectively by ultrasound. Tumor and patient characteristics, and information on urinary leakage on initial cystography were retrospectively extracted from discharge letters and surgical reports. Regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of urinary continence at the beginning of IR. Results: Overall, 2,141 patients were included in the final analyses. Anastomotic leakage on the initial cystography and lymphoceles were found in 11.4% and 30.8% of patients, respectively. Intervention for a symptomatic lymphocele was required in 4.2% of patients. At the end of IR, 54.2% of patients were continent, while the median urine loss decreased to 73 g (interquartile range 15–321). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age and diabetes mellitus as independent negative predictors, but nerve-sparing surgery as an independent positive predictor of urinary continence (each p < 0.001). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that 24-hr urine loss increased by 7 g with each year of life (p < 0.001), was 79 g higher in patients with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.007), and 175 g lower in patients with NS (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Age, diabetes mellitus, and NS are significantly associated with continence outcomes in the early period after RP. Our analyses may help clinicians to pre-operatively counsel patients on potential surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early 2020s witnessed an unprecedented overlap of multiple global crises. This longitudinal study examined the compounded effects of multiple intersecting global crises on mental health outcomes in a representative cohort of East German adults. We investigated how perceived threats (PT) from climate change (PT-CLC), COVID-19 (PT-COV), the Russia–Ukraine War (PT-RUW), and rising costs of living (PT-RCL) will impact various aspects of mental health from 2021 to 2022. This research question addresses whether these crises exacerbate mental health issues and how their effects differ across various mental health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study with 319 participants (mean age 49.9 years, 54.5% female) from the Saxony Longitudinal Study. Data were collected in two waves: March–July 2021 and September–December 2022. We used linear mixed-effects models to analyze both unadjusted group trends and adjusted individual-level effects on physical complaints, mental distress, sleep problems, life satisfaction, and self-rated health. Results: Unadjusted analyses revealed significant increases in mental distress and sleep problems over time, whereas physical complaints, life satisfaction, and self-rated health remained stable at the group level. Adjusted analyses showed that higher PT-RCL and PT-COV were significantly associated with increased physical complaints, mental distress, sleep problems, and decreased life satisfaction, even when group-level changes were not significant. Conclusions: This study highlights the complex impact of intersecting global crises on mental health, emphasizing the importance of considering both population-level trends and individual perceptions. The findings suggest that economic and pandemic-related stressors have more immediate effects on mental health outcomes compared to more distant threats, such as climate change or geopolitical conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explores the health status differences between migrants and native Germans, focusing on potential disparities in their workloads. Physical and mental workloads can negatively impact individual health. Since various occupations come with distinct health-related patterns, occupational selection may contribute to systematic health disparities among socio-economic groups. Given the generally poorer health of migrants, they might experience systematic workload differences overall. Methods: We suggest a conceptual framework for the empirical analysis based on the theory of health as a durable good with health consumption and health investment as key parameters. We quantify the role of work tasks, job requirements and working conditions on individual health based on detailed information from the BIBB/BAuA labour force survey 2012 and 2018. Results: The empirical results reveal that migrants, i.e. foreigners and German citizens with a migration background, have a higher perception of workload and related health afflictions within the same occupation. Native Germans, on the other hand, experience a higher burden by high job requirements, both physically and mentally. The findings imply heterogeneous health impacts of work for migrants and native Germans due to differences in health consumption. Conclusions: The analysis shows that migrants report worse health than natives, with stronger negative effects of work-related conditions on their health, both physically and mentally. Women, in general, report poorer health conditions than men. The findings emphasize the importance of promoting human capital to reduce economic and health disparities, though caution is advised regarding affirmative actions for migrants; further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and address these issues effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether individuals engage with or avoid health information and which sources are used is crucial for informed decision-making about mammography. Therefore, we aim to develop a typology of mammography-related information behaviors and explore their determinants, which were derived from the Theory of Motivated Information Management (TMIM). Based on a two-wave online survey of a sample of German women aged 40 to 69 years (N = 1,138), a cluster analysis resulted in five person-centric types of information behavior that cover respondents’ variety of engagement with mammography-related information: The seekers, the scanners, the avoiders, the involved, and the inactive. The types indicated that most individuals possess a high preference for one strategy of information behavior. Looking at the determinants of belonging to a particular type of information behavior, it becomes apparent that the factors of the TMIM have only limited explanatory power. The most relevant factors in distinguishing the types of information behaviors are benefit perceptions, worry, interest, avoidance efficacy, seeking, and avoidance-related outcome expectancies. Scanners and seekers had higher benefit perceptions. Seekers were further motivated by greater worries, while involved ones felt more interested and held stronger expectancies. Avoiders were more anxious and had a higher avoidance efficacy. The study suggests that inactive individuals and avoiders are highly prevalent and relevant target groups for health interventions that support informed decision-making. To facilitate informed decision-making, women should be encouraged to weigh benefits and harms of their options and to address negative emotions, such as anxiety, that may exist or arise during decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is common in liver cirrhosis and is identified by psychometric tests. The portosystemic hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) is the most widely used and serves as an inter-study comparator. PHES has not been standardised for use in the Danish population, where German normal values have been applied until now based on the notion that the populations are comparable. This study aimed to evaluate if German PHES normal values can be applied in the Danish population and establish Danish normal values if needed. 200 Danish and 217 German healthy persons underwent Number Connection Test A and B (NCT), Line Tracing Test (LTT), Digit Symbol Test (DST), and Serial Dotting Test (SDT), and based on performance, PHES was calculated. German and Danish PHES performance declined with age in all subtests but more rapidly in Danes. Both German and Danish norms were impacted by gender and education, but to a different extent in the single tests of the test battery. Accordingly, there was a need for specific Danish normal values, which are presented here. Applying the new Danish normal values instead of the German in patients with cirrhosis yielded a lower percentage of out-of-norm performances (58% vs. 66%) and, hence, a lower prevalence of MHE. Danes and Germans perform differently on PHES, and therefore, normal German values cannot be used in Danish patients. Danish normal values are presented here and yield a lower number of 'out of norm' performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual safety behaviors (SSB) may constitute a relevant factor for the development and maintenance of sexual dysfunctions. The present study aims to improve the understanding of SSB in women. A total of N = 923 women completed an online survey consisting of the Questionnaire on Behaviors Before and During Sexual Activities, a measure of SSB, and a set of other questionnaires that assessed sexual dysfunctions, anxiety, depression, and other clinically relevant variables. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the QBSA revealed a robust three-factor solution with 1) cognitive and behavioral avoidance, 2) use of lubricants, and 3) thought and body control. While some SSB were generally common in women, others discriminated well between women with sexual dysfunctions, women with sexual problems, and women without impairment. SSB was significantly negatively associated with women's level of sexual functioning and positively with repetitive and negative thought processes, depression, and anxiety. Overall, the concept of SSB can be reliably measured and SSBs correlate meaningfully with variables measuring women's mental health. We argue that the concept of SSB should be further developed as it can enrich present sexual therapeutic treatment approaches, especially in the context of cognitive-behavioral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This project aimed to promote running as the best treatment for lower back pain (LBP) in an outpatient setting. Introduction: LBP is one of the most prevalent conditions worldwide. Sixty-two percent of all Germans experience episodes of non-specific back pain at least once a year, with one-fifth developing chronic conditions. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a natural process, contributing to periods of acute LBP. However, the scientific literature and guidelines partially overlook the significance of water management in IVD. This implementation project sought to address this gap by educating patients about this process. Running and/or walking were chosen as general approaches for treatment rather than specific disease-related approaches. Methods: This implementation project was conducted in an outpatient physiotherapy clinic in Brandenburg, Germany, utilizing the JBI Evidence Implementation Framework. An evidence-informed clinical audit and feedback strategy was used to measure compliance with ten audit criteria. Five physiotherapists and 20 patients took part in the audits. Results: At baseline, only 20% of participating physiotherapists screened for yellow flags regarding psychological issues. However, after project implementation, this criterion scored 100% compliance. Some patients performed exercises independently, but confusion persisted regarding the choice of beneficial exercises. Patients continued running, but those who took a break due to pain expressed uncertainty about resuming. Conclusions: The project highlighted the effectiveness of collaborative efforts between patients and therapists to address the issue. The project team's conviction in action and solution strategies serves as the foundation for this collaboration. This implementation strategy provided "running" patients with the confidence to either resume or reintegrate running after an extended break. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three studies explore the relation between victim sensitivity—the sensitivity to being a victim of injustice – and anti‐immigration attitudes and behaviour. Based on theoretical considerations and prior research, we hypothesized that victim sensitivity positively predicts anti‐immigration attitudes and behaviour over and above political orientation and ideology. Results from a longitudinal study (Study 1; N = 1038), a computerized online experiment (Study 2; N = 299), and a laboratory experiment (Study 3; N = 178) provide support for this hypothesis. Studies 2 and 3 indicate that a heightened fear of exploitation mediates the effect of victim sensitivity on anti‐immigration attitudes and behaviour even though attempts to scrutinize this mechanism by 'switching off' the psychological process were unsuccessful. We discuss methodological and theoretical implications and possible avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates the post-World War II conflict of memory in Serbia, as manifested in the transformation of urban space in the post-war decades. The authors focus foremost on Zemun, a district of Belgrade which, between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, was home to a significant German population. The term 'memoryscape' (Sławomir Kapralski) is used to discuss changes in the urban fabric. Post-war manipulations of space, based on the ideological foundation of brotherhood and unity, and treating members of the German nation as collectively responsible for the war, resulted in the erasure of all traces of German presence in Zemun. The article describes the Zemun conflict of memory using the example of a German cemetery that was liquidated by the authorities after World War II. In the 1950s, a hospital was erected on the site of the former necropolis, and the area functions nowadays as a difficult-to-access 'non-site of memory' (Roma Sendyka). The tombstones from the destroyed cemetery were used to build the stairs leading to Kalwarija Park. For decades, this fact was treated as an urban legend, but its authenticity was confirmed when fragments of grave inscriptions were discovered on the slabs used in the stairs during renovation. Kalwarija Park itself constitutes a remnant of the German Catholic heritage of this area, now dominated by Orthodox residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various measures have been implemented worldwide to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast to epidemiological data, psychosocial parameters such as coping strategies in the population were rarely considered in assessments of the course of the pandemic, a point that experts criticized. Based on the transactional model of stress and coping as well as the psychometric paradigm of risk perception, this paper addresses the relevance of psychosocial data for COVID-19 situation reports by highlighting the role of risk perception and coping within the German population. Method: We collected quantitative data on risk perception and coping strategies in four surveys conducted at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 in Germany. We present descriptive as well as bivariate results to examine our research questions statistically. Results: Data contribute to psychosocial aspects of the general situation report such as variations of risk perception during the pandemic (e.g., declining risk perception) and by sociodemographic (e.g., age) as well as location. Furthermore, Germans characterize the COVID-19 pandemic as a crisis with catastrophic potential, but as easily reducible through behavior. Besides, coping strategies are more problem-focused and most respondents listen to experts' advice and try to behave appropriately. Conclusion: These data are helpful and necessary to provide a complete and substantial situation report in crises and disasters and support crisis managers and public authorities to adequately address the public regarding their concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard labor market models assume that workers hold accurate beliefs about the external wage distribution, and hence their outside options with other employers. We test this assumption by comparing German workers' beliefs about outside options with objective benchmarks. First, we find that workers wrongly anchor their beliefs about outside options on their current wage: workers that would experience a 10% wage change if switching to their outside option only expect a 1% change. Second, workers in low-paying firms underestimate wages elsewhere. Third, in response to information about the wages of similar workers, respondents correct their beliefs about their outside options and change their job search and wage negotiation intentions. Finally, we analyze the consequences of anchoring in a simple equilibrium model. In the model, anchored beliefs keep overly pessimistic workers stuck in low-wage jobs, which gives rise to monopsony power and labor market segmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Considering the re-emergence of poliomyelitis (PM) in non-endemic regions, it becomes apparent that vaccine preventable diseases can rapidly develop epi- or even pandemic potential. Evaluation of the current vaccination status is required to inform patients, health care providers and policy makers about vaccination gaps. Methods: Between October 28 2022 and November 23 2022, 5,989 adults from the VACCELEREATE Volunteer Registry completed an electronic case report form on their previous PM vaccine doses including number, types/-valencies and the time of administration based on their vaccination records. A uni-/multivariable regression analysis was performed to assess associations in participant characteristics and immunization status. Results: Among German volunteers (n = 5,449), complete PM immunization schedule was found in 1,981 (36%) participants. Uncertain immunization, due to unknown previous PM vaccination (n = 313, 6%), number of doses (n = 497, 9%), types/-valencies (n = 1,233, 23%) or incoherent immunization schedule (n = 149, 3%) was found in 40% (n = 2,192). Out of 1,276 (23%) participants who reported an incomplete immunization schedule, 62 (1%) never received any PM vaccine. A total of 5,074 (93%) volunteers reported having been vaccinated at least once and 2,087 (38%) indicated that they received vaccination within the last ten years. Female sex, younger age, as well as availability of first vaccination record were characteristics significantly associated with complete immunization (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Full PM immunization schedule was low and status frequently classified as uncertain due to lack of details on administered doses. There is an obviousneed for improved recording to enable long-term access to detailed vaccination history in the absence of a centralized immunization register. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both theoretical and empirical publications in the risk perception literature indicate a negative relationship between trust (or confidence) and the perception of risk with respect to a technology. In the case of nuclear waste management, Germans generally perceive there to be high risks, and the authorities are trying to increase trust to reduce that perception. A recent study determined that, when selecting a site for a deep geological repository in a community, trust is more important for acceptance of the decision-making procedure than it is for acceptance of the repository itself. In this study, we further investigate the relationship between perceived fairness, trust, in terms of confidence and acceptance of the site selection procedure, and the relationship between risk and safety in the acceptance of a repository. A questionnaire was administered online to a sample comprising N = 2490 German citizens (50% women) to investigate respondents' opinions on the named variables. Correlations and regression analysis were applied to examine the data. The results indicate that confidence in institutions and acceptance of the procedure increase if it is perceived to be fair; similarly, acceptance of the repository itself increases with the belief that it can be safe. These results enhance the knowledge about how perceived fairness and safety together with confidence support acceptance of the procedure and a repository itself. Suggestions are made regarding how to measure the value-related variables of fairness and safety, and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the relations between career strivings, career self‐management behaviors, and career success. Examining 312 German workers with two measurement waves, Study 1 reveals that career strivings significantly positively relate to engagement in various career behaviors, extending beyond the scope of established motivational variables. Specifically, we observed that self‐enhancement strivings correlate with self‐promotion activities, self‐transcendent strivings with helping behaviors, and personal growth strivings with continuous learning. In Study 2, incorporating three measurement waves and involving 299 German workers, examines how these career strivings differentially relate to objective career success and career satisfaction. Our findings indicate that self‐enhancement strivings are associated with higher leadership positions and workplace status, while self‐transcendent and personal growth strivings are linked to greater career satisfaction. Additionally, self‐enhancement strivings indirectly relate to career satisfaction through increased recognition. In contrast, self‐transcendent and personal growth strivings relate to satisfaction through experiences of meaningful work and personal development. This research underscores the significance of career strivings in influencing career self‐management behaviors and success, providing novel insights into the complex interplay between individual aspirations and professional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hybrid working arrangements that combine remote and office work are on the rise. Although hybrid work has been associated with mental health benefits in employees, challenges in the transformation to hybrid persist particularly in public administration organizations which have been connected to a pronounced culture of presence and inadequate technical infrastructure. Further evidence on the link between hybrid working conditions and employee health is needed. To support the establishment of healthy hybrid working conditions, this study aims to identify employees' job demands, resources and support needs in public administration. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with N = 13 employees who work hybrid in public administration organizations in Northern Germany between February and May 2023. Interviewees were asked about their perceived job demands, resources, and support needs in hybrid work. The data was analyzed in a deductive-inductive approach of qualitative content analysis, primarily supported by the job demands-resources model as a theoretical framework. Results: Several job demands, e.g., an increase in work and meetings, and resources such as personal freedom and responsibility, were identified in the context of hybrid work. A multitude of the reported job resources and demands relate to work organization and social relationships. The results disclose discrepancies between participants' experiences of job demands and resources, underlining the subjectivity of employees' perceptions of hybrid working conditions. Interviewees' support needs for hybrid work also varied, encompassing structural-level aspects such as increased acceptance and promotion of hybrid work in the organization as well as behavioral-level aspects, for instance, strategies and self-discipline for boundaries and structure. Conclusions: This study provides a first comprehensive overview of the job demands, resources and support needs in hybrid work in public administration. This study builds an important basis for further research to understand the impact of hybrid working conditions on health-related employee outcomes. The identified support needs provide a valuable point of reference for health-promoting hybrid working conditions which public administration employers should begin establishing as early as possible in the ongoing transition to hybrid work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Electronic health records (German: elektronische Patientenakte - ePA) are an important healthcare tool. However, in Germany, current participation remains low for their national ePA. To rectify this, the German government recently adopted an opt-out approach to their national ePA system. The objective of this study is to investigate and provide a brief overview of German public attitudes towards this approach to inform policymakers with evidence-based insights. Methods: Four public focus groups were conducted with 12 German citizens to discuss their opinions on the German governments new opt-out approach to the ePA. Results: Three major thematic categories were identified (Contributors to Opt-Out Implementation, Barriers to Opt-Out Implementation, and Contingent Factors) to describe citizen views on the opt-out approach for the ePA. Conclusion: The public is generally supportive of an opt-out approach to ePAs in Germany, as they see the benefits ePAs can provide to German society; but they are skeptical on how successful this approach might be due to extant issues that policymakers must be aware of in order to successfully implement an opt-out approach for Germany's national ePA system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational science has consistently examined what drives adolescents to aspire to occupations in math-related fields—and which factors, such as gender stereotypes, may drive them away. In this study, we utilized a large longitudinal data set (N = 1,092) to test whether past grades, gender, and the math level of mothers' and fathers' occupations predicted the math-relatedness of German adolescents' occupational aspirations 1 year later in 10th grade controlling for mathematical competence, intelligence, and socioeconomic status, among other factors. First, we examined whether motivational beliefs—math intrinsic value and math ability self-concept—mediated these relationships. Second, we used a latent interaction approach to test whether intrinsic value and ability self-concept interacted to predict the math-relatedness of aspirations, an important yet understudied prediction of expectancy-value theories. The intrinsic value of math, but not ability self-concept fully mediated the effect of math grade on aspirations. Gender differences could partly be explained via intrinsic value, but a substantial effect remained. The math level of mothers', but not fathers' occupations was positively associated with the math-relatedness of their children's aspirations, but this effect was not mediated by motivational beliefs. Exploratory analyses examined these relations separately for boys and girls. Regarding our second aim, there was a significant interaction showing that intrinsic value only predicted the math-relatedness of aspirations among students with a high-ability self-concept. This latter finding points to the importance of continuing to investigate not only main effects but also interaction effects within the framework of the situated expectancy-value theory. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: Our study showed that students with better math grades, boys, and those whose mothers' occupations require a high level of math aspire to occupations that are more related to math independent of their actual math competencies, social background, intelligence, and further variables. We found that this was partly due to the fact that students with better grades and boys enjoyed math more. In turn, those students who simultaneously enjoy math and also feel highly competent in it aspire to occupations that are the most related to math. This means that only enjoying math (without feeling competent in it)—or vice versa—is not enough for a student to pursue a career in science, technology, engineering, or math. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walter Eichler (1904–1942) performed the first in situ nerve conduction studies in humans. Eichler's work has been largely overlooked and there have been no biographical accounts written of him. His 1937 paper, Über die Ableitung der Aktionspotentiale vom menschlichen Nerven in situ (On the recording of the action potentials from human nerves in situ) was translated and reviewed. Archival material was obtained on his career that was housed predominantly at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau. He had memberships in Nazi organizations but did not appear to be politically active. During his brief career, he constructed novel equipment and established seminal principles for performing nerve conductions on humans. The authors repeated his experiment in the ulnar nerve, which duplicated Eichler's findings. His recordings were quite remarkable given advances in technology. In summary, the Eichler paper is the first study in the development of in situ clinical electroneurography in humans. Many of his procedural observations are still fundamental in the current practice of electroneurography. As best can be determined, his study in humans did not appear ethically compromised. Although Eichler's personal background remains open to question, his paper is a seminal study in the history and development of clinical electroneurography. Abbreviations: AP: Action potential; C: Capacitor; CNP: Compound nerve potential; DC: Direct current; E1: Preferred term for active electrode; E2: Preferred term for reference electrode; NSDÄB: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche NSD-Ärtzebund (National Socialist German Doctors' League; NSDAP: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party/ Nazi Party); SS: Schutzstaffel (Protective Echelon or Squad of the Nazi party) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The term inversion refers to an aberration caused by two breakage and fusion events found in one or both arms of a chromosome. The presence of such aberrations can but must not be associated with infertility or unbalanced products of conception. Normally, inversions are not associated with phenotypic alterations for the carrier. Despite the fact that most such inversions are de novo and unique, recurrent breakpoints have also been reported. Methods: Here two recurrent paracentric inversions in the long arm of chromosomes 11 and 12 and a pericentric one in chromosome 10 were studied in at least 10 unrelated (infertile) patients, each. Breakpoints were narrowed down by fluorescence in situ hybridization applying locus-specific bacterial artificial chromosome-derived probes. Results: Molecular cytogenetically identical breakpoints could be characterized for all three studied inversions. Pericentric inversion inv(10)(p11.21q21.2), previously reported to be of single origin and distributed mainly in Northern Europe, could be found to be present all over Germany, too. In the studied cases with paracentric inversion inv(11)(q21q23.3), recurrent breakpoints were found in all parts of Germany, as well; however, additional 2 cases with slightly different breakpoints were characterized besides. Most interestingly, inversion inv(12)(q14.1∼14.2q24.11∼24.13) had always the same recurrent breakpoints and presented an exclusive occurrence in North-Western part of Germany. Conclusion: Overall, (at least) three different cytogenetically detectable recurrent inversions were characterized here. This highlights that such events may be more frequent in human population than yet suggested. Accordingly, such events might even spread in (middle European) human population. Specific impact on reproduction and fitness of inversion carriers characterized here seems to be negligible. Nonetheless, such recurrent rearrangements need more attention as they may provide valuable information for genetic counseling in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses three books that explore the relationship between French cinema and the German Occupation during World War II. The first book, "Reframing remembrance. Contemporary French cinema and the Second World War" by Lisa Harper Campbell, examines the cultural and artistic vitality of French cinema during the Occupation. The second book, "Revolution in paradise: veiled representations of Jewish characters in the cinema of occupied France" by Yehuda Moraly, challenges the consensus that there were no examples of antisemitism in films of this period. The third book, "Continental films. French cinema under German control" by Christine Leteux, focuses on the Continental film company and its role in the French film industry during the Occupation. The article highlights the different perspectives and interpretations presented in these books, emphasizing the complexities and ambiguities of this historical period. [Extracted from the article]

We tested whether reflection prompts enhance conflict monitoring and facilitate the revision of misconceptions. German children (N = 97, Mage = 7.20, 56% female) were assigned to a prediction or a prediction with reflection condition that included reflection prompts. Children in the prediction with reflection condition (1) showed greater error‐related response times and pupil dilation responses, indicating better conflict monitoring, and (2) performed closer to an optimal Bayesian learner, indicating better monitoring‐based control. However, by the end of the study, all children had similar levels of misconception revision. Thus, reflection prompts can enhance learning from anomalous evidence by improving conflict monitoring, but they may need to be repeated often to sustain their beneficial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on antonym pairs in child Dutch. Children sometimes erroneously use the opposite word from what they intend to mean with <±polar> pairs. Psycholinguistic studies in the 1970ties suggest that the <−polar> member of dimensional adjectives, motion verbs and temporal adverbs is acquired before the <+polar> one. Another error occurs with the expression of absence. Dutch and German children sometimes say met zonder/mit ohne ('with without') as the antonym expression of met/mit. Sauerland, Meyer & Yatsushiro (2024) argue that the <−polar> negative member ohne can be conceptually decomposed in the positive member plus negation (mit-neg), which children fail to see. They 'undercompress' negation. The decomposition also holds for the <±polar> member of dimensional adjectives (neg-Adj). I will argue against both claims, the acquisition order and the undercompression idea. First, I discuss the met zonder/mit ohne errors and offer a new alternative analysis. Subsequently, other spontaneous speech errors with <±polar> pairs are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Historiae Artis Slovenica is the property of Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GWP: Gesellschaft Wirtschaft Politik is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For more than 30 years, the inner-German border as a physical border between the GDR and FRG no longer exists. From a linguistic perspective, “unification” can be assumed. The linguistic differences between the former East and West Germans are smaller than those between the various German dialect speakers (cf. i. a. Hellmann 1984; Gärtig/Plewnia/Rothe 2010; Plewnia 2015). However, categories such as Ossi and Ostdeutsch or Wessi and Westdeutsch can still be found today, although the terms for the inhabitants of the GDR (Ossi, Ostdeutsch, Ostler etc.) are more productive. The physical inner-German border seems to have turned into a wall in people’s minds. This article takes up the current discourse and asks about the underlying patterns and frames that constitute this mental border or enable its reconstruction. Autobiographical narrative interviews with people of two age groups who grew up or were socialised at the former inner-German border serve as a basis for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut Mitteilungen is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the interpretation of object-initial sentences in German-speaking children. We addressed the following questions: (1) Which morphosyntactic cues do children deploy to process object-initial sentences? (2) Which executive function (EF) abilities support them during this task? This study examined the effect of case and number agreement morphology in 4;6-year-old German-speaking children (N = 27) on their interpretation of unambiguous S(ubject)-V(erb)-O(bject) and OVS sentences by combining an offline (sentence-picture matching) and an online (looking-while-listening) paradigm. Participants' working memory and cognitive control abilities were assessed by means of a (forward) digit-span test and a flanker task. Case-marked OVS sentences were processed more accurately than number-marked ones, although both conditions were less accurate than SVO sentences. We found a comprehension facilitation driven by higher cognitive control skills that enhances, specifically the interpretation of the more demanding number cue in OVS structures already in 4;6-year-olds. Higher working memory skills are generally associated with children's processing skills as they support the correct parsing of all online conditions and of both SVO and OVS in the offline case condition. We conclude that while case-marking appears to be processed more reliably than number by preschoolers, also number information alone can be processed, especially by children with higher cognitive control skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospects for the formation and development of nostalgic tourism in Ukraine as a direction of the future intensification of inbound and domestic tourist flows are assessed in the article. The study of the possibilities of diversification and further changes in the structure of tourism in Ukraine is particularly relevant in connection with the events currently taking place. The presence of numerous homogeneous resources, remained from a sufficiently long stay of the German population on Ukrainian territory, provides an opportunity to form an innovative tourist product on this base. Special attention in the article is paid to the southern regions of the country, in particular, the Mykolaiv region, where an inventory of heritage resources was recently conducted for the development of creative tourism. On the site of German settlements, the establishment of which began in the south of Ukraine from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century, there are historical and architectural monuments in the form of churches, farm buildings, gymnasiums, and residential buildings. There are many resources preserved with maps of German settlements, registers of archival cases, geographic indexes of places and lists of citizens of German nationality who once lived in the territory of Southern Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the possibilities of intensification of inbound nostalgic tourism in the southern regions of the country, in particular, the Mykolaiv region. The article analyzes the number and distribution of descendants of German immigrants, which can serve as a basis for determining the most attractive destinations for nostalgic tourism. Analysis of the dynamics of the inbound tourist flow from Germany to Ukraine in 2014-2018 allowed us to estimate the average annual growth of 28,175 persons. To predict the number of German tourists, the linear regression method was used, which showed a trend of sustainable growth and allowed us to conclude that nostalgic tourism is promising for tourists from Germany. It should be noted that this growth occurred despite military operations on the territory of the country. Therefore, the development and implementation of nostalgic tours and excursions, including visits to the places of former settlements in southern Ukraine, seems appropriate. At the same time, the research revealed a sufficient number of resources (documents, lists of residents of certain settlements, places from which immigrants came), which should be used in the future for the practical formation of targeted tourist offers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]