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112. Remotely sensed spectral heterogeneity as a proxy of species diversity: Recent advances and open challenges

Author

Rocchini, Duccio, primary, Balkenhol, Niko, additional, Carter, Gregory A., additional, Foody, Giles M., additional, Gillespie, Thomas W., additional, He, Kate S., additional, Kark, Salit, additional, Levin, Noam, additional, Lucas, Kelly, additional, Luoto, Miska, additional, Nagendra, Harini, additional, Oldeland, Jens, additional, Ricotta, Carlo, additional, Southworth, Jane, additional, and Neteler, Markus, additional

Published
2010
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117. Spaceborne remote sensing of the world’s protected areas.

Author

Gillespie, Thomas W., Willis, Katherine S., and Ostermann-Kelm, Stacey

Subjects
*REMOTE sensing, *LANDSAT satellites, *SPACE-based radar, *PROTECTED area management, *NATURAL resources management
Abstract

There has been a rapid evolution of satellites, sensors, and techniques to measure, monitor, and manage terrestrial protected areas. There are over 100,000 protected areas around the world and most lack important information on the status and trends of natural resource issues. We review advances and limitations in spaceborne remote sensing that can be applied to all terrestrial protected areas around the world. There have been significant advances in baseline vegetation mapping and land cover classifications by combining field data, data from multiple sensors, and classification techniques. However, global classifications on the extent of non-forest vegetation types (e.g. grasslands and shrublands) are still needed at 30 m pixel resolution. High spatial (< 1 m) and spectral (220 bands) resolution sensors have provided important data on environmental issues (e.g. invasive species, degradation) that are region or site specific. Advances in monitoring protected areas have primarily focused on forest ecosystems and land cover dynamics in and around protected areas using time series data. Landsat imagery can be used to monitor vegetation extent and dynamics at 30 m pixel resolution across the globe, while the MODIS sensors are more appropriate for monthly updates on trends of ecosystem health in protected areas. There has also been an increase in time series remote sensing datasets on anthropogenic impacts, such as light pollution, fire, and land surface temperature, that can be used for all protected areas. Future geographic research should focus on developing global protocols and incorporating near real time and annual metrics that can easily be used by natural resource managers to assess the status and trends of all protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2015
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119. Theology News and Notes - Vol. 43, No. 5

Author

Morrison, James; De Pree, Max; Mouw, Richard J.; Grounds, Vernon C.; Spittler, Russell P.; McCullough, Donald W.; Martin, Ralph P.; Hestenes, Roberta; Gillespie, Thomas W.; Cooley, Robert E.; Smith, Inez T., Ryder, Janice E., Morrison, James; De Pree, Max; Mouw, Richard J.; Grounds, Vernon C.; Spittler, Russell P.; McCullough, Donald W.; Martin, Ralph P.; Hestenes, Roberta; Gillespie, Thomas W.; Cooley, Robert E.; Smith, Inez T., and Ryder, Janice E.

Subjects
Christian leadership., Leadership chrétien.
Abstract

Theology News & Notes was a theological journal published for Fuller Theological Seminary alumni/ae from 1954 through 2014. The digital scans of Theology News & Notes were made possible by Fuller Studio and the Fuller Seminary Archives.

Published
1997

122. Plant Species Richness is Associated with Canopy Height and Topography in a Neotropical Forest.

Author

Wolf, Jeffrey A., Fricker, Geoffrey A., Meyer, Victoria, Hubbell, Stephen P., Gillespie, Thomas W., and Saatchi, Sassan S.

Subjects
PLANT species, ESTIMATION theory, LEAST squares, ASTRONOMICAL observations, STANDARD deviations, REMOTE sensing, CURVE fitting
Abstract

Most plant species are non-randomly distributed across environmental gradients in light, water, and nutrients. In tropical forests, these gradients result from biophysical processes related to the structure of the canopy and terrain, but how does species richness in tropical forests vary over such gradients, and can remote sensing capture this variation? Using airborne lidar, we tested the extent to which variation in tree species richness is statistically explained by lidar-measured structural variation in canopy height and terrain in the extensively studied, stem-mapped 50-ha plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. We detected differences in species richness associated with variation in canopy height and topography across spatial scales ranging from 0.01-ha to 1.0-ha. However, species richness was most strongly associated with structural variation at the 1.0-ha scale. We developed a predictive generalized least squares model of species richness at the 1.0-ha scale (R2 = 0.479, RMSE = 8.3 species) using the mean and standard deviation of canopy height, mean elevation, and terrain curvature. The model demonstrates that lidar-derived measures of forest and terrain structure can capture a significant fraction of observed variation in tree species richness in tropical forests on local-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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123. The Spectral Species Concept in Living Color

Author

Rocchini, Duccio, Santos, Maria J., Ustin, Susan L., Féret, Jean‐Baptiste, Asner, Gregory P., Beierkuhnlein, Carl, Dalponte, Michele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Geller, Gary N., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Kleijn, David, Leitão, Pedro J., Malavasi, Marco, Moudrý, Vítězslav, Müllerová, Jana, Nagendra, Harini, Normand, Signe, Ricotta, Carlo, Schaepman, Michael E., Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Šímová, Petra, Torresani, Michele, Townsend, Philip A., Turner, Woody, Vihervaara, Petteri, Wegmann, Martin, and Lenoir, Jonathan

Abstract

Biodiversity monitoring is an almost inconceivable challenge at the scale of the entire Earth. The current (and soon to be flown) generation of spaceborne and airborne optical sensors (i.e., imaging spectrometers) can collect detailed information at unprecedented spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions. These new data streams are preceded by a revolution in modeling and analytics that can utilize the richness of these datasets to measure a wide range of plant traits, community composition, and ecosystem functions. At the heart of this framework for monitoring plant biodiversity is the idea of remotely identifying species by making use of the ‘spectral species’ concept. In theory, the spectral species concept can be defined as a species characterized by a unique spectral signature and thus remotely detectable within pixel units of a spectral image. In reality, depending on spatial resolution, pixels may contain several species which renders species‐specific assignment of spectral information more challenging. The aim of this paper is to review the spectral species concept and relate it to underlying ecological principles, while also discussing the complexities, challenges and opportunities to apply this concept given current and future scientific advances in remote sensing. Biodiversity monitoring based on field data is almost inconceivable at the scale of the entire Earth. Over the past decades, remote sensing has opened possibilities for Earth observation from air and space, allowing us to monitor ecological change, primarily expressed by changes in vegetation cover, distribution, and functioning, which can be subsequently linked to drivers of change in space and time, from local to global scale. Recently, the spectral species concept—an algorithm that clusterizes pixels from spectral images having a similar spectral signal (referred to as ‘spectral species’)—has brought attention. The aim of this paper is to review the ecological functioning principles of the spectral species concept and to refine its definition by a better linkage with field observations of plant species distribution data (i.e., presence‐absence data) available from vegetation surveys. Remote sensing has opened possibilities for Earth observation from air and space, allowing us to monitor ecological changeBiodiversity monitoring based on field data is almost inconceivable at the scale of the entire EarthThe spectral species concept, relating field to remotely sensed data, can open new ways to measure diversity from space Remote sensing has opened possibilities for Earth observation from air and space, allowing us to monitor ecological change Biodiversity monitoring based on field data is almost inconceivable at the scale of the entire Earth The spectral species concept, relating field to remotely sensed data, can open new ways to measure diversity from space

Published
2022
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124. A Response from Thomas W. Gillespie.

Author

Gillespie, Thomas W.

Subjects
*SAME-sex marriage & religion, *LIBERALS, *LGBTQ+ couples, *DEBATE, *RELIGION
Abstract

The author offers his views regarding the issue on same-sex marriage in the U.S. He states that he is not convince by the argument of the liberals because of their faulty biblical interpretations and their questionable use of the scientific evidence regarding homosexual orientation. He adds that his deeper concern is the change of venue of the ecclesial debate to an arena where scriptural and theological arguments are no longer considered important.

Published
2011

126. A Conversation

Author

Gillespie, Thomas W. and Kerr, Hugh T.

Abstract

We welcome to this issue which begins Volume XLI, Thomas W. Gillespie as Chairman of the Editorial Council of THEOLOGY TODAY. A Californian who has come East, Dr. Gillespie is the newly elected President of Princeton Theological Seminary and Professor of New Testament. He is a graduate of George Pepperdine College, Princeton Seminary, and the Claremont Graduate School, where he received the doctorate in New Testament studies. He has served as the minister of the Garden Grove and Burlingame Presbyterian Churches, and as Adjunct Professor at San Francisco and Fuller Seminaries and at New College Berkeley. In church affairs, Dr. Gillespie has been active in local and national committees on ecumenism and theological education.

Published
1984
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127. Phylogenetic classification of the world’s tropical forests

Author

Slik, J. W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., Van Den Berg, Eduardo, Da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-De La Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P. L., Aguirre Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, De Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, ?, Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S. B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, Dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, ?, Suresh, H. S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V. J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, De Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, Van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, and Zang, Runguo

Subjects
15. Life on land, 580 Plants (Botany)
Abstract

Identifying and explaining regional differences in tropical forest dynamics, structure, diversity, and composition are critical for anticipating region-specific responses to global environmental change. Floristic classifications are of fundamental importance for these efforts. Here we provide a global tropical forest classification that is explicitly based on community evolutionary similarity, resulting in identification of five major tropical forest regions and their relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. African and American forests are grouped, reflecting their former western Gondwanan connection, while Indo-Pacific forests range from eastern Africa and Madagascar to Australia and the Pacific. The connection between northern-hemisphere Asian and American forests is confirmed, while Dry forests are identified as a single tropical biome.Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.

128. The global abundance of tree palms

Author

Muscarella, Robert, Emilio, Thaise, Phillips, Oliver L., Lewis, Simon L., Slik, Ferry, Baker, William J., Couvreur, Thomas L. P., Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Svenning, Jens‐Christian, Affum‐Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin‐Ichiro, Almeida, Everton C., Almeida, Samuel S., Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, Álvarez‐Dávila, Esteban, Alves, Luciana F., Alvez‐Valles, Carlos Mariano, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, Guarin, Fernando Alzate, Andrade, Ana, Aragão, Luis E. O. C., Murakami, Alejandro Araujo, Arroyo, Luzmila, Ashton, Peter S., Corredor, Gerardo A. Aymard, Baker, Timothy R., Camargo, Plinio Barbosa, Barlow, Jos, Bastin, Jean‐François, Bengone, Natacha Nssi, Berenguer, Erika, Berry, Nicholas, Blanc, Lilian, Böhning‐Gaese, Katrin, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Bradford, Matt, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brewer, Steven W., Camargo, Jose L. C., Campbell, David G., Castilho, Carolina V., Castro, Wendeson, Catchpole, Damien, Cerón Martínez, Carlos E., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Cho, Percival, Chutipong, Wanlop, Clark, Connie, Collins, Murray, Comiskey, James A., Medina, Massiel Nataly Corrales, Costa, Flávia R. C., Culmsee, Heike, David‐Higuita, Heriberto, Davidar, Priya, Aguila‐Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Di Fiore, Anthony, Van Do, Tran, Doucet, Jean‐Louis, Dourdain, Aurélie, Drake, Donald R., Ensslin, Andreas, Erwin, Terry, Ewango, Corneille E. N., Ewers, Robert M., Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Joice, Ferreira, Leandro Valle, Fischer, Markus, Franklin, Janet, Fredriksson, Gabriella M., Gillespie, Thomas W., Gilpin, Martin, Gonmadje, Christelle, Gunatilleke, Arachchige Upali Nimal, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Hall, Jefferson S., Hamer, Keith C., Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Herault, Bruno, Pizango, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo, Coronado, Eurídice N. Honorio, Hubau, Wannes, Hussain, Mohammad Shah, Ibrahim, Faridah‐Hanum, Imai, Nobuo, Joly, Carlos A., Joseph, Shijo, K, Anitha, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kassi, Justin, Killeen, Timothy J., Kitayama, Kanehiro, Klitgård, Bente Bang, Kooyman, Robert, Labrière, Nicolas, Larney, Eileen, Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Levesley, Aurora, Lisingo, Janvier, Lovejoy, Thomas, Lovett, Jon C., Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Magnusson, William E., Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Malhi, Yadvinder, Mansor, Asyraf, Peña, Jose Luis Marcelo, Marimon‐Junior, Ben H., Marshall, Andrew R., Melgaco, Karina, Bautista, Casimiro Mendoza, Mihindou, Vianet, Millet, Jérôme, Milliken, William, Mohandass, D., Mendoza, Abel Lorenzo Monteagudo, Mugerwa, Badru, Nagamasu, Hidetoshi, Nagy, Laszlo, Seuaturien, Naret, Nascimento, Marcelo T., Neill, David A., Neto, Luiz Menini, Nilus, Rueben, Vargas, Mario Percy Núñez, Nurtjahya, Eddy, Araújo, R. Nazaré O., Onrizal, Onrizal, Palacios, Walter A., Palacios‐Ramos, Sonia, Parren, Marc, Paudel, Ekananda, Morandi, Paulo S., Pennington, R. Toby, Pickavance, Georgia, Pipoly, John J., Pitman, Nigel C. A., Poedjirahajoe, Erny, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, John R., Rama Chandra Prasad, P., Prieto, Adriana, Puyravaud, Jean‐Philippe, Qie, Lan, Quesada, Carlos A., Ramírez‐Angulo, Hirma, Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude, Reitsma, Jan Meindert, Requena‐Rojas, Edilson J., Correa, Zorayda Restrepo, Rodriguez, Carlos Reynel, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Lleras, Agustín Rudas, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Punchi‐Manage, Ruwan, Salomão, Rafael P., Van Sam, Hoang, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Satdichanh, Manichanh, Schietti, Juliana, Schmitt, Christine B., Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Senbeta, Feyera, Nath Sharma, Lila, Sheil, Douglas, Sierra, Rodrigo, Silva‐Espejo, Javier E., Silveira, Marcos, Sonké, Bonaventure, Steininger, Marc K., Steinmetz, Robert, Stévart, Tariq, Sukumar, Raman, Sultana, Aisha, Sunderland, Terry C. H., Suresh, Hebbalalu Satyanarayana, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Edmund, Steege, Hans, Terborgh, John W., Theilade, Ida, Timberlake, Jonathan, Torres‐Lezama, Armando, Umunay, Peter, Uriarte, María, Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, Bult, Martin, Hout, Peter, Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, Vieira, Simone A., Vilanova, Emilio, Cayo, Jeanneth Villalobos, Wang, Ophelia, Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., White, Lee, Whitfeld, Timothy J. S., Wich, Serge, Willcock, Simon, Wiser, Susan K., Young, Kenneth R., Zakaria, Rahmad, Zang, Runguo, Zartman, Charles E., Zo‐Bi, Irié Casimir, McGeoch, Melodie, and Balslev, Henrik

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land, 580 Plants (Botany)
Abstract

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

129. From local spectral species to global spectral communities: A benchmark for ecosystem diversity estimate by remote sensing

Author

Rocchini, Duccio, Salvatori, Nicole, Beierkuhnlein, Carl, Chiarucci, Alessandro, de Boissieu, Florian, Förster, Michael, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., Hauffe, Heidi C., He, Kate S., Kleinschmit, Birgit, Lenoir, Jonathan, Malavasi, Marco, Moudrý, Vítĕzslav, Nagendra, Harini, Payne, Davnah, Šímová, Petra, Torresani, Michele, Wegmann, Martin, and Féret, Jean-Baptiste

Subjects
13. Climate action, 15. Life on land, 580 Plants (Botany)
Abstract

In the light of unprecedented change in global biodiversity, real-time and accurate ecosystem and biodiversity assessments are becoming increasingly essential. Nevertheless, estimation of biodiversity using ecological field data can be difficult for several reasons. For instance, for very large areas, it is challenging to collect data that provide reliable information. Some of these restrictions in Earth observation can be avoided through the use of remote sensing approaches. Various studies have estimated biodiversity on the basis of the Spectral Variation Hypothesis (SVH). According to this hypothesis, spectral heterogeneity over the different pixel units of a spatial grid reflects a higher niche heterogeneity, allowing more organisms to coexist. Recently, the spectral species concept has been derived, following the consideration that spectral heterogeneity at a landscape scale corresponds to a combination of subspaces sharing a similar spectral signature. With the use of high resolution remote sensing data, on a local scale, these subspaces can be identified as separate spectral entities, the so called “spectral species”. Our approach extends this concept over wide spatial extents and to a higher level of biological organization. We applied this method to MODIS imagery data across Europe. Obviously, in this case, a spectral species identified by MODIS is not associated to a single plant species in the field but rather to a species assemblage, habitat, or ecosystem. Based on such spectral information, we propose a straightforward method to derive α- (local relative abundance and richness of spectral species) and β-diversity (turnover of spectral species) maps over wide geographical areas.

130. Potential of remote sensing to predict species invasions: a modelling perspective

Author

Rocchini, Duccio, Andreo, Veronica, Förster, Michael, Garzon-Lopez, Carol Ximena, Gutierrez, Andrew Paul, Gillespie, Thomas W., Hauffe, Heidi C., He, Kate S., Kleinschmit, Birgit, Mairota, Paola, Marcantonio, Matteo, Metz, Markus, Nagendra, Harini, Pareeth, Sajid, Ponti, Luigi, Ricotta, Carlo, Rizzoli, Annapaola, Schaab, Gertrud, Zebisch, Marc, Zorer, Roberto, and Neteler, Markus

Subjects
910 Geografie, Reisen, species diversity, 13. Climate action, physiologically-based demographic models, ecological niche models, biological invasion, 14. Life underwater, 15. Life on land, satellite imagery, species distribution modelling, uncertainty
Abstract

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich., This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively., Understanding the causes and effects of species invasions is a priority in ecology and conservation biology. One of the crucial steps in evaluating the impact of invasive species is to map changes in their actual and potential distribution and relative abundance across a wide region over an appropriate time span. While direct and indirect remote sensing approaches have long been used to assess the invasion of plant species, the distribution of invasive animals is mainly based on indirect methods that rely on environmental proxies of conditions suitable for colonization by a particular species. The aim of this article is to review recent efforts in the predictive modelling of the spread of both plant and animal invasive species using remote sensing, and to stimulate debate on the potential use of remote sensing in biological invasion monitoring and forecasting. Specifically, the challenges and drawbacks of remote sensing techniques are discussed in relation to: i) developing species distribution models, and ii) studying life cycle changes and phenological variations. Finally, the paper addresses the open challenges and pitfalls of remote sensing for biological invasion studies including sensor characteristics, upscaling and downscaling in species distribution models, and uncertainty of results.

131. Phylogenetic classification of the world’s tropical forests

Author

Slik, J.W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, N., Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, N., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V.J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, Zang, Runguo, Slik, J.W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, N., Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, N., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V.J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, and Zang, Runguo

Abstract

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern hemisphere forests.

132. Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study

Author

Rocchini, Duccio, Bacaro, Giovanni, Chirici, Gherado, Da Re, Daniele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Galluzzi, Marta, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcantonio, Matteo, Nagendra, Harini, Ricotta, Carlo, Rommel, Edvinas, Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Van de Kerchove, Ruben, Wegmann, Martin, Rugani, Benedetto, Rocchini, Duccio, Bacaro, Giovanni, Chirici, Gherado, Da Re, Daniele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Galluzzi, Marta, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcantonio, Matteo, Nagendra, Harini, Ricotta, Carlo, Rommel, Edvinas, Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Van de Kerchove, Ruben, Wegmann, Martin, and Rugani, Benedetto

Abstract

Assessing biodiversity from field-based data is difficult for a number of practical reasons: (i) establishing the total number of sampling units to be investigated and the sampling design (e.g. systematic, random, stratified) can be difficult; (ii) the choice of the sampling design can affect the results; and (iii) defining the focal population of interest can be challenging. Satellite remote sensing is one of the most cost-effective and comprehensive approaches to identify biodiversity hotspots and predict changes in species composition. This is because, in contrast to field-based methods, it allows for complete spatial coverages of the Earth's surface under study over a short period of time. Furthermore, satellite remote sensing provides repeated measures, thus making it possible to study temporal changes in biodiversity. While taxonomic diversity measures have long been established, problems arising from abundance related measures have not been yet disentangled. Moreover, little has been done to account for functional diversity besides taxonomic diversity measures. The aim of this manuscript is to propose robust measures of remotely sensed heterogeneity to perform exploratory analysis for the detection of hotspots of taxonomic and functional diversity of plant species.

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133. The global abundance of tree palms

Author

Muscarella, Robert, Emilio, Thaise, Phillips, Oliver L., Lewis, Simon L., Slik, Ferry, Baker, William J., Couvreur, Thomas L. P., Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Svenning, Jens‐Christian, Affum‐Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin‐Ichiro, Almeida, Everton C., Almeida, Samuel S., Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, Álvarez‐Dávila, Esteban, Alves, Luciana F., Alvez‐Valles, Carlos Mariano, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, Guarin, Fernando Alzate, Andrade, Ana, Aragão, Luis E. O. C., Murakami, Alejandro Araujo, Arroyo, Luzmila, Ashton, Peter S., Corredor, Gerardo A. Aymard, Baker, Timothy R., Camargo, Plinio Barbosa, Barlow, Jos, Bastin, Jean‐François, Bengone, Natacha Nssi, Berenguer, Erika, Berry, Nicholas, Blanc, Lilian, Böhning‐Gaese, Katrin, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Bradford, Matt, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brewer, Steven W., Camargo, Jose L. C., Campbell, David G., Castilho, Carolina V., Castro, Wendeson, Catchpole, Damien, Cerón Martínez, Carlos E., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Cho, Percival, Chutipong, Wanlop, Clark, Connie, Collins, Murray, Comiskey, James A., Medina, Massiel Nataly Corrales, Costa, Flávia R. C., Culmsee, Heike, David‐Higuita, Heriberto, Davidar, Priya, Aguila‐Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Di Fiore, Anthony, Van Do, Tran, Doucet, Jean‐Louis, Dourdain, Aurélie, Drake, Donald R., Ensslin, Andreas, Erwin, Terry, Ewango, Corneille E. N., Ewers, Robert M., Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Joice, Ferreira, Leandro Valle, Fischer, Markus, Franklin, Janet, Fredriksson, Gabriella M., Gillespie, Thomas W., Gilpin, Martin, Gonmadje, Christelle, Gunatilleke, Arachchige Upali Nimal, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Hall, Jefferson S., Hamer, Keith C., Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Herault, Bruno, Pizango, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo, Coronado, Eurídice N. Honorio, Hubau, Wannes, Hussain, Mohammad Shah, Ibrahim, Faridah‐Hanum, Imai, Nobuo, Joly, Carlos A., Joseph, Shijo, K, Anitha, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kassi, Justin, Killeen, Timothy J., Kitayama, Kanehiro, Klitgård, Bente Bang, Kooyman, Robert, Labrière, Nicolas, Larney, Eileen, Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Levesley, Aurora, Lisingo, Janvier, Lovejoy, Thomas, Lovett, Jon C., Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Magnusson, William E., Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Malhi, Yadvinder, Mansor, Asyraf, Peña, Jose Luis Marcelo, Marimon‐Junior, Ben H., Marshall, Andrew R., Melgaco, Karina, Bautista, Casimiro Mendoza, Mihindou, Vianet, Millet, Jérôme, Milliken, William, Mohandass, D., Mendoza, Abel Lorenzo Monteagudo, Mugerwa, Badru, Nagamasu, Hidetoshi, Nagy, Laszlo, Seuaturien, Naret, Nascimento, Marcelo T., Neill, David A., Neto, Luiz Menini, Nilus, Rueben, Vargas, Mario Percy Núñez, Nurtjahya, Eddy, Araújo, R. Nazaré O., Onrizal, Onrizal, Palacios, Walter A., Palacios‐Ramos, Sonia, Parren, Marc, Paudel, Ekananda, Morandi, Paulo S., Pennington, R. Toby, Pickavance, Georgia, Pipoly, John J., Pitman, Nigel C. A., Poedjirahajoe, Erny, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, John R., Rama Chandra Prasad, P., Prieto, Adriana, Puyravaud, Jean‐Philippe, Qie, Lan, Quesada, Carlos A., Ramírez‐Angulo, Hirma, Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude, Reitsma, Jan Meindert, Requena‐Rojas, Edilson J., Correa, Zorayda Restrepo, Rodriguez, Carlos Reynel, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Lleras, Agustín Rudas, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Punchi‐Manage, Ruwan, Salomão, Rafael P., Van Sam, Hoang, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Satdichanh, Manichanh, Schietti, Juliana, Schmitt, Christine B., Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Senbeta, Feyera, Nath Sharma, Lila, Sheil, Douglas, Sierra, Rodrigo, Silva‐Espejo, Javier E., Silveira, Marcos, Sonké, Bonaventure, Steininger, Marc K., Steinmetz, Robert, Stévart, Tariq, Sukumar, Raman, Sultana, Aisha, Sunderland, Terry C. H., Suresh, Hebbalalu Satyanarayana, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Edmund, Steege, Hans, Terborgh, John W., Theilade, Ida, Timberlake, Jonathan, Torres‐Lezama, Armando, Umunay, Peter, Uriarte, María, Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, Bult, Martin, Hout, Peter, Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, Vieira, Simone A., Vilanova, Emilio, Cayo, Jeanneth Villalobos, Wang, Ophelia, Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., White, Lee, Whitfeld, Timothy J. S., Wich, Serge, Willcock, Simon, Wiser, Susan K., Young, Kenneth R., Zakaria, Rahmad, Zang, Runguo, Zartman, Charles E., Zo‐Bi, Irié Casimir, McGeoch, Melodie, Balslev, Henrik, Muscarella, Robert, Emilio, Thaise, Phillips, Oliver L., Lewis, Simon L., Slik, Ferry, Baker, William J., Couvreur, Thomas L. P., Eiserhardt, Wolf L., Svenning, Jens‐Christian, Affum‐Baffoe, Kofi, Aiba, Shin‐Ichiro, Almeida, Everton C., Almeida, Samuel S., Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, Álvarez‐Dávila, Esteban, Alves, Luciana F., Alvez‐Valles, Carlos Mariano, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, Guarin, Fernando Alzate, Andrade, Ana, Aragão, Luis E. O. C., Murakami, Alejandro Araujo, Arroyo, Luzmila, Ashton, Peter S., Corredor, Gerardo A. Aymard, Baker, Timothy R., Camargo, Plinio Barbosa, Barlow, Jos, Bastin, Jean‐François, Bengone, Natacha Nssi, Berenguer, Erika, Berry, Nicholas, Blanc, Lilian, Böhning‐Gaese, Katrin, Bonal, Damien, Bongers, Frans, Bradford, Matt, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brewer, Steven W., Camargo, Jose L. C., Campbell, David G., Castilho, Carolina V., Castro, Wendeson, Catchpole, Damien, Cerón Martínez, Carlos E., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Cho, Percival, Chutipong, Wanlop, Clark, Connie, Collins, Murray, Comiskey, James A., Medina, Massiel Nataly Corrales, Costa, Flávia R. C., Culmsee, Heike, David‐Higuita, Heriberto, Davidar, Priya, Aguila‐Pasquel, Jhon, Derroire, Géraldine, Di Fiore, Anthony, Van Do, Tran, Doucet, Jean‐Louis, Dourdain, Aurélie, Drake, Donald R., Ensslin, Andreas, Erwin, Terry, Ewango, Corneille E. N., Ewers, Robert M., Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Joice, Ferreira, Leandro Valle, Fischer, Markus, Franklin, Janet, Fredriksson, Gabriella M., Gillespie, Thomas W., Gilpin, Martin, Gonmadje, Christelle, Gunatilleke, Arachchige Upali Nimal, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Hall, Jefferson S., Hamer, Keith C., Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Herault, Bruno, Pizango, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo, Coronado, Eurídice N. Honorio, Hubau, Wannes, Hussain, Mohammad Shah, Ibrahim, Faridah‐Hanum, Imai, Nobuo, Joly, Carlos A., Joseph, Shijo, K, Anitha, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kassi, Justin, Killeen, Timothy J., Kitayama, Kanehiro, Klitgård, Bente Bang, Kooyman, Robert, Labrière, Nicolas, Larney, Eileen, Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Levesley, Aurora, Lisingo, Janvier, Lovejoy, Thomas, Lovett, Jon C., Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Magnusson, William E., Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Malhi, Yadvinder, Mansor, Asyraf, Peña, Jose Luis Marcelo, Marimon‐Junior, Ben H., Marshall, Andrew R., Melgaco, Karina, Bautista, Casimiro Mendoza, Mihindou, Vianet, Millet, Jérôme, Milliken, William, Mohandass, D., Mendoza, Abel Lorenzo Monteagudo, Mugerwa, Badru, Nagamasu, Hidetoshi, Nagy, Laszlo, Seuaturien, Naret, Nascimento, Marcelo T., Neill, David A., Neto, Luiz Menini, Nilus, Rueben, Vargas, Mario Percy Núñez, Nurtjahya, Eddy, Araújo, R. Nazaré O., Onrizal, Onrizal, Palacios, Walter A., Palacios‐Ramos, Sonia, Parren, Marc, Paudel, Ekananda, Morandi, Paulo S., Pennington, R. Toby, Pickavance, Georgia, Pipoly, John J., Pitman, Nigel C. A., Poedjirahajoe, Erny, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, John R., Rama Chandra Prasad, P., Prieto, Adriana, Puyravaud, Jean‐Philippe, Qie, Lan, Quesada, Carlos A., Ramírez‐Angulo, Hirma, Razafimahaimodison, Jean Claude, Reitsma, Jan Meindert, Requena‐Rojas, Edilson J., Correa, Zorayda Restrepo, Rodriguez, Carlos Reynel, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Lleras, Agustín Rudas, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Punchi‐Manage, Ruwan, Salomão, Rafael P., Van Sam, Hoang, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Satdichanh, Manichanh, Schietti, Juliana, Schmitt, Christine B., Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Senbeta, Feyera, Nath Sharma, Lila, Sheil, Douglas, Sierra, Rodrigo, Silva‐Espejo, Javier E., Silveira, Marcos, Sonké, Bonaventure, Steininger, Marc K., Steinmetz, Robert, Stévart, Tariq, Sukumar, Raman, Sultana, Aisha, Sunderland, Terry C. H., Suresh, Hebbalalu Satyanarayana, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Edmund, Steege, Hans, Terborgh, John W., Theilade, Ida, Timberlake, Jonathan, Torres‐Lezama, Armando, Umunay, Peter, Uriarte, María, Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, Bult, Martin, Hout, Peter, Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, Vieira, Simone A., Vilanova, Emilio, Cayo, Jeanneth Villalobos, Wang, Ophelia, Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., White, Lee, Whitfeld, Timothy J. S., Wich, Serge, Willcock, Simon, Wiser, Susan K., Young, Kenneth R., Zakaria, Rahmad, Zang, Runguo, Zartman, Charles E., Zo‐Bi, Irié Casimir, McGeoch, Melodie, and Balslev, Henrik

Abstract

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical

134. Phylogenetic classification of the world’s tropical forests

Author

Slik, J. W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P. L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qie, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S. B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, Suresh, H. S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V. J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, Zang, Runguo, Slik, J. W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P. L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qie, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S. B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, Suresh, H. S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V. J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, and Zang, Runguo

Abstract

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.

135. Phylogenetic classification of the world’s tropical forests

Author

Slik, J.W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, N., Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, N., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V.J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, Zang, Runguo, Slik, J.W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, N., Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, N., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V.J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, and Zang, Runguo

Abstract

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern hemisphere forests.

136. Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study

Author

Rocchini, Duccio, Bacaro, Giovanni, Chirici, Gherado, Da Re, Daniele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Galluzzi, Marta, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcantonio, Matteo, Nagendra, Harini, Ricotta, Carlo, Rommel, Edvinas, Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Van de Kerchove, Ruben, Wegmann, Martin, Rugani, Benedetto, Rocchini, Duccio, Bacaro, Giovanni, Chirici, Gherado, Da Re, Daniele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Galluzzi, Marta, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcantonio, Matteo, Nagendra, Harini, Ricotta, Carlo, Rommel, Edvinas, Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Van de Kerchove, Ruben, Wegmann, Martin, and Rugani, Benedetto

Abstract

Assessing biodiversity from field-based data is difficult for a number of practical reasons: (i) establishing the total number of sampling units to be investigated and the sampling design (e.g. systematic, random, stratified) can be difficult; (ii) the choice of the sampling design can affect the results; and (iii) defining the focal population of interest can be challenging. Satellite remote sensing is one of the most cost-effective and comprehensive approaches to identify biodiversity hotspots and predict changes in species composition. This is because, in contrast to field-based methods, it allows for complete spatial coverages of the Earth's surface under study over a short period of time. Furthermore, satellite remote sensing provides repeated measures, thus making it possible to study temporal changes in biodiversity. While taxonomic diversity measures have long been established, problems arising from abundance related measures have not been yet disentangled. Moreover, little has been done to account for functional diversity besides taxonomic diversity measures. The aim of this manuscript is to propose robust measures of remotely sensed heterogeneity to perform exploratory analysis for the detection of hotspots of taxonomic and functional diversity of plant species.

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137. Phylogenetic classification of the world’s tropical forests

Author

Slik, J.W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, N., Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, N., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V.J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, Zang, Runguo, Slik, J.W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, N., Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, N., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V.J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, and Zang, Runguo

Abstract

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern hemisphere forests.

138. Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study

Author

Rocchini, Duccio, Bacaro, Giovanni, Chirici, Gherado, Da Re, Daniele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Galluzzi, Marta, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcantonio, Matteo, Nagendra, Harini, Ricotta, Carlo, Rommel, Edvinas, Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Van de Kerchove, Ruben, Wegmann, Martin, Rugani, Benedetto, Rocchini, Duccio, Bacaro, Giovanni, Chirici, Gherado, Da Re, Daniele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Galluzzi, Marta, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcantonio, Matteo, Nagendra, Harini, Ricotta, Carlo, Rommel, Edvinas, Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Van de Kerchove, Ruben, Wegmann, Martin, and Rugani, Benedetto

Abstract

Assessing biodiversity from field-based data is difficult for a number of practical reasons: (i) establishing the total number of sampling units to be investigated and the sampling design (e.g. systematic, random, stratified) can be difficult; (ii) the choice of the sampling design can affect the results; and (iii) defining the focal population of interest can be challenging. Satellite remote sensing is one of the most cost-effective and comprehensive approaches to identify biodiversity hotspots and predict changes in species composition. This is because, in contrast to field-based methods, it allows for complete spatial coverages of the Earth's surface under study over a short period of time. Furthermore, satellite remote sensing provides repeated measures, thus making it possible to study temporal changes in biodiversity. While taxonomic diversity measures have long been established, problems arising from abundance related measures have not been yet disentangled. Moreover, little has been done to account for functional diversity besides taxonomic diversity measures. The aim of this manuscript is to propose robust measures of remotely sensed heterogeneity to perform exploratory analysis for the detection of hotspots of taxonomic and functional diversity of plant species.

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139. Phylogenetic classification of the world’s tropical forests

Author

Slik, J.W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, N., Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, N., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V.J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, Zang, Runguo, Slik, J.W. Ferry, Franklin, Janet, Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, Field, Richard, Aguilar, Salomon, Aguirre, Nikolay, Ahumada, Jorge, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Alves, Luciana F., K, Anitha, Avella, Andres, Mora, Francisco, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Báez, Selene, Balvanera, Patricia, Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean-François, Bellingham, Peter J., van den Berg, Eduardo, da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna, Boeckx, Pascal, Boehning-Gaese, Katrin, Bongers, Frans, Boyle, Brad, Brambach, Fabian, Brearley, Francis Q., Brown, Sandra, Chai, Shauna-Lee, Chazdon, Robin L., Chen, Shengbin, Chhang, Phourin, Chuyong, George, Ewango, Corneille, Coronado, Indiana M., Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Culmsee, Heike, Damas, Kipiro, Dattaraja, H. S., Davidar, Priya, DeWalt, Saara J., Din, Hazimah, Drake, Donald R., Duque, Alvaro, Durigan, Giselda, Eichhorn, Karl, Eler, Eduardo Schmidt, Enoki, Tsutomu, Ensslin, Andreas, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Farwig, Nina, Feeley, Kenneth J., Fischer, Markus, Forshed, Olle, Garcia, Queila Souza, Garkoti, Satish Chandra, Gillespie, Thomas W., Gillet, Jean-Francois, Gonmadje, Christelle, Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo, Griffith, Daniel M., Grogan, James, Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, Harris, David J., Harrison, Rhett D., Hector, Andy, Hemp, Andreas, Homeier, Jürgen, Hussain, M. Shah, Ibarra-Manríquez, Guillermo, Hanum, I. Faridah, Imai, Nobuo, Jansen, Patrick A., Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Joseph, Shijo, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kelly, Daniel L., Kessler, Michael, Killeen, Timothy J., Kooyman, Robert M., Laumonier, Yves, Laurance, Susan G., Laurance, William F., Lawes, Michael J., Letcher, Susan G., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lovett, Jon, Lozada, Jose, Lu, Xinghui, Lykke, Anne Mette, Mahmud, Khairil Bin, Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana, Mansor, Asyraf, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Calderado Leal Matos, Darley, Meave, Jorge A., Melo, Felipe P.L., Mendoza, Zhofre Huberto Aguirre, Metali, Faizah, Medjibe, Vincent P., Metzger, Jean Paul, Metzker, Thiago, Mohandass, D., Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Nurtjahy, Eddy, de Oliveira, Eddie Lenza, Onrizal, N., Parolin, Pia, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, N., Paudel, Ekananda, Perez, Rolando, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pommer, Ulf, Poorter, Lourens, Qi, Lan, Piedade, Maria Teresa F., Pinto, José Roberto Rodrigues, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Powers, Jennifer S., Prasad, Rama Chandra, Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe, Rangel, Orlando, Reitsma, Jan, Rocha, Diogo S.B., Rolim, Samir, Rovero, Francesco, Rozak, Andes, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Rutishauser, Ervan, Rutten, Gemma, Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam, Saiter, Felipe Z., Saner, Philippe, Santos, Braulio, dos Santos, João Roberto, Sarker, Swapan Kumar, Schmitt, Christine B., Schoengart, Jochen, Schulze, Mark, Sheil, Douglas, Sist, Plinio, Souza, Alexandre F., Spironello, Wilson Roberto, Sposito, Tereza, Steinmetz, Robert, Stevart, Tariq, Suganuma, Marcio Seiji, Sukri, Rahayu, Sultana, Aisha, Sukumar, Raman, Sunderland, Terry, Supriyadi, N., Suresh, H.S., Suzuki, Eizi, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Tang, Jianwei, Tanner, Ed V.J., Targhetta, Natalia, Theilade, Ida, Thomas, Duncan, Timberlake, Jonathan, de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio, van Valkenburg, Johan, Van Do, Tran, Van Sam, Hoang, Vandermeer, John H., Verbeeck, Hans, Vetaas, Ole Reidar, Adekunle, Victor, Vieira, Simone A., Webb, Campbell O., Webb, Edward L., Whitfeld, Timothy, Wich, Serge, Williams, John, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Yang, Xiaobo, Adou Yao, C. Yves, Yap, Sandra L., Zahawi, Rakan A., Zakaria, Rahmad, and Zang, Runguo

Abstract

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern hemisphere forests.

140. Remotely sensed spatial heterogeneity as an exploratory tool for taxonomic and functional diversity study

Author

Rocchini, Duccio, Bacaro, Giovanni, Chirici, Gherado, Da Re, Daniele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Galluzzi, Marta, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcantonio, Matteo, Nagendra, Harini, Ricotta, Carlo, Rommel, Edvinas, Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Van de Kerchove, Ruben, Wegmann, Martin, Rugani, Benedetto, Rocchini, Duccio, Bacaro, Giovanni, Chirici, Gherado, Da Re, Daniele, Feilhauer, Hannes, Foody, Giles M., Galluzzi, Marta, Garzon-Lopez, Carol X., Gillespie, Thomas W., He, Kate S., Lenoir, Jonathan, Marcantonio, Matteo, Nagendra, Harini, Ricotta, Carlo, Rommel, Edvinas, Schmidtlein, Sebastian, Skidmore, Andrew K., Van de Kerchove, Ruben, Wegmann, Martin, and Rugani, Benedetto

Abstract

Assessing biodiversity from field-based data is difficult for a number of practical reasons: (i) establishing the total number of sampling units to be investigated and the sampling design (e.g. systematic, random, stratified) can be difficult; (ii) the choice of the sampling design can affect the results; and (iii) defining the focal population of interest can be challenging. Satellite remote sensing is one of the most cost-effective and comprehensive approaches to identify biodiversity hotspots and predict changes in species composition. This is because, in contrast to field-based methods, it allows for complete spatial coverages of the Earth's surface under study over a short period of time. Furthermore, satellite remote sensing provides repeated measures, thus making it possible to study temporal changes in biodiversity. While taxonomic diversity measures have long been established, problems arising from abundance related measures have not been yet disentangled. Moreover, little has been done to account for functional diversity besides taxonomic diversity measures. The aim of this manuscript is to propose robust measures of remotely sensed heterogeneity to perform exploratory analysis for the detection of hotspots of taxonomic and functional diversity of plant species.

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144. Predicting Tropical Tree Species Richness from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Time Series: The Devil Is Perhaps Not in the Detail.

Author

Pouteau, Robin, Gillespie, Thomas W., and Birnbaum, Philippe

Subjects
*PLANT species diversity, *MULTIPURPOSE trees, *BIODIVERSITY, *TIME series analysis, *SPECIES diversity, *FORESTS & forestry
Abstract

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from remote sensing is a common explanatory variable inputted in correlative biodiversity models in the form of descriptive statistics summarizing complex time series. Here, we hypothesized that a single meaningful remotely-sensed scene can provide better prediction of species richness than any usual multi-scene statistics. We tested this idea using a 15-year time series of six-day composite MODIS NDVI data combined with field measurements of tree species richness in the tropical biodiversity hotspot of New Caledonia. Although some overall, seasonal, annual and monthly statistics appeared to successfully correlate with tree species richness in New Caledonia, a range of individual scenes were found to provide significantly better predictions of both the overall tree species richness (|r| = 0.68) and the richness of large trees (|r| = 0.91). A preliminary screening of the NDVI-species richness relationship within each time step can therefore be an effective and straightforward way to maximize the accuracy of NDVI-based correlative biodiversity models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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145. Topography and Three-Dimensional Structure Can Estimate Tree Diversity along a Tropical Elevational Gradient in Costa Rica.

Author

Robinson, Chelsea, Saatchi, Sassan, Clark, David, Hurtado Astaiza, Johanna, Hubel, Anna F., and Gillespie, Thomas W.

Subjects
LIDAR, PLANT diversity, TREES, TROPICAL forests, REMOTE sensing
Abstract

This research seeks to understand how tree species richness and diversity relates to field data (1-ha plots) on forest structure (stems, basal area) and lidar derived data on topography and three-dimensional forest structure along an elevational gradient in Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica. In 2016 we calculated tree species richness and diversity indices for twenty 1-ha plots located along a gradient ranging from 56 to 2814 m in elevation. Field inventory data were combined with large footprint (20 m) airborne lidar data over plots in 2005, in order to quantify variations in topography and three-dimensional structure across plots and landscapes. A distinct pattern revealing an increase in species’ richness and the Shannon diversity index was observed in correlation with increasing elevation, up to about 600 m; beyond that, at higher elevations, a decrease was observed. Stem density and basal area both peaked at the 2800 m site, with a mini-peak at 600 m, and were both negatively associated with species richness and diversity. Species richness and diversity were negatively correlated with elevation, while the two tallest relative height metrics (rh100, rh75) derived from lidar were both significantly positively correlated with species richness and diversity. The best lidar-derived topographical and three-dimensional forest structural models showed a strong relationship with the Shannon diversity index (r2 = 0.941, p < 0.01), with ten predictors; conversely, the best species richness model was weaker (r2 = 0.599, p < 0.01), with two predictors. We realize that our high r² has to be interpreted with caution due to possible overfitting, since we had so few ground plots in which to develop the relationship with the numerous topographical and structural explanatory variables. However, this is still an interesting analysis, even with the issue of overfitting. To reduce issues with overfitting we used ridge regression, which acted as a regularization method, shrinking coefficients in order to decrease their variability and multicollinearity. This study is unique because it uses paired 1-ha plot and airborne lidar data over a tropical elevation gradient, and suggests potential for mapping species richness and diversity across elevational gradients in tropical montane ecosystems using topography and relative height metrics from spaceborne lidar with greater spatial coverage (e.g., GEDI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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146. Citizen science can complement professional invasive plant surveys and improve estimates of suitable habitat.

Author

Dimson, Monica, Berio Fortini, Lucas, Tingley, Morgan W., and Gillespie, Thomas W.

Subjects
*INVASIVE plants, *CITIZEN science, *HABITATS, *NUMBERS of species, *INTRODUCED species, *TRAILS, *LANDSAT satellites
Abstract

Aim: Citizen science is a cost‐effective potential source of invasive species occurrence data. However, data quality issues due to unstructured sampling approaches may discourage the use of these observations by science and conservation professionals. This study explored the utility of low‐structure iNaturalist citizen science data in invasive plant monitoring. We first examined the prevalence of invasive taxa in iNaturalist plant observations and sampling biases associated with these data. Using four invasive species as examples, we then compared iNaturalist and professional agency observations and used the two datasets to model suitable habitat for each species. Location: Hawai'i, USA. Methods: To estimate the prevalence of invasive plant data, we compared the number of species and observations recorded in iNaturalist to botanical checklists for Hawai'i. Sampling bias was quantified along gradients of site accessibility, protective status and vegetation disturbance using a bias index. Habitat suitability for four invasive species was modelled in Maxent, using observations from iNaturalist, professional agencies and stratified subsets of iNaturalist data. Results: iNaturalist plant observations were biased towards invasive species, which were frequently recorded in areas with higher road/trail density and vegetation disturbance. Professional observations of four example invasive species tended to occur in less accessible, native‐dominated sites. Habitat suitability models based on iNaturalist versus professional data showed moderate overlap and different distributions of suitable habitat across vegetation disturbance classes. Stratifying iNaturalist observations had little effect on how suitable habitat was distributed for the species modelled in this study. Main Conclusions: Opportunistic iNaturalist observations have the potential to complement and expand professional invasive plant monitoring, which we found was often affected by inverse sampling biases. Invasive species represented a high proportion of iNaturalist plant observations, and were recorded in environments that were not captured by professional surveys. Combining the datasets thus led to more comprehensive estimates of suitable habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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147. The Church Faces Death (Book).

Author

Gillespie, Thomas W.

Subjects
*CHURCH, *NONFICTION
Abstract

Reviews the book 'The Church Faces Death: Ecclesiology in a Post-Modern Context,' by Michael Jinkins.

Published
2002
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148. Book reviews.

Author

Gillespie, Thomas W.

Subjects
SAINT Paul's Theology of Proclamation (Book)
Abstract

Reviews the book `St. Paul's Theology of Proclamation: 1 Corinthians 1-4 and Greco-Roman Rhetoric,' by Duane Litfin.

Published
1996

149. Book notes.

Author

Gillespie, Thomas W.

Subjects
TRIVIALIZATION of God, The (Book)
Abstract

Reviews the book `The Trivialization of God: The Dangerous Illusion of a Manageable Deity,' by Donald W. McCulluogh.

Published
1997
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150. Global tropical dry forest extent and cover: A comparative study of bioclimatic definitions using two climatic data sets

Author

Janet Franklin, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Jonathan Pando Ocón, Stephanie Pau, Thomas W. Gillespie, Thomas Ibanez, Gunnar Keppel, Michael Edward Shin, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), University of California [Riverside] (UCR), Florida State University [Panama City], University of South Australia [Adelaide], University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Zang, RunGuo, University of California (UC), University of California [Riverside] (UC Riverside), Ocón, Jonathan P, Ibanez, Thomas, Franklin, Janet, Pau, Stephanie, Keppel, Gunnar, Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo, Edward, Michael, and Gillespie, Thomas W

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biome, Biodiversity, Plant Science, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Geographical Locations, Vegetation type, 2. Zero hunger, Climatology, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Agriculture, Vegetation, Terrestrial Environments, Geography, Grasslands, Medicine, Research Article, Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, Asia, General Science & Technology, Science, Subtropics, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecosystems, Ecoregion, Forest ecology, Humans, Plant Communities, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Plant Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biology and Life Sciences, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, People and Places, Africa, Earth Sciences, Physical geography, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology
Abstract

There is a debate concerning the definition and extent of tropical dry forest biome and vegetation type at a global spatial scale. We identify the potential extent of the tropical dry forest biome based on bioclimatic definitions and climatic data sets to improve global estimates of distribution, cover, and change. We compared four bioclimatic definitions of the tropical dry forest biome–Murphy and Lugo, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), DryFlor, aridity index–using two climatic data sets: WorldClim and Climatologies at High-resolution for the Earth’s Land Surface Areas (CHELSA). We then compared each of the eight unique combinations of bioclimatic definitions and climatic data sets using 540 field plots identified as tropical dry forest from a literature search and evaluated the accuracy of World Wildlife Fund tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest ecoregions. We used the definition and climate data that most closely matched field data to calculate forest cover in 2000 and change from 2001 to 2020. Globally, there was low agreement (< 58%) between bioclimatic definitions and WWF ecoregions and only 40% of field plots fell within these ecoregions. FAO using CHELSA had the highest agreement with field plots (81%) and was not correlated with the biome extent. Using the FAO definition with CHELSA climatic data set, we estimate 4,931,414 km2 of closed canopy (≥ 40% forest cover) tropical dry forest in 2000 and 4,369,695 km2 in 2020 with a gross loss of 561,719 km2 (11.4%) from 2001 to 2020. Tropical dry forest biome extent varies significantly based on bioclimatic definition used, with nearly half of all tropical dry forest vegetation missed when using ecoregion boundaries alone, especially in Africa. Using site-specific field validation, we find that the FAO definition using CHELSA provides an accurate, standard, and repeatable way to assess tropical dry forest cover and change at a global scale.

Published
2021
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