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espanolEn el ano 2010-2011 en el Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogeneticas de Pairumani (CIFP) en Cochabamba-Bolivia, se cruzaron ocho lineas parentales de arveja bajo el diseno dialelico Griffing IV, con el objetivo de determinar las bases geneticas que condicionan el numero de vainas por nudo, la relaciones geneticas con caracteres afines y las lineas que posean genes favorables para incrementar el numero de vainas por nudo. Las progenies F1 evaluadas de acuerdo al diseno experimental de filas y columnas incompletas con cuatro repeticiones, indican que el numero de vainas/nudo esta condicionado por efectos aditivos y de dominancia; sin embargo, los efectos aditivos fueron de mayor importancia con una heredabilidad en sentido estrecho moderado (0.49). Por otro lado, el numero de vainas/nudo esta alta y positivamente correlacionada con el numero de vainas/planta y densidad de grano, en las cuales los efectos aditivos fueron de mayor importancia y heredabilidades en sentido estrecho de 0.72 y 0.36, respectivamente. El numero de vainas/nudo esta alta y negativamente correlacionada con dias a floracion, dias a madurez en verde, largo de vaina, ancho de vaina, peso de grano, altura de planta y altura a la primera vaina, en las cuales excepto en altura de planta y altura a la primera vaina, los efectos aditivos fueron de mayor importancia, con una heredabilidad en sentido estrecho entre 0.19 y 0.81. Para desarrollar variedades con mayor numero de vainas por nudo se puede optar por desarrollar variedades con vainas a menor altura, de granos mas pequenos y con vainas mas delgadas; o variedades con mas dias a madurez en verde, de granos menos densos, pedunculo corto y vainas cortas. Las lineas M-2, calle-calle, Pairumani-1, PH-91-3 poseen genes favorables para desarrollar variedades con mayor numero de vainas por nudo y por ende mayor cantidad de vainas por planta, pero con vainas pequenas y delgadas, y de ciclo corto, ademas de mayor cantidad de granos por vaina y granos mas densos. Pairumani-3, Lincoln, Snap Pea e INIAP-433 poseen genes favorables para desarrollar variedades con menor numero de vainas por nudo, pero con vainas largas y anchas, con mayor peso de grano, mayor altura planta y con mayor altura a la primera vaina. EnglishIn the year 2010-2011 at the Pairumani Research of Phytoecogenetics Center (PFIC) in Cochabamba, Bolivia, eight parental lines were crossed pea under the diallel Griffing IV design, with the objective of determining the genetic bases that conditioned the number of pods per node, the genetic relations with associated traits and the lines that have favorable genes to increase the number of pods per node. The F1 progenies were evaluated according to incomplete rows and columns experimental design with four replications. The results shown that the number of pods per node is conditioned by additive effects and dominance; nevertheless, the additive effects were of greater importance with moderate narrow sense heritability (0.49). Additionally, the number of pods per node is highly and positively related to the number of pods per plants and grain density, for which the additive effects were of greater importance and narrow sense heritability of 0.72 and 0.36 respectively. The number of pods per node is highly and negatively related to days to flowering, days to green pod maturity, pod length, pod width, grain weight, plant height and first pod height, in which except plant height and first pod height, the additive effects were of greater importance, presenting a narrow sense heritability between 0.19 and 0.81. For developing varieties with higher number of pods per node, an option can be to developing varieties with lower height to the first pod, of smaller grains with thinner pods, or varieties with more days to green maturity, of grains with less density, short peduncule and short pods. The M-2, Calle-Calle, Pairumani-1 and PH-91-3 lines have favorable genes to developing varieties with and therefore greater amount of pods per plant, but with small and thin pods, and of short cycles, besides of greater amount of grains per pods and dense grain. The Pairumani-3, Lincolns, Snap Pea and INIAP-433 possess favorable genes for developing varieties with reduced number of pods per node, but with long and wide pods, with heavy grain, taller plants and with greater.

Six japonica rice genotypes, differing in panicle type, grain density, and phytic acid (PA) content, were applied to investigate the effect of grain position on the concentrations of major mineral nutrients and its relation to PA content and grain weight within a panicle. Grain position significantly affected the concentrations of the studied minerals in both the vertical and horizontal axes of a rice panicle. Heavy-weight grains, located on primary rachis and top rachis, generally had higher mineral concentrations, but were lower in PA concentration and molar ratios of PA/Zn, compared with the small-weight grains located on secondary rachis and bottom rachis, regardless of rice genotypes. However, on the basis of six rice genotypes, no significant correlations were found among mineral elements, PA, and grain weight. These results suggested that some desired minerals, like Zn and Fe, and their bioavailability, can be enhanced simultaneously by the modification of panicle patterns, and it will be helpful in the selection of rice genotypes with low PA and high mineral nutrients for further breeding strategy without sacrificing their high yields.

Sab’atayn basin is one of the two main hydrocarbon fields in Yemen. The present study is a trial to use the measured conventional core analysis data to define the potential reservoir zones in Alif and Seen members in Sab'atayn basin and to discriminate them into conductive and superconductive zones, and into potential and impervious zones using the concept of Reservoir Quality index (RQI), the Flow zone Index (FZI), and the Reservoir Potentiality Index (RPI). Samples from Alif and Seen members are composed mostly of pebbly quartz arenite, sometimes of dolomitic and ferruginous quartz arenite. Based on the petrophysical behavior, the studied Alif member is subdivided into three petrophysical facies in Alif 003 well and into two facies in Alif 005 well. Seen member is also subdivided into two petrophysical facies in Alif 005 well. The bulk density of the measured Alif and Seen samples is dependent mostly on the measured porosity with no dependence on the grain density. Due to the measuring technique, summation fluid porosity shows scattered data and is not recommended to be used for further development and exploration of future plans in the studied field. The reservoir zonation and discrimination shows a main reservoir body in Alif member in both Alif 003 and Alif 005 wells, with very good and excellent potentiality (RPI, 4–5) in Alif 003 well. The reservoir potentiality decreases to the southwest of the field in Alif 005 well, where the RPI varies from 2 to 4, ranked as fair to very good. Downward, Seen member is characterized mostly by negligible, poor to fair petrophysical data in the most top parts (RPI, 1–3). The quality controlled parameters, RPI and FZI, are mostly controlled by horizontal permeability ‘K’ and can be calculated precisely in terms of it.

Correction : Due to an error in the formatting of this paper, the incorrect Introduction was included in the PDF. On 1 September 2015, the Introduction to this paper was replaced with the correct version. Our apologies to the authors of the paper for this error – Editors.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food crop of the developing world and belongs to family Poaceae (Graminae). This experiment was conducted at Regional Rice Research and Development center, Bombuwala with the objective of evaluating grain density, yield and agronomic characters of some selected rice genotypes with five new breeding lines and five improved varieties. The new breeding lines 09-892, 09-897, 03-1198, 09-1054-1, 09-1063-3 and the improved varieties Bg 358, Bg 359, Bw 363, Bw 364 and At 362 were cultivated in randomized complete block design with three replicates. After land preparation, the field layout was prepared and then the seeds were broadcasted. Observations of yield and agronomic characters were taken at their corresponding stages of the plant. The variety Bw 364 and 09-1063-3 new breeding line had significantly long culm length and panicle length than other varieties. But 09-892 breeding line with intermediate culm showed a lodging problem in the field. New breeding line of 09-1054-1 showed early flowering than other varieties and it deviated from 3½ month aged group flowering. New breeding line of 09-892, 09-897 and 09-1054-1 took shorter time for maturity. The variety Bw 364 (2.6 g) had significantly higher hundred seed weight than other varieties. Numbers of spikelets/panicle did not vary significantly with treatments in the experiment. The variety At 362 (16.3%) and the new breeding lines 09-897 (25.6%), 03-1198 (26.3%) had the lowest spikelet sterility percentage and Bw 363 (40%) showed the highest spikelet sterility percentage in the trial. High density grain percentage significantly varied among the tested genotypes ranging from 45 to 68%. The highest high density grain percentage was shown by Bg 358, Bg 359, Bw 364, At 362,09-892,09-897 while 03-1198 and 09-1054-1 had the lowest high density grain percentage. Among the improved varieties, Bw 364 (5.3 t/ha) and At 362 (5.1 t/ha) showed the highest yield in the trial whereas the new breeding lines 03-1198 (4.1 t/ha) showed the highest yield. Hence, 03- 1198 new breeding line can be selected for adaptability tests and it promises to proceed in the varietal selection programme to become a recommended variety.Journal of the University of Ruhuna 2013 1(2): 19-22

The forming behaviour of cold rolled closed annealed steel sheet in Selected samples with proper annealing and chemical composition for better formability was investigated by Erichsen Cupping test method. The results showed that the formability of cold rolled closed annealed steel having lower percentage of carbon is lesser forming property and ductility. It was found that the stress distribution and the grain density of the sheet material confirm the formability. The best combination of strength and ductile properties has steel with the low carbon and better forming property.

Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) has shown potential as an alternative and biofuel crop in cereal-based cropping systems. Our study investigated the adaption, performance, and yield stability among camelina genotypes across diverse US Pacific Northwest (PNW) environments. Seven named camelina genotypes and 11 experimental numbered genotypes were evaluated for seed and oil yield in trials at 18 location/year environments that spanned four annual precipitation zones. Locations were rainfed with long-term mean annual precipitation ranging from 242 to 1085 mm. Thirteen trials were spring-planted and five were fall-planted. Oil content was determined on seed from seven trials, seed weight from five trials, plant height and grain density from four trials, and plant lodging from two trials. Yield stability index was determined and related to seed yield across trials and within each of four annual precipitation zones. Seed yields varied from a trial mean of 127 kg/ha at Lind WA during a year of extreme drought to 3302 kg/ha at Pullman WA with the grand mean 1213 kg/ha. Seed yields among genotypes were significantly different (P

Man-made CO2 emissions (the so called anthropogenic CO2 emissions) and their increasing trend can be, by some scientists, considered a serious menace for the sustainable development of mankind, and their reduction a prerequisite for the environment protection. Carbon dioxide is one of the most important gases that cause a greenhouse effect which warms up the earth surface as a consequence of a different heat flow between the earth and the atmosphere. Our laboratory measurements determined the porosity, permeability and grain density for clastic sedimentary rock samples which were drilled from an underground gas storage facility. Additionally, our results showed a reduction in porosity and permeability after a confining pressure was applied. We assume that this effect is caused by internal structure changes due to the repeatedly increased and decreased net pressure applied to the samples. Abstrakt Emise CO2 vznikajici lidskou cinnosti – tzv. antropogenni emise CO2 a jejich vzestupný trend, mohou být některými odborniky považovany za važne nebezpeci pro udržitelný vývoj lidstva a jejich omezovani za nezbytnou podminku ochrany životniho prostředi. Oxid uhlicitý je významný z plynů způsobujicich sklenikový efekt, který se projevuje oteplovanim zemskeho povrchu v důsledku změn toků tepelneho zařeni mezi zemi a atmosferou. Laboratorni měřeni poskytla hodnoty porozity a koeficientu propustnosti horninových vzorků, ktere byly odvrtany z podzemniho zasobniku plynu. Nase měřeni vykazalo sniženi kolektorských parametrů horninových vzorků, ktere bylo způsobeno změnou vnitřni struktury horniny diky opakovanemu zvýseni a sniženi tlaku na rostlou cast vzorku.

The macro-geometry (run-out, shape, profile, etc.) and the micro-geometry (density, distribution, and shape of the grains) of a grinding wheel are measured after both truing and dressing. The effectiveness of the truing is studied by analysing the topography of the wheel to characterize the tool and its effect on workpiece surface quality during the grinding process. Using wheel replicas, the surfaces are analyzed with a non-contact interference microscope and the measurements are processed with MountainsMap Software. For different truing and dressing conditions, the dressing efficiency, the grain density, and its effects on the roughness and wear of the wheel in the grinding process are investigated.

Two types of quantitative criteria are compared that have been used to discriminate labeled and nonlabeled cells in steroid autoradiograms: multiplicative criteria and a criterion based on the Poisson distribution. Several factors affect the accuracy of the assessment of cell labeling, including variations in the length of exposure, variations in cell size, and possible nonlinearities in the grain density of autoradiograms as a function of exposure time. These factors have a greater effect on the accuracy of the determination of cell labeling when using multiplicative criteria, so that the Poisson criterion is more suitable.

Detection of grain quality on combine harvester in the field by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technology, which plays a significant role in grain moisture monitoring for feed quantity control of combine harvester, grain yield evaluation, and precision field management, has attracted more and more attention of farmers and researchers. However, it is difficult to measure the grain quality steadily due to a variety of complicated and changeful on-site factors, for example, grain density, which could not be constant during combine harvesting, may influence the spectral stability. In order to recognize the effect of grain density to the NIR spectra and control these interference factors, a laboratory study for different gradients of paddy samples‘ thickness with NIR reflectance spectroscopy was conducted. In this study, five different gradients, single layer sparse, single layer coverage, 10 mm thickness coverage, 15 mm thickness coverage and 20 mm thickness coverage, were set to illustrate the influence of grain density to NIR spectra. The result showed that 10 mm thickness coverage was the least thickness of grain national accumulation for an acceptable and effective NIR spectroscopy detection. With the enlightenment of the result, a design of a laboratory evaluation system mounted on the unloading device of combine harvester with grain flow thickness sensor was proposed.

We study the dynamic process occurring when a granular assembly is displaced by a solid impactor. The momentum transfer from the impactor to the target is shown to occur through sporadic, normal collisions of high force carrying grains at the intruder surface. We therefore describe the stopping force of the impact through a collisional-based model. To verify the model in impact experiments, we determine the forces acting on an intruder decelerating through a dense granular medium by using high-speed imaging of its trajectory. By varying the intruder shape and granular target, intruder-grain interactions are inferred from the consequent path. As a result, we connect the drag to the effect of intruder shape and grain density based on a proposed collisional model.

An analysis is made of the published results of over forty experiments that have determined either the mean energy Wair required to create an ion pair in dry air, the mean excitation energy Ic for graphite, or the product of Wair and the electron stopping-power ratio sc,air for graphite and air for 60Co gamma radiation. A minimization process is used in which the best estimates for Wair and sc,air are those that minimize the sum of the deviations, taking uncertainties into account. This approach yields self-consistent values for Wair, sc,air and the product Wairsc,air. The results of this process are the values Wair = 33.97 eV with standard uncertainty 0.11 eV, sc,air = 0.9926 for 60Co, with relative standard uncertainty 0.32%, and the product Wairsc,air = 33.72 eV for 60Co with standard uncertainty 0.08%. The resulting value for Ic depends on the treatment of the density effect in graphite, the best estimate being the value Ic = 81.1 eV with standard uncertainty 2.0 eV obtained when using the grain density in the evaluation of the graphite stopping power. The robustness of the analysis and the consequences for air-kerma primary standards for radiation dosimetry are discussed.

Each nanomaterial grain has some number of features, such as faces or triple junctions, on it. The sum of all the features on all grains in nanomaterials, herein called cumulative feature, can be obtained. During grain growth both the number of features per grain and the cumulative features on all grain in nanomaterials evolve randomly with time. Different mechanisms are responsible for grain growth in nanomaterials. This includes Grain Boundary Migration, Grain Rotation-Coalescence, T1 and T2 events. Evolution models for number of features per grain are known already, and not model for evolution of cumulative features. The present paper uses the tools of stochastic theory given by Random Marked Point Field to propose models for the temporal and thermal evolutions of the statistics of the random cumulative features on grains in nanomaterials under different grain growth mechanisms. The resulting differential equations are solved simultaneously using data from nanocrystalline aluminium. It is observed that the mean number of features per grain increases and density of grains in nanomaterials decreases during grain growth. It is revealed that grain growth results in decrease in moments of the cumulative features. It is shown that an increase in annealing temperature results in relatively higher increase in mean number of features per grain, further decrease in grain density, relative increase in mean cumulative features on grain and variable dispersions of cumulative features. It is also observed that the evolution of the statistics of the cumulative features depends on the nature of Galzier-diffusion term, the form of the critical number of faces per grain and the type of grain growth mechanisms. For some choices of the Glazier diffusion term, the dispersion of the cumulative feature evolves in a manner similar to that of the nanomaterials mechanical properties given by the Hall–Petch to Reversed-Hall–Petch Relationship. The variables results are explained to be consequences of different grain growth mechanisms, temperature and the diffusion termed. Thus, it can be concluded that processing route, processing conditions and the nature of evolution of the constituents of nanomaterials are simultaneously vital when designing or characterising nanomaterials.

In order to achieve the controllability of the abrasive arrangement on the working surface of grinding wheel,a new kind of the superabrasive grinding wheel, which has defined abrasive grain cluster pattern, has been designed based on the phyllotaxis theory of biology, and fabricated with UV lithography method and electroplating technology. The analytical results indicate that the phyllotactic parameters influence on the abrasive arrangement configuration on the work surface of the superabrasive grinding wheel, so as to improve grinding performance of the grinding wheel, increasing the diameter of phyllotactic abrasive grain cluster and decreasing phyllotactic coefficient can increases the abrasive grain density of the surperabrasive grinding wheel surface. Electroplating experimental results show that the reasonable electroplating processes can reduce the faults of defined abrasive arrangement on the superabrasive grinding wheel surface.

We already reported1), 2) that the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of Fe/Pt and Fe/Cu/Pt multilayered continuous films are effective to obtain perpendicularly magnetized small L10-FePt grains on thermally oxidized Si substrate, and also the SiO2 substrates having self-organized nano-pores is able to increase the grain density significantly. However, relations between the process for forming isolated grains from the continuous film and the annealing temperature are not clarified. Then, we fabricate FeCuPt by RTA, under the variety of heating up rate (TR) and the maximum temperature (Tm). Isolated grains are obtained at higher TR and Tm, however at higher Tm than approximately 550°C, large grains have been appeared. We introduce a rapid cooling process into RTA and comparing the results with the both cases of rapid and slow cooling processes to clarify at what temperature the isolation of grains has been occurred. With the rapid cooling process, a new peaks in XRD (Xray diffractometer) profile which correspond to the disordered structure of FeCuPt are appeared.

The bulk density of unconsolidated bottom sediments is critical to gas hydrate resource assessment.The study of this paper is to find a way to estimate the bulk density of unconsolidated sea-bottom sediments bearing gas hydrate,when there is no well logging or core data available.Core dada including bulk density,porosity and grain density from ODP164,ODP204 and IODP311 were used in this study.And the distribution of these physical properties and relationship among them were analyzed.Results demonstrate that porosity is very high in the unconsolidated sediments,and plays the most important role in determination of bulk density.Therefore,bulk density of unconsolidated marine sediments could be estimated from porosity when well data or core data were unavailable.Taking the gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the South China Sea as a case,the calculated bulk density fit well with the measured data.

– We report physical properties (bulk and grain density, magnetic susceptibility, and porosity) measured using nondestructive and noncontaminating methods for 195 stones from 63 carbonaceous chondrites. Grain densities over the whole population average 3.44 g cm−3, ranging from 2.42 g cm−3 (CI1 Orgueil) to 5.66 g cm−3 (CB Bencubbin). Magnetic susceptibilities (in log units of 10−9 m3 kg−1) averaged log χ = 4.22, ranging from 3.23 (CV3 Axtell) to 5.79 (CB Bencubbin). Porosities averaged 17%, ranging from 0 (for a number of meteorites) to 41% (for one stone of the CO Ornans). Notably, we found significant differences in porosity between the oxidized and reduced CV subgroups, with the porosities of CVo averaging approximately 20% and CVr porosities approximately 4%. Overall, porosities of carbonaceous chondrite falls trend with petrographic type, from type 1 (CI) near 35%, type 2 (CM, CR) averaging 23%, type 3 (CV, CO) 21%, to type 4 (CK and some CO) averaging 15%. There is also a significant decrease in porosity between meteorites of shock stage S1 and those of S2, indicative of shock compression.

– As part of a large-scale survey of meteorite bulk and grain densities, porosities, and magnetic susceptibilities, we measured these properties for 174 stones from 106 achondritic meteorites. These include four lunar meteorites, 15 stones from 10 shergottites, nakhlites, and chassignites (SNCs), 96 stones from 56 howardites, eucrites, and diogenites (HEDs), 17 stones from nine aubrites, two angrites, and 16 stones from 10 ureilites, four stones of three acapulcoites, as well as four stones of three lodranites, and 15 stones from eight primitive achondrites. Those meteorites derived from basalts and crustal material of differentiated parent bodies have lower densities and magnetic susceptibilities, on an average, than the more primitive achondrites, which have a higher percentage metal. A notable exception is the one chassignite in the study (Chassigny), which has a high grain density of 3.73 ± 0.04 g cm−3. Ureilites have magnetic susceptibilities consistent with primitive achondrites, but lower grain densities. Porosities do not vary considerably between most of the groups, with most stones 5–14% porous, although on an average, ureilites and brachinites have lower porosities, with most stones less than 7% porous. For primitive achondrites, the higher metal content causes finds to exhibit weathering effects similar to what is observed in ordinary chondrites, with a reduction in grain density, magnetic susceptibility, and porosity as compared with unweathered falls. For lunites, SNCs, and HEDs, no such effect is observed. We also observe that grain density and magnetic susceptibility used in conjunction distinguish shergottites, nakhlites, and chassignites from each other. Shergottites and nakhlites have low grain densities (averaging 3.31 and 3.41 g cm−3, respectively) whereas Chassigny is 3.7 g cm−3. In magnetic susceptibility, shergottities and chassignites are similar (averaging 2.85 and 2.98 in log units of 10−9 m3 kg−1, respectively) with nakhlites averaging higher at 3.42.

The combining ability of 9 agronomic characters in F1was studied with 5 male sterile lines and 7 restorer lines by the way of p×q incomplete dual cross (NCⅡ) design. The result was that the general combining ability(GCA) of C815S was the best compared with dual-purpose genetic rice male sterile LongS, 7Guang S052, Peiai64S and CMS LineⅡ-32A. The GCA of the effective tillers number, total grain number, grain density, yield per plant and economic coefficient of C815S was 6.656, 6.342, 7.236, 16.669 and 6.705 respectively. It was ranked at first in the examined dual-purpose male sterile lines. The GCA of the seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight were 0.329 and 2.353, respectively, which was ranked the 2nd. The GCA of plant height was-2.197, and it was ranked the fourth. The larger variance of specific combining ability was found in effective spikes and grain yield per plant of C815S. The effective spikes, grain density, 1 000-grain weight, grain yield per plant, the economic coefficient of 5 traits were classified into class Ⅰa nd classⅡin per panicle and seed setting rate, and classified into class Ⅳi n plant height and spike length.

International audience; The present paper deals with the application of the classical theory of equilibrium figures of two rotating liquid masses to the case where bodies exhibit a radially stratified internal density distribution so that they can be considered as inhomogeneous bodies. The derived ellipsoidal shape solutions are applied to five real systems of equal-sized synchronous asteroids. Furthermore, internal inhomogeneity puts strong constraints on the surface grain density. A satisfactory model fit is achieved with internal densities of asteroids steadily increasing outwards. In particular, from such an approach we derived grain densities of the considered systems in agreement with their mineralogical composition inferred from reflectance spectroscopy. According to this new approach, 4492 Debussy, presently of unknown spectral type, is predicted to appear as a C-type object with a grain density on the order of 2 g/cm 3.

The phenomena responsible for the formation of macrosegregations, and grain structures during solidification are closely related. The development of models combining these two aspects is still at its beginning. The application of these models to processes like steel ingot production is a challenging problem mainly due to the size of the products and the variety of the phenomena to be accounted for. In this article we present simulation results using a multiphase and multiscale model in terms of prediction of grain structures, and macrosegregations during solidification. It is shown for the case of 3.3-ton steel ingot that when the grains are globular, grain settling is the predominant mechanism of macrosegregation formation. However, when the morphology is dendritic, the direct contribution of grain settling on the segregation formation is negligible; the interdendritic flow in the more permeable sedimentation layer controls the macrosegregation. The globular-dendritic morphology evolution and dendritic-to-globular morphological transition with increases in local grain density, and its impact on the macrosegregation are discussed.

Test weight and groat proportion are two very important quality characteristics of oat grain. In this study, we pose the hypothesis that these two characteristics are related through characteristics of grain density. Test weight is defined as the product of kernel density and packing proportion. Groat proportion, in theory, is the ratio of the groat mass to the kernel mass. We present two theoretical constructions expressing test weight in terms of groat proportion, packing proportion and kernel density components. To test these, we have applied measurements of test weight, groat proportion, kernel density components, and packing proportion of 18 oat cultivars grown at six environments. Whereas the groat proportion alone accounted for only 34% of the variation in test weight, our theoretical constructions that included groat proportion could account for ≤82% of variation in test weight. Also, we present previously undescribed variation in oat kernel density components across genotypes and environ...

SUMMARY Seven 3H-TdR-labelled early psoriatic lesions were quantitatively evaluated after serial sectioning and autoradiography. Epidermal thickness was measured planimetrically, whereas labelled cells as well as the number of nuclei present in the dermis were counted. Marked differences in the number of labelled cells as well as in their grain density were observed. These differences correlated with the density of the dermal infiltrate. It is concluded that psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia possibly develops as a response to antecedent and persisting events in the dermis.

A neural network model was used to treat thermal conductivity data obtained from Middle Valley. This technique was able to separate the effects of different parameters such as porosity, grain density, bulk density and water content on the thermal conductivity. Predicted curves showed good agreement with the experimental results.

Abrasive flow machining can be applied to an impressive range of finishing operations economically and effectively. Both theoretical and experimental studies of the media topography are greatly hampered by the inherent random nature and the multiplicity of variables. A stochastic simulation model has been developed to determine the active grain density on the media surface which is in contact with the work surface and correlated to experimental observations determined by a microscopic method.

In situ hybridization experiments frequently use autoradiography to identify labelled structures. Ideally, labelled cells will be overlain with a dense accumulation of particles, allowing one to discriminate them from unlabelled cells easily. However, if noise is high or the density of labelling is low, it can be difficult to distinguish bona fide labelling 'by eye'. In such situations, labelled cells could be overlooked. This paper evaluates two statistical solutions to this problem: (1) a parametric method proposed by Hashimoto and co-workers and (2) Wang & Wessendorf's non-parametric method using contingency testing (i.e. the chi-square or Fisher's exact tests). The Hashimoto method determines the mean and standard deviation of the density of background labelling, using sense-strand controls as the source of background levels. Cells labelled at densities greater than two standard deviations above the mean (P < 0.0455) are defined as significantly labelled. Contingency testing determines whether the grain density over a cell is significantly higher than that over the remainder of the image. When compared, the two methods gave similar results. The Hashimoto method may be more sensitive if most cells are labelled but contingency testing requires no assumptions about the uniformity of non-specific labelling.

In this review, we summarize the data published up to December 2001 on the porosity and density of stony meteorites. These data were taken from 925 samples of 454 different meteorites by a variety of techniques. Most meteorites have densities on the order of 3 to 4 g/cm^3, with lower densities only for some volatile-rich carbonaceous meteorites and higher densities for stony irons. For the vast majority of stones, porosity data alone cannot distinguish between different meteorite compositions. Average porosities for most meteorite classes are around 10%, though individual samples can range as high as 30% porosity. Unbrecciated basaltic achondrites appear to be systematically less porous unless vesicles are present. The measured density of ordinary chondrites is strongly controlled by the amount of terrestrial weathering the sample has undergone with porosities steadily dropping with exposure to the terrestrial environment. A theoretical grain density based on composition can model "pre-weathered" porosities. The average model porosity for H and LL chondrites is 10%, while L chondrite model porosities average only 6%, a statistically significant difference.

Refinement of the solidified structure is of importance for soundness of cast products. Formation of the grains on the surface is very important for the understanding of evolution of solidified structure. The evaluation method for grain density on the chill plate is proposed in this study. Using an engineering model for grain selection, which has been separately developed, the number of grain decreases linearly in a first stage of solidification. Therefore, the solidified structure should be observed at least two cross sections. Extrapolating the data to the chill surface, the grain density on the surface can be evaluated. Validity of the proposed method has been checked using Al-10mass%Cu alloy. A solidified shell, which was produced by dipping a chill plate in a molten alloy, has been closely observed. A grain is defined as a group of the dendrites that have the same orientation. Densities of grains were measured at two cross sections. Extrapolating these data to the surface, the grain density on the surface has been estimated. This estimated value agrees well with the density of grains, which was directly measured on the surface of the solidified shell.

In order to measure biaxial stresses by an electrodeposited copper foil with a microcircular hole both occurrence rate of slip bands at the periphery of microcircular holes in a copper foil and the number of cycles of grown grain occurrence in copper foil itself are used. However, it is necessary to stop the test frequently to seek the latter. In this report, in order to overcome this weakness, the posssibility of the use of grown grain density, which can be obtained to optional number of cycles, is examined. Namely, using three kinds of material adhered copper foil, the stress component which controlls the grown grain density in copper foil is examined under the combination of plane bending and cyclic torsion and the basic equations connecting the grown grain density, the stress amplitude and number of cycles are presented.

International audience; In this paper, we present experimental results of 3D characterization of snowpack layers using Ground Based SAR (GB-SAR) data. The data have been acquired using a GB-SAR system operating at X and Ku frequency bands. We process the acquired data using the Back Projection Algorithm (BPA). The results of this processing show strong backscattering contributions from interfaces between different layers of the snowpack. We notice also geometrical distortions due to the assumption of free space propagation medium during the processing. We introduce in this paper a correction process in order to recover the true thickness of snow layers and the corresponding refractive indexes. The obtained results are discussed according to the in situ measurement relating grain size, density and snow particle shapes description at different depths of the snowpack.

This chapter looks at the direct measurement of petrophysical properties on rock samples. After a brief description of cores and coring it looks at the ways in which porosity, grain density and permeability can be measured on these samples. The more complicated measurements of special core analysis are briefly introduced although at this stage more emphasis is placed on sample selection. The chapter concludes by describing how techniques that were developed for rocks with relatively high permeabilities are extended to oil and gas shales.

Electroplated abrasive tools usually feature a high grain density, a limited grain protrusion and a stochastic grain distribution. These properties restrict the space for coolant supply as well as chip removal. A new technology has been developed to produce single layer abrasive tools in which the highly protruding grains are arranged in well defined patterns. This new method has been applied successfully to manufacture single stroke honing tools. Honing tests performed with these tools show a highly increased efficiency and a prolonged tool life. Compared with the state of the art they offer at least a tenfold tool life at twice the conventional feed rate.

Edge-chipping yielded by grooving of ferrite using thin diamond blade is responsible for a deterioration of an electro-magnetic property of the magnetic head. Work damage such as chipping may be closely related to the mechanical property of bonding material of thin diamond blade. Edge-chipping yielded by grooving is examined using three types of thin diamond blade whose are made of metal, resin-metal and resin bonded materials. This paper focusses on the relationship between work damage and grinding force. Experiments show that chipping size is influenced by grinding conditions and mechanical property of bonding materials. It is found that the value of maximum normal grinding force per grain is made up of good correlation for edge-chipping size.

This study deals with the post-process measurement of the grinding wheel topography by means of a newly improved image processing system. In this system, grinding wheel is driven by the high-power electric servomotor with a built-in rotary encoder so that both grinding operation and consecutive measurement of the individual abrasive grains by the accurate wheel positioning are possible. The contraction/expansion process is useful for the separation of adjacent grains. The dark field microscopy is effective in order to extract monochromatic CBN grains from the lustrous metal bond. This system is applicable to the practical grinding operation with resinoid and metal bonded superabrasive wheels with a good degree of accuracy and efficiency. In grinding normally sintered silicon nitride with the resinoid-bonded diamond wheel at a given grinding condi-tion, this system reveals that cutting-edge ratio decreases rapidly due to the micro-fracture of grain tips at the transient stage just after truing/dressing, and it increases slightly with the promotion of attritious wear under the successive steady state. This phenomena are explained by the fact that abrasive grains are damaged during truing/dressing operation.

The stereologic analysis of a solid grain has been applied for determination of its porosity. The investigations were carried out on a natural hematite grain reduced to magnetite at 723 K. Stereologic analysis enabled the porosity of this material to be determined on the basis of independently measured grain contours and volume fractions of grain components: hematite, magnetite and pores. A conformity criterion has been formulated, regarding determination of grain volume on the basis of known densities of components and their measured volume fractions in the grain, and on the basis of weight and apparent grain density measurements. The volume increase accompanying reduction of hematite to magnetite, determined from these independent measurements, was in the range 7–19%. By measuring Feret’s diameter, the volume of the convex envelope of the grain increased as a result of phase transformation by about 11%. Simultaneously, the volume of the solid phase was found to decrease by 1.5%. The total porosity of the reduced grain, determined by stereologic analysis amounted to 17.5%; 7.7% of which was related to cracks and large pores, and 9.8% to small pores in the magnetite phase. The porosity value determined by the classical mercury method was approximately the same.

Bulk and grain density, porosity, and magnetic susceptibility of 67 individuals of Ko\v{s}ice H chondrite fall were measured. The mean bulk and grain densities were determined to be 3.43 g/cm$^\text{3}$ with standard deviation (s.d.) of 0.11 g/cm$^\text{3}$ and 3.79 g/cm$^\text{3}$ with s.d. 0.07 g/cm$^\text{3}$, respectively. Porosity is in the range from 4.2 to 16.1%. The logarithm of the apparent magnetic susceptibility (in 10$^\text{-9}$ m$^\text{3}$/kg) shows narrow distribution from 5.17 to 5.49 with mean value at 5.35 with s.d. 0.08. These results indicate that all studied Ko\v{s}ice meteorites are of the same composition down to ~g scale without presence of foreign (non-H) clasts and are similar to other H chondrites. Ko\v{s}ice is thus a homogeneous meteorite fall derived from a homogeneous meteoroid.

Grain micronutrient content assessment is important in breeding pearl millet, in order to maintain or improve its high nutritional quality. Grain samples of 12 farmer-preferred pearl millet varieties produced in four representative environments in Niger during the 2013 rainy season were assessed for Fe, Zn, Al and P grain densities using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (P < 0.01) variation among entries across environments only for Fe grain density, which had a broad-sense heritability of 89%. Fe grain density varied from 30.4 to 39.2 mg kg -1 among these varieties, with a mean of 32.4 mg kg -1 . Among the 12 varieties, ICRI-Tabi and ICMV-IS 13131 (reselected ICRI-Tabi) showed the highest Fe grain densities. © 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Genetic variability, Grain iron, heritability, malnutrition, micronutrients, pearl millet

A study of the energy loss of ultrarelativistic charged particles in the nuclear emulsion FUJI ET-7B is reported. The experimental data, normalised to the Fermi plateau, are compared with the Sternheimer formulae and with a more recent model, proposed by Allison, Bunch, Cobb and Fano (among others). The agremeent with Sternheimer's formulae is found to be poor for most sets of parameters tried, whereas a good agreement can be found with the more recent model (adapted to nuclear emulsion). In this latter framework, the minimum in the energy-loss curve occurs at p/mc = 4.2 and it is then 9% below the Fermi plateau. The same data allow some conclusions to be formulated on the photographic process, in particular on the latent image fading of the FUJI ET-7B nuclear emulsion.

The article presents the results of studying petrophysical rock properties of the Bazhenov Formation of the South-Eastern part of Kaymysovsky Vault with the Gas Research Institute (GRI) method. The authors have constructed dependence charts for bulk and grain density, open porosity and matrix permeability vs. depth. The results of studying petrophysical properties with the GRI method and core description have allowed dividing the entire section into three intervals each of which characterized by different conditions of Bazhenov Formation rock formation. The authors have determined a correlation between the compensated neutron log and the rock density vs. depth chart on the basis of complex well logging and petrophysical section analysis. They have determined a promising interval for producing hydrocarbons from the Bazhenov Formation in the well under study. Besides, they have determined the typical behavior of compensated neutron logs and SP logs on well logs for this interval. These studies will allow re-interpreting available well logs in order to determine the most promising interval to be involved in Bazhenov Formation development in Tomsk Region.