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Spalacomimus magnus (La Baume, 1911) Mater ial examined: 4 males [CH7945 (SR, CHR), CH 7952 (SR, CHR), 2 males (SR)], TANZANIA, East Chenene Forest Reserve, Dodoma Region, March 2015, leg. C. Hemp; 1 male (TI), TANZANIA, Mpwapwa District nr. Gulwe, Dodoma Region, June 2019, leg. C. Hemp. References: Hemp 2021 Bioacoustics. Tegmina (Fig. 3), stridulatory file (Table 1), and spectrum of the song (Fig. 6) do not show large differences to the typical Hetrodini pattern. The calling song consists of a long, uninterrupted trill (song type A) with a SRR of about 28 Hz (Fig. 10E; see Table 2). Genitalia. The titillator is relatively large and massive with short basal parts and a slightly bifurcate tip (Fig. 11A). The lateral sclerites are weakly developed. Chro mosomes: 2n = 17 (16 + X0), FN = 28; pairs 1–5 meta/submetacentric, 6–8 acrocentric, X chromosome submetacentric (2 males); thin C-positive paracentromeric bands in all chromosomes and an interstitial one on the pair 2 (Fig. 12I)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 473-474, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707, {"references":["La Baume, W. (1911) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der aethiopischen Orthopteren. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 72, 308 - 326.","Hemp, C. (2021) A Field Guide to the Bushcrickets, Wetas and Raspy Crickets of Tanzania and Kenya. Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt, 451 pp."]}

Gymnoproctus spec. Only one male and one female were obtained from this new species. Oddly, the male is very small in body size. The posterior part of the pronotum is inflated. As in G. rammei the lateral sides are armed with long and slender spines. Also, the female is comparatively small, smaller than females of the morphologically similar G. rammei. G. similis occurring in the Singida area is similarly stout and large as G. rammei but has a less spiny pronotum, the spines having a rather stout base. Material examined: 1 male, 1 female [CH7953 (SR, TI, CHR), CH 7954], TANZANIA, East Chenene Forest Reserve, Dodoma Region, March 2015, leg. C. Hemp. Bioa coustics. The calling song (Fig. 7F) is quite similar to that of G. rammei and consists of long series of syllables (song type B in Fig. 5; see Table 2). Genitalia. Judging from one specimen, the titillator may be similar to that of G. sculpturatus, being triangular (Fig. 9J). Chr omosomes: 2n = 27 (26 + X0), FN = 28 (1 male); do not show differences to G. rammei (Fig. 12H)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, pp. 451-481 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6392707

Hyphinomos fasciata Uvarov, 1921 Figs 1���3 Hyphinomos fasciata Uvarov, 1921: 74; Chang, 1935: 62 (fide Jin and Xia, 1994); Wu, 1995: 91 (fide Jin and Xia, 1994); Mani, 1968: 212; Gurney & Liebermann, 1975: 106; Jin and Xia, 1994: 30; Braun, 2016: 104; Gupta & Chandra, 2018: 645; Ali et al. 2021:19624 Type locality: China, Tibet, Dakar [=Daba, also called Purang/Burang by the collector (Longstaff 1923)]. Type material: 3 females: Holotype ��� 1 ♀ NHM. Paratype ��� 1 ♀ MNCN. Paratype ��� Probably NHM. Diagnosis and description: as given by Uvarov, 1921. Distribution: Known only from three females collected from the type locality Dakar in Western Tibet (erroneously listed twice with the same locality name under India and under China by Gupta & Chandra, 2018 and Ali et al. 2021). The second locality of fasciata, Kargil in Ladahk, given by Ali et al. 2021 without any comments, may refer to svenhedini (see below)., Published as part of Ali, Ahsan, Jaiswara, Ranjana, Bharti, Umesh & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2022, Revision of the high-altitude genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with a redescription and new data on mating behavior and acoustic signals of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950, pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 5099 (3) on page 304, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6078605, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1921) Three new alpine Orthoptera from Central Asia. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1 - 5.","Jin, X. - B. & Xia, K. - L. (1994) An Index-Catalogue of Chinese Tettigoniodea (Orthopteroidea: Grylloptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 3, 15 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503405","Mani, M. S. (1968) Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 528 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 1339 - 9","Gurney, A. B. & Liebermann, J. (1975) A new species of Shield-Backed Katydid from Cerro Aconcagua, Argentina, with notes on other species and their habitats (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Decticinae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 65, 102 - 107.","Braun, H. (2016) Two mysterious tiny katydids from the Ecuadorian Andes (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hexacentrinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 25 (2), 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.025.0209","Chandra, K., Gupta, D., Gopi, K. C., Tripathy, B. & Kumar, V. (2018) Faunal Diversity of Indian Himalaya. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, xviii + 872 pp.","Ali, M., Usmani, M. K., Naz, H., Baba, T. H. & Ali, M. (2021) A checklist of Orthopteran fauna (Insecta: Orthoptera) with some new records in the cold arid region of Ladakh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13 (11), 19616 - 19625. https: // doi. org / 10.11609 / jott. 5773.13.11.19616 - 19625","Longstaff, T. (1923) Chapter 15. Natural History. In: Bruce, C. G., The assault on Mount Everest 1922. Edward Arnold & Co., London, pp. 334. [https: // www. gutenberg. org / files / 61083 / 61083 - h / 61083 - h. htm]"]}

Ali, Ahsan, Jaiswara, Ranjana, Bharti, Umesh, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard (2022): Revision of the high-altitude genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with a redescription and new data on mating behavior and acoustic signals of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950. Zootaxa 5099 (3): 301-324, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5099.3.1

Hyphinomos svenhedini Ramme, 1950 Figures 1, 2B, 3A���C, 4���14 Hyphinomos svenhedini Ramme, 1950: 76; Jin and Xia, 1994: 30; Sergeev, 1995: 218; Braun, 2016: 104. Type locality: Indian subcontinent, Trans Himalaya, Ladakh, Indus valley north of Hanle. Type material (all NMW): Holotype ��� 1♂, Allotype ��� 1 ♀, both Hanle, Ladakh. Paratype ��� 1 ♀, Lahaul [Lahoul], Himachal Pradesh. Material studied: Type series deposited in NMW. 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, India: Ladakh, Kargil, Shahsi lake, 80km from Kargil, ~ 4206 m a.s.l., 34��33���57.12���N 76��21���25.74���E, 13.viii.2020 and 25.viii.2021 collected by A. Ali and identified by R. Jaiswara & K. G. Heller. Translation of Ramme���s (1950) description (references to the figures of the present paper) Head. Head rather short and thick; face vertical (Fig. 6E), slightly wrinkled; cheeks very broad and pronounced (Fig. 6E); male with arched occiput (Fig. 5D), female flatter, smooth (Fig. 5B), 2 longitudinal rows of fine points on both sides of the midline. Antennae somewhat longer than the abdomen (Fig. 5B); dense and finely haired, especially in the apical two-thirds, the basal segment strongly thickened (Fig. 2B). Eyes small, spherical broadly oval (Fig. 5 & 6A, D, E); lower margin in the same line with antennae-bases (Fig. 6E). Fastigium vertex convex (Fig. 5B, D), with slightly angular side margins, rounded in front, with flat, but sharply defined longitudinal furrow in the basal half or up to two thirds, profile convex. Pronotum. Back of pronotum roughly square (Fig. 6D), prozona with bulging lateral lobes laterally (Fig. 6A & D); steeply sloping in metazona (Fig. 5B & D), anterior transverse furrow consistently sharp, concave (Fig. 5A, B & 6A, D); V-shaped middle transverse furrow interrupted in the middle, posterior transverse furrow parallel to pronotum posteriorly (Fig. 6A & D). Metazona somewhat rising, more finely wrinkled than prozona (Fig. 5B & D); anterior margin slightly concave (Fig. 5A, C & 6A, D); central keels are missing. Lateral lobes very uneven, wrinkled, broadly deepened along the lower margin, set off in bulges against the metazoan, front edge of the lobes short, broadly rounded at obtuse angles, merging into the somewhat concave rear edge (Fig. 5B & D). Prosternum with 2 small, widely spaced tubercles, mesosternum with rounded lobes at right angles, metasternum with broad, short, apically somewhat thickened and convexly rounded ridges. Wings. Male with short tegmina not reaching end of 1st tergite, broadly rounded apically (Fig. 5C & 6B); female laterally, rounded (Fig. 5A & 6A), in both with thin veining. Legs. Fore coxae with strong, flat, slightly downwardly curved spines. Fore femora fairly broad, without spines, fore tibiae somewhat constricted behind the rather thickened part of the auditory organ, with a terminal spine on the top outside, with 6 spines each on the outside and inside edge on the underside, as are the central splints. Hind femora as long as, or not quite as long as, twice the length of the middle femora, rather thick in the basal half, lower inner edge with 4���8 spines, outer edge with 5���10 spines (opposite [H.] fasciata Uv. not only in the apical half); Vertical rear carina broad, in the apical half sometimes slightly curved downwards, all keels obtuse, on the inside with 8���13 on the upper side, 10���14 on the outside, on the inside with 4���5 on the underside, on the outside 5���6 spines; lower pair of terminal spines considerably more delicate than the upper, hardly half as long as this one. All tarsi depressed, on the sides rather strongly furrowed, plantulae very short, shorter than the terminal spine, quite thick and blunt, immobile. Abdomen. Male anal tergites narrow, transverse; longitudinal pit in the apical half (Fig. 5C), 2 flat tubercles at the base, slightly incised at middle at the rear edge (Fig. 8C). Anal plate (not visible in situ because it is strongly pointing downwards) briefly tongue-tied. Cerci hidden under the anal tergite, short, with claw-shaped (4���5 teeth), curved inward inner part and short blunt outer end part (Fig. 9 & 10A). Subgenital plate transverse, margins broad and rounded, slightly incised in the middle; styli short, thick and blunt, directed inwards (Fig. 8D). Female anal tergite at the rear edge on both sides of the middle with a slight adherence; anal plate short, tongue-shaped, with a lighter central furrow, thick at the base, apically pointed. subgenital plate transverse, with broad lateral marginal ridges, slightly incised in the middle (Fig. 8E). Ovipositor saber-shaped, slightly curved upwards, thick at the base, at apical point; upper and lower margin finely wrinkled (Fig. 3A���C). Color. Glossy black; antennae blackish, light brownish at base (Fig. 5). The face between the clypeus and the antennae bases is ivory in color along the narrow blackish clypeus (Fig. 4B & 6E) (thus reminiscent of Drymadusa and relatives). Occiput and pronotum black (Fig. 4, 5C & 6B), elytra ivory colored (Fig. 4, 5 & 6A & B). Back and sides of the abdomen brown-black, the last 4 tergite above ivory color (Fig. 4 & 5C���D), belly whitish brownish. Front and middle thigh, rails dirty yellowish gray (Fig. 4 & 5C���D). Hind leg outside in the basal third of the same color, otherwise black (Fig. 4), remainder and tarsi pure light brown, only slightly narrow near the knee blackened (Fig. 4). Face, occiput, pronotum and abdomen ridge olive-brown to dirty rust-brown. Brown black side lobes of pronotum (Fig. 5B & D). Ovipositor monochrome light brown (Fig. 3A���C). Emended description. Entire body covered with fine distantly spaced setae. Head. Face in front view almost 1.5 times longer than wide; frons bearing a pair of shallow vertical furrows (Fig. 6E). Fastigium as wide as scape. Scape as long as wide. Epistomal suture angular; subgenal suture arched. Ocelli small, disposed in triangle, lateral ocelli oval, more dorsal, present on the lateral margin of protruded fastigium, slightly above the upper margin of antennal socket; median ocellus round, almost in the line of basal margin of eyes and antennal socket; distance between median and lateral ocelli twice of distance between lateral ocelli. Maxillary palpi 5 th article longest, 3 rd smaller than 4 th article; 5 th article slightly widening and truncated distally (Fig. 6C & E). Legs. FI ventral side 1���2 spines on outer margin, no spines on inner margin; no spine on dorsal side. TI with tympanum, in dorsal view appears as cup-shaped, bulging out from the surface of tibia (Fig. 6F); dorsal side inner margin with 1 spur, nothing on outer margin; ventral side of inner and outer margin with 6 spurs. FII ventral side 1���2 spines on both inner and outer margin (sometimes no spines on inner); no spine on dorsal side. TII dorsal side inner margin with 1 spur, unarmed on outer margin; ventral side of inner and outer margin with 6 spurs. Proximal part of FI and FII almost 1.5 time wider than distal. FIII proximally almost 3 times wider than distal; FIII ventral side 4���6 spines on inner margin, 4���9 spines on outer margin; no spine on dorsal side. In males (n=3), TIII ventral side inner margin 4���6 spurs, outer 6���7 spurs; dorsal side inner margin 6���8 and outer 3 spines. In females (n=2), TIII ventral side inner margin 4���5 and outer 6���7 spurs; dorsal side inner margin 12���14 and outer 10���12 spines. Male. Tegmina overlapping; dorsal field with distinct anal veins, anterior cubital and median vein, no distinct harp and mirror; apical and lateral field completely reticulated (Fig. 6B). Ventral side of elytra: stridulatory file on PCuA with approximately 121 teeth (Fig. 7A). Shape of tooth elongated, medially ridged, fine transverse furrows along the length (Fig. 7B), average inter-tooth distance in the middle of the file is 10.6 ��m (��0.8 ��m; n=14). Male genitalia. Cerci with inner part claw-shaped bearing 3���5 teeth. These teeth are quite similar in both left and right side cerci of an individual, but surprisingly variable between different males (Fig. 9 & 10A). Titillators with one pair of very massive sclerites, strongly curved, basal branch longer than distal branch which carries small spines on both edges (Fig. 10B & C). Female. Pronotum and abdomen olive green in color; the last 4 tergite somewhat ivory (Fig. 4C). Tegmina non-overlapping and distantly spaced, anterior cubital and median vein distinct, dorsal and lateral field completely reticulated (Fig. 5A & 6A). Female genitalia. [in Ramme] Supra anal plate short, V-shaped, styli long (Fig. 8F). Color. Head. Scapus black, 2 nd ���7 th antennal segment light brown. In female, dorsal side of head behind fastigium, either yellow interspersed with black spots (in freshly molted adult) or black and adorned with yellow stripes and patches (Fig. 2B & 4C). Mouth parts ivory, maxillary palpi- distal margin of 5 th, proximal margin of 2 nd and 3 rd brown and 1 st article in male brown, in female only proximal margin brown. Mandible light brown with peripheral margin blackish-brown (Fig. 6C). Pronotum. In male, dorsal lobe of pronotum same as lateral lobe (Fig. 6B); in female, dorsal lobe light brown similar to occiput, sometimes interspersed with black patches (Fig. 6A & D). Tegmina ivory in both male and female; in male proximally brownish. Legs. Foreleg and midleg mostly pale yellow; in males FI ventrally brown towards distal end. FIII exterior surface with short vertical brown lines; both in male and female half of FIII brown to blackish brown. TI-TIII pinkish (Fig. 4A���C). Male subgenital plate ivory with lateral margins blackish-brown; supra anal plate proximal side blackish-brown (Fig. 8C & D). Note: Coloration best seen in individuals when present in natural habitat. Wet preserved specimens slightly discoloured with time. Measurements. Morphometric measurements of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950 type series and specimens used in this study are listed under Table 1. Note: Wet and dry preserved specimens differ probably because of difference in their mode of preservation. Mating behaviour. Like many other insects in alpine zones of high mountains (Mani, 1968) and high altitude crickets (Gurney & Liebermann, 1975), this species is also diurnally active hence mating takes place in the day time. September month seems to be the peak season for them, hence mating pairs were seen everywhere in the areas around Shashi lake. It was an unmistakably common sight. Mating behaviour of this species was studied mostly in the laboratory. A nylon mesh cage of 12���x12���x12���(30 cm) dimension was used to enclose a male and a female together. Soon after releasing them together, both the sexes were found to be toppling over each other alternately wherein male was trying to attain the copulatory position by frequently climbing over female���s back. In doing so, male was found to be rubbing his forewings briefly for a couple of seconds to produce high frequency courtship signal. Unlike other orthopterans, attraction and coupling via antennation was absent and pair formation was not preceded by acoustic signalling in this species. Males either leaps abruptly onto the female���s body or simply climbs over her back and holds her abdomen with the help of his legs to restrict her movement since female was always in the process of resisting male and moving away. Males and females exhibit an end-to-end copulation position (Fig. 12 A&B) as depicted by Alexander & Otte, 1967 (Fig. 11���12). The final copulatory position was achieved by the male by rapidly repositioning himself by bending abdomen in a c-shape underneath the female, his head facing the ovipositor and then using his pincer like cerci to grip the soft cuticle of the underside of the female���s abdomen and restricting her movement with his mid legs. He would grip the ovipositor with the help of foreleg only for first few minutes (2���4 minutes), eventually the grip of cerci becomes so strong that it allows the male to leave the grip of his foreleg from ovipositor. Apparent resistance by female to copulation was observed where female was seen walking rapidly during mounting and kicked male with her hind legs. On the contrary, females in some cases tend to start copulation and males resist by jumping. Copulation lasted for approximately one hour fifteen minutes in one couple and on separation no spermatophore was found attached to the females abdomen. In an attempt to observe the spermatophore size in this species, copulation between another mating couple was paused after one hour however, no spermatophore was seen. In a third mating pair, copulation lasted for approximately 3.5 hours, suggesting duration of copulation in laboratory condition to be variable. We do not have data on duration of copulation in their natural habitat. However, concluding from the high frequency of mating pairs observed in the field, copulations may either last long or happen quite often or both. Acoustic signals: The calling song is composed of a group of short and long series of impulses where the long series (assumed to be closing hemisyllables) are preceded by shorter ones (assumed to be opening hemisyllables; Fig. 13A���B). Number of syllables vary between 5���6 per echeme. Duration of short and long hemisyllables are 13 ��1 ms and 41 ��8 ms (mean �� SD), respectively. Period from the onset of short to the onset of consecutive hemisyllable is 23 �� 9ms, from the onset of long to the onset next hemisyllable 56 �� 5ms. Duration and periods of syllables are 65 ��13 ms and 81 ��10 ms resulting in a syllable repetition rate of 12 Hz (at approximately 17.5 ��C; average indoor temperature on 16/09/ 2021 in Kargil). Duration and period of echemes are 406 ��36 ms and 2692 ��789 ms, respectively. The dominant recorded frequency of calling song is 16.8kHz, but may be limited by the recording device (Fig. 13C; compare Fig.14C). Signal produced during mounting attempts by male is composed of separated syllables, differing in structure from that of the calling song (Fig. 14A���B) and peak frequency lies between 30���35kHz (Fig. 14C). Distribution and habitat: This species is one of the high-altitude Ensiferans found in India. Ramme (1950) documented one male paratype and a female allotype collected by the famous biologist Ferdinand Stoliczka (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Stoliczka) during his first Himalaya expedition in August 1864. The type specimens were collected from an altitudinal range of 4572���5486 m (a.s.l) from Indus Valley, North of Hanle situated in the valley of Hanle river which originates from Imis La pass on the border of India-Tibet and joins the Indus River at Loma, close to the town of Nyoma. Another female collected from Lahaul (approx. 4267 m altitude a.s.l, as read from map) (in the collection of Brunner von Wattenwyl: ���ex Mus. L��beck���) was designated as paratype by Ramme (1950) (Fig. 1). Until 2016, the species was known only from its type specimens as described by Ramme 1950. Another specimen from Zanskar, 3800 m a.s.l., 26 viii 2016, 33�� 59��� 59.37������ N 76�� 46��� 15.98������ E came into documentation based on a male photograph taken by Christine Provot (Fig. 1) on the website- https://www.galerie-insecte.org/galerie/ref174389.htm. The specimens studied here were collected from area around the Shashi Lake (Fig. 1 & 11A���B), located at an altitude of 4206 m a.s.l., 80 km away from Kargil district towards north east. The lake was built by the villagers of Sandow approximately three decades ago for the storage of water and named ���Shashi Tso��� (Shashi=Mountain, Tso=lake) and ���Purgi��� in their local language. In winter, the lake gets frozen and remains covered by snow. Towards the end of March, snow from adjoining hills melts and the water flows down into the lake. During the months of April to October, the mountain and surrounding areas of the lake thrive with a variety of economically significant shrubby plants (Fig. 11C���E) (Table 3). As the temperature during these months ranges between 14.1��C to 26.9��C (Tundup et al., 2016) several noteworthy animals (Table 2) also become active and are sighted., Published as part of Ali, Ahsan, Jaiswara, Ranjana, Bharti, Umesh & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2022, Revision of the high-altitude genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with a redescription and new data on mating behavior and acoustic signals of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950, pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 5099 (3) on pages 304-320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6078605, {"references":["Ramme, W. (1950) Neues zur Gattung Hyphinomos Uvarov. Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt Osterreichischer und Schweizer Entomologen, 2, 76 - 79.","Jin, X. - B. & Xia, K. - L. (1994) An Index-Catalogue of Chinese Tettigoniodea (Orthopteroidea: Grylloptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 3, 15 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503405","Sergeev, M. G. (1995) The general distribution of Orthoptera in the Eastern parts of the Saharan-Gobian and Scythian Subregions. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 38, 213 - 256.","Braun, H. (2016) Two mysterious tiny katydids from the Ecuadorian Andes (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hexacentrinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 25 (2), 97 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.025.0209","Uvarov, B. P. (1921) Three new alpine Orthoptera from Central Asia. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1 - 5.","Mani, M. S. (1968) Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 528 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 1339 - 9","Gurney, A. B. & Liebermann, J. (1975) A new species of Shield-Backed Katydid from Cerro Aconcagua, Argentina, with notes on other species and their habitats (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Decticinae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 65, 102 - 107.","Alexander, R. D. & Otte, D. (1967) The evolution of genitalia and mating behavior in crickets (Gryllidae) and other Orthoptera. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 133, 1 - 62.","Tundup, P., Tamchos, T. & Norbu, T. (2016) Impact of change in climate on the historical monuments in western Himalayan region (Ladakh). International Journal of Current Research, 8 (12), 43320 - 43323."]}

Genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 Type species: Hyphinomos fasciata Uvarov, 1921. Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921: 74; Ramme, 1950: 76; Mani, 1968: 102, 212; Rentz and Colless, 1990: 352-377; Jin and Xia, 1994: 30; Sergeev, 1992: 3, 10; Sergeev, 1995: 218; Sergeev, 1998: 247; Otte, 1997: 261; Sergeev, 2010: 133; WarchalowskaSliwa, Rhee, Heller & Grzywacz, 2020: 161. Synonymic history: Hypsinomus Mani, 1968: 212 ���incorrect spelling of Hyphinomos Hyphonomus Rentz and Colless, 1990: 355, 364���incorrect spelling of Hyphinomos Emended description. As given by Uvarov, 1921: Scapus longer than wide; fastigium as wide as scapus, apex of fastigium produced almost to the distal margin of scapus; Ocelli small, disposed in triangle, lateral ocelli much dorsal, present on the lateral margin of protruded fastigium, slightly above the upper margin of antennal socket; median ocellus almost in the line of basal margin of eyes and antennal socket. Distribution: The genus Hyphinomos is known from two species reported from Western Tibet and the Western Himalaya (Fig. 1). Key for the identification of Hyphinomos species 1. Vertex (upper side of head) whitish (Fig. 2A), ovipositor broad (Fig. 3D; length/width=5.8���6.0).... H. fasciata Uvarov, 1921 - Vertex either yellow interspersed with black spots (in freshly molted adult) or black and adorned with yellow stripes and patches; occiput black (Fig. 2B), ovipositor slender (Fig. 3A���C; length/width=7.6���8.0)........ H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950, Published as part of Ali, Ahsan, Jaiswara, Ranjana, Bharti, Umesh & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2022, Revision of the high-altitude genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with a redescription and new data on mating behavior and acoustic signals of H. svenhedini Ramme, 1950, pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 5099 (3) on page 303, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6078605, {"references":["Uvarov, B. P. (1921) Three new alpine Orthoptera from Central Asia. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1 - 5.","Ramme, W. (1950) Neues zur Gattung Hyphinomos Uvarov. Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt Osterreichischer und Schweizer Entomologen, 2, 76 - 79.","Mani, M. S. (1968) Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 528 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 1339 - 9","Rentz, D. C. F. & Colless, D. H. (1990) A classification of the shield-backed katydids (Tettigoniinae) of the world. In: Bailey, W. J. & Rentz, D. C. F. (Eds.), The Tettigoniidae: Biology, Systematics and Evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 352 - 377.","Jin, X. - B. & Xia, K. - L. (1994) An Index-Catalogue of Chinese Tettigoniodea (Orthopteroidea: Grylloptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 3, 15 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503405","Sergeev, M. G. (1992) Distribution patterns of Orthoptera in North and Central Asia. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 1, 14 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503557","Sergeev, M. G. (1995) The general distribution of Orthoptera in the Eastern parts of the Saharan-Gobian and Scythian Subregions. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 38, 213 - 256.","Sergeev, M. G. (1998) Conservation of orthopteran biological diversity relative to landscape change in temperate Eurasia. Journal of Insect Conservation, 2, 247 - 252. [https: // link. springer. com / article / 10.1023 / A: 1009620519058] https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1009620519058","Otte, D. (1997) Orthoptera Species File 7. Tettigonioidea. Orthopterists' Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 373 pp."]}

Subgroup confracta Liu, 2020 According to Liu Cx et al. (2020), the species of this group ���have mediate-width long tegmina, comparatively short files and the narrowest mirror. The file is widest in basal quarter, from which teeth are gradually narrower toward both ends. The songs are discontinuous and each song unit consists of numerous simple syllables���. The authors included the two newly described species Mecopoda confracta and M. synconfracta sp. n. (China), but listed also Mecopoda _���S��� (Malaysia) with song and file data and Mecopoda _ ���N��� (Bali) (Sismondo 1990) as group members. In addition and based on file structure, they added an unidentified Mecopoda species from Vietnam and an otherwise undescribed ��� Mecopoda elongata��� from India. From song structure also the ���chirper��� in Nityananda & Balakrishnan (2006) belongs to the group. In our material specimens with a ratio larger than 1.5 (length/width of mirror area) always belonged to the confracta subgroup. Among this material there are at least three forms which differ clearly in song pattern from the previously described ones and from each other. Their songs differ mainly in three parameters, in echeme repetition rate (echeme period), in syllable repetition rate (syllable period) and in the number of syllables per echeme. For comparison, we present also data on the song of the Chinese species M. confracta (Tab. 4). Concerning the structure of the stridulatory file,all species of the subgroup are relatively similar(Figs.11H���K, 12)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5","Sismondo, E (1990) Synchronous, alternating, and phase-locked stridulation by a tropical katydid. Science, 249, 55 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 249.4964.55","Nityananda, V. & Balakrishnan, R. (2006) A diversity of songs among morphologically indistinguishable katydids of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from southern India. Bioacoustics, 15, 223 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.2006.9753552"]}

Mecopoda niponensis continentalis Gorochov, 2020 Recording; male CH7674, CHINA: Yunnan, Honghe, Dai Yao Jinping Miao, Maandi (22��52���N, 103��13���E), 1900 m, 20 viii 2013, leg. Liu Chun-Xiang (song, stridulatory organs, chromosomes). Other material (stridulatory files studied): 13 males, CHINA, Fukien (= Fujian), Kuatun (2300m) 27.40��N, 117.40��E, 11���15 ix 1938, leg. J. Klapperich; 1 male, CHINA, Fukien (= Fujian), Kwangtseh, 17 viii 1937, leg, J.Klapperich (ORT2002 _1833-9, 1845, 1849���50, 1984; ZFMK). For comparison with M. n. vietnamica subsp. nov., we present an oscillogram of the song of the subspecies continentalis from China (Fig. 7). For the stridulatory file, see M. n. vietnamica subsp. nov. below. Chromosomes: 2n = 27, FN = 54; pairs 1, 2 and 5���13 metacentric, 3 and 4 subacrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564"]}

Mecopoda Serville, 1831 Taxonomic remarks. Gorochov (2020) included the genus Eumecopoda and his new Paramecopoda as subgenera in Mecopoda based on their morphological similarity and because ���the subgeneric position of some species is somewhat problematic���. However, the latter problem cannot be solved by downgrading, and all Eumecopoda species (including Paramecopoda) are characterized by falcate tegmina (see also below under Eumecopoda). Until genetic data are available we consider the two groups as separate genera. Eumecopoda genus stat. rev. Generic characters (after Liu et al. 2020). Diagnostic characters. Large-sized species (habitus see e.g., fig. 4 in Liu et al. 2020). Fastigium verticis widened anteriorly. Head sulcate, with or without transverse lateral apices. Disc of pronotum flat, with truncate anterior and obtusely angular posterior margins, and distinct lateral carina. Tegmina surpassing apices of posterior femur. Prosternum bispinose. Male cerci with incurved apices, at tip with two minute acute teeth (Fig. 3���4) as in many other mecopodine genera. Male subgenital plate elongate, with styli and distinct apical notch. Ovipositor robust, elongate, sword-like. Redescription. Head. Fastigium verticis widely truncated and 1.5���3 times wider than scapus. Thorax. Pronotum elongated and broadened backward. Male pronotum narrowest in the beginning of prozona, broadened backward after the first transverse sulcus. Disc of pronotum flat with the exception of distinct depression around the sulcus. Legs robust and long. Anterior coxa armed with a spine. Anterior femur longer than pronotum. Anterior and median femora with indistinct tiny spines on ventro-anterior margin; posterior femora with a few small spines near apex on ventro-posterior margin. Each tibia with fine spines on each margin. Tympana on the fore tibiae fully open on both sides, tibia widened at and abruptly constricted below tympana. Female pronotum similar to that of male in general, but less broadened backward especially in the ending of metazona. Wings. Male tegmina well developed, extending beyond abdominal apex and surpassing apex of hind femur. Large and often complicated mirror cells near base of the right tegmen (Fig. 13). Number of stridulatory teeth between 44 and 139 (see Fig. 11), the lowest number observed in M. paucidens sp. nov. and the highest in M. prominens Gorochov, 2020. Female tegmina also well developed extending beyond apex of abdomen, but distinguished from male tegmina by length and shape. Key to species (partly after Redtenbacher 1892) 1 fastigium verticis rounded, no transverse keel; gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis closed or separated by a fine suture; mirror on right male tegmen pretzel-shaped (Fig. 1, Fig. 13 A���P)..................... Mecopoda elongata group 1��� fastigium verticis blunt, with transverse keel; gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis distinct; Fig.14); mirror on right male tegmen in shape roundish (Fig. 13 O���N).......................................................... 2 2 male subgenital plate broad with a small caudal incision (Fig. 17 A).............................. Mecopoda angusta. 2��� male subgenital plate long and fork-like (Fig. 17 B, C)........................................................ 3 3 body small, tegmina short (see Tab. 5; only one male known; Sumatra)................ Mecopoda kerinci Gorochov, 2020 3��� larger............................................................................................... 4 4 gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis wide, deep................................. Mecopoda dilatata 4��� gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis subtle.................................... Mecopoda divergens, Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 110-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1831) Revue methodique des insectes de l'ordre des Orthopteres. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie et Biologie Animale, 22, 28 - 65 + 134 - 167 + 262 - 292.","Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5","Redtenbacher, J. (1892) Monographische Uebersicht der Mecopodiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 42, 183 - 224."]}

Mecopoda stridulata stridulata Gorochov, 2020 Recordings: male, ZFMK CRTmeceloM02, MALAYSIA, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu NP, Poring, [6003 ��� N, 116043 ���E], 07 vi 1993, 500��� 700 m a.s.l., leg. Hoffmann. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Male, ZFMK CRTmeceloM03, 9 vi 1993, other data as before. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Other specimens studied. All MALAYSIA, Sabah (Borneo): 1 male (3261450), Kota Kinabalu, 9.viii.1984, (secondary vegetation), CI [additional label ���Stridulation = gleichm��ssiges Zwitschern��� (stridulation=uniform chirping)]. 3 males, OTRmeceloS15-17 (ZFMK), Matunggong, 19 viii 1992, coll. K. Riede. Our specimens were identified on base of male 3261450 which has a file in structure nearly identical to that of the holotype of Mecopoda stridulata stridulata. The song of this specimen was described as ���uniformly chirping��� fitting well to the recordings mentioned above. The specimens with this song, however, differ slightly in file structure. Song. The long lasting calling song (recording of M2 lasting 136 s, of M3 89 s) consists of single isolated syllables, produced with an SRR of 8.3 Hz (Figs. 6���7; T = 20��C). Within the syllable, a short (10 ms) and soft part is followed by a much louder and longer (20 ms) part. This second part had a resonant structure with the strongest component sweeping upwards from 7.3 to 8.3 kHz. The fundamental at 2.5 kHz was clearly visible, but the second strongest harmonic was at 10 kHz. Additional description. Morphologically the Bornean species differs from M. himalaya by the following, although weak, morphological characters: the pair of teeth at the end of the male cercus are of nearly identical size and are clearly spaced from each other instead of having the apical tooth markedly larger than the preapical tooth and both teeth inserted rather close to each other. Further on, the styli at tip of the male subgenital plate are thin and short but less shortened than in the latter species. Male cerci not very stout at base, narrow apical area little curved mediad and provided at end with two small acute teeth of rather equal size that are markedly spaced from each other (Fig. 3 L���O). Stridulatory file long (5.0��� 5.8 mm), with about 106���126 teeth. Subgenital plate moderately wide, narrowed from base towards midlength; divided into two lobes in apical area; apical incision about 0.26���0.28 times the length of the subgenital plate; styli short and thin. There are brown and green color variants. Remarks. From the dimensions of the stridulatory organs the species belongs to the Mecopoda subgroup niponensis. It differs in song clearly from all other species of the subgroup and also from M. yunnana by producing very short song units (single syllables), separated by short silent gaps from the preceding and following syllables (Figs. 6���7). Concerning the inter-tooth distances, the file is relatively homogenous (Figs. 11 F, 12) like that of M. fallax and M. yunnana [using fig. 5l (M. minor) in Liu et al. 2020 for comparison instead of the smaller fig. 5m (M. yunnana) following the description of the sizes in the text]. The distances start anally at around 40���50 ��m, do not exceed about 70 ��m in the middle of the file and become smaller than 40 ��m only near to the articulation (Fig. 12). In song, M. s. stridulata differs clearly from M. fallax, but its SRR is quite similar to the rhythm in the trill phase of M. yunnana. M. yunnana, however, seems to produce fast syllable groups (Liu Cx et al. 2020). Further bioacoustic and genetic studies have to confirm that M. s. stridulata really belongs to the niponensis subgroup. Measurements (5 males). Body w/wings: male 61���66 (63.8��2.3); body w/o wings: male 27���34 (29.8��2.7); pronotum: male 6.5���8.5; tegmen: male 45���54 (50.8��3.4); hind femur: male 40���43; tegmen width: male 12���13 (12.2��.4) mm., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5"]}

Mecopoda sismondoi Heller sp. nov. Holotype: male, labels: (1) Singapore [1��17��� N, 103��50��� E] 84 A, (2) Brit. Mus. 1985-242, (3) Molted to adult 28 I 84 gassed on 9 VI 84, (4) COLLECTED BY E. SISMONDO (5) SONG-RECORDED (6) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 568 Recording No 1, (7) NHMUK010210931. NHM. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Paratypes; males CH 3746, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 260 m, 8���28 iii 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song and stridulatory organs). CH 3738, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 260 m, 12���19 iv 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song and stridulatory organs) (all CH). Other material: Male CH7704, SOUTH EAST ASIA, exact locality unknown, obtained from breeder, 2013 (song, stridulatory organs, chromosomes). Males CH3751, CH 3645, CH3739, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 260 m, 12���19 iv 1981 and 28 ii���24 iv 1984, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. Six pairs of male tegmina CH3656, CH 3663, CH3666, CH 3687, CH3688, CH 3690 from the same locality. The song of the species is described by Sismondo (1990) (SINGAPORE; as species S), by Korsunoskaya (2008) (INDONESIA: Sumatra) and by Hartbauer et al. (2006; 2012) (MALAYSIA). Diagnosis. The species has a much slower echeme repetition rate than the other species of the subgroup (echeme periods about 3 s; Tab. 4). Description. Morphologically no difference to other species of the M. confracta subgroup (Liu Cx et al. 2020). Measurements (in mm): CH 3738, 3746: pronotum length 8.0���8.7; tegmen length 55���57; tegmen width 13; hind femora length 42.0���44.5. In peninsular Malaysia, the species is often found syntopically with M. himalaya (our data, Tan & Kamaruddin 2016). It is typically a little bit smaller than himalaya and often brown, whereas himalaya is more often green. Chromosomes: 2n = 29, FN = 52; pairs 1 metacentric and 4���7, 9, 10, 12���14 metacentric/ submetacentric, 3 subacrocentric, 2, 8 and 11 acrocentric, X chromosome submetacentric (Fig. 15). Derivatio nominis. Named in honour of Enrico Sismondo who discovered the song diversity of Mecopoda, collected and recorded the type specimens of M. sismondoi and analyzed and described the signal interactions in that genus (Sismondo 1990)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Sismondo, E (1990) Synchronous, alternating, and phase-locked stridulation by a tropical katydid. Science, 249, 55 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 249.4964.55","Hartbauer, M., Kratzer, S. & Romer, H. (2006) Chirp rate is independent of male condition in a synchronising bushcricket. Journal of Insect Physiology, 52, 221 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jinsphys. 2005.10.006","Hartbauer, M, Siegert, M. E., Fertschai, I. & Romer, H. (2012) Acoustic signal perception in a noisy habitat: lessons from synchronising insects. Journal of Comparative Physiology, A, 198, 397 - 409. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00359 - 012 - 0718 - 1","Tan, M. K. & Kamaruddin, K. M (2016) A contribution to the knowledge of Orthoptera diversity from Peninsular Malaysia: Bukit Larut, Perak. Zootaxa, 4111 (1), 21 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4111.1.2"]}

Mecopoda paucidens Ingrisch, Su & Heller sp. nov. Holotype, male, East Timor: Maubisse, elev. 1431 m [8��50���S, 125��36���E], 1���10 vi 1965, coll. R.N. Ferreira. ANIC. Other specimens studied: see below. Diagnosis. The new species differs from all other species of the genus so far known by the narrow tegmen combined with the very low number of teeth on the male stridulatory file on underside of the left tegmen (Fig. 23). Member of the M. elongata group. Description. General habitus of the genus. Medium sized species with narrow tegmina; tegmen moderately curved in midlength, its greatest width 11 mm. Subcosta attached to radius except at very base, it separates before the curvature that brings both veins close to the anterior margin of tegmen. Male: Stridulatory file with 44 (Timor) respectively 50 (Java) teeth. Cerci stout at base, markedly curved mediad and narrow in about apical third, in apical area on internal side with two minute spines. Subgenital plate moderately wide, narrowed from base towards midlength; divided into two lobes, apical incision about 0.28 times the length of the subgenital plate; styli narrow, moderately long, about 10:22 the length of the apical incision of the subgenital plate. Measurements (1 male). Body w/wings: 73; body w/o wings: 33; pronotum: 8.8; tegmen: 61; hind femur: 56; tegmen width: 11 mm. Other specimen studied: Indonesia: Central Java, Gunung Lawu, Tawangmangu, elev. 1000���1200 m (7��39���S, 111��7���E), 28 iii 1993, coll. S. Ingrisch, 3261458 (CI). Male cerci not very stout at base but little stronger than in the other species from Java, narrow apical area moderately curved, at internal side just before and at the end with two minute acute black teeth, the apical tooth hardly larger than the preapical tooth. Measurements (1 male). Body w/wings: 65; body w/o wings: 35; pronotum: 7.5; tegmen: 55; hind femur: 43; tegmen width: 11.5 mm. Song. Unknown. Derivatio nominis. Named according to its stridulatory file which carries only relatively few (Latin pauci) teeth (Latin dens=tooth). Noun in apposition., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 137-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281

Mecopoda elongata group We use the name Mecopoda elongata group despite some uncertainties about the identity of M. elongata itself, since all Indian and thus topotypical Mecopoda species possess the characteristic pretzel-shaped mirror on the right male tegmen (Nityananda & Balakrishnan 2006). For the subgroups we follow the structuring proposed by Liu et al. 2020 (niponensis, confracta, minor subgroups), Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Nityananda, V. & Balakrishnan, R. (2006) A diversity of songs among morphologically indistinguishable katydids of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from southern India. Bioacoustics, 15, 223 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.2006.9753552","Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5"]}

Mecopoda javana (Johansson, 1763) stat. nov. Gryllus javanus Johansson, 1763 Mecopoda maculata Serville, 1831 syn. nov Neotype, here designated: male, INDONESIA, West Java, Palabuan Ratu, Samudra beach, (6°58’S, 106°30’E), 3–6 iii 1995, coll. S. Ingrisch (CI 3261437 in ZFMK). Song and stridulatory organs studied. The need to clarify the status of M. javana comes from observations showing that in South East Asia many morphologically similar species exist (see above) formerly united under the name M elongata. To secure nomenclature stability the status of the old names has to be clarified. M. javana has priority over M. maculata Serville, 1831, a species with type locality also on the island of Java and assumed to belong to the same species. Qualifying conditions for neotype designation according to Art. 75.3.1–7 of the ICZN (1999): 1. The neotype is designated to clarify the taxonomic status of the species M. javana. 2. See diagnosis, description and bioacoustical data below. 3. See data of neotype 4. After the description, the holotype of the species was obviously never seen nor studied by any scientist. The author Johansson was a student of Linnaeus. The specimen, however, is not in the collection of the Linnean Society (Marshall 1983) nor in Uppsala (Catalogue UUZM). 80 years after the description, the species was mentioned again by de Haan (1843) who considered all specimens of the Mecopoda elongata group from South East Asia and China as belonging to this species except his new macassariensis and niponensis. Redtenbacher (1892) and Karny (1920, 1924) considered all three as belonging to M. elongata. There is no indication that any of these orthopterologists had seen the type. 5. From Java at least two biological species (song types) are known, the mostly green species M. himalaya with a trilling song (see above) and a mostly brown species producing chirps (echemes). Since M. javana is described as greyish-brownish (cinereus, fuscescens) we considered the chirping species as javana and select a specimen with this song type as neotype. 6. The neotype comes from Java, the type locality (no further details given). 7. The neotype is deposited in Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFKM). Other material. 3 males, INDONESIA, West Java, Palabuan Ratu, Samudra beach, (6°58’S, 106°30’E), 3– 6.iii.1995, 3261432, 3261435, 3261436 (stridulatory organs studied), coll. S. Ingrisch (CI). Male, labels: (1) INDONESIA, Bali, Nusa Dua, [8° 48′ S, 115° 13′ E], 27.XII.1987, E. Sismondo, B.M. 1989-38, (2) MECOBA 2, (3) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 711 Recording No 3, (4) NHMUK010210932; (song and stridulatory organs). Additional song recordings of two other males in bio.acousti.ca from Bali, Nusa Dua, made by Sismondo (species mentioned by Sismondo 1990 as species N) and from two males (specimens not collected) Ingrisch 3254649– 50 (from type locality). Other material from outside Indonesia. Male, labels: (1) SRI LANKA, Sinharadja Forest, III 1980, leg. K. Sänger & B. Helfert, B.M.1981-464, (2) kept in captivity killed 27 viii 1981, (3) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 400 Recording No, (4) NHMUK010210934 (Song and stridulatory organs). Male CH7725, SRI LANKA: Weddagala (near Rock View Hotel) (6°33’N, 81°20’E), 10 iii 2014, leg. K.-G. Heller, (song, stridulatory organs, chromosomes). Diagnosis. The calling song of the species has a distinctly lower number of syllables per echeme than the other species of the group except mahindai (see below) and a higher echeme repetition rate than most other species of the group (Tab. 2). M. javana (specimen from Sri Lanka) has also a chromosome number (2n = 23) lower than known from any other species of the genus. Description. General habitus of the genus. Specimens collected in Java of brown color. Male cerci not very stout at base, narrow apical area moderately curved with internal apical tooth larger and stouter than pre-apical tooth. Subgenital plate with moderately long styli (longer than in “P. Ratu green“ = M. himalaya). Morphologically the new species differs from M. himalaya -group that occurs in Palabuan Ratu (South coast of Java) in the same locality by structure of the mirror and song, by the apical teeth of the male cerci arising from the end of the internal margin of the cercus. These teeth are moderately spaced and the apical tooth is stouter and larger than the pre-apical tooth, while in M. himalaya -group from Java arises nearly fully from the apical margin, the apical tooth is slightly less stout (than in M. himalaya), both teeth are closer together, and by the styli of the male subgenital plate that are although short longer than in M. himalaya -group (Fig. 2) and by the brown instead of mostly green color. Song. The calling song consisted of long (from a few seconds to more than one and a half minute documented) sequences of echemes (Fig. 8, 9; parameters Tab. 4) Measurements. 4 males, Java: Body w/wings: male 66–70 (67.3±1.9); body w/o wings: male 36–38 (37.3±1); pronotum: male 8.9–9.0 (9.0±0.1); tegmen: male 55–58 (56.6±1.6); hind femur: male 42–46 (43.4±1.9); anterior femur: male 10; tegmen width: male 13.0–15.2 (13.9±.9) mm. Male CH 7725, Sri Lanka: pronotum 8.5; tegmen length ca. 50 (slightly damaged); tegmen width 12; hind femur 39 mm. Literature data on song: Korsunoskaya 2008 (CAMBODIA) Specimens with this song type have been found in two widely separated areas, in South East Asia (in several Indonesian islands and in Cambodia and Thailand; see below) as well as in Sri Lanka without obvious differences in morphology. Chromosomes (CH 7725): 2n = 23, FN = 46; pairs 1 and 4–11 metacentric, 2 and 3 subacrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15) Based on chromosome number (see Discussion), a female from Thailand (Luanpirom et al. 1999) may also belong to this species. Uvarov (1927) mentions Mecopoda elongata from Sri Lanka (Museum Colombo); these specimens may either belong to M. javana or to M. mahindai sp. nov. (see below).

Mecopoda mahindai Heller sp. nov. Holotype male CH7843, SRI LANKA: Mihintale (8°21’N, 80°31’E), 100 m, 4 iii 2014, leg. K.-G. Heller. MfN. Song, stridulatory organs and chromosomes studied. Diagnosis. The calling song of the species does not consist of a homogenous sequence of echemes as in all other known species of the group, but the very short echemes are grouped in small series of three echemes separated from the next series by a larger interval (Fig. 8, 9). Description. Morphologically no difference to other species of the M. confracta subgroup (Liu et al. 2020). Measurements (in mm): pronotum length 8; tegmen length 56; tegmen width 13.5; hind femora length 43. Chromosomes: 2n = 29, FN = 52; pairs 1, 4 and 6–14 metacentric, 2, 3 and 5 acrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15). Derivatio nominis. Name remembering to the Indian monk Mahinda who arrived in Mihintale, the type locality, according to religious myths traveling through the air, founding Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The insect was found on the stupa which was built to celebrate this event. Substantive in genitive.

Subgroup minor Liu, 2020 The species of this group are characterized by a complicated song ��� constituted by numerous discontinuous chirps at the beginning followed by continuous syllables��� (Liu et al. 2020). Included species and subspecies: M. minor (East Asia), M. yunnana (China; see below), M. hainanensis He, 2019 (China)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5"]}

Mecopoda fallax He, 2019 Recordings: THAILAND: 3254538 (CI), Phetchabun, Nam Nao 1000 m a.s.l., 13 ix 1989, leg. S. Ingrisch (song and stridulatory organs). MALAYSIA: CHX066, MALAYSIA: Pahang, Krau Game Reserve (study area) bei Kuala Kerau, Kuala Lompat near Temerloh (3��43���N, 102��16���E), 28 iii���12 iv 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song only). VIETNAM: one specimen from Vinh Phu, Hoa Binh and Gia Lai Provinces, leg. A. Gorochov; stridulatory file only. The species was described from China (Liu Yf et al. 2019, Liu Cx et al. 2020), but is obviously more widespread. The long lasting trilling song of M. fallax (Fig. 6) is composed of quite short song units (less than one second) which are repeated without intervals. Within these units regular changes in amplitude are observed (Fig. 7). The duration of one unit was 0.3���0.8 s in China (T =24���29��C; Liu Yf et al. 2019, Liu Cx et al. 2020), 0.7 s in Thailand (T =21.5��C) and 0.2 s in Malaysia (T =27��C). M. fallax has a long stridulatory file carrying about 110 teeth (Fig. 11 E). Concerning the inter-tooth distances, the file is relatively homogenous. The distances start anally around 40���50 ��m, reach the maximum at about 60���70 ��m and become smaller than 40 ��m only very near to the articulation (Fig. 12). It will be interesting to study the songs and the relationships between the two Vietnamese species M. prominens and M. ampla and the widespread M. fallax. All three have with quite similar files (Figs. 11���12) and occur in Vietnam., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 123-124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281

Mecopoda javana (Johansson, 1763) stat. nov. Gryllus javanus Johansson, 1763 Mecopoda maculata Serville, 1831 syn. nov Neotype, here designated: male, INDONESIA, West Java, Palabuan Ratu, Samudra beach, (6��58���S, 106��30���E), 3���6 iii 1995, coll. S. Ingrisch (CI 3261437 in ZFMK). Song and stridulatory organs studied. The need to clarify the status of M. javana comes from observations showing that in South East Asia many morphologically similar species exist (see above) formerly united under the name M elongata. To secure nomenclature stability the status of the old names has to be clarified. M. javana has priority over M. maculata Serville, 1831, a species with type locality also on the island of Java and assumed to belong to the same species. Qualifying conditions for neotype designation according to Art. 75.3.1���7 of the ICZN (1999): 1. The neotype is designated to clarify the taxonomic status of the species M. javana. 2. See diagnosis, description and bioacoustical data below. 3. See data of neotype 4. After the description, the holotype of the species was obviously never seen nor studied by any scientist. The author Johansson was a student of Linnaeus. The specimen, however, is not in the collection of the Linnean Society (Marshall 1983) nor in Uppsala (Catalogue UUZM). 80 years after the description, the species was mentioned again by de Haan (1843) who considered all specimens of the Mecopoda elongata group from South East Asia and China as belonging to this species except his new macassariensis and niponensis. Redtenbacher (1892) and Karny (1920, 1924) considered all three as belonging to M. elongata. There is no indication that any of these orthopterologists had seen the type. 5. From Java at least two biological species (song types) are known, the mostly green species M. himalaya with a trilling song (see above) and a mostly brown species producing chirps (echemes). Since M. javana is described as greyish-brownish (cinereus, fuscescens) we considered the chirping species as javana and select a specimen with this song type as neotype. 6. The neotype comes from Java, the type locality (no further details given). 7. The neotype is deposited in Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFKM). Other material. 3 males, INDONESIA, West Java, Palabuan Ratu, Samudra beach, (6��58���S, 106��30���E), 3��� 6.iii.1995, 3261432, 3261435, 3261436 (stridulatory organs studied), coll. S. Ingrisch (CI). Male, labels: (1) INDONESIA, Bali, Nusa Dua, [8�� 48��� S, 115�� 13��� E], 27.XII.1987, E. Sismondo, B.M. 1989-38, (2) MECOBA 2, (3) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 711 Recording No 3, (4) NHMUK010210932; (song and stridulatory organs). Additional song recordings of two other males in bio.acousti.ca from Bali, Nusa Dua, made by Sismondo (species mentioned by Sismondo 1990 as species N) and from two males (specimens not collected) Ingrisch 3254649��� 50 (from type locality). Other material from outside Indonesia. Male, labels: (1) SRI LANKA, Sinharadja Forest, III 1980, leg. K. S��nger & B. Helfert, B.M.1981-464, (2) kept in captivity killed 27 viii 1981, (3) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 400 Recording No, (4) NHMUK010210934 (Song and stridulatory organs). Male CH7725, SRI LANKA: Weddagala (near Rock View Hotel) (6��33���N, 81��20���E), 10 iii 2014, leg. K.-G. Heller, (song, stridulatory organs, chromosomes). Diagnosis. The calling song of the species has a distinctly lower number of syllables per echeme than the other species of the group except mahindai (see below) and a higher echeme repetition rate than most other species of the group (Tab. 2). M. javana (specimen from Sri Lanka) has also a chromosome number (2n = 23) lower than known from any other species of the genus. Description. General habitus of the genus. Specimens collected in Java of brown color. Male cerci not very stout at base, narrow apical area moderately curved with internal apical tooth larger and stouter than pre-apical tooth. Subgenital plate with moderately long styli (longer than in ���P. Ratu green��� = M. himalaya). Morphologically the new species differs from M. himalaya -group that occurs in Palabuan Ratu (South coast of Java) in the same locality by structure of the mirror and song, by the apical teeth of the male cerci arising from the end of the internal margin of the cercus. These teeth are moderately spaced and the apical tooth is stouter and larger than the pre-apical tooth, while in M. himalaya -group from Java arises nearly fully from the apical margin, the apical tooth is slightly less stout (than in M. himalaya), both teeth are closer together, and by the styli of the male subgenital plate that are although short longer than in M. himalaya -group (Fig. 2) and by the brown instead of mostly green color. Song. The calling song consisted of long (from a few seconds to more than one and a half minute documented) sequences of echemes (Fig. 8, 9; parameters Tab. 4) Measurements. 4 males, Java: Body w/wings: male 66���70 (67.3��1.9); body w/o wings: male 36���38 (37.3��1); pronotum: male 8.9���9.0 (9.0��0.1); tegmen: male 55���58 (56.6��1.6); hind femur: male 42���46 (43.4��1.9); anterior femur: male 10; tegmen width: male 13.0���15.2 (13.9��.9) mm. Male CH 7725, Sri Lanka: pronotum 8.5; tegmen length ca. 50 (slightly damaged); tegmen width 12; hind femur 39 mm. Literature data on song: Korsunoskaya 2008 (CAMBODIA) Specimens with this song type have been found in two widely separated areas, in South East Asia (in several Indonesian islands and in Cambodia and Thailand; see below) as well as in Sri Lanka without obvious differences in morphology. Chromosomes (CH 7725): 2n = 23, FN = 46; pairs 1 and 4���11 metacentric, 2 and 3 subacrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15) Based on chromosome number (see Discussion), a female from Thailand (Luanpirom et al. 1999) may also belong to this species. Uvarov (1927) mentions Mecopoda elongata from Sri Lanka (Museum Colombo); these specimens may either belong to M. javana or to M. mahindai sp. nov. (see below)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 126-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Johansson, B. [not Johannson, B.] (1763) Centurio insectorum rariorum. In: Linne, C. von. (Ed.), Amoenitates Academicae seu dissertationes variae Physicae, Medicae, Botanicae anthehac seorsim editae. Vol 6. 2 nd Edition. 1789. s. n., Holmiae [Stockholm], pp. 384 - 415.","Serville, J. G. A. (1831) Revue methodique des insectes de l'ordre des Orthopteres. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie et Biologie Animale, 22, 28 - 65 + 134 - 167 + 262 - 292.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.","Marshall, J. A. (1983) The orthopteroid insects described by Linnaeus, with notes on the Linnean collection. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 78, 375 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1975. tb 02266. x","Haan, W. de (1843) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers, Leiden, 19 / 20, pp. 165 - 228.","Redtenbacher, J. (1892) Monographische Uebersicht der Mecopodiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 42, 183 - 224.","Karny, H. H. (1920) Zur Deutung der de Haan'schen Laubheuschrecken. Zoologische Mededeelingen, 5, 139 - 210.","Karny, H. H. (1924) Beitrage zur malayischen Orthopterenfauna. VIII. Die Mecopodinen des Buitenzorger Museums. Treubia, 5, 137 - 160.","Sismondo, E (1990) Synchronous, alternating, and phase-locked stridulation by a tropical katydid. Science, 249, 55 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 249.4964.55","Luanpirom, A., Bunnag, S., Kritpetcharat, O. & Kritpetcharat, C. (1999) Cytogenetic research of some animals in Phu-Phan National Park. In: Research reports on Biodiversity in Thailand. Biodiversity Research and Training Program (BRT), Bang- kok, pp. 563 - 570. [in Thai]","Uvarov, B. P. (1927) Some Orthoptera of the families Mantidae, Tettigoniidae and Acrididae from Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica, 14, 85 - 114."]}

Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis zhantievi Heller subsp. nov. Holotype, male; CH8767, INDONESIA, NW Papua, Radja Ampat, isl. Waigeo [0°12’S, 130°50’E], XII.2017. leg. M. Berezin (from laboratory culture), MfN. Paratypes. Female, CH8768, same data as holotype. Female, Collectio Helb, INDONESIA, West Papua, Wasai Prov., Waigeo Island, 7.2018, leg. V. Voitsekhovskii Other material. 3 males, 3 females, Moscow State University; 1 male, 1 female, ZIN (data as holotype). Material used for comparison. Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis, male, NEW GUINEA, Sideia Island, Sideia Mission, 2. Dec. 1968, leg. G. Hangay. ANIC (Rentz et al. 2006, Su, per email) The specimens at hand are morphologically quite similar to that described in detail by Helfert & Sänger (2007) as Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis cyrtoscelis. However, they differ in song from the two populations studied there. Therefore we consider our specimens as belonging to a distinct island subspecies. The stridulatory files do not seem to differ. The closely related species E. superba Bolivar, 1898 occurs also in NW Papua. The type locality „Hassam“, given by Bolivar (1898) and not traceable in any gazetter, is obviously an error, since on the label of a (syn-?) type (see Paris 1994) in NMPC the word „Hattam” is given (Machackova & Fikacek 2014). Hatam or Hattam is the name of a language/tribe in NW Papua living on the mainland of New Guinea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatam_language) near (to the island of) Mansinam where the species was listed by Griffini (1908). The specimens of E. superba are clearly larger than ours and that from Helfert & Sänger (2007) (see Tab. 6). The distribution of E. cyrtoscelis, E. s uperba, E. spinosa Gorochov, 2020 and E. moluccarum (Griffini, 1908) around Northwestern New Guinea is given in Fig. 21. Diagnosis. In the calling song of the species, trills with durations from several seconds to more than a minute were observed, clearly different from the much shorter segments of a „broken trill“ (called „continuous (short) caller“ by Römer in Helfert & Sänger 2007) observed in Eumecopoda c. cyrtoscelis by Helfert & Sänger (2007; fig. 32). In morphology, possibly some body relations like tegmen to femur in the female differ between subspecies (or populations) but there are too few data for safe conclusions. Derivatio nominis. Named in honour of Prof. Dr. R. D. Zhantiev, Moscow State University, the pioneer of bioacoustics of insects (author of a book with same title in 1981 and of many papers before and after this date) in the USSR and Russia. *mean Measurements: see Tab. 6. Song. The calling song of the species consists of trills with durations from several seconds to more than a minute (Fig. 10; Tab. 7). It should be noted that the stridulatory file of a male from Sideia Island (extreme SE New Guinea), identified as E. cyrtoscelis (Rentz et al. 2006), differs distinctly from our specimen and from that of Helfert & Sänger (2007; see Fig. 12). Coloration. Dark brown.

Mecopoda niponensis vietnamica Heller & Korsunovskaya subsp. nov. Holotype: VIETNAM: Tân Phú District, Dong Nai, Cát Tiên National Park, 128 m a.s.l., 11°26’ N, 107°26’ E. 13 vi 2019, leg. N. Sevastianov. ZIN. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Diagnosis. Differs from the nominate subspecies by longer tegmina, from other Mecopoda species by the characteristic amplitude modulation in the trill (see Fig. 6–7) and from the Vietnamese species M. ampla and M. prominens in file structure (see Fig. 11–12). Morphology. As nominate subspecies, but with longer tegmina (see above). Song. The recorded specimen had an unusually variable song containing two elements. It produced trill-like series, quite similar to the song of the continental subspecies (Fig. 6) and to that known from other parts of its range (for details see Liu Cx et al. 2020). These series last for many minutes and have a relatively complicated structure. Within a song unit, the low-amplitude beginning and ending phases consist of repeated simple syllables, while the high-amplitude climax is composed of many repeated subunits. In the recorded specimen the subunits consisted of five to six syllables with a characteristic amplitude pattern (Fig. 7). In other parts of its range like Japan and Korea (n. niponensis) one subunit seems to have typically only three syllables (Ichikawa et al. 2006; Kim 2009). Besides the trills, the specimen produced also occasionally long series of echemes before the trill. In the frequency spectrum, the ultrasound components were even stronger than the peak in the audible range (Fig. 14). Stridulatory file. Like specimens of the nominate subspecies, also the Vietnamese specimen has a long file carrying about 115 teeth (Fig. 11 B) like M. n. niponenis. The inter-teeth distances start anally with 50 µm and reach their maximum of about 80 µm between the 30th and 40th tooth (Fig. 12). In the file of the lectotype of M. n. niponenis the inter-tooth distances are slightly smaller but there is some variability in this character. The file of the M. n. continentalis specimen (105 teeth) photographed by Liu Cx et al. (2020) is similar to M. n. vietnamica n. ssp, but has the maximum around the 50th tooth. Another Chinese specimen of M. n. continentalis (Fig. 11 A; CH 7674, 107 teeth) is between the lastly mentioned and M. n. vietnamica subsp. nov., and the specimen from Fujian (M. n. continentalis; 115 teeth) is similar to the lectotype of M. n. niponenis (Fig. 12). Distribution. Vietnam. Measurements (length in mm). Pronotum 9.0, tegmina 55, hind femur 51.7.

Mecopoda niponensis (Haan, 1843) The species can morphologically be separated from all other congeneric species by its short and wide tegmina (Fig. 5 A; see measurements in Liu Cx et al. 2020). Also its trilling calling song, studied in China (Liu YF et al. 2019; Liu Cx et al. 2020), Japan (Ichikawa et al. 2006; Yamamoto 2006) and Korea (Kim 2009), shows a characteristic amplitude modulation (see Fig. 6���7), clearly different from other Mecopoda species. However, we have a specimen from Vietnam at hand in which morphology and song pattern disagree. The trilling song of this animal shows the typical niponensis pattern, but it has unusually long and narrow tegmina. With a length/width ratio of 3.43 it is just outside the range (2.19���3.36) given by Liu Cx et al. (2020) for niponensis. More important, the tegmen length (55 mm) is far outside the range of niponensis (34���49 mm, Liu Cx et al. 2020; 40���43 mm in Korea, Storozhenko et al. 2015). Since it has additional song components not known from niponensis, and was found outside the known range of the species, we consider it as member of a new subspecies (see below)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Haan, W. de (1843) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers, Leiden, 19 / 20, pp. 165 - 228.","Ichikawa, A., Ito, F., Kano, Y., Kawai, M., Tominaga, O. & Murai, T. (Eds.) (2006) Orthoptera of the Japanese Archipelago in color. s. n., Sapporo, 688 pp. + 2 CD.","Kim, T. W. (2009) Taxonomy and acoustic signals of Korean Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera) II. National Institut of Biological Reserves, Incheon. [+ CD]","Storozhenko, S. Y., Kim, T. W. & Jeon, M. J. (2015) Monograph of Korean Orthoptera. National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 377 pp."]}

Mecopoda himalaya Liu, 2020 Mecopoda ampla malayensis Gorochov, 2020 syn. nov. Mecopada ampla javaensis Gorochov, 2020 syn. nov. Mecopoda fallax aequatorialis Gorochov, 2020 syn. nov. The species was described in 2020 from two males in Yunnan, China, but it is obviously quite widespread. Its characteristic song was first recorded in 1985 by Sismondo on Sumatra, and later by others in several localities in Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia (see below). Also the stridulatory file with relatively few teeth seems to be unique (but see below for the Sulawesian species M. macassariensis). Song recordings and stridulatory organs: THAILAND: 3254539 (CI), Tak Ban Mae Salit, Monkrating resort (17��30���N, 98��5���E), 700���800 m a.s.l., 18 ix 1989, leg. S. Ingrisch. MALAYSIA, peninsular: CH 3737, CH 3740, Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 260 m, 8���28 iii 1981 and 12���19 iv 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (both songs and stridulatory organs). MALAYSIA, Sabah: CRT-meceloM01 (ZFMK), Mt. Kinabalu NP, Poring, 04.10.1993, 500��� 700 m a.s.l., leg. K. Riede. INDONESIA: Java: 2534643 (CI) Indonesia West Java Palabuan Ratu, Samudra beach (6��58���S, 106��30���E), 2 iii 1995, leg. S. Ingrisch. NHMUK010210933, Sumatra: Brastagi [probably Berastagi, 3�� 11���N, 98�� 31���E], 17 ii 1985, leg E. Sismondo. Song only. THAILAND: 3254540 (CI) Thailand Nan Doi Phukha, guesthouse near ���Pass��� (19��15���N, 101��10���E), 1500 m a.s.l., 5 x 1991, leg. S. Ingrisch. INDONESIA: 3254644-5 (CI) Indonesia Java Bogor, Kebun Raya (6��35���S, 106��47���E), 250 m a.s.l., 15 ii 1995, leg. S. Ingrisch (both song). 3254541 (CI) Indonesia North Sumatra Pematang Siantar (2��59���N, 99��0���E), 400 m a.s.l., 2 iii 1993, leg. S. Ingrisch. 3254646 (CI) Indonesia West Sumatra Maninjau (0��18���S, 100��15���E), 400 m a.s.l., 13 iii 1995, leg. S. Ingrisch. Stridulatory organs only. THAILAND: Male, Surat Thani Prov. (Malay Peninsula), ~ 40 km WSWof Phanom Town, environs of Khao Sok NationalPark, secondary-primary forest, 20���28 July 1996, A. Gorochov (holotype of Mecopoda ampla malayensis). INDONESIA: Male, ��� Java merid. 1500��� 1891 H. Fruhstorfer���, ���104-98���, ���Mecopoda elongata № 42��� (holotype of Mecopoda ampla javaensis). Male, Indonesia, West Sumatra Prov., environs of Harau Valley National Park, equator, 24���26 November 1990, A. Gorochov (holotype Mecopoda fallax aequatorialis; relative mirror width 1.28). Other material: Males CH3742, CH 3489, MALAYSIA: Pahang, Krau Game Reserve (study area) bei Kuala Kerau, Kuala Lompat near Temerloh (3��43���N, 102��16���E), 28 iii���12 iv 1981 and 18���21 iii 1992, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. Males CH3741, CH 3750, CH3754, CH 3755, CH3756, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 260 m, 8���28 iii 1981 and 28 ii���24 iv 1984, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. Seven pairs of male tegmina CH3411, CH 3412, CH3413, CH 3657, CH3659, CH 3660, CH3691 (2) from the same localities. Females (assumed to belong to himalaya because of large size and green coloration): CH 3743, MALAYSIA: Pahang, Krau Game Reserve (study area) near Kuala Kerau, Kuala Lompat near Temerloh (3��43���N, 102��16���E), 28 iii���12 iv 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. CH3745, CH 3749, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 260 m, 8���28 iii 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. Literature data on song: Korsunoskaya 2008 (INDONESIA: Java), Kostarokas & R��mer 2015, Krobath et al. 2017, Siegert et al. 2013 (all MALAYSIA), Liu Cx et al. 2020 (CHINA), Tan & Wahab 2018 (BRUNEI). The most detailed study of the song was undertaken by Krobath (2013; Krobath et al. 2017) under the name ���trilling species of the Mecopoda complex���. At intervals of many minutes, the males produce calling bouts which last several minutes and start with an alternation between soft and loud trilling parts and end in a continuous long loud trill (Krobath 2013; Krobath et al. 2017). The stridulatory movements differ between soft and loud parts. When singing softly, the males make simple to-and-fro movements (single syllables), but during the loud part they alternate between long and short syllables (echemes), as it can be seen in the wing movement recordings (Fig. 7). Period data are given in Tab. 3. However, the males are heating up during singing by up to eight degrees (Erregger et al. 2017) with the effect that all time parameters may change during the song. Impulses are produced during both opening and closing of the tegmina (Fig. 7). Opening and closing hemisyllables differ slightly in spectral composition (Fig. 14). The stridulatory file of himalaya has less teeth (73���98) than that of niponensis and fallax (Tab. 2, see also Fig. 12). The inter-tooth distances start anally with 60 ��m and reach their maximum (between 80 ��m and 100 ��m) always around the 30th tooth (except one specimen from Thailand with obvious irregularities; Fig. 12). Considering the large range, local variation in file structure as well as in mirror dimensions and other morphological structures are to be expected and do exist (see above listed synonyms). The status of these forms will be established after the relationship to M. macassariensis is solved. Chromosomes (from holotype): 2n = 27, FN = 54; pair 1 metacentric, pairs 4���14 metacentric or submetacentric, 2 and 3 subacrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15). Measurements (in mm): CH 3737, 3740: pronotum length 9.5; tegmen length 62���65; tegmen width 15���16; hind femora length 46.0���46.5., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 118-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5","Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Krobath, I., Romer, H. & Hartbauer, M. (2017) Plasticity of signaling and mate choice in a trilling species of the Mecopoda complex (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 71, 164. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 017 - 2381 - 6","Siegert, M. E., Romer, H. & Hartbauer, M. (2013) Maintaining acoustic communication at a cocktail party: heterospecific masking noise improves signal detection through frequency separation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 4655 - 4665. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 089888","Tan, M. K. & Wahab, R. A. (2018) Preliminary study on the diversity of Orthoptera from Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei Darussalam, Borneo. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 27 (2), 119 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jor. 27.24152","Krobath, I. (2013) Complex signalling, song interaction, and mate choice in a trilling species of the Mecopoda complex (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Master thesis, University of Graz, 59 pp.","Erregger, B., Kovac, H., Stabentheiner, A., Hartbauer, M., Romer, H. & Schmidt, A. K. D. (2017) Cranking up the heat: relationships between energetically costly song features and the increase in thorax temperature in male crickets and katydids. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220 (14), 2635 e 2644. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 155846"]}

Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis zhantievi Heller subsp. nov. Holotype, male; CH8767, INDONESIA, NW Papua, Radja Ampat, isl. Waigeo [0��12���S, 130��50���E], XII.2017. leg. M. Berezin (from laboratory culture), MfN. Paratypes. Female, CH8768, same data as holotype. Female, Collectio Helb, INDONESIA, West Papua, Wasai Prov., Waigeo Island, 7.2018, leg. V. Voitsekhovskii Other material. 3 males, 3 females, Moscow State University; 1 male, 1 female, ZIN (data as holotype). Material used for comparison. Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis, male, NEW GUINEA, Sideia Island, Sideia Mission, 2. Dec. 1968, leg. G. Hangay. ANIC (Rentz et al. 2006, Su, per email) The specimens at hand are morphologically quite similar to that described in detail by Helfert & S��nger (2007) as Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis cyrtoscelis. However, they differ in song from the two populations studied there. Therefore we consider our specimens as belonging to a distinct island subspecies. The stridulatory files do not seem to differ. The closely related species E. superba Bolivar, 1898 occurs also in NW Papua. The type locality ���Hassam���, given by Bolivar (1898) and not traceable in any gazetter, is obviously an error, since on the label of a (syn-?) type (see Paris 1994) in NMPC the word ���Hattam��� is given (Machackova & Fikacek 2014). Hatam or Hattam is the name of a language/tribe in NW Papua living on the mainland of New Guinea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatam_language) near (to the island of) Mansinam where the species was listed by Griffini (1908). The specimens of E. superba are clearly larger than ours and that from Helfert & S��nger (2007) (see Tab. 6). The distribution of E. cyrtoscelis, E. s uperba, E. spinosa Gorochov, 2020 and E. moluccarum (Griffini, 1908) around Northwestern New Guinea is given in Fig. 21. Diagnosis. In the calling song of the species, trills with durations from several seconds to more than a minute were observed, clearly different from the much shorter segments of a ���broken trill��� (called ���continuous (short) caller��� by R��mer in Helfert & S��nger 2007) observed in Eumecopoda c. cyrtoscelis by Helfert & S��nger (2007; fig. 32). In morphology, possibly some body relations like tegmen to femur in the female differ between subspecies (or populations) but there are too few data for safe conclusions. Derivatio nominis. Named in honour of Prof. Dr. R. D. Zhantiev, Moscow State University, the pioneer of bioacoustics of insects (author of a book with same title in 1981 and of many papers before and after this date) in the USSR and Russia. *mean Measurements: see Tab. 6. Song. The calling song of the species consists of trills with durations from several seconds to more than a minute (Fig. 10; Tab. 7). It should be noted that the stridulatory file of a male from Sideia Island (extreme SE New Guinea), identified as E. cyrtoscelis (Rentz et al. 2006), differs distinctly from our specimen and from that of Helfert & S��nger (2007; see Fig. 12). Coloration. Dark brown., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 132-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Rentz, D. C. F., Su, Y. N. & Ueshima, N. (2006) Studies in Australian Tettigoniidae: the mecopodine katydids (Orthoptera: Tet- tigoniidae; Mecopodinae; Mecopodini). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (1 + 2), 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [1: SIATTM] 2.0. CO; 2","Helfert, B. & Sanger, K. (2007) Variability of diagnostic features in Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis cyrtoscelis (Karsch, 1888) from the Raja Ampat Islands (Indonesia) (Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen, 59 (3 - 4), 71 - 83.","Bolivar, I. (1898) Ortopteros nuevos de Borneo y de Nueva Guinea. Actas de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Vol. 2. Serie Real sociedad, Madrid, 27, 137 - 142.","Machackova, L. & Fikacek, M. (2014) Catalogue of the type specimens deposited in the Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 54, 399 - 450.","Griffini, A. (1908) Sopra alcuni Stenopelmatidi e sopra alcune Mecopodidi Malesi ed Austro-Malesi. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 46, 271 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9961","Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Redtenbacher, J. (1892) Monographische Uebersicht der Mecopodiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 42, 183 - 224.","Willemse, C. (1933) Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes-Orientales Neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Prin- cesse Leopold de Belgique. Orthoptera II: fam. Tettigoniidae and Gryllacridae. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, Hors Serie 4 (8), 1 - 15.","Hebard, M. (1922) Studies in Malayan, Melanesian and Australian Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 74, 121 - 299.","Shorthouse, D. P. (2010) SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. Available from: http: // www. simplemappr. net / (accessed 05 October 2020)","Karsch, F. (1888) Zwei neue Mecopoda - Arten (Orthoptera). Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 14, 145 - 148.","Kirby, W. F. (1891) Notes on the Orthopterous family Mecopodidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1891, 405 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1891. tb 03036. x"]}

Genus Eumecopoda Hebard, 1922 (Fastigium verticis blunt, with transverse keel; gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium distinct; Fig. 16) Paramecopoda Gorochov 2020, syn. nov. The genus Eumecopoda was introduced by Hebard (1922) with E. cyrtoscelis Karsch, 1888 as type species. Hebard listed several supposed genus-specific characters. However, not all of them are diagnostic. Interestingly, the shape of the fastigium is described as looking as in M. dilatata and M. divergens, but Hebard did not mention these species. Also with regard to the distinct gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis E. cyrtoscelis is similar to these species (Fig. 16). In Eumecopoda according to Hebard (1922) ���the tips of the tegmina are somewhat falcate���. This characteristic, however, is also seen in M. platyphoea (Fig. 19). Hebard mentions also the structure of the tympana in the fore tibiae, open in Mecopoda and partially closed in Eumecopoda. However, according to Griffini (1908), E. cyrtoscelis ���has considerable variability in the structure of the tympani of the front tibiae, now almost concave, now rhymed, often differently made to the front side and the back side, being able to be in the open side and in this somewhat closed or even vice versa��� (Griffini 1908, translated). A similar or even larger variation is seen in M. dilatata, where specimens with open tympana and with the condition as in E. cyrtoscelis have been found (Fritze 1900, Griffini 1908). Gorochov (2020) used this character to differentiate his new (sub)genus Paramecopoda. All Eumecopoda species (no information available for E. walkeri) seem to have femora supplied dorsally with blunt tubercles, a characteristic not found outside the genus and also not found in Paramecopoda granulosa (no information available for M. platyphoea). We will use the character from Hebard���s (1922) description ���the tips of the tegmina are somewhat falcate��� as differential character of Eumecopoda (see Fig. 19 und figs. 20���21 in Gorochov 2020) to unite a group of species similar to, but different from Mecopoda. Based on this definition, the genus Eumecopoda includes the Philippine species E. reducta Hebard, 1922, E. walkeri Kirby, 1891 and E. granulosa (Gorochov, 2020) stat. nov., the four species E. cyrtoscelis Karsch, 1888, E. moluccarum Griffini, 1908, E. superba Bol��var, 1898 and E. spinosa (Gorochov, 2020) stat. nov. occurring around New Guinea (Fig. 21; Tab. 6), and E. platyphoea Walker, 1871 stat. nov. from Sri Lanka. Future studies have to show if this biogeographic pattern is reflected in phylogeny. Mecopoda kerinci with its single known male specimen may remain in Mecopoda for the moment., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 131-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1922) Studies in Malayan, Melanesian and Australian Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 74, 121 - 299.","Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Karsch, F. (1888) Zwei neue Mecopoda - Arten (Orthoptera). Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 14, 145 - 148.","Griffini, A. (1908) Sopra alcuni Stenopelmatidi e sopra alcune Mecopodidi Malesi ed Austro-Malesi. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 46, 271 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9961","Fritze, A. (1900) Orthopteres de l' Archipel Malais. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l' Archipel Malais). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 7 (1899), 335 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 32949","Kirby, W. F. (1891) Notes on the Orthopterous family Mecopodidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1891, 405 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1891. tb 03036. x","Bolivar, I. (1898) Ortopteros nuevos de Borneo y de Nueva Guinea. Actas de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Vol. 2. Serie Real sociedad, Madrid, 27, 137 - 142."]}

Mecopoda sismondoi Heller sp. nov. Holotype: male, labels: (1) Singapore [1°17′ N, 103°50′ E] 84 A, (2) Brit. Mus. 1985-242, (3) Molted to adult 28 I 84 gassed on 9 VI 84, (4) COLLECTED BY E. SISMONDO (5) SONG-RECORDED (6) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 568 Recording No 1, (7) NHMUK010210931. NHM. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Paratypes; males CH 3746, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3°20’N, 101°45’E), 260 m, 8–28 iii 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song and stridulatory organs). CH 3738, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3°20’N, 101°45’E), 260 m, 12–19 iv 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song and stridulatory organs) (all CH). Other material: Male CH7704, SOUTH EAST ASIA, exact locality unknown, obtained from breeder, 2013 (song, stridulatory organs, chromosomes). Males CH3751, CH 3645, CH3739, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3°20’N, 101°45’E), 260 m, 12–19 iv 1981 and 28 ii–24 iv 1984, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. Six pairs of male tegmina CH3656, CH 3663, CH3666, CH 3687, CH3688, CH 3690 from the same locality. The song of the species is described by Sismondo (1990) (SINGAPORE; as species S), by Korsunoskaya (2008) (INDONESIA: Sumatra) and by Hartbauer et al. (2006; 2012) (MALAYSIA). Diagnosis. The species has a much slower echeme repetition rate than the other species of the subgroup (echeme periods about 3 s; Tab. 4). Description. Morphologically no difference to other species of the M. confracta subgroup (Liu Cx et al. 2020). Measurements (in mm): CH 3738, 3746: pronotum length 8.0–8.7; tegmen length 55–57; tegmen width 13; hind femora length 42.0–44.5. In peninsular Malaysia, the species is often found syntopically with M. himalaya (our data, Tan & Kamaruddin 2016). It is typically a little bit smaller than himalaya and often brown, whereas himalaya is more often green. Chromosomes: 2n = 29, FN = 52; pairs 1 metacentric and 4–7, 9, 10, 12–14 metacentric/ submetacentric, 3 subacrocentric, 2, 8 and 11 acrocentric, X chromosome submetacentric (Fig. 15). Derivatio nominis. Named in honour of Enrico Sismondo who discovered the song diversity of Mecopoda, collected and recorded the type specimens of M. sismondoi and analyzed and described the signal interactions in that genus (Sismondo 1990).

Mecopoda macassariensis (Haan, 1843) stat. rev. Holotype male, RMNH.INS.1256442 (Indonesia, Sulawesi, Makassar). NBC. From its broad mirror area (length/width = 1.44), the species belongs to the niponensis subgroup. In tooth number (93) and inter-tooth distances it is very similar to M. himalaya (Fig. 11, 12). Since M. himalaya is quite widespread, both names could refer to the same species with macassariensis having priority. However, even species with quite similar files can have very different songs (see below; M. fallax and M. s. stridulata). Since wrong combining is more difficult to restore than wrong splitting, we remain on the safe side and consider at the moment M. macassariensis as a species endemic to Sulawesi. Data on its song are urgently needed., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 119-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Haan, W. de (1843) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers, Leiden, 19 / 20, pp. 165 - 228."]}

Mecopoda angusta Gorochov, 2020 Recordings: MALAYSIA: CH3697, Negeri Sembilan, Pasoh Forest Reserve (near Simbang Pertang north of Kuala Pilah) (2��57���N, 102��15���E), 29���31 iii 1992, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song and stridulatory organs), in ethanol, IZCAS. CH 3674, Selangor, Templer Park near Kuala Lumpur (3��17���N, 101��39���E), 19 iii 1984, leg. K.-G. Heller (song and stridulatory organs), in ethanol. Male CH 3758+CHX071, Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 200 m, 28 ii���24 iv 1984, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (stridulatory organs). Song CHX071, same data, animal not collected. Other material: Females. MALAYSIA: CH3744, Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 260 m, 8���28 iii 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. CH 3790, same locality, 4 iii���5 iv 1992, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. Material used for comparison. Mecopoda dilatata Redtenbacher, 1892. Type series with three males under M. dilatata Redtb., 13846, Borneo, all NMW. Holotype male, labels: (1) type, (2) Mecopoda dilatata Redt, det. Redtenbacher, (3) Coll. Br. v. W. Borneo Grabovsky, (4) 13846, (5) II 13846. Second male from type series without labels. Third male with label Borneo. Male, labels (1) Mecopoda dilatata Redtenbacher, 1892 det. S. Ingrisch 1994, (2) SABAH Poring 15 IV 1991, leg K. Riede, (3) DORSA ORTmecdilS01 (4) Museum Koenig ORT 2005/413. Mecopoda divergens Redtenbacher, 1892. Holotype female, NMW, labels: (1) Mecopoda divergens det. Redtenbacher, (2) Coll. Br. v. W. Indien T��rk, (3) 2635, (4) 12 2635. Male, NMW, labels: (1) Mecopoda divergens det. Redtenbacher, (2) Coll. Br. v. W., (3) Java occident. Pengalengan, 4000��� 1893 H. Fruhstorfer, (4) 20 286. Within Mecopoda, M. angusta does not belong to the elongata group s.l. because the apex of the vertex is not rounded as in the elongata -related forms, but transversely and bluntly carinate. The fastigium verticis is met from below by a broad fastigium frontis, leaving a distinct gap in between (Fig. 16). These characteristics are shown by M. dilatata, M. divergens and M. platyphoea Walker, 1870 and probably also by M. kerinci (no information given in Gorochov 2020). From M. dilatata, M. angusta can be easily discriminated by its special subgenital plate. M. divergens, however, was known only by the female holotype with unknown origin. Fortunately it turned out that Redtenbacher obtained and identified also a male collected one year (1893) after his description of the female. It has the typical mecopodine fork-like subgenital plate (Fig. 17). Finally, E. platyphoea (see under Eumecopoda) from Sri Lanka, known only from the brown female type and, after Kirby (1891), a green male, has broader tegmina and a shorter, thicker ovipositor than M. angusta (Fig. 18). It also has spines on the fore femora (���Fore femora with three spines in one row towards the tips��� Walker 1870) missing in M. angusta. The females from Pakistan, described under M. platyphoea by Panhwar et al. (2016), differ widely in the species-specific characteristics (see their figures 1a,c,e) and do not belong to this species. For other morphological details see Fig. 20. Stridulatory vein with 59���73 teeth (Fig. 11 M; inter-tooth distances see Fig. 12). Song. The calling song of M. angusta consists of series of 7���18 echemes (trill segments), each series (trill) lasting about 10 ���15 s. The echemes had durations of 0.7��� 1.3 s with SRRs between 30 and 40 Hz (Fig. 10; Tab. 7). In the echeme structure the song is similar to that of Eumecopoda c. cyrtoscelis (Helfert & S��nger 2007; see below), but not to any known in Mecopoda. M. angusta was known from two localities in peninsular Malaysia and from one locality in Sumatra, but is obviously more widespread., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 129-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Redtenbacher, J. (1892) Monographische Uebersicht der Mecopodiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 42, 183 - 224.","Walker, F. (1870) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. Part III. British Museum of Natural History, London, pp. 425 - 604.","Kirby, W. F. (1891) Notes on the Orthopterous family Mecopodidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1891, 405 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1891. tb 03036. x","Panhwar, W. A., Sultana, R., Wagan, M. S. & Khatri, I. (2016) New records of Mecopodinae (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Tet- tigoniidae) from Pakistan. Arquivos Entomoloxicos, 15, 269 - 274.","Helfert, B. & Sanger, K. (2007) Variability of diagnostic features in Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis cyrtoscelis (Karsch, 1888) from the Raja Ampat Islands (Indonesia) (Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen, 59 (3 - 4), 71 - 83."]}

Mecopoda macassariensis (Haan, 1843) stat. rev. Holotype male, RMNH.INS.1256442 (Indonesia, Sulawesi, Makassar). NBC. From its broad mirror area (length/width = 1.44), the species belongs to the niponensis subgroup. In tooth number (93) and inter-tooth distances it is very similar to M. himalaya (Fig. 11, 12). Since M. himalaya is quite widespread, both names could refer to the same species with macassariensis having priority. However, even species with quite similar files can have very different songs (see below; M. fallax and M. s. stridulata). Since wrong combining is more difficult to restore than wrong splitting, we remain on the safe side and consider at the moment M. macassariensis as a species endemic to Sulawesi. Data on its song are urgently needed.

Mecopoda mahindai Heller sp. nov. Holotype male CH7843, SRI LANKA: Mihintale (8��21���N, 80��31���E), 100 m, 4 iii 2014, leg. K.-G. Heller. MfN. Song, stridulatory organs and chromosomes studied. Diagnosis. The calling song of the species does not consist of a homogenous sequence of echemes as in all other known species of the group, but the very short echemes are grouped in small series of three echemes separated from the next series by a larger interval (Fig. 8, 9). Description. Morphologically no difference to other species of the M. confracta subgroup (Liu et al. 2020). Measurements (in mm): pronotum length 8; tegmen length 56; tegmen width 13.5; hind femora length 43. Chromosomes: 2n = 29, FN = 52; pairs 1, 4 and 6���14 metacentric, 2, 3 and 5 acrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15). Derivatio nominis. Name remembering to the Indian monk Mahinda who arrived in Mihintale, the type locality, according to religious myths traveling through the air, founding Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The insect was found on the stupa which was built to celebrate this event. Substantive in genitive., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 128, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5"]}

Mecopoda niponensis niponensis (Haan, 1843) Lectotype male, here designated; labels (1) cotypus, (2) Museum Leiden, L. (Mecopoda) niponensis d. H., Det: de Haan (hand-written), (3) Museum Leiden, Mecopoda elongata L., det. C. de Jong, 1937. Stridulatory organs studied. In the description of the species, de Haan (1843) obviously used a male and a female, probably both labeled as cotypes. We formally designate the male as lectotype although the female cotype seems to be lost. The stridulatory file has 116 teeth with the largest inter-tooth intervals between middle and anal third (Fig. 11���12). M. marmorata Liu, 2019 (Fig. 12) is similar to M. niponensis in file structure and basic pattern of the song (Liu et al. 2020), but not in genetics (Liu et al. 2019; Liu Cx in prep.). Measurements (in mm): length of pronotum 7.1, tegmen length 39.1, tegmen width 15.4 (widest in the middle)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Haan, W. de (1843) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers, Leiden, 19 / 20, pp. 165 - 228.","Liu, Y. - F., Shen, C-Z., Gong, P., Zhang, L. & He, Z-Q. (2019) Three new species of genus Mecopoda Serville, 1831 from China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae). Zootaxa, 4585 (3), 561 - 572. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4585.3.10","Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5"]}

Uromenus melillae Nadig, 1994 MOROCCO, E of Zaio, N 34.95247, W 002.59960, 115 m a.s.l., 03 vi 2013, leg. D. Chobanov The male stridulatory file carries about 73 teeth (Fig. 7; Tab. 2). In the middle of the file the inter-tooth intervals are about 63 ��m. Morphology. The species was compared to U. finoti by Nadig (1994) and based on this resemblance placed in the same subgroup. Our specimens clearly resemble U. finoti by the shape of the male 10th tergum and epiproct (Fig. 10E 1), while cerci differ by the possession of a longer, backward pointing sharp process ending with a black tooth (Fig. 10E 1) (lacking in U. finoti ���see Fig. 10A 2). Ecology. The species was collected in the valley of Moulouya river in a xeric semiruderal habitat of Mediterranean type (Fig. 1Q). The locality fits the K��ppen climate type BSh (Hot semi-arid)(Verner et al. 2018)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Nadig, A. (1994) Revision der Gattung Uromenus Bolivar, 1878 (Orthoptera: Ephippigeridae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 101, 919 - 1016. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 79936","Verner, D., Treguer, D., Redwood, J., Christensen, J., McDonnell, R., Elbert, C., Konishi, Y. & Belghazi, S. (2018) Climate Variability, Drought, and Drought Management in Morocco's Agricultural Sector. World Bank Group, Washington, D. C. Available from: http: // documents. worldbank. org / curated / en / 353801538414553978 / Climate-Variability-Drought-and-Drought- Management-in-Moroccos-Agricultural-Sector (accessed 8 June 2021) https: // doi. org / 10.1596 / 30603"]}

Uromenus tobboganensis Nadig, 1994 MOROCCO, S of Ain Zora, N 34.59195, W 003.63099, 935 m a.s.l., 03 vi 2013, leg. Chobanov. The nightly calling song consists of echemes with 4.2��1.2 (n=21) syllables (Fig. 2; syllable period 550��30 ms; SRR 1.8 Hz). In these syllables, a short opening hemisyllable (67��2 ms) is followed by a longer closing hemisyllable (310��18 ms) containing 55��5 impulses (Fig. 3), both having approximately the same amplitude. The frequency spectrum of the male song has a broad maximum around 20 kHz. The tegmina (Fig. 6E) are small and the mirror in the right tegmen is roundish. The male stridulatory file carries about 105 teeth (Fig. 7; Tab. 2). In the middle of the file the inter-tooth intervals are about 63 ��m. The female stridulatory file (Fig. 9E) is very similar to that of U. finoti. Morphology. Grouped within Finoti Subgroup (Nadig 1994; see finoti). Male 10th tergum, epiproct, cerci and titillators are shown on Fig. 10D 1���2 and Fig. 11E. Ecology. We found the species in a ruderal habitat (stubble of a grain plantation) within the K��ppen climate type BSk (Cold semi-arid) at the border with Csa (Hot-summer Mediterranean)(Verner et al. 2018)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on pages 103-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Nadig, A. (1994) Revision der Gattung Uromenus Bolivar, 1878 (Orthoptera: Ephippigeridae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 101, 919 - 1016. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 79936","Verner, D., Treguer, D., Redwood, J., Christensen, J., McDonnell, R., Elbert, C., Konishi, Y. & Belghazi, S. (2018) Climate Variability, Drought, and Drought Management in Morocco's Agricultural Sector. World Bank Group, Washington, D. C. Available from: http: // documents. worldbank. org / curated / en / 353801538414553978 / Climate-Variability-Drought-and-Drought- Management-in-Moroccos-Agricultural-Sector (accessed 8 June 2021) https: // doi. org / 10.1596 / 30603"]}

Uromenus rugosicollis (Serville, 1838) FRANCE, Roquebrun northwest of Beziers, N 43.50, E 003.06, 26 vii 1984, leg. Heller. While male song and stridulatory organs have already been described (see Tab. 1), the female structures remained unknown. The female file is in placement, orientation and tooth density quite similar to that of U. elegans (Fig. 9B)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on page 100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542

Uromenus agarenus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882) SPAIN: Algeciras, Facinas west of Algeciras N 36.13, W 005.70, 12 viii 1984, leg. Heller. As in U. rugosicollis, male song and stridulatory organs have already been described (see Tab. 1). Placement and orientation of the female stridulatory file (Fig. 9C) is similar to U. elegans, but the intervals between the teeth are distinctly larger (ca. 44 ��m; see also Fig. 13)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on page 100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. (1882) Prodromus der europaischen Orthopteren. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 466 pp."]}

Uromenus innocentii (Finot & Bonnet in Bonnet & Finot 1885) MOROCCO, S of Mezguitem, N 34.46791, W 003.68883, 730 m a.s.l., 03 vi 2013, leg. Chobanov. The nightly calling song consists of echemes with 28��2 (n=15) syllables (Fig. 2; syllable period 129��4 ms; SRR 7.7 Hz). In these syllables, lasting 84��3 ms, probably only during the closing movement of the tegmina impulses (19��2) are produced (Fig. 3). The frequency spectrum of the male song has a broad maximum around 20 kHz (Fig. 5). The tegmina (Fig. 6F) differ in shape slightly from the other studied species. In the posterior region of the right tegmen there is a network of cells only slightly smaller than the small roundish mirror. The same pattern can be seen in the left tegmen. The male stridulatory file carries 56 teeth (Fig. 7; Tab. 2) a distinctly lower number than the other species of the genus (except U. annae). In the middle of the file the inter-tooth intervals are about 83 ��m. The female stridulatory file (Fig. 9F) is less strongly developed than in the other species. In the lateral part the teeth are smaller than in the central part which itself is quite short. In the inner part there are more net-like veins mostly covered with pegs than in the other species. Morphology. The species was described under Steropleurus and considered by Nadig (1995) forming its own group. The species has a very typical dorsal pattern of dark green, ochre to whitish, and darker (brownish-violet) spots and stripes (Fig. 1R). The occiput is black (not uncommon in Ephippigerini). Male cerci have a typical shape with a long, sinuately outcurved apical part (after the internal tooth) (Fig. 10F 1���2). We follow Barat (2017) and do not recognise subspecies in this widespread species. Our specimens differ in tooth number distinctly from Nadig���s Central Moroccan specimens (56 vs 80���90 teeth; Nadig 1994) but the type localities from both described subspecies are situated East of Morocco. The syntype of U. i. innocentii in Paris bears a label (Cigliano et al. 2021) reading ��� Tunisie, Djebel Berda���, now in Algeria in the Aures Mts., while U. i. lobatus Saussure, 1898 was collected in A��n S��fra, Algeria, in the Saharan Atlas near to the Moroccan border. Ecology. The species occurs widely within the Mediterranean climate zone reaching even far south the Sahara desert (Hot desert climate) (Barat 2017). Our observation is from a dry ruderal habitat within the K��ppen climate type BSk (Cold semi-arid) towards BWk (Cold desert) in the climatic shadow of the westwards rising Rif mountains (Verner et al. 2018)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Bonnet, E. & Finot, A. (1885) Les Orthopteres de la regence de Tunis. Revue des Sciences Naturelles, Montpellier, Series 3, 4, 193 - 232 + 333 - 465.","Nadig, A. (1995) Die marokkanischen Arten der Gattung Steropleurus Bolivar, 1878 (Orthoptera Ephippigeridae). Atti dell'Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati, Atti anni accademici, 244 [1994] 4 B, 109 - 183.","Barat, J. (2017) On the presence of Uromenus innocentii (Finot & Bonnet, 1885) in the western sector of the Sahara desert (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Ephippigerini). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S. E. A.), 60, 331 - 334.","Nadig, A. (1994) Revision der Gattung Uromenus Bolivar, 1878 (Orthoptera: Ephippigeridae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 101, 919 - 1016. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 79936","Cigliano, M., Braun, H., Eades, D. & Otte, D. (2021) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org / (accessed 30 June 2021)","Saussure, H. de (1898) Analecta entomologica I. Orthopterologica. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 5, 183 - 250 + 787 - 809. [1897] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 117929","Verner, D., Treguer, D., Redwood, J., Christensen, J., McDonnell, R., Elbert, C., Konishi, Y. & Belghazi, S. (2018) Climate Variability, Drought, and Drought Management in Morocco's Agricultural Sector. World Bank Group, Washington, D. C. Available from: http: // documents. worldbank. org / curated / en / 353801538414553978 / Climate-Variability-Drought-and-Drought- Management-in-Moroccos-Agricultural-Sector (accessed 8 June 2021) https: // doi. org / 10.1596 / 30603"]}

Uromenus elegans (Fischer, 1853) GREECE: Crete, Lasithi, Kato Zakros, N 35.1, E 026.25, 5 m a.s.l., 15 viii 1991, leg. Heller & Volleth (CH2296; Fig. 4A, Fig 6A). Crete, Lasithi, 3 km north of Maronia, south of Sitia, N 35.167, E 26.083, 100 m a.s.l., 15 viii 1991, leg. K.-G. Heller (CH 2897); sound record in Cigliano et al. 2021. Crete, Chania, Chora Sfakion, N 35.201, E 024.143, 100 m a.s.l., 25 v 2016, leg. M. Heller (CH8226���9, 2 males, 2 females, all recorded; Fig. 2, 4B, C, D). Crete, Chania, Skaloti, N 35.1969, E 024.2597, 21 v 2018, leg. D. Chobanov (Fig. 3). GREECE: Peloponnese, Messinia: Pilos, [N 36.913, E 021.696], 14 vii 87, leg. & recorded F. Willemse (studied by Heller 1988 and figured in Ragge & Reynolds 1998; recording probably overload). In the field, the songs of all our specimens were recorded in the evening or at night. They consisted of long sequences of syllables (largest recorded duration of a sequence 203 s). The syllables follow each other quite closely (Fig. 2, 3), but are separated by short intervals during which the tegmina are motionless (Fig. 4A). The long syllables are presented in a quite slow rhythm (SRR 0.5���1.2 Hz) and contain each about 100 impulses (Tab. 1) with the exception of one specimen with shorter syllables (only 41 impulses). This animal, however, has roughly the same high number of stridulatory teeth as one with ���normal��� song (Tab. 1). The frequency spectrum of the male calling song has a broad maximum around 15���20 kHz (Fig. 5) or near 30 kHz (another animal). Males and females produce also sounds when roughly handled or disturbed. These sounds are variable, but contain long series of impulses probably produced during opening and closing of the tegmina (Fig. 4C, D) and can in males be similar to syllables of the calling song (compare Fig. 4B and C). Compared to the other studied species, the male tegmina are intermediate in size (Fig. 6A; from specimen preserved in ethanol) with a relatively small mirror on the right tegmen. The stridulatory file of the male is situated on the underside of the left tegmen and carries about 125 teeth (Fig. 7; Tab. 2). In the middle of the file the inter-tooth intervals are about 43 ��m. The stridulatory file of the female is situated on the upper side of the concave surface of the right tegmen (Fig. 8A). Here the teeth are quite regular (Fig. 8B) with inter-tooth intervals about 28 ��m in the middle of the file. Other short veins near to the outer edge of the tegmen carry also mostly irregular pegs, but they are certainly not used for sound production. On the left tegmen at the corresponding place a non-functional file (no scraper available) is situated (Fig. 9A). On some veins of the upper side of the tegmina, e.g. on those framing the mirror at the posterior edge, the males have also pegs which are similar in size to that of the females (compare Fig. 8B, C). Ecology. The species is widespread in Crete with most localities below 450 m a.s.l. (Willemse & Kruseman 1976). It is found in dry habitats, often on low prickly bushes, as described by Willemse et al. (2018)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Fischer, L. H. (1853) Orthoptera Europaea. Lipsiae [Leipzig], Engelmann. 454 pp.","Cigliano, M., Braun, H., Eades, D. & Otte, D. (2021) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org / (accessed 30 June 2021)","Heller, K. - G. (1988) Bioakustik der europaischen Laubheuschrecken. Okologie in Forschung und Anwendung. Bd. 1. Verlag J. Margraf, Weikersheim, 358 pp.","Ragge, D. R. & Reynolds, W. J. (1998) The Songs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe. Harley Books (B. H. & A. Harley Ltd), Colchester, Essex, 591 pp.","Willemse, F. & Kruseman, G. (1976) Orthopteroidea of Crete. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 119, 123 - 164.","Willemse, L. P. M., Kleukers, R. M. J. C. & Ode, B. (2018) The Grasshoppers of Greece. EIS Kenniscentrum Insecten & Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, 439 pp."]}

Uromenus dyrrhachiacus (Karny, 1918) ALBANIA: Durr��s district, Kodra e Port��s, N 41.372, E 019.422, 30 m a.s.l., 21 vii 2015, leg. G. Pusk��s & G. Sz��v��nyi. Sound records available in Cigliano et al. 2021, bio.acusti.ca. In the field and in captivity specimens were observed to produce sounds mostly from late afternoon to the night, but few sound productions were heard also in the morning. Song consisted of long sequences of syllables (repeated often for 3-4 minutes or even longer). The song (Fig. 2, 3) is similar to that of U. elegans (see Tab. 1). One (out of six) specimen produced regularly weak opening hemisyllables. Completely synchronized singing of some males was observed in captivity. The stridulatory file of the male carries about 150 teeth (Fig. 7; Tab. 2). In the middle of the file the inter-tooth intervals are about 35 ��m. The male tegmina are in shape similar to U. elegans, but the mirror in the right tegmen is rather ovoid and the scraper is considerably larger. The structure and the location of the stridulatory organ in females are similar to U. elegans. In the middle of the female���s stridulatory file the inter-tooth intervals are about 21 ��m. Ecology. The species is described from the strict neighbourhood of Durr��s in Albania, and is known so far only from this place. It inhabits the dry shrub covering the southern and western slopes of coastal hills made of pebble conglomerate west and northwest of Durr��s. As it is known from the original description and was confirmed by field observations, it lives mostly on spiny rough bushes of Spartium junceum, Scolymus hispanicus, Cirsium spp and Carduus spp. and feeds on their young sprouts and flowers and on small insects as well (Karny 1918). This species is endangered by the recent touristic developments in the Adriatic coastline at Durr��s, the second largest town in Albania and assessed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List (Chobanov et al. 2016)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on pages 96-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Karny, H. H. (1918) Zwei neue Laubheuschrecken aus Albanien. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft Wien, 68, 35 - 39.","Cigliano, M., Braun, H., Eades, D. & Otte, D. (2021) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org / (accessed 30 June 2021)","Chobanov, D. P., Hochkirch, A., Iorgu, I. S., Ivkovic, S., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Pushkar, T., Sirin, D., Skejo, J. Skejo, Szovenyi, G., Vedenina, V. & Willemse, L. P. M. (2016) Uromenus dyrrhachiacus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2016, e. T 68486027 A 70272071."]}

Uromenus finoti (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882) MOROCCO, N of Tanacherfi, N 34.40596, W 002.65599, 735 m a.s.l., 02 vi 2013, leg. Chobanov. The nightly calling song consists of echemes with a variable number (3���19) of syllables (Fig. 2; syllable period 411��23 ms; SRR 2.4 Hz). In these syllables, a short opening hemisyllable (47��2 ms) is followed by a longer closing hemisyllable (163��8 ms) containing 50��2 impulses (Fig. 3), both having approximately the same amplitude. The frequency spectrum of the male calling song has a very broad maximum around 20 kHz (Fig. 5). The male tegmina are in shape similar to U. elegans, but the mirror in the right tegmen is oval, not roundish (Fig. 6B). The male stridulatory file carries about 90 teeth (Fig. 7; Tab. 2). In the middle of the file the inter-tooth intervals are about 65 ��m. The female stridulatory file (Fig. 9D) is in structure similar to that of the other Uromenus species and in tooth density intermediate between the species of the rugosicollis group and U. agarenus. Morphology. This species has been grouped together with U. melillae Nadig, 1994, U. tobboganensis Nadig, 1994, and U. alhoceimae Nadig, 1994, into the Finoti Subgroup. The taxa within this group are distinguished based on the shape of the genital appendages. Females of the Finoti Subgroup differ from the Robustus Subgroup by the distal protuberances of the lower ovipositor valve being hump-shaped or comb-shaped and directed downwards, but also clearly outwards over the edge of the ventral edges of the ventral valve, and the copulatory area being more or less detached from the lower edge of the eighth tergite. Male 10th tergum, epiproct, cerci and titillators are shown on Fig. 10A 1���2 and Fig. 11B. Our record seems to be the second for Morocco after Rungs (1952). Most Moroccan records of this species before Nadig���s review refer to other species of the Finoti Subgroup (Nadig 1994). Ecology. The species was observed in a dry ruderalized habitat dominated by bare soil with rare grass, thistles and thorny bushes (Fig. 1J). The animals usually kept on Echinops sp. and Carthamus sp. plants. The locality fits desert or semi-desert climate���K��ppen climate type BSk (Cold semi-arid) to BWk (Cold desert)(Verner et al. 2018)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. (1882) Prodromus der europaischen Orthopteren. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 466 pp.","Nadig, A. (1994) Revision der Gattung Uromenus Bolivar, 1878 (Orthoptera: Ephippigeridae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 101, 919 - 1016. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 79936","Rungs, C. (1952) Sur quelques Dictyopteres et Orthopteres du Maroc. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 121, 107 - 116.","Verner, D., Treguer, D., Redwood, J., Christensen, J., McDonnell, R., Elbert, C., Konishi, Y. & Belghazi, S. (2018) Climate Variability, Drought, and Drought Management in Morocco's Agricultural Sector. World Bank Group, Washington, D. C. Available from: http: // documents. worldbank. org / curated / en / 353801538414553978 / Climate-Variability-Drought-and-Drought- Management-in-Moroccos-Agricultural-Sector (accessed 8 June 2021) https: // doi. org / 10.1596 / 30603"]}

Uromenus choumarae Nadig, 1976 MOROCCO, south of Tizi���n Test pass, 30.85885 N, 008.37760 W, 1940 m a.s.l., 10 vi 2013, leg. D. Chobanov. The male stridulatory file carries about 92 teeth (Fig. 7; Tab. 2). In the middle of the file the inter-tooth intervals are about 77 ��m. Morphology. The species was described under (sub-)genus Steropleurus and classified together with S. (now Uromenus) cockerelli Uvarov, 1931 in the Cockerelli Species group (Nadig 1995). U. choumarae is typical with very long incurved male cerci with longer, basally very wide basal part (before the tooth) and much shorter and narrower apical part bearing a small sharp tooth at the tip (Fig. 10G 1���2). Male 10th tergum, epiproct and titillators are shown on Fig. 10G 1���2 and Fig. 11H. Ecology. The species was collected close to its type locality (Tizi���n Test pass) where it was common. The nymphs and young adults kept on bushes of Argyrocytisus battandieri and on Echinops sp. at the steep southern slopes of the southwestern High Atlas Mountains (Fig. 1T). The high altitude of its locality with south exposition defines cooler K��ppen climate type CSb (Warm-summer mediterranean) towards DSb (Warm-summer mediterranean continental)(Verner et al. 2018). The species is possibly overlooked and may have broad range in the southwestern High Atlas., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on pages 105-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Nadig, A. (1976) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Orthopteren Marokkos: I. Die marokkanischen Arten der Gattung Ephippigerida I. Bolivar, 1903 und die ' Gruppe cockerelli ' der Gattung Uromenus (Steropleurus) I. Bolivar, 1878. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 83, 329 - 348. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 91443","Uvarov, B. P. (1931) Orthoptera collected by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in Morocco. Buletin de la Societe des Sciences naturelles du Maroc, 10, 210 - 214. [1930]","Nadig, A. (1995) Die marokkanischen Arten der Gattung Steropleurus Bolivar, 1878 (Orthoptera Ephippigeridae). Atti dell'Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati, Atti anni accademici, 244 [1994] 4 B, 109 - 183.","Verner, D., Treguer, D., Redwood, J., Christensen, J., McDonnell, R., Elbert, C., Konishi, Y. & Belghazi, S. (2018) Climate Variability, Drought, and Drought Management in Morocco's Agricultural Sector. World Bank Group, Washington, D. C. Available from: http: // documents. worldbank. org / curated / en / 353801538414553978 / Climate-Variability-Drought-and-Drought- Management-in-Moroccos-Agricultural-Sector (accessed 8 June 2021) https: // doi. org / 10.1596 / 30603"]}

Uromenus galvagnii Nadig, 1994 MOROCCO, SW of Derdara, N 35.08957, W 005.30738, 400 m a.s.l., 24 v 2013, leg. Chobanov. Conclusions from the short recording; the calling song consists of isolated syllables (Fig. 2) which are separated by intervals of several seconds, with a short opening hemisyllable (53��4 ms; n=2) followed by a longer closing hemisyllable (105 ms with ca. 47 impulses; Fig. 3), both having approximately the same amplitude. The frequency spectrum has a relatively low and narrow maximum around 10 kHz (Fig. 5). The male tegmina (Fig. 6C) are in shape and size similar to U. finoti. The male stridulatory file carries about 140 teeth (Fig. 7; Tab. 2). In the middle of the file the inter-tooth intervals are about 65 ��m. Morphology. The species was grouped by Nadig (1994) within his Robustus Group. The species is typical with the very long male epiproct and the elongate cerci (Fig. 10B 1). Male 10th tergum, epiproct, cerci and titillators are shown on Fig. 10B 1���2 and Fig. 11C. Ecology. The species was found within diverse mesoxerophyte ruderalized vegetation (bordering orchards and vineyards). The locality most probably classifies within the K��ppen climate type CSa (Hot-summer mediterranean) to CSb (Warm-summer mediterranean)(Verner et al. 2018)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Pusk��s, Gell��rt, Sz��v��nyi, Gergely & Chobanov, Dragan P., 2021, Songs in the genus Uromenus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Ephippigerini): A review with new information about some species, pp. 93-115 in Zootaxa 4991 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4991.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5027542, {"references":["Nadig, A. (1994) Revision der Gattung Uromenus Bolivar, 1878 (Orthoptera: Ephippigeridae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 101, 919 - 1016. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 79936","Verner, D., Treguer, D., Redwood, J., Christensen, J., McDonnell, R., Elbert, C., Konishi, Y. & Belghazi, S. (2018) Climate Variability, Drought, and Drought Management in Morocco's Agricultural Sector. World Bank Group, Washington, D. C. Available from: http: // documents. worldbank. org / curated / en / 353801538414553978 / Climate-Variability-Drought-and-Drought- Management-in-Moroccos-Agricultural-Sector (accessed 8 June 2021) https: // doi. org / 10.1596 / 30603"]}