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Although it is generally recognized that geomorphic work is tied to bedrock channel reshaping, the importance of low vs. high flow stages that cause the most geomorphic impact remains unclear. The objective of the research is to study the concept of “formative flow” in bedrock channels and determine, through morphological studies, if those flows have any impact on sculpted features such as potholes and how this relationship relates to various inputs such as flow stages (magnitude and frequency), shear stress, and sediment size. Here, we studied the distribution of the main pothole typologies and tried to understand why potholes are found along bedrock river channels. Specifically, we examined stream potholes from three locations along the Spanish Central System: Alberche, Tietar, and Manzanares rivers. We conducted the research by taking precise geometric measurements, classifying potholes, analyzing flow magnitude and frequency, and using a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model to assess key variables in Manzanares river. This research demonstrated that bankfull depths completely cover all pothole typologies in all the analyzed sites but are not sufficient to achieve its formative flow depth (FFD). Using a detailed 2D hydrodynamic model in Manzanares river, we discovered that dimensions of cylindrical potholes are closely related to bankfull discharge and that this depth is connected to FFD. Other potholes, such as erosive-compound and erosive-lateral, are historical remnants, and their shapes are not related to any particular FFD and are likely associated with rare events and catastrophic breaks. A collection of laterals that exhibit FFD near bankfull flows appear to represent a part of the recent evolution of a knickpoint. To summarize, it can be inferred from the findings that the utility of morphological analysis in conjunction with the 2D hydrodynamic model is to examine the fraction of erosional/active features to determine the degree of senescence and/or c, Regional Government of Madrid (Spain), Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Extreme floods are anticipated to become more frequent in a future warmer climate. However, the long-term alterations in flood patterns across different regions of Europe remain unclear. In this study, we present a 15,000-year record of extreme floods in the Duero River, located in the southwestern Atlantic region. We analysed slackwater flood sediments, quantified the discharge and timing of individual flood beds over millennial time scales, and identified their potential climate influences. The composite record includes at least 62 floods grouped into ten flood-rich periods (with an average duration of 230 years). A high-frequency phase of moderate-magnitude floods (>10 events) occurred at ∼11.6–11.5 ka, following a period of reduced flood activity during the Younger Dryas. Similar clusters of Early Holocene floods (10.8–10.3 ka, 9.5 ka) coincided with or preceded meltwater pulses from the North Atlantic. The absence of palaeoflood records with discharges exceeding 6100 m3/s during the Mid-Holocene suggests a decline in winter hydro-meteorological extremes. High flood magnitudes were recorded during transition periods toward cooler and wetter conditions at 4.4, 2.3, 0.5, and 0.11 ka with discharges ranging from 7600 to 10,000 m3/s. These periods were interpreted as indicative of a southward shift in cyclone tracks in Europe driven by negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Conversely, flood magnitudes decreased during past warmer climate conditions (1.7 ka, 0.9 ka, and the present), although flood frequency remained high. The current decline in flood frequency reflects an increase in flood regulation due to dams, but it is also consistent with the prevailing positive trend in the NAO observed over the last 40 years., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Dirección General del Agua, Fundación Biodiversidad, Union Europea, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

This work is focused on the Almonte-Marismas aquifer located within Doñana Natural Space (SW Spain); this aquifer is threatened by droughts, irrigation-driven groundwater overexploitation, urban use, and the potential reactivation of gas extraction and storage projects. We present ground deformation measurements from Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data ranging from 1 to 2.5 cm, covering ∼2,500 km2 from 2014 to 2020. Detecting spatially distributed ground deformation over this agricultural area is challenging due to the low-coherence radar signals; consequently, the ground movement results are on the same order of magnitude as the errors associated with InSAR data. We have approached this issue by considering auxiliary information such as groundwater levels, climatic time series, and pumping rates and analyzing their spatio-temporal connections to ground displacements. We correlate InSAR and hydrogeological information through wavelet analysis, developing a Python package that allows applying the same methodology in other similar study areas. For the first time in the Doñana area, a significant relationship between distances to pumping wells and the displacement extent is detected. Moreover, other subsidence-related triggering factors are identified, such as the soil moisture balance, clay shrinking-swelling processes, and creep of geological formations. These results are highly valuable to support aquifer management decisions in the Doñana Natural Space; in this border region, three groundwater bodies were officially declared overexploited in 2020. Our findings provide a ground motion baseline assessment to help differentiate historical variations from any future anthropogenic effect in this complex marsh land ecosystem., National Youth Guarantee System, Tripartite Foundation for Training in Employment, Youth Employment Initiative (YEI), European Social Fund (ESF), European Union, Ministry of Ciencia e Innovación, IGME-CSIC, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Knowledge of the soil water balance is fundamental for improving crop water use in agricultural fields. Estimates are normally for representative and homogeneous areas where the variability of soil properties is neglected. However, this variability significantly impacts soil water dynamics at the field scale. In this study, the MOHID-Land distributed process-based model was used to compute the spatially explicit soil water dynamics in a 22.6-ha almond field located in southern Portugal. An electromagnetic induction survey was first performed to obtain electromagnetic images of the real soil conductivity in depth, which were related to soil texture. Then, pedotransfer functions were used to convert soil texture into soil hydraulic data. MOHID-Land results included maps of the spatial distribution of soil water contents, actual crop transpiration, actual soil evaporation, percolation below the rootzone, and surface runoff. These allowed identifying preferential flow pathways as well as the main control factors influencing soil water dynamics at the field scale. Some development needs were identified, and overcoming them would enhance the significance of contributions such as this study to the field of precision agriculture., FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC), Depto. de Mineralogía y Petrología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

High-mountain peatlands are essential ecosystems for habitats, biodiversity, water, and carbon cycling, but there is little comprehensive information in central Iberia. We present results of research concerning the distribution, geormorphology, floristic, geobotany, and habitat diversity of peatlands in the Gredos Regional Park (Iberian Central System).We identified 72 peatlands covering 117 ha and ranging in size from 0.01 to 17.34 ha. Peatlands occur primarily in the upper orosubmediterranean bioclimatic belt at 1775–2230 m asl. From a geomorphological point of view, 9 different peatland typologies have been defined. Multivariate analyses (agglomerative cluster analysis and principal component analysis) of 103 relevés allowed us to classify the sampled peatland stands into 7 plant communities and 4 European habitats that formed along complex hydrogeomorphic conditions, and to propose a new subassociation of other community previously described (Caricetum echinato-nigrae lycopodielletosum inundatae). The main threat to Gredensean peatlands is pastoral pressure, which affects 15 of them intensively, mainly between the upper supramediterranean and the lower orosubmediterranean bioclimatic belts (~1314–1700 m asl). Seven bryophytes and three vascular plants documented in the Gredos Regional Park peatlands are included in the IUCN Red List. From the point of view of conservation priority, the most threatened correspond to transition mires communities (Habitat 7140) growing in oligotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands (Caricion nigrae vegetation). Particularly, the Iberian Central System endemic Sedo lagascae-Eriophoretum latifolii association is the one that has achieved the highest score in the five criteria considered in this regard because Meesia triquetra, a species with the category of “critically endangered”, inhabits it., Ministerio de Economía, Comercio y Empresa (España), Diputación de Ávila, Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes (España), Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

The demand for energy storage systems is rising together with the proportion of renewable energy sources (RES) in power systems. The highest capacity among the various energy storage systems in power systems is provided by pumped-storage hydropower (PSH). In this paper, the ability of the real-time digital simulator (RTDS), e.g., dSpace–SCALEXIO, to emulate a complex pumped-storage hydropower plant with four units, two common penstocks, a surge tank, and a long headrace tunnel is investigated. The RTDS is the smart brain of an advanced lab setup called power hardware in the loop (PHIL), which is an extremely safe and useful lab system for electrical power system research and testing hardware and methods under various conditions. In this research, the capability of an RTDS to emulate the behavior of a pumped-storage hydropower plant including four Francis pump-turbines, four short penstocks, two common penstocks, a surge tank, and a long headrace tunnel is evaluated. Francis pump-turbines are modelled based on the hill chart-based interpolation and waterways including penstocks and headrace tunnel are modelled based on the polynomial approximation of a hyperbolic function. Finally, the results from the RTDS are presented and discussed. According to the results of the paper, we confirm that the RTDS can accurately emulate the hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical transients of a pumped-storage hydropower plant with a complex configuration.

Over the last two centuries, rivers worldwide have been affected by human interventions, including dams, river training, and gravel mining. Such actions have often involved river fragmentation and sediment starvation. In this regard, gravel augmentation is an increasingly common restoration practice for mitigating sediment starvation in gravel-bed rivers. However, uncertainties remain on how to better implement and design such operations. This is the case for the Rhône River at Péage-de-Roussillon, France, where 6885 m3 of gravels were augmented in 2017. This work raised some concerns from river managers about the potential threat posed to a downstream reservoir from the arrival of the sediment, and explains why they were interested in the timeframe of sediment propagation, and travel distances and velocities of the augmented sediment. To answer these questions, we propose a modelling framework for simulating the long-term downstream propagation of a pulse of augmented sediment, with this framework being based on a combination of particle tracking data collected in the field and bedload transport capacity estimates. This workflow allowed us to successfully model propagation of gravels along the study reach, and provided useful information on how the sediment wave would behave over the long term. We believe that the methodology proposed in this study has much potential for exploring and investigating the kinematics of sediment wave propagation in gravel-bed rivers., European Regional Development Fund, Agence de l'eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse, Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR), Electricité du France (EDF), Région Auvergne-Rhòne-Alpes, Région PACA, Région Occitanie, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Study region The Tagus-Segura aqueduct (TSA) is a large and strategic water transfer scheme in Spain that connects Entrepeñas and Buendía reservoirs in the Tagus river headwaters to the Segura river basin, a highly stressed Mediterranean area. Study focus The operating rules of the TSA underwent several modifications over the years, and the debate about which are the optimal parameters to meet the interests of the parties involved is still open. We employed Evolutionary Multi-Objective Direct Policy Search to jointly optimize the re-operation of the headwaters dams and the water transfer policy with respect to four conflicting objectives: Tagus and Segura water demands, hydropower production and socioeconomic benefit of the population living on the shores of the headwaters reservoirs. We tested the optimization under the baseline and the 2027 scenario, which foresees an increased environmental flow (EF) in the Tagus river. New hydrological insights for the region The proposed operating rule presents optimized control parameters, a higher degree of freedom and a transferred volume that cyclically varies according to the hydrological stage of the year. In the 2027 scenario, despite the increased EF, the deficit in the aqueduct shows a limited increase compared to the historical solution (+10%), while the storage deficit is strongly reduced (−73%). This benefits the population living on the reservoirs shores and also ensures more stability to the aqueduct functioning., Botín Foundation, Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán El Bueno, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

La escasez de recursos hídricos, la contaminación de las masas de agua y el elevado riesgo de inundación se ven fuertemente incrementados por el calentamiento global y los cambios generados en el sistema climático. Como solución a estas amenazas, la Ingeniería del Agua presenta opciones de adaptación para revertir los daños, aumentar la resiliencia y ofrecer oportunidades beneficiosas. La Ingeniería del Agua contribuye al cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 de la ONU para el Desarrollo Sostenible de manera directa a través de al menos 11 de un total de 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible llamados a transformar nuestro mundo y mejorar la vida de todos. La Ingeniería del Agua engloba una combinación de opciones basadas en la naturaleza, la ingeniería, la tecnología y la digitalización, así como medidas sociales e institucionales que la dotan de un carácter interdisciplinar abarcando diversos sectores. Por todo esto, se considera importante la existencia de puntos de encuentro donde se facilite el intercambio de conocimiento, especialmente entre la Universidad, la Empresa y la Administración. Como respuesta a esta necesidad, se crearon en 2009 las Jornadas de Ingeniería del Agua (JIA). Las Jornadas de Ingeniería del Agua (JIA) son unos encuentros bienales, de carácter científico-técnico, que reúnen a los mejores expertos, nacionales e internacionales, tanto de las universidades como de las administraciones y empresas, y que son promovidas, conjuntamente, por la Fundación para el Fomento de la Ingeniería del Agua (FFIA) y el Capítulo Español de la International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR). Después de seis ediciones presenciales y una edición híbrida presencial/online celebradas en Madrid -en el Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos (CEH-CEDEX), en Barcelona -Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya-, en Valencia -Universitat Politécnica de Valencia-, en Córdoba –Universidad de Córdoba-, en A Coruña –Universidade da Coruña-, en Toledo – Universi

The watershed basin of the Chalpi Grande River is located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. This basin, being above 3200 m a.s.l. It has characteristics of Andean and Amazonian ecosystems. The conservation of this basin is extremely important because the supply of 2.2 m3/s for the Metropolitan District of Quito depends on this river. The objective of this research is the characterization of the additional climate of 31 years (1985-2015) of records of temperature, precipitation and flow of the Chalpi Grande River based on the historical records of INAMHI, EPMAPS and FONAG. These were systematized records filled in based on statistical methods and remote sensors for data validation. The climatic temperature shows increases both in the behaviors and in the trends of the winter and summer seasons; as well as in the trends of climatic parameters that can be the effect of atmospheric phenomena, such as the latent problem of climate change., La cuenca hidrográfica del río Chalpi Grande se encuentra ubicada en la amazonia ecuatoriana. Esta cuenca al estar por encima de los 3200 m s.n.m posee características de ecosistemas andinos y amazónicos. La conservación de esta cuenca es de suma importancia debido a que de este río depende el abastecimiento de 2.2 m3/s para el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. El objetivo de esta investigación es la caracterización de la variabilidad climática de 31 años (1985 – 2015) de registros de temperatura, precipitación y caudal del río Chalpi Grande en base a los registros históricos del INAMHI, EPMAPS y FONAG. Estos registros fueron sistematizados y rellenados en base a métodos estadísticos y sensores remotos para la validación de datos. La variabilidad climática muestra incrementos tanto en los comportamientos como en las tendencias de las estaciones de invierno y verano; como también en las tendencias de los parámetros climáticos que pueden ser efecto de los fenómenos atmosféricos, como el problema latente del cambio climático.

isbn: 978-65-89159-04-9

El fenómeno de generación de drenaje ácido de roca (DAR) ocurre de forma natural a partir, principalmente, de la exposición y oxidación de minerales sulfurados a la intemperie, con la posterior generación de drenajes ácidos y lixiviación de metales pesados asociados. El DAR depende del tiempo e involucra oxidación química y biológica, que traen efectos a nivel fisicoquímico. En el suroccidente antioqueño se encuentra el municipio de Titiribí, una zona con la presencia de ambientes geológicos que permitieron la ocurrencia de varias tipologías litológicas (rocas ígneas, metamórficas y sedimentarias), así como de depósitos minerales como la presencia de carbones. Como consecuencia, se cuenta con volúmenes de rocas de diferentes composiciones expuestas al medio natural que pueden presentar comportamientos geoquímicos asociados a la generación potencial de acidez, las cuales pueden ser intensificadas debido a las condiciones de clima tropical de la zona (temperatura, humedad y lluvia). En esta investigación se obtienen resultados asociados a la caracterización del potencial de generación de acidez (PGA) de las diferentes litologías aflorantes y su posible generación y afectación en los sistemas hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos en el medio ambiente., The phenomenon of acid rock drainage (ARD) occurs naturally, mainly from the exposure and oxidation of sulfide minerals in the environment, with the subsequent generation of acid drainage and leaching of associated heavy metals. ARD is time-dependent and involves chemical and biological oxidation, which have effects at a physicochemical level. The municipality of Titiribí is located in southwestern Antioquia, an area with the presence of geological environments that allowed the occurrence of several lithological typologies (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks), as well as mineral deposits such as the presence of coals. Consequently, there are volumes of rocks of different compositions exposed to the natural environment that can present geochemical behaviors associated to the potential generation of acidity (PGA), which can be intensified due to the tropical climate conditions of the area (temperature, humidity, and rainfall). In this research, results associated with the characterization of the acidity generation potential (PGA) of the different outcropping lithologies and its possible generation and affectation in the hydrological and hydrogeological systems in the environment are obtained.

During the Roman domain of the Iberian Peninsula (from 201 BCE to 460 CE) water management infrastructures were built to satisfy high water demand. However, whether the Roman activities affected the hydrological balance of Iberian wetlands remains unclear. Here, we investigate the paleo-hydrology of Lake Zóñar (southern Iberia) by using the stable isotopes (16O, 17O, 18O, 1H and 2H) of its gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) sediments and reconstruct the isotopic composition of the lake water during Roman times. A period of recurrent lake low stand occurred between 2120 and 1890 cal. yr BP (ca. 170 BCE to 60 CE), coinciding with a relatively dry climate stage recorded by most regional paleoclimate archives. The stable isotopes and hydrochemistry of the lake water during gypsum precipitation are consistent with a shallow saline lake that evaporated under relative humidity ~ 10% lower than the present annual mean and at least 20% less rainfall amount. Our analytical and archeological findings support lake level lowering during the Roman period was probably caused by combined arid climate conditions and diversion of the inlets feeding the lake. Spring capturing was likely necessary to satisfy the high water demand of nearby Roman settlements, in the framework of a period of persistent droughts., inisterio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional FEDER, Junta de Andalucía, Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional, Marie Curie-Sklodowska, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park is a series of wetlands which naturally originated from groundwater discharges from the Mancha Occidental aquifer, Spain. Despite the relatively large size of this aquifer, 30 years of intensive groundwater pumping have significantly depleted the water table. As a result, wetlands only remain functional due to artificial inflows. Infiltration loss is therefore a key parameter to evaluate how much water is needed to maintain ecosystem functionality. Although yearly infiltration estimates existed prior to this work, these did not take into account key parameters such as the temporal evolution of the flooded area. This paper presents a more concrete estimate of the average infiltration losses. Infiltration is calculated as the closure term of daily water balances during a period of time where all other elements were known to an acceptable accuracy. A validation mechanism is provided to check the potential utility of the calculated infiltration in wetland management practices., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Study region Our study region is the Aconcagua basin, central Chile. The catchment, home to over 500,000 people, currently experiences a multiyear drought that threatens water security. In this context, there is an impending need to explore unconventional groundwater resources, such as peripheral hard rock and deep aquifers. Study focus The focus of this study is the application of machine learning techniques to identify areas of potentially untapped groundwater resources in the middle and upper reaches of the Aconcagua basin. New hydrological insights for the region Machine learning classifiers accurately depict those areas known for their high groundwater potential, including the San Felipe, Putaendo, Panquehue, Catemu and Llay-Llay sectors. The Mesozoic sedimentary sequences and intrusive units of the coastal range, together with the Neogene units of the Andes range, are correctly identified as areas of very low hydrogeological interest. A major novelty of this study is the delineation of several new areas of potentially high groundwater prospect, namely, the geological domain associated with the Pocuro fault system, the Teatinos-Volcan-River fault system, and the Las Chilcas volcano-sedimentary sequence, in the Chacabuco Range. These findings are in line with the results of complementary studies, thus suggesting that machine learning applications may successfully underpin groundwater exploration across other groundwater basins in the coastal Andean region., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The tropics are one of the most diverse and highly dynamic regions on Earth. Despite their importance, our understanding of tropical hydrological processes remains a significant challenge mostly due to limited monitoring. Here, we used high-resolution daily input-output isotope data sets from seven pan-tropical catchments ranging in size from 3 to 990 km2 , located in Australia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador to estimate and compare streamflow transit times (TTs) with potential explanatory hydrogeomorphological variables. Pan-tropical catchments resulted in short TTs from 49 to 497 days using a simple lumped convolution integral model with a Gamma distribution as transfer function (best-fit Kling Gupta efficiencies up to 0.92). The gamma distribution alpha parameter was in 5 out of 7 catchments below the previously identified global pattern of around 0.5. A random forest (RF) ranking approach identified water storage capacity, the presence of sedimentary rocks (%), and the annual precipitation amount as the most important TT controls. In addition, the TT distribution as indicated by the alpha parameter was best explained by annual evapotranspiration, the soil texture, and the Andosol soil cover (%). Our findings identified the key TT and TT distribution controls in fast responding tropical catchments compared to other geomorphic and climate zones emphasizing the value of TT as a simple catchment descriptor

Floods cause significant damage to human life, infrastructure, agriculture, and the economy. Predicting peak runoffs is crucial for hazard assessment, but it's challenging in remote areas like the Andes due to limited hydrometeorological data. To address this, we used remote sensing (RS) data, particularly radar-derived precipitation data. Employing the Random Forest (RF) (Machine Learning technique) in combination with a Feature Engineering (FE) strategy we leverage the RS product. This approach allowed us to incorporate physical knowledge into the RF models, enhancing their forecasting performance. The FE strategy is based on an object-based approach, which derive precipitation characteristics from RS data. These characteristics served as inputs for the models, distinguishing them as 'enhanced models' compared to 'referential models' that incorporate precipitation estimates from all available pixels (1210) for each hour. We utilized hourly precipitation radar and runoff data from 29 peak runoff events in a catchment situated in the Ecuadorian Andes. The enhanced models achieved Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies ranging from 0.94 to 0.50 for lead times between 1 and 6 hours. A comparative analysis between the enhanced and referential models reveals a remarkable 23% increase in NSE efficiency at the 3-hour lead time, which marks the peak improvement. The enhanced models integrated new data into the RF models, resulting in a more accurate representation of precipitation and its temporal transformation into runoff.

[Resumen:] La consideración del efecto laminador de los embalses en la evaluación de caudales de avenida es un aspecto fundamental en aquellas cuencas donde la hidrología está condicionada por la presencia de presas. En este trabajo se presenta la implementación de embalses y presas en el módulo hidrológico del modelo Iber, el cual resuelve las ecuaciones de aguas someras bidimensionales a escala de toda una cuenca. Para la modelización del caudal de salida del embalse se incluyen aliviaderos con y sin compuerta, desagües de fondo y la posibilidad de definir una curva de desagüe ad hoc que relacione el caudal de salida con el nivel del embalse. Como caso de estudio se modeló el efecto del embalse de Iznájar en la hidrología de la cuenca del río Genil, en España. Se consideraron tres hipótesis de cálculo con el fin de comparar el efecto de los diferentes órganos de desagüe definidos en esta nueva implementación en Iber. La metodología definida demuestra ser capaz de representar numéricamente los órganos de gestión del embalse y resolver así una limitación fundamental en el modelado de grandes cuencas con Iber., [Abstract:] Accounting for the flood routing effect of reservoirs in the assessment of flood discharges is essential in basins where the hydrology is conditioned by the presence of one or more dams. This paper presents the implementation of reservoirs and dams in the hydrological module of the software Iber, which solves the two-dimensional shallow water equations at the scale of an entire basin. Spillways with and without gates, low level outlets, and the possibility to define an ad hoc outflow curve relating the flow rate to the reservoir level are included. As a case study, the effect of the Iznájar reservoir on the hydrology of the Genil basin in Spain was modelled. Three scenarios were considered to compare the effect of the different outflow structures included in this new implementation in Iber. The defined methodology proves to be able to represent numerically the outflow structures, addressing a fundamental limitation in the modelling of large basins with Iber.

El objetivo de este trabajo es la evaluación de la aplicabilidad de un autómata celular (CMTCA) para valorar la influencia de minería histórica y minera sobre las concentraciones de elementos traza en la cuenca del Nalón. El principal medio de transporte desde los posibles puntos de influencia a los sedimentos es la escorrentía superficial. Para poder realizar esta evaluación se ha desarrollado una base de datos de la minería y actividad industrial presentes en la cuenca.

An explicit finite differences routine was developed to simulate three-dimensional water flow from trickle irrigation under unsaturated conditions; the code was validated by comparison with analytical solutions, other existing numerical models and laboratory experiments. Recently, the model was improved to reproduce flow root absorption via a time-dependent macroscopic approach using the same function as a capacitor charging system in a DC circuit. This paper presents the root-absorption model characteristics and some simulation results, which are some of them compared to experimental data obtained from a tomato plant crop cultivated in a greenhouse at the site of Natabuela (Ecuador). From the simulations performed it is concluded that evolution of the wetting front advances as the water content patterns are acceptable from a physical point of view, and they agree with experimental observed data for some of the irrigation conditions that were tested. On the other hand, the model has been used to evaluate the irrigation practices of tomato farmers at Imbabura province (Ecuador); in this way, some advices about suitable irrigation doses, frequency and emitter`s spacing selection, are provided at the end of this work.

The Nero farm does not have detailed cartographic information at a scale of 1:1000, which allows to optimally characterize each of the internal zones and to obtain an accurate topography of the productive zone within the study area. In this case, the productive zone of the farm has an extension of 148 ha, so this project proposes the generation of a Digital Surface Model (DSM), Digital Terrain Model (DTM), orthophotomosaic, derivation of planimetry and curves. With the help of geographic information systems, the desired information was obtained, adjusting to the precisions proposed by the IGM to obtain a scale of 1:1000. To meet the objectives set, photogrammetric canvases were placed throughout the terrain as control and support points, and a field campaign was conducted in which geopositioning information was collected using GPS equipment and eBee RTK and Autel EVO II drone flights. The results were obtained through screen digitalization and geoprocessing of the data collected in the field using ArcGis and Agisoft MethaShape software. All the information was integrated resulting in maps of land use, vegetation cover and hydrology, in addition to validate all the information collected was used the mean square error and the NSSDA method for the evaluation of positional accuracy of spatial data.

Urban development creates new areas intended to improve the quality of life of citizens and, accordingly, replaces natural areas with impermeable areas, limiting processes of the hydrological cycle of water, as a consequence, it produces greater volumes of surface runoff and, being in contact with the city, it necessarily requires being evacuated through drainage networks artificially and, in many cases, it is unable to operate correctly. In the present work, the hydraulic behavior of the storm drainage network is analyzed, in the sector of the University of Azuay, before implementing sustainable urban drainage systems. For this, a hydrological-hydraulic model was developed in the SWMM 5.2 software. Subsequently, rehabilitation measures are implemented in three different scenarios, starting from a scenario 0, where the inability of the network is evident in the event of a design rain with a return period of 10 years. In scenario 1, up to three rain barrels are incorporated for each home. In scenario 2, bioretention cells are proposed on the edges of the roads. Finally, as scenario 3, permeable pavements are added in patios and parking lots throughout the study area. The results are emphasized in the main collectors of 24 de Mayo Avenue, which are shown to be incapable of evacuating the design rain. The three proposed systems, working in parallel, reduce the peak surface runoff by 61%, benefiting the main collectors to meet hydraulic operability criteria according to regulations.

[Resumo:] No presente proxecto plantéxase a execución dun paseo fluvial co que se conformaría unha ruta circular e que dotaría aos municipios de Carballo e Coristanco dun amplo espazo verde, e tamén unha actuación na Ponte Lubiáns, unha ponte medieval que actualmente se atopa en estado de abandono. Deste xeito búscase: - Enaltecer o valor patrimonial da Ponte Lubiáns, cunha actuación respectuosa e de carácter minimalista. - Plantexar unha proposta cun marcado valor ambiental, en busca do desenvolvemento sostible, seguindo as pautas do Plan Director de Mobilidade Alternativa de Galicia e do Plan Nacional Integrado de Enerxía e Clima. - Fomentar a inclusión social de colectivos en risco de exclusión social da Brea e da Ponte Rosende, conectándoos co centro de Carballo mediante a execución do paseo e proporcionando áreas que faciliten a comunicación entre nenos e adultos destes colectivos en risco de exclusión cos de outros concellos. O deseño do paseo fluvial faise seguindo a Instrución 3/2021 para o deseño de sendas peonís-ciclistas en estradas de titularidade da comunidade autónoma de Galicia. Consta de 3 metros de ancho e 3,5 km de largo. O feito de que o volume de desmonte sexa superior ao de terraplén fai que non sexa necesario acudir a préstamos. O firme do paseo peonil ciclista consta de 20 cm de SEST (solo de xabre compactado estabilizado con cemento) sobre unha capa de 20 cm de zahorra artificial. Na zona de xardín disponse sembra de céspede sobre unha capa de terra vexetal. Finalmente, as zonas de ocio constan dun pavimento continuo de 4 cm de espesor de caucho reciclado, sobre diversas capas de formigón hidráulico, morteiro de cemento e unha capa de zahorra artificial. A execución do drenaxe faise seguindo as Instrución técnicas para obras hidráulicas en Galicia. A actuación na Ponte Lubiáns plantéxase tendo especialmente en conta os criterios de intervención do Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural de España. Seguindo o indicado na Carta de Cracovia, onde se es

[Resumen:] El objeto de este proyecto es el diseño de un sistema de depuración de aguas residuales formado por un humedal artificial en la zona de Herves (Carral). Que se ubica en el valle de Barcia. En la actualidad, la zona es de alto valor paisajístico y turístico, ya que cuenta con unos antiguos molinos de agua, y una ruta de senderismo alrededor de ellos. Además de las viviendas residenciales, está zona cuenta con un pazo para la realización de eventos y un restaurante, los cuales son grandes generadores de agua residual. Actualmente dicha zona no cuenta con saneamiento colectivo, sino que, el agua residual es tratada en sistemas de saneamiento autónomo, pudiendo ocasionar vertidos accidentales y un menor control del agua tratada. Con esta propuesta se pretende realizar una mejora en la calidad de las aguas, teniendo un menor coste de ejecución y mantenimiento frente a una EDAR tradicional, logrando una buena integración en el paisaje mediante una solución basada en la naturaleza, ya que la zona, como se ha dicho anteriormente tiene valor ambiental. Cabe destacar que el núcleo se encuentra aguas arriba del embalse de Cecebre (Río Barcés), por lo que el control de los vertidos se hace más necesario por ser zona de captación para abastecimiento de la ciudad de A Coruña. Las actuaciones constructivas que se proponen son la ejecución de una red de saneamiento de aguas residual con su correspondiente EDAR. El sistema será de tipo separativo. La solución que se propone para la EDAR, se compone de reja de desbate manual, fosa séptica y humedal artificial de flujo horizontal.

In March 2022, a debris flow in the Sayausí-Cuenca parish caused damage to infrastructure and loss of human lives. This event highlighted the need to understand the contributing factors to its occurrence. This research focused on determining these factors and assessing the susceptibility of two micro-watersheds to debris flow in the Marianza sector. Activities included geological and geomorphological characterization, soil classification, analysis of precipitation, rainfall-runoff modeling, and mapping of debris flow susceptibility using the RES methodology. The results revealed the accumulation of material composed of gravel, sand, and clayey silt in the upper parts of the microwatersheds with a high capacity to flow in a saturated state. The presence of a shallow rocky layer with low permeability and concave surfaces in the upper areas was also identified. Furthermore, there was evidence of loss of vegetative cover and expansion of agricultural activities. March 2022 was the rainiest month in 19 years, with a maximum intensity of 42 mm/h and a return period of 30 years. Rainfall-runoff models indicated flow rates exceeding 250 L/s in the upper parts of the micro-watersheds. This study provided valuable information on the determining factors for debris flow occurrence and the susceptibility of micro-watersheds in the Marianza sector, which could aid in the implementation of prevention and risk management measures in the future. Detailed discussions and conclusions are presented in subsequent sections of this research work.

Hydrological forecasting in complex mountain basins is a challenging task. The performance of machine learning forecasting models can be improved by exploiting available spatial rainfall datasets and by incorporating process-based hydrological knowledge, both using feature engineering (FE) strategies. In this study, we assessed the improvement in developing short-term runoff forecasting models using the long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The selected FE strategies were based on GIS and the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method. To demonstrate the usefulness of the selected FE strategies, we developed referential and specialized (with FE strategies) models for a 3390-km2 basin using the GSMaP-NRT satellite precipitation product (SPP). We developed forecasting models for lead times of 1, 6, and 11 h to account for near-real-time forecasting, flash floods, and concentration time of the basin, respectively. Our results show that the proposed FE strategies improved the efficiencies of LSTM referential models for all lead times, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values of 0.93 (1 h), 0.77 (6 h), and 0.67 (11 h). The utility of the developed models exploiting non-validated satellite precipitation is demonstrated because the results are comparable to those of other studies using ground precipitation information. The proposed methodology and insights from this study provide hydrologists with new tools for developing advanced data-driven runoff models that integrate available geographic information into other precipitation-ungauged hydrological systems.

The analysis of the hysteretic behavior in relation to the concentration/water level allows to identify fluctuations in the concentrations of the water quality parameters depending on the flow. The Machángara River basin is relevant because it is a source for drinking water treatment, irrigation and hydroelectric generation. The present research aims to analyze the hysteretic behavior of water quality parameters: turbidity, total solids, pH, BOD5, phosphates, nitrites-nitrates, and total coliforms, located in an urban, peri-urban and conservation area of the Machángara River sub-basin located in the Paute River basin, during the period 2006 - 2013. In this sub-basin, the influence of seasonality (dry-wet), land use, and vegetation cover on the hysteretic behavior of each of the aforementioned parameters was evaluated. For the elaboration of the hysteretic graphs, the water level was ordered chronologically along with the value of the parameter, as well as the seasonality and hysteretic direction were also represented. The results showed that the hysteretic behavior of turbidity is affected by the heterogeneity of land use and vegetation cover and the pH due to moorland vegetation and its contribution of organic material. Furthermore, seasonality influences the amplitude of the hysteretic behavior of the parameter concentrations. Finally, the study made it possible to identify that in conservation and urban areas the behavior tends to be counterclockwise, while in the peri-urban area in most parameters there is no defined hysteretic behavior.

The analysis of hydrological and hydraulic parameters of rivers is essential to identify the areas most vulnerable to flooding. The sub-basin of the Tomebamba River, located in the province of Azuay in southern Ecuador, has experienced several floods over time. The floods in the subbasin have caused serious economic losses in the lower part, flooding areas such as Puertas del Sol, Jefferson Perez Coliseum, Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital, among others. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze the influence of this type of parameters, as well as the influence of the DEM and DTM, in order to identify areas sensitive to flooding in the sub-basin of the Tomebamba River. The area analyzed includes the lower part of the sub-basin (Los Cedros Street to Unidad Nacional Avenue). The methodology focused on hydrological and hydraulic modeling using HECHMS and HEC-RAS software, respectively, for return periods of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 years. The hydraulic modeling results showed that Manning's Number is the most influential parameter with a value of 0.035 and significantly affects the channel flow dynamics. In addition, the spatial resolution was found to have a significant influence on the flood stain by overestimating the flood stain in the initial part of the study reach. Finally, it was determined that the Jefferson Perez Coliseum area is the area most prone to flooding, as it overestimates the flood stain in the initial part of the study reach.

[EN] This research has been developed within the framework of the SIGLO-AN (RTI2018-101397-B-I00) and SIGLO-PRO (PID2021-128021OB-I00) projects, funded by the Spanish National R&D&I Program. A novel methodology developed by the authors in these and previous projects (Gómez-Gómez et al., 2022; Collados-Lara et al., 2022) has been applied. It has been tested for the Alto Genil basin (Granada, Spain), which has the particularity of being significantly fed by snow source. The methodology consist of the sequential application of the following steps: 1) Firstly, local historical scenarios within the period 1950-2015 and long term future scenarios (2071-2100) have been defined (according to IPCC emission scenario RCP8.5) by generating rainfall, temperature and potential evapotranspiration series and aggregating them by subbasins included in the Alto Genil basin. 2) A rainfall-runoff model (Témez, 1977), simulating snowmelt by a degree-day approach (TIM) (Hock, 2003; Irannezhad, et al. 2015), have been applied to the climatic series to obtain runoff and infiltration series, and they have been calibrated with the available gauge station series. Climatic series have been also used to obtain future agricultural demands of the system by applying the model Cropwat (FAO 56, Allen et al., 1998). 3) Then, both hydrological series and demands have been used to assess impacts on the management system by applying an integrated management model (Aquatool), updated from the one previously developed by IGME-CSIC in a prior project (IGME-Junta de Andalucía, 2005). We have also analysed the impact on potential future meteorological, hydrological, agronomical and operational droughts within the basin, and the propagation and correlation of these different types of droughts in order to plan sustainable adaptation strategies.

[EN] Water resources management requires a quantitative previous evaluation. During the last three decades, CEDEX has been carrying out different water resources evaluations in Spain through the SIMPA hydrological model, whose results have been used in corresponding hydrological plans as well as in studies of hydrological climate change impacts. SIMPA is a catchment model, rainfall-runoff type, monthly water balanced, unicellular and quasi-distributed, in which groundwater discharge is simulated in an aggregate and homogeneous manner at each point of the aquifer. A new hydrogeological module designed by CEDEX which will be integrated into SIMPA is presented. The new module includes lateral and vertical transfers of water in aquifers, discharges to the sea, main discharges to the surface, transfers from the river to the aquifer and the accumulation of runoff downstream. Since the model is used for the whole Spain, it is necessary to simplify the processes of groundwater movement, so the new module feeds on information that synthesizes the main characteristics and basic knowledge of aquifers. For this purpose, IGME, with whom the design of the module has been agreed upon, has carried out a huge synthesis effort throughout the territory of Spain. The gauging and piezometric data will be used to finally adjust the module at the calibration stage.

While the reduced carbon footprint of conventional constructed wetlands (CW) for wastewater treatment has been described in the literature, far less information is available on the economic performance of floating filters and their application for the treatment of other pressing environmental problems such as freshwater eutrophication. This investigation describes the technical characteristics and the environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA) and a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of a Typha domingensis floating constructed wetland (FCW) designed and constructed to rehabilitate eutrophicated waterways and which also produces biomass for animal feed. The analysis is based on a precise material, energy and economic inventory from a demonstration project built in the Alagón river basin (central Spain). The E-LCA followed a cradle-to-grave approach, used the EF3.0 impact assessment methodology and was referred to two complementary functional units related to the water treatment capacity of the floating filter: 1 m3 of treated water and 1 kg of N fixed, both over a 10-year operating cycle. Climate change emissions were estimated at 0.012 kg CO2 eq./m3, which included 0.082 kg CO2 eq./m3 caused by the construction, operation and decommissioning of the infrastructure, minus 0.070 kg CO2 eq./m3 credits from the production of fodder for animal feed. Considering its nitrogen uptake capacity, this may be represented as 0.845 kg CO2 eq./kg N. Most of this carbon footprint comes from the construction (63.2 %) and the operation (31.1 %) stages, with the former being dominated by auxiliary materials (mainly plastics and cereal straw) needed to build the infrastructure and the energy system (mainly PV panels). This same pattern is replicated in most other environmental categories and the aggregated single score. Further research is needed to quantify with precision direct CH4 and N2O emissions produced during the operation stage, whose contribution can be significant (up to 64.8 %

In this paper, a methodological proposal is made to develop an adaptive decision support system for reservoir management. The system is based on an optimization model that determines operating rules that meet certain optimality conditions based on the state of the reservoir at a certain time and on a streamflow forecast, if available. The model is based on Spiliotis et al. in Water Resour Manage 30:5759-5778, where a general methodology was developed to specify static operating rules for reservoir systems. The proposed methodology consists of modifying the optimization procedure developed in the previous work to dynamically update operating rules to adapt management to the changing situation. To evaluate its effectiveness, the methodology was applied to the Pisuerga-Carrión reservoir system, in the Spanish part of the Duero basin. The results obtained with adaptive rules were compared with those obtained applying the same static operating rule for the entire analysis period. Adaptive rules were found to lead to better operating results, particularly if a successful streamflow forecast method is available.