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Social complexity is synonymous with inequality, a political form whose origin is associated with a reduction in residential mobility, the intensification of production, craft specialization, long-distance exchange, public architecture, the proliferation of prestige goods and ceremonial feasts. Archaeological evidence of these processes, however, is insufficient without the identification of practices related to prehistoric leadership. In the early Andean area, this social distinction was deposited in emblems or insignias of authority, objects of visual prestige whose value resided in myths and divinities. Similar arrangements of material culture, around the first millennium before Christ, appear contextually related with the first village-based communities in Northern Chile.

INTRODUCTION: We made a clinical study, about nutrition in seriously ill patients, which includes a typical heterogeneous group of critical ill patients, with/without anaemia's, that have been admitted to Intensive Care Unit, ICU. It is difficult to individualize and to generalize the relative importance of all the factors that can contribute to these anaemia's in the admission to the Unit, including nutritional deficiencies, inflammatory alterations, the immune response to aggressions, inmunitary modifications and the complex relations existing between these clinic processes. OBJECTIVE: Indirect valuation of the nutritional situation and anaemia's, in a typical heterogeneous group of critical ill patients. METHOD/RESULTS: We studied 202 patients admitted to ICU, of varied and heterogeneous origin, classifying them in 3 groups: control, post surgery and septic group's, becoming the indirect valuation of the nutritional situation on the basis of: Global Subjective Valuation, (VGS) and the nutritional analytical determinations of total lymphocytes, albumin, and transferrin. Also we made hemogram and determinations of sideremia and ferritinemia to all of them. In 57% of the patients, we observed levels haemoglobin < 12.5 g/dl, basically in the post surgery groups, 68 patients and septic group's, 10 patients. And with levels haemoglobin < 10 g/dl, in 25 patient's (12.3%). There were 87 patients, 23 of them in the control group's, 58 in the post surgery and 5 septic group's, with levels haemoglobin > 12.5 g/dl. Regarding the nutritional prognoses indicators, (VGS + nutritional profile), in the control group's, they did not present anaemia nor analytical clinical under nourishment, in the post surgery group's, anaemia and slight under nourishment and in the septic group's, anaemia and moderate under nourishment. There were significant differences between the surgery and septic group and control group's, in values of haemoglobin, iron, total lymphocytes, transferrin and albumin. A statistical correlation between sideremia and albumin was significative. (Spearman's Rho 0,277). CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the anaemia and nutritional valuation. and the ferroterapic treatment, as immune-nutrient, can be beneficial for the integrity of the immune system and its defense's abilities against the aggressions in critically ills. Yes Introducción: Realizamos un estudio clínico original sobre nutrición en pacientes graves, que incluye a un grupo heterogéneo típico de pacientes críticos, con/sin anemias, que nos han ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, UCI. Es difícil individualizar y generalizar la relativa importancia de todos los factores que pueden contribuir a estas anemias en la admisión en la Unidad, incluyendo las deficiencias nutricionales, las alteraciones inflamatorias, la respuesta a las agresiones, las modificaciones inmunitarias y las complejas relaciones existente entre estos procesos clínicos. Objetivo: Valoración indirecta de la situación nutricional y anemias, en un grupo heterogéneo típico de pacientes críticos. Método/Resultados: Se estudian 202 pacientes ingresados en la UCI, de variada y heterogénea procedencia, y clasificándolos en 3 grupos: control, postoperados y sépticos, realizándose la valoración indirecta de la situación nutricional en base a: la Valoración Global Subjetiva, (VGS), y las determinaciones analíticas nutricionales pronosticas de linfocitos totales, albúmina, y transferrina. También se realizo hemograma y determinaciones de sideremia y ferritinemia a todos ellos. En un 57% de los pacientes, se observo cifras de hemoglobina inferior a 12.5 gr/dl, básicamente en el grupo de postoperados, (68 pacientes) y sépticos, (10 pacientes). Y con cifras inferiores a 10 g/dl de hemoglobina, en 25 pacientes mas, (12,3%). Hubo 87 pacientes, 23 de ellos en el grupo control, 58 en los postoperados y 5 sépticos, cuya cifra de hemoglobina era superior a 12,5 g/dl. En cuanto a los indicadores pronósticos nutricionales, (VGS + perfil nutricional), en el grupo control no presentaban anemia ni desnutrición clínico analítica, en los postoperados, anemia y desnutrición leve y en los sépticos, anemia y desnutrición ligera-moderada. Había diferencias significativas entre los pacientes del grupo control y los grupos postoperados y sépticos, en cuanto a la cifra de hemoglobina, hierro, linfocitos totales, transferrina y albúmina. Se hizo una correlación estadística entre la sideremia y la albúmina, existiendo significación estadística. (Coef Rho de Spearman 0,277). Conclusión: La valoración de la anemia y de la situación nutricional y el tratamiento ferroterapico, como inmunonutriente, pudiera ser beneficioso para la integridad del sistema inmune y su capacidad de defensa ante las agresiones, en pacientes graves ingresados en la UCI.

WOS:000332047500001 (Nº de Acesso Web of Science) Los inmigrantes latinoamericanos organizan desde hace una década ligas de fútbol en la ciudad de Sevilla (Andalucía, España). En torno a estas ligas cientos de personas se reúnen cada fin de semana, organizados en equipos y campeonatos. Las ligas demuestran ser un potente dispositivo para la reproducción de un conjunto amplio y diverso de identidades culturales importadas desde los países de origen de los inmigrantes. Para entender el potencial de estas ligas en la reproducción cultural de los inmigrantes es preciso caracterizar las coordenadas espacio-temporales en que operan. A través del método etnográfico podemos describir estas coordenadas, que responden simultáneamente a la potencialidad trasnacional de los flujos culturales globales y a la precariedad que los inmigrantes padecen en su incorporación a la ciudad.

En su incorporación a la sociedad receptora, las poblaciones migrantes reproducen con frecuencia sistemas de ayuda mutua importados desde sus países de origen. El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre el proceso de adaptación de estas prácticas al contexto migratorio. Para ello se presenta el análisis del djunta-mon, un sistema de ayuda mutua originario de Cabo Verde que ha sido incorporado por los migrantes de este país a la periferia de Lisboa. En la Cova da Moura, un humilde barrio de génesis ilegal, la práctica del djuntamon ha permitido al vecindario dar respuesta a múltiples problemas durante cuarenta años. A través de la descripción etnográfica, se propone un recorrido por las diferentes aplicaciones que este sistema ha recibido a lo largo del tiempo, atendiendo especialmente a la evolución de sus formas, funciones y significados.

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Joaquín FERRER ARELLANO, Filosofía y fenomenología de la religión. Cristianismo y religiones, Madrid: Palabra, 2013, 400 pp.

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BackgroundThe European Vascular Surgeons in Training (EVST) were appointed by the European Society for Vascular Surgery to review the current status and developments regarding training and certification in vascular surgery (VS) across Europe.MethodsAn e-mail-based survey was distributed to EVST representatives in 33 countries. The questionnaire examined the current structure of vascular surgery training and certification (monospecialty, subspecialty, no specialty), as well as the evolving revisions of national curricula. Questionnaires were returned from 31 countries, two of which implement two training models.ResultsVascular surgery (VS) as a monospecialty is the leading training model in 18 out of 31 countries, nine countries follow the subspecialty model, and six countries have no accredited vascular programs. The mean duration of dedicated VS training in monospecialty is significantly longer compared with subspecialty (3.8 vs. 2.9 years, p = .036) or no specialty models (3.8 vs. 1 years, p

Em toda a Europa numerosas instituições impulsionam fóruns que têm como objetivo fomentar a participação ativa dos imigrantes e reforçar as suas redes associativas. O conceito de estrutura de oportunidade política (POS) pode ajudar a entender o impacto destas medidas no processo de integração dos imigrantes. Mas isso exige aplicar uma metodologia de investigação que capte também os efeitos indesejados destas políticas e analise a sua transcendência. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é medir as potencialidades do método etnográfico neste ponto. Com este fim apresentamos a análise do Conselho Municipal de Participação de Imigrantes da cidade de Sevilha (Espanha) e dos seus efeitos nas redes associativas dos latino-americanos residentes na cidade.

The European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action FP0905 is aimed at evaluating the scientific knowledge of genetically modified trees (GMT) related to biosafety protocols and coordinating existing and new information from various European countries. This will help to provide a basis for future EU policy and regulation recommendations regarding the use of GM forest trees. In this context, the Action work plan is organized in 4 Working Groups (WGs) focuses on: i) the biological characterization of GMTs aiming to evaluate existing knowledge including the experience from expert scientists in the field of forest GMTs (WG1), ii) the assessment of possible environmental impacts and monitoring of GMTs in the whole production chain from plantation to final products (WG2); iii) the socio-economic implications and public acceptance and concerns of potential use of GM forest trees and R&D investments in the framework of Cost-Benefit Analysis (WG3) and iv) increasing public awareness and understanding of GM forest plantations by providing science-based information through management of the www.cost-action-fp0905.eu dynamic website (WG4). A large, but diverse, body of knowledge on the environmental effects and biosafety issues of transgenic trees and other transgenic organisms has been acquired in many countries over approximately the past 25 years. Because of the potential unification of European states, there is now an urgent need to compile, collate, and analyze this scattered knowledge in order to create a unique platform of knowledge particular to the European environment. For this, WG1 has launched the building of a database that gather the current knowledge on field trials and greenhouse experiments with transgenic trees. The knowledge gained will ultimately be used to guide the safe use and management of GMTs in forest tree plantations and to protect forest ecosystems. To support this goal, WG2 is launching and moving through expert-based surveys to: 1) evaluate the environmental impacts of the GMTs already developed and 2) assess the efficiency of existing transgene containment strategies 3) investigate effective pre- and post-market monitoring techniques. The expected outcome from WG1 is to develop a clear factual overview of the status of GMTs in European and non-European countries in order to provide sound scientific data for risk assessment to be further evaluated and monitored in WG2. In addition, it is very important to understand the kind of policies needed to meet the concerns of the society in relation to the possible use of GM trees which are widely spread in many of the Europe countries. Therefore, two types of surveys are being conducted worldwide by WG3: one to define a set of environmental and socio-economic indicators to be included in Cost-Benefit Analyses, and a Knowledge Attitude Perception (KAP) survey to explore public attitude towards adoption of transgenic forest trees. The cross- country results of the KAP surveys are expected to provide policy support to the European Commission with regards to public acceptance of transgenic forest trees and their potential conflicts of values. On the other hand, through WG4, accurate and science-based information is being communicated through our website to help educate the general public on technical, socio-economic and environmental aspects of GM forest trees. In addition, the website provides an open discussion forum on transgenic forest biotechnology and biosafety, as well as on the potential impact of transgenic tree plantations on the current established forestry practices. Preliminary results of this research will be reported.

FOXP1 protein is expressed in normal activated B cells and overexpressed in a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, including primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphomas (PCLBCL), leg type. High expression of FOXP1 has been associated to an unfavourable prognosis with independent survival significance. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the overexpression of FOXP1 in PCLBCL, leg type. Our aims were to analyze FOXP1 cytogenetic status and protein expression in a series of PCLBCL, leg type. Finally, we compared the observed results with those obtained in a group of patients with primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma (PCFCL). Fifteen patients with PCLBCL, leg type and nine patients with primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma (PCFCL) were included in the study. For each biopsy specimen, FOXP1 translocation and copy number changes were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Immunohistochemistry showed FOXP1 staining in 13 PCLBCL, leg type, whereas all PCFCL were negative. FISH analysis disclosed no translocations involving FOXP1 gene in any of the cases. However, FOXP1 gene gains (3 to 4 copies) were observed in 82% of samples of PCLBCL, leg type and in 37% of PCFCL. FOXP1 expression was independent from FOXP1 translocation. Our results confirm that overexpression of FOXP1 is present in a considerable proportion of PCLBCL, leg type and might indicate an unfavourable prognosis. Mechanisms not related to translocation seem to be responsible for this overexpression.

Comunicaciones a congresos

Reseña de William T. CAVANAUGH, El mito de la violencia religiosa: Ideología secular y raíces del conflicto moderno, Granada: Nuevo Inicio («Colección Areópagos»), 2010, 144 pp., 15 x 22, ISBN 978-84-937488-1-4.

Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to and blocks tumor necrosis factor alpha and is the most effective biologic agent approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. It is administered by intravenous infusion, usually in day hospitals on an outpatient basis. The main problem with the administration of infliximab is the possibility of infusion reactions, which may be immediate or delayed; these reactions are related to the immunogenicity of this monoclonal antibody, leading to the production of anti-infliximab antibodies. Infusion reactions to infliximab are not usually anaphylactic (ie, they are not mediated by immunoglobulin E), and re-exposure of the patient using specific protocols to prevent and treat these reactions is therefore possible. The extensive experience in the use of infliximab for the treatment of rheumatic conditions and chronic inflammatory bowel disease has made it possible to develop infusion reaction management protocols; these can be applied to dermatologic patients, who constitute a growing proportion of patients treated with intravenous biological agents. The aim of this review is to draw up a consensus protocol for the treatment of infusion reactions in dermatologic patients treated with infliximab.

Reseña de J. MORALES, Filosofia de la religión, Eunsa (Colección Iniciación Filosófica), Pamplona 2007, 237 pp., 24 x 17, ISBN 978-84-313-2503-9.

Reseña de Charles C. TALIAFERRO, Evidence and Faith: Philosophy and Religion since the seventeenth century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, 457 pp., 15x23, ISBN 0-521-79375-0.

Reseña de Sergio SORRENTINO y otros, La filosofia di fronte alla pluralità delle religioni, Atti del V Convegno annuale della Associazione italiana di Filosofía della Religione (Torino, 5-6 maggio 2006), Aracne, Roma 2007, 132 pp., ISBN 978-88- 548-1012-9.

Reseña de Mark R. WYNN, Emotional Experience and Religious Understanding: Integrating Perception, Conception and Feeling, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, xiv+202 pp., 15 X 23, ISBN 0521549892.

Reseña de Alberto STRUMIA, Che cos'e una religione. La concezione di Tommaso d'Aquino difronte alle domande odierne, Edizioni Cantagalli, Siena 2006, 352 pp., 17 x 24, ISBN 88-8272-270-8.

Reseña de Pedro RODRIGUEZ SANTIDRIAN, Diccionario de las religiones, Alianza Editorial («Biblioteca tematica», 8123), Madrid 2004, 541 pp., 11 X 17, ISBN 84-206-5665-8.

Background and objectives: Sezary's syndrome is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm characterized by a pruritic exfoliative or infiltrated erythroderma, lymphadenopathies, and atypical T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Cytogenetic studies are scarce. This study was designed to increase cytogenetic information on this disorder. Design and methods: peripheral blood samples were collected from 21 patients with Sezary's syndrome (10 men, 11 women, mean age 64 years) and analyzed by conventional cytogenetics (72-hr cultures with phytohemagglutinin). For a better characterization of multiple chromosomal rearrangements, cross-species color banding (RxFISH) was used in four cases. Results: fifteen (71.4%) of the 21 cases showed cytogenetic aberrations, with the karyotype being complex in 14. Among the 15 patients with an abnormal karyotype, 8 presented a diploid/near-diploid karyotype and 7 a near-tetraploid karyotype. The chromosomes most frequently involved were 1, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 17. The most common structural rearrangements affected 1q, 2q, 6q23-27, and 8q22. Monosomies of chromosomes 9 and 10 and trisomies of chromosome 18 were recurrently observed. A statistical trend between abnormal and complex karyotypes, the presence of monosomy 10, the number of Sezary cells, and a decreased overall survival was observed. RxFISH technology allowed the description of 27 previously undetected chromosomal abnormalities. Interpretation and conclusions: abnormal karyotypes, particularly complex karyotypes, were frequently detected in patients with Sezary's syndrome. Monosomy 10 was the most frequent recurrent cytogenetic marker (73% in abnormal cases). There was a high diversity of chromosomal breakpoints. RxFISH is a useful novel technology for redefining complex karyotypes.

Este estudio se efectuó con el objetivo fundamental de evaluar la eficacia de la administración sistémica de azitromicina como complemento a la terapia mecánica convencional en un grupo de pacientes con periodontitis crónica. El diseño del estudio fue prospectivo, controlado, randomizado y doble ciego. La muestra total correspondió a 19 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de periodontitis crónica. Se realizaron mediciones clínicas para estudiar los siguientes parámetros: lndice Gingival de Loe y Silness, lndice de Placa de Silness y Loe, presencia de sangramiento al sondaje, profundidad de los sacos y niveles de inserción relativa en los días 0,30 y 60. El total de pacientes, se distribuyó al azar, de manera que 10 pacientes recibieron azitromicina (500mg cada 24 horas durante 3 días) y 9 recibieron el placebo. Todos los pacientes que participaron recibieron al inicio del tratamiento una higienización supragingival de toda la boca mediante ultrasonido, luego se tomaron impresiones del maxilar que correspondía según la ubicación de las piezas dentarias seleccionadas para la confección de las canaletas de acrílico que sirvieron de punto de referencia fijo para las mediciones de los niveles de inserción y profundidades de sacos. De los dientes seleccionados en el mismo maxilar, 2 fueron tratadas mediante raspado y pulido radicular, junto a sus vecinas inmediatas, mientras que las 2 remanentes permanecieron como control. Así se conformaron los 4 grupos de tratamiento: azitromicina, azitromicina + raspado y pulido radicular, placebo y placebo + raspado y pulido radicular. Todos los pacientes fueron controlados en los días 0,30 y 60, siendo el día 0 el momento en que se efectuaron las mediciones de los parámetros clínicos mencionados, y luego se evaluaron a los 30 y 60 días. A los 30 días de control, la azitromicina redujo significativamente los niveles de inflamación periodontal y la profundidad de los sacos, en comparación con los valores basales, y asociada al raspado y pulido radicular mejoró significativamente los niveles de inserción, aunque la comparación entre los tratamientos demostró una superioridad del antibiótico sólo en el parámetro lndice Gingival. Nuestros resultados obtenidos en una muestra de 19 pacientes, que fueron controlados a los 30 días sugieren que la azitromicina asociada a raspado y pulido radicular puede constituir una alternativa interesante a otros antibióticos que se emplean en el tratamiento de algunas formas de periodontitis. This investigation was performed in order to study the efficacy of systemic azithromycin associated to mechanichal debridement in a sample of patients with chronic periodontitis. The study had a double-blind , prospective and randomized design in a sample of 19 patients with the clinical diagnosis of chronic periodontitis. Clinical measurements were made of the following parameters: Gingival Index, Plaque Index, Bleeding upon probing, Pocket depth and Attachment levels, that were assessed at baseline and at 30 and 60 days. By random selection and under double-blind conditions 10 patients received azithromicyn ( 500mg each 24 hours during three days ) and 9 received a placebo. At the start of the investigation all patients underwent a full supragingival hygienization treatment with ultrasound, then alginate impressions were taken in order to obtain stone models where acrylic stents were made as fix reference marks to determine pocket depth and attachment levels. Four teeth were selected from each patient, located in the same maxillar for studying the above parameters days 0,30 and 60. From that selected teeth, two were scaled and root planed with conventional Gracey curettes and the others remained as controls. Therefore, according with this design, there were 4 possible treatment groups: 1. Azithromycin 2. Azithromycin + scaling and root planing 3 Placebo 4. Placebo + scaling and root planing. All patients were evaluated by the same callibrated investigators under double- blind conditions. The following results were obtained at 30 days of control: Azithromycin significantly reduced gingival inflammation and pocket depths as compared to its respective baseline values, and when the antibiotic was combined with scaling and root planing, significantly improved attachment levels, however comparison between treatments demonstrated a significant superiority only in the parameter Gingival Index. This preliminary results obtained at a 30 days period of control suggest that azithromycin associated to scaling and root planing could be regarded as an interesting alternative to other antibiotics that presently are used in the treatment of some forms of periodontitis.

Objetivo: destacar 10 utilidad de la medición de la saturación de oxigeno en la sangre venosa del bulbo yugular (SalBYO2), en la vigilancia y manejo de la hipos o isquemia cerebral global en pacientes con traumatismo encefalocraneano grave y sus correlaciones con las presiones arterial media, intracraneana y de perfusión cerebral. Pacientes y métodos: once niños (promedio de edades 98 meses, nueve varones), con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave calificación de Glasgow igual o -menor a 8), causado por impacto con vehículos en la vía publica, fueron admitidos a una unidad de cuidaos intensivcs pediátricos de in hospital suburbano de Santiago durante un periodo de 1 2 meses. En todos se introdujo un catéter en e! bulbo yugular y se hicieron mediciones de SalBYO2. Resultados: la SctBYGs era anormalmente baja en cuatro pacientes., En todos había acentuada hiperventilación y en dos hipertensión intracraneana, pero se normalizó mediante ajustes en los controles de los ventiladores mecánicos y el manejo efectivo de la hipertensión intracraneana. No se registraron complicaciones debidas cl procedimiento. Todos los pacientes sobrevivieron. Conclusiones: el método es aplicable y seguro en pacientes de unidades pediátricas de cuidados intensivos. La medición de Ia SalBYO2 es útil como complemento en la evaluación de la oxigenación global cerebral en pacientes con traumatismo encéfalocraneano grave.