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Real-time play recognition and classification algorithms are crucial for automating video production and live broadcasts of sporting events. However, current methods relying on human pose estimation and deep neural networks introduce high latency on commodity hardware, limiting their usability in low-cost real-time applications. We present PlayNet, a novel approach to real-time handball play classification. Our method is based on Kalman embeddings, a new low-dimensional representation for game states that enables efficient operation on commodity hardware and customized camera layouts. Firstly, we leverage Kalman filtering to detect and track the main agents in the playing field, allowing us to represent them in a single normalized coordinate space. Secondly, we utilize a neural network trained in nonlinear dimensionality reduction through fuzzy topological data structure analysis. As a result, PlayNet achieves real-time play classification with under 55 ms of latency on commodity hardware, making it a promising addition to automated live broadcasting and game analysis pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte is the property of Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educación Física y Ciencia is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise can cause a state of oxidative stress characterized by an increase in oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues and body fluids. The amount of oxidation depends on the mode of exercise, intensity, and duration, and is specifically related to the degree of oxidant production. This... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives. The study aimed to examine the use of biomechanical analysis in handball technique. Materials and methods. This review study followed the PRISMA standards for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The study had to be published within the period of 2018 to 2023. The search procedure involved using the keywords (1) handball and (2) biomechanics. Scopus search engine was used in the study. Results. The search results on the database yielded 115 articles, which were adjusted according to the criteria into 11 articles. Conclusion. Biomechanical analysis that can be applied to handball techniques includes such aspects: distance travelled, speed, change of direction, joint angle, postural stability, movement pattern, and injury localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative study investigates the effectiveness of two teaching methods, individual verbal encouragement and collective verbal encouragement, in enhancing the technical–tactical skills and mood state of obese students during handball matches. This study employs a randomized controlled design and involves 28 overweight students (50% females), age: 17.4 ± 2.08 years and BMI: 26.8 ± 1.5 for females and 27.3 ± 2.1 for males. Technical–tactical skills are assessed through performance metrics (individual evaluation proposal by Gréhaigne) such as Ball Played (BP), Conquered Ball (CB), Lost Ball (LB), Shoots/Goals, Conservation index, and defensive index, while mood states are evaluated using pre- and post-tests (BRUMS Scale). Results reveal that individual verbal encouragement significantly enhances technical–tactical skills and positively influences the mood state of overweight students compared to collective verbal encouragement. Boys in Session 1 with VEI displayed a significantly higher number of ball plays (mean difference = 0.94 standard deviations, p = 0.004) and conquered balls (mean difference = 0.78 standard deviations, p = 0.006) compared to VEC. They also had a lower number of Lost Balls (mean difference = −0.62 standard deviations, p = 0.018) and a higher shooting efficiency (Shoots/Goals ratio, mean difference = 0.67 standard deviations; p = 0.013). Similar trends were observed in Session 2, with VEI, again, demonstrating advantages. Girls exhibited analogous improvements with VEI in both sessions. Notably, these performance enhancements coincided with positive emotional changes, with VEI leading to a greater decrease in depression and fatigue scores for both boys and girls. The study highlights the importance of tailoring teaching methods to the specific needs of overweight students in the context of handball, emphasizing the effectiveness of individualized verbal encouragement for skill development and emotional well-being. These findings offer practical implications for educators and coaches involved in physical education, advocating for personalized approaches to optimize learning experiences for overweight students in sports settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research objective Identifying psychological toughness and its relationship to some physical abilities and the accuracy of performing some basic skills among Baghdad University handball team players. As for the search hypothesis It is the existence of a correlation between psychological toughness, physical abilities, and the accuracy of performing some basic skills among the players of the University of Baghdad handball team. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the form of correlational relationships to suit the research problem, as the research population was limited to (18) players for the Baghdad University handball team, while the research sample included (14) players, and the research sample constituted (88%). The research concluded that the University of Baghdad handball team has high psychological toughness and its level of physical and skill performance is good. There is a strong and significant correlation between psychological toughness and the skill and physical performance of the university handball team players. The researchers recommended the need to pay attention to the psychological aspects and develop psychological toughness among the players of the University of Baghdad handball team and other sports in general. Because the study showed the solidity in skill and physical performance and its high score. There is a need to study the relationship of psychological toughness to the performance of other skills in other games.

This study aimed to assess the degree of social pressures and their relationship to sports achievement motivation among 51 randomly selected handball players from first-division clubs in Jordan. A descriptive approach was employed, and data were collected via a questionnaire, with analyses conducted using SPSS 26. The results showed that social pressure levels were moderate, with training pressures being the highest (M = 3.17; a relative importance of 63.40%), followed by family (M = 2.92; a relative importance of 58.40%) and public pressures (M = 2.32; a relative importance of 46.40%). No statistically significant differences were found in social pressures and sports achievement motivation among handball players based on experience (p > 0.05). While family and public pressures were not significantly correlated with motivation (p>0.05), training and overall pressures were positively correlated with motivation (p

El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito analizar el impacto de adicionar, al entrenamiento regular, ejercicios resistidos-asistidos con bandas elásticas, sobre la velocidad de lanzamiento en handball. Dieciocho jugadores masculinos de la máxima categoría de competición del Uruguay, fueron divididos en forma pareada en un grupo experimental y un grupo control. Previo y posterior a la intervención, se evaluó la velocidad de lanzamiento clásico en apoyo desde 7m, y desde 9m con tres pasos previos de carrera, utilizando un radar. La intervención se llevó a cabo durante el período competitivo, y tuvo una duración de seis semanas a razón de tres sesiones semanales, durante las cuales ambos grupos realizaron su entrenamiento habitual. Adicionalmente, el grupo experimental incluyó luego de cada entrenamiento ejercicios de lanzamientos resistidos-asistidos con bandas elásticas TheraBand de color azul. Los mismos consistieron en cuatro series de seis repeticiones de lanzamientos en apoyo desde 9m de la portería. Ambos grupos percibieron la intensidad de las sesiones de entrenamiento como moderadas o intensas, según escala de Borg. Luego de la intervención, ambos grupos mejoraron el rendimiento en la velocidad de lanzamiento desde las dos distancias (p < 0,05). Se observó una tendencia hacia una mayor mejora en el grupo experimental; aunque ésta no logró significancia estadística (p < 0,05). El uso de ejercicios de lanzamiento con bandas elásticas, como adición al entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional, podría redundar beneficios para la mejora de la velocidad de lanzamiento. En sujetos muy entrenados, podrían ser necesarios estímulos mayores para lograr resultados significativos.

Study aim: This systematic review aimed to identify and analyze the available evidence about the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions on endurance performance in handball players.

Study aim: The aim of the study was to determine whether there are differences in performance analysis in high-sport handball matches between Pre-COVID-19, during COVID-19, and Post-COVID-19 seasons in the home and away matches.

Background: This paper aims to investigate the impact of proprioceptive exercises on postural control in handball players with chronic ankle instability. Methods: The research participants (n = 22) were divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). Chronic ankle instability was diagnosed using the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) questionnaire, while postural control was evaluated with the Iso-Shift stabilometric platform. The intervention consisted of a 15-week proprioceptive exercise program, with sessions performed three times a week. The rehabilitation protocol was conducted at the start of each training session, immediately following the warm-up. Results: The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U tests. Both groups improved their score on the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) questionnaire (IdFAI_CG, p < 0.011; IdFAI_EG, p < 0.003) and reduced the number of ankle sprains (NS_EG, p < 0.008). Also, the experimental group had better results for the following tests: ellipse area with open eyes on the left leg (EA_I–OE_L, p < 0.009), ellipse area with closed eyes on the left leg (EA_I–CE_L, p < 0.033), anteroposterior deviation with open eyes on the left leg (APD_I–OE_L, p < 0.023), and the initial and final number of ankle sprains (NS_I, p < 0.01; NS_F, p < 0.024). Conclusions: Athletes who suffer from chronic joint instability are more likely to experience severe postural deviations than those who do not have this condition. Proprioceptive exercises had a positive impact on postural control in both groups, but the experimental group showed a greater improvement.

The aim of the study was to record shoulder and trunk stability of elite female handball players and to investigate their effect on throwing velocity and accuracy. 151 female handball players (9 teams in total) from the Hungarian first league participated in a mid-season conditional survey. The study included tests of trunk and shoulder stability, and measurements of factors affecting shoulder stability, as well as throwing speed and throwing accuracy. After the conditional survey, 18 players were selected for the intervention group (IG) and 18 players for the control group (CG). Significant relationships were found between the medial stability of the shoulder joint (Y-balance) and throwing accuracy (upper right corner) (r = 0.766; p < 0.001), throwing accuracy (upper left corner) (r = 0.729; p < 0.001), total throwing accuracy (r = 0.907; p < 0.001). The IG showed significant improvement in trunk stability (p < 0.001), shoulder joint stability (p < 0.001), throwing velocity (p < 0.001), and throwing accuracy (p = 0.002), compared to the CG. These findings support the idea that trunk and shoulder stability are related to throwing performance of female handball players. Measuring and training these aforementioned factors, particularly medial shoulder stability, may be a valuable adjunct to improving throwing accuracy and throwing velocity.

Purpose: In elite team handball, talent identification and selection of the best young players is a fundamental process in several national federations and clubs; however, literature addressing the specific game-based performance in team handball is almost nonexistent. Consequently, the aim of the study was to assess and compare the team-handball-specific game-based performance of elite male team handball players of different ages. Methods: Twelve under-23, 10 under-19, 10 under-17, and 10 under-15 elite male players performed the team-handball game-based performance test. During testing, oxygen uptake, heart rate, sprinting time in defense, offense, fast breaks, and fast retreats, as well as ball velocity and jump height in the jump shot, were measured. Results: Significant differences (P <.05) between under-23, under-19, under-17, and under-15 players were found for absolute peak oxygen uptake, defense, offense and fast break time, ball velocity, and jump height in the game-based performance test, as well as in body weight and height. Conclusion: The results revealed that with increasing age, elite male team handball players are heavier and taller (body weight and height); faster (team-handball offense, defense, and fast break); jump higher and throw faster (in the team-handball jump shot); and perform better aerobically (absolute peak oxygen uptake). The better performance in the under-23 and under-19 players compared with male adult players competing in a lower National Federation league (not on top-elite level) demonstrates that highly specific game-based physical performance determines the potential for developing young male team handball players for competition at the top level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effects of an eccentric hamstring strength training program (EHT) on sprint performance (10-, 20-, and 30-m sprint times) and change of direction speed (4 × 5-m shuttle run and T-Half test) in male European handball athletes at 2 maturity statuses (prepeak and postpeak height velocity [PHV]). Methods: Forty-five participants (12.68 [1.58] y) were divided into pre-PHV and post-PHV and randomly allocated to a control or intervention group, which performed a guided 2 day per week 6-week EHT of 5 exercises. A mixed-model (within- and between-factor) analysis of variance was conducted. Results: A significant effect (P <.05) of the interaction time × maturity × training was observed in the T-Half, 10, and 30 m tests. Both intervention groups significantly improved in all the tests, except in the 20 m sprint and the post-PHV in the 10 m sprint. Improvements ranged between 0.93% and 5.74% (effect size: 0.07–0.79). Both control groups yielded no improvements in almost all the tests. The improvements of both groups undergoing the intervention (pre-PHV and post-PHV) were not significantly different (only a tendency in the 10 m sprint). Conclusion: An EHT program combined with European-handball training improve change of direction and sprint performance in pre-PHV and post-PHV male players. Professionals training European handball and similar team-sport athletes should consider including EHT regardless of athlete's maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Volleyball and handball players have usually been studied collectively as "overhead athletes," since throwing present similarities in the proximal to distal movement sequencing and upper limb joints ranges of motion. However, each sport presents specificities in the objectives when accelerating the ball and a variety of possible throwing techniques. Therefore, it is expected there may be differences in the shoulder and upper body physical performance between sports. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in shoulder muscle strength and upper body field performance tests between volleyball and handball athletes. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Ninety-nine volleyball and handball female athletes aged between 13 and 20 years were evaluated for isometric shoulder abductor and rotator strength (handheld dynamometer) and upper body field performance tests: Y Balance Test--Upper Quarter, modified Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, and unilateral and bilateral Seated Medicine Ball Throw. Results: Handball athletes presented greater shoulder internal rotation strength (between-group difference: 2.84: effect size 0.70), higher medial (between-group difference: 9.54; effect size 0.90), superolateral (between-group differences: 8.9; effect size 0.68), and composite scores (between-group difference 5.7; effect size 0.75) of the K Balance Test--Upper Quarter and higher unilateral (between-group difference: 41.92; effect size 0.91) and bilateral (between-group difference: 46.11; effect size 0.83) Seated Medicine Ball Throw performance. Groups were not different for Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, external rotation, and abduction isometric strength. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that young female handball athletes present greater internal rotator strength and better performance in Y Balance Test--Upper Quarter and Seated Medicine Ball Throw compared to volleyball players. These differences may be related to the different demands required in the throwing movements performed in each sport and should be considered when assessing these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Assessing the relationship between external load (EL) and internal load (IL) in youth male beach handball players. Methods: A total of 11 field players from the Lithuanian U17 beach handball team were monitored across 14 training sessions and 7 matches. The following EL variables were assessed by means of inertial movement units: PlayerLoad™, accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and jumps and total of inertial movements. IL was assessed objectively and subjectively using the summated heart rate zones and training load calculated via session rating of perceived exertion, respectively. Spearman correlations (ρ) were used to assess the relationship between EL and IL. The interindividual variability was investigated using linear mixed models with random intercepts with IL as dependent variable, PlayerLoad™ as the independent variable, and players as random effect. Results: The lowest significant (P <.05) relationship was for high jumps with objective (ρ =.56) and subjective (ρ =.49) IL. The strongest relationship was for PlayerLoad™ with objective (ρ =.9) and subjective (ρ =.84) IL. From the linear mixed model, the estimated SD of the random intercepts was 19.78 arbitrary units (95% confidence interval, 11.75–33.31); SE = 5.26, and R2 =.47 for the objective IL and 6.03 arbitrary units (95% confidence interval, 0.00–7330.6); SE = 21.87; and R2 =.71 for the subjective IL. Conclusions: Objective and subjective IL measures can be used as a monitoring tool when EL monitoring is not possible. Coaches can predict IL based on a given EL by using the equations proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proximal hamstring complex injury (PHCI) is a common injury among professional athletes, particularly those participating in pivot contact sports. Previous studies have suggested that surgery can be effective in restoring function and allowing athletes to return to sport (RTS), but the factors influencing successful RTS have been less clear. Purpose: To assess RTS capabilities after surgical treatment of PHCI in professional athletes and to identify favorable predictors of RTS. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This study (2002-2022) was conducted on professional athletes who underwent surgical treatment for PHCI at a sports surgery center. The primary outcome of the study was the RTS capability, evaluated based on the rate of athletes' return to their preinjury level of competition, time delay to RTS, and quality of RTS as measured using their level of performance and progression of scores on activity scales such as the Tegner Activity Scale (TAS) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), scale. "Maintained performance" was defined as athletes returning to the same preinjury activity level (per the TAS and UCLA scale) and perceiving themselves to have maintained their performance. Secondary outcomes covered the potential RTS predictors and complication rate. The study distinguished 2 types of PHCI: proximal hamstring tendon avulsion injury (proximal rupture with empty footprint, or having a "positive dropped ice cream sign") and complete proximal hamstring free tendon rupture (PHTR; proximal rupture without empty footprint, or having a "negative dropped ice cream sign"). Results: The study examined 64 professional athletes (mean age, 27.3 years; 82.8% male) undergoing surgery for PHCI. The RTS rate was 98.4%, with 78.1% of the athletes returning to their preinjury level of competition at 6.2 months (SD, 2.5 months). Twelve (19%) patients had returned to sport at an inferior level of competition, and 2 (3.1%) were unable to continue in their preinjury sport. Subgroup analysis revealed variation in RTS based on sport type, with the highest rate of return to preinjury performance found in athletes in handball and sports with splits (fencing, squash, and escalade; 100%) and soccer (95.2%). In the univariate analysis, male sex (hazard ratio [HR], 4.05; 95% CI, 1.45-11.3; P =.008), higher preinjury TAS score (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06-1.52; P =.011), injury involving the semimembranosus (HR, 4.84; 95% CI, 2.31-10.2; P <.001) or conjoint tendon (HR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.55-6.25; P =.001), and PHTR (HR, 7.77; 95% CI, 3.54-17.0; P <.001) were significantly associated with a better postoperative level of competition. Multivariate analysis identified 3 favorable predictors of RTS with HRs of 2.91 (95% CI, 1.01-8.35; P =.047) for male sex, 3.86 (95% CI, 1.78-8.37; P <.001) for isolated semimembranosus injury, and 5.18 (95% CI, 2.24-12.0; P <.001) for PHTR. The complication rate was 4.7%. Conclusion: Favorable predictors of early RTS were male sex, isolated semimembranosus injury, and PHTR injuries. Registration: NCT02906865 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of interval training at four different intensities in addition to handball training for 8 weeks on aerobic-anaerobic, speed and agility parameters in female handball players. Twenty female handball players (experimental group: 10; control group: 10) voluntarily participated in the studyThe experimental group trained in high-intensity interval training (HIIT) 3 days a week for 8 weeks in addition to handball training, while the control group was allowed to continue their standard training program. The anaerobic capacity, speed, and agility of the experimental and control groups were measured twice before and after an 8-week training program. The HIIT training program for the experimental group was adapted to the movements most commonly used in handball. The values of the data obtained from the handball players were analyzed. ANOVA for mixed measures was applied to determine the difference between the pre-test and post-test values of the experimental and control groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the pre and post-test values of the 20-m sprint test of the experimental and control groups of HIIT training for handball players, while there was no statistically significant difference between the pre and post-test values of the anaerobic capacity and agility test of HIIT training. In conclusion, it is recommended to include HIIT training in the training periodization of handball players during the season, and it is believed that it will have a positive effect on players' speed performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness attributes in handball players. A systematic literature search across PubMed, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science identified 20 studies with 563 players. Plyometric training showed significant medium-to-large effects on various attributes: countermovement jump with arms (ES = 1.84), countermovement jump (ES = 1.33), squat jump (ES = 1.17), and horizontal jump (ES = 0.83), ≤ 10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.12), > 10-m linear sprint time (ES = -1.46), repeated sprint ability with change-of-direction time (ES = -1.53), agility (ES = -1.60), maximal strength (ES = 0.52), and force--velocity (muscle power) (ES = 1.13). No significant impact on balance was found. Subgroup analysis indicated more pronounced agility improvements in players ≤ 66.6 kg compared to > 66.6 kg (ES = -1.93 vs. -0.23, p = 0.014). Additionally, greater improvements were observed in linear sprint and repeat sprint ability when comparing training durations of > 8 weeks with those ≤ 8 weeks (ES = -2.30 to -2.89 vs. ES = -0.92 to -0.97). In conclusion, plyometric training effectively improves various physical fitness attributes, including jump performance, linear sprint ability, maximal strength, muscle power and agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to identify the effect of using Top Sport cards on learning some basic handball skills among students of the first cycle of basic education in Gharbia Governorate. The researcher used the experimental method in order to suit the nature of this research. The population of this research is represented by the students of the fifth grade of primary school at the Sadiq Al-Rafi’s Experimental School affiliated with For the Tanta Educational Administration in Gharbia Governorate, the number of whom is 223 new students for the academic year 2022/2023 AD, the research sample was chosen intentionally, and it numbered (80) students, with a percentage of (35.87%), from the total research community. The number of (60) students was chosen as a basic sample from the research community, and they were divided into two groups, one of which was an experimental group consisting of (30). (a student who followed the educational program using Top Sport cards, and the other was a control group (30) students who followed the usual method (explanation and giving the model), in addition to a number of (20) students to conduct the exploratory study. The most important tools and means of collecting data were physical tests, skill tests, a medical scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Having knowledge of an athlete's body composition values enables individuals to assess their physical condition and performance. It has become increasingly important in recent years to demonstrate the significant relationship between body composition and athletes' physical performance. The aim of this study is to examine the changes in body composition of elite male handball players during preparation and competition periods (42 weeks). Twenty-three elite male handball players volunteered for this study The Tanita brand body analysis device was used to evaluate body composition and eight measurements were taken. Athletes were divided according to their playing positions (playmakers n=8 and goalkeepers n=4, wings n=7 and pivots n=4). 7 measurements were evaluated, which were weight (W), body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM), muscle mass (MM), total body water (TBW), body mass index (BMI), and basal metabolic rate (BMR). Wing players had lower body fat percentage and body fat mass than all other playing positions and regardless of position, all athletes' body fat percentage and body fat mass significantly decreased at T2 (p<0.05). As a result, increase in body fat percentage and fat mass was observed during the competition period, and this increase continued (p<0.05). The increase in fat mass during the competition period may be due to different training content and higher training intensity during the preparation period, changes in nutrition habits due to camps, long trips, and tournaments, as well as the ef-fects of fatigue and stress. Further studies are needed in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The phenomenon of post-activation performance enhancement plays an unidentified role in movement eccentric speed and individual muscle group responses. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the loaded front squat (FSq) speed of the eccentric phase would influence the post-activation performance enhancement effect and whether the FSq would elicit similar performance enhancement of knee flexion, knee extension, hip flexion, and hip extension muscles. Twenty resistance-trained handball players performed the FSq under maximum eccentric-concentric speed and 2-s eccentric speed (only the eccentric phase performed), while pre- and post-front squat countermovement jump, knee, and hip isokinetic flexion/extension performance were tested. The FSq conditioning activity was performed in a single set of three repetitions with either 90% (maximum eccentric-concentric speed) or 120% (2-s eccentric speed) of one repetition maximum, and post-performance was measured 4--12 min after the FSq. Athletes randomly changed the FSq eccentric speed and tested the hip or knee isokinetic flexion/extension strength at 180°/s. ANOVA showed that the rate of force development during the jump increased (Cohen d = 0.59--0.77) with no differences between 2-s eccentric and maximum speed eccentric protocols. Isokinetic strength increased after the 2-s eccentric FSq in hip extension (d = 0.76--0.86), knee flexion (d = 0.74--0.88), and hip flexion (d = 0.82), with no differences in knee extension strength. After maximum eccentric-concentric speed, isokinetic strength increased in hip extension (d = 1.25). In conclusion, the FSq conditioning activity enhances hip extensors' performance more than knee extensors' performance. Different eccentric types of muscle action during a conditioning activity alter the level of local muscle enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short-term survey examined the effect of body part pain on subjective and objective handball performance in Japanese male national handball athletes. Fourteen athletes participated in this study. Assessments of pain in 10 body parts and subjective performance (concentration and satisfaction with body movement) were performed using a visual analog scale from 0 to 10 over four consecutive training days. Monitoring of heart rate and body acceleration during training was also performed to quantify the objective performance. Path analysis and linear mixed modeling were employed to assess the relationship between body pain scores and subjective/objective handball performance. Over the four days of the study period, the body part in which most athletes reported pain was the dominant shoulder (6 of 14 athletes), followed by the dominant knee, the dominant elbow, the dominant ankle joint, and the non-dominant ankle joint (3 of 14 athletes). The path analysis revealed that pain in the dominant elbow negatively correlated with concentration (standardized path coefficient = −0.644, p = 0.00), which was associated with satisfaction with body movement (standardized path coefficient = 0.704, p = 0.00). No significant effect of body pain on objective performance (heart rate and body acceleration) was found among the athletes in this study. The results suggested that the elite athletes were practicing with pain. Even if pain does not physically affect athletes' objective performance, pain in the upper extremities, associated with the primary handball movement of throwing, may reduce the quality of practice by lowering athletes' subjective performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the differences between playing positions on physical demands during official matches in women's handball. Twenty-two semi-professional female players (4 wings, 14 backs and 4 pivots) from the Spanish 2nd Division were monitored across 13 official home matches. Total distance covered (TDC), high-speed running distance (HSR), high-intensity breaking distance (HIBD), accelerations (ACC), decelerations (DEC) and PlayerLoad™ (PL) were collected in absolute and relative values (normalized by playing time) using a local positioning system (WIMU PRO™, Realtrack Systems S.L., Almería, Spain). Playing positions differences were determined by variance analysis one-way ANOVA with partial Eta-squared (ηp2) or epsilon-squared (ε²) and Cohen's effect size (ES). Wings covered more TDC (3414.5±1710.1 m), HSR (492.7±280.0 m) and HIBD (171.2±104.7 m) compared to backs and pivots (p<0.05; moderate-large effects). Wings also registered more total number of ACC (750.5±362.2) and PL (85.0±7.8 a.u.) compared to backs and pivots (p<0.05; moderate-large effects), whereas backs performed more ACC/min (19.9±1.1 n·min-1) than wings (18.9±1.4 n·min-1) and pivots (18.4±3.9 n·min-1) (p<0.05; moderate effects). In conclusion, physical demands differ between playing positions during official female competitions and these differences should be considered by practitioners to better prescribe and periodize training load and to design more individualized training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the muscle mechanical properties and functions of female athletes throughout their training season is relevant to understand the relationships between these factors and to predict noncontact injuries, which are prevalent among female athletes. The first aim of this study was to determine whether female handball players' passive stiffness of the hamstring muscles is associated with hamstring extensibility, strength of knee flexors and extensors, and lower limb stiffness. Additionally, the study monitored fluctuations in these factors over 25 weeks. The study utilized an isokinetic dynamometer to record hamstring passive stiffness, extensibility, and hamstring and quadriceps strength of 18 young handball players. Lower limb stiffness was determined from a countermovement vertical jump conducted on a force plate. The countermovement jump involved the calculation of the peak force during the eccentric phase and the mean force during the concentric phase. The results showed a positive correlation between hamstring passive stiffness and lower limb stiffness (r = 0.660, p < 0.01), knee flexion and extension strength (r = 0.592, p < 0.01 and r = 0.497, p < 0.05, respectively), and eccentric peak force (r = 0.587, p < 0.01) during jumping. The strength of knee extensors increased significantly after 6 weeks, and hamstring stiffness after 12 weeks of training. In conclusion, the increased hamstring stiffness following training did not match other factors associated with injury risk. Therefore, preventing multifactorial injury risk requires a comprehensive approach, and monitoring one factor alone is insufficient to predict noncontact injuries in female handball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beach handball is a fully developed sporting discipline on all five continents which has attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade, resulting in a proliferation of different studies focusing on players but not on referees. The main objective of this cross-sectional research was to determine the physical demands on elite male beach handball referees in four different competitions: U18 male; U18 female; senior male; and senior female. Twelve elite federated male referees (age: 30.86 ± 8 years; body height: 175.72 ± 4.51 cm; body weight: 80.18 ± 17.99 kg; fat percentage: 20.1 ± 4.41%; national or international experience) belonging to the Technical Committee of the Royal Spanish Handball Federation were recruited for this the study. The physical demands required of referees in official matches were measured by installing a GPS device. The sampling frequency used to record their speed and distance was 15 Hz. A triaxial accelerometer (100 Hz) was used to determine their acceleration. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) between competitions with post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni adjustment was used to compare among categories. A higher distance covered in zone 1 and speeds of 0 to 6 km-h−1 were recorded. Most accelerations and decelerations occurred in zones 0 and 1 (zone 0: 0 to 1 m·s−2; zone 1: 1 to 2 m·s−2). The lack of differences (p > 0.05) between most analysed variables suggest quite similar physical demands of the four analysed competitions. These results provide relevant information to design optimal training plans oriented to the real physical demands on referees in an official competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sports Sciences Research / Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Sport Sciences Researches / Spor Bilimleri Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Handball is a team sport that involves fourteen players who are attempting to score more goals than their opponent within two thirty-minute halves. A biomechanical analysis based on measuring the kinematics of jump throws could provide us with information on the ball's velocity, the maximal internal rotation of the trunk, and the trunk's flexion, as well as the angular velocity of the ball during shoulder rotation. The main aim of this study was to determine the wrist velocity during jump throws and standing throws without a run-up. The trunk, arm rotation, and wrist velocity will influence the speed of the ball during throwing. This case study included a senior-grade male handball player aged 18.75 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.5. The biomechanical evaluation was carried out using a three-dimensional Vicon system. The biomechanical analysis consisted of an evaluation of angular trunk velocity, angular arm rotation velocity, and wrist velocity during two types of throwing: jump throws and standing throws without a run-up. The data were recorded for standing throws without a run-up (S1) and jump throws (S2). For each situation, we measured two phases due to the great variation in the kinematic parameters. Phase 1 (F1) occurred when the elbow angle was 90°, up to the moment when the wrist had an inflection of its trajectory, and Phase 2 (F2) finished when the wrist's velocity reached its maximum. The results regarding the angular velocity of the trunk torsion showed a high value of this parameter during Phase F2 compared to Phase F1 for both types of throws (S1 and S2). The angular velocity of the arm rotation achieved its maximum value in F2 during S2, and the wrist velocity was highest during Phases F2 and S2. The correlation analysis demonstrated that there was a good correlation between the angular velocity of the trunk torsion and the angular velocity of the arm rotation for S1 in Phase F1; however, in Phase F2, we found a good correlation between the angular velocity of the trunk torsion and wrist velocity. For S2, we found that in Phase F1, there was a good correlation between the angular velocity of the trunk torsion and wrist velocity; however, for Phase F2, there was a good correlation between the angular velocity of the arm's rotation and wrist velocity. Therefore, the results from this case study indicate that the wrist velocity is influenced by the other two kinematic parameters, especially the angular velocity of the arm's rotation. This means that the development of explosive force in the muscles of the trunk and arm could improve the wrist's velocity and also increase the optimization of throwing in handball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handball is a sport that involves high-intensity actions throughout the game, such as sprints, jumps, landings, and high-speed, repeated throws. This, along with competitive and tactical factors, congested schedules, and the need to maintain a high level of performance throughout the season, contributes to a high injury rate. This study aimed to analyse ligament injuries in a professional handball team over six consecutive seasons. A total of 68 elite male Spanish handball players participated, with 54 time-loss injuries (i.e., injuries involving at least one day of absence) observed during this study period. Ligament injury information was recorded following the International Olympic Committee consensus statement. The overall incidence was 0.89 ligament injuries per 1000 h of exposure. Additionally, a higher incidence and burden of ligament injuries was observed during match-play compared to training. Most ligament injuries were classified as minor or moderate (i.e., 79.63% of the total), and 46.29% were reinjuries. A significantly higher incidence of ligament injuries was suffered in the lower limbs compared to the upper limbs (0.81 vs. 0.08 ligament injuries per 1000 h; p < 0.001). Specifically, the highest incidence was observed in the anterior talofibular ligament of the ankle (0.57 injuries per 1000 h of exposure), while the greatest burden was related to the anterior cruciate ligament (24.08 absence days per 1000 h of exposure). This study provides an overview of ligament injuries among professional handball players, highlighting the need to implement strategies with positive effects during competition (e.g., specific activation strategies or training programmes based on strength and balance) and to reduce injury recurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Given the physiological characteristics of handball, players may require the use of certain sports supplements (SS). However, very few studies have investigated the consumption of SS in handball. The aims were to determine the number of handball players who consume SS, to analyze their SS consumption pattern according to gender and competitive level, and to assess whether the SS they consume are supported by scientific evidence, and to which group they belong according to the classification of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). (2) Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out on the habitual consumption of SS in 360 federated Spanish players by using a self-administered and validated questionnaire. (3) Results: These showed 65.8% of the sample consumed SS. According to the total number of participants, the most consumed supplements were from Group A: sports drinks (30.8%) and whey protein (30.4%). When analyzing the data by gender, the men's consumption was significantly higher for whey protein (p < 0.001), caffeine (p = 0.009), and creatine monohydrate (p < 0.001). When analyzed by competitive level, the provincial category players group showed a significantly lower consumption than the rest of the groups for protein bars (p = 0.038), whey protein (p = 0.005) and creatine monohydrate (p < 0.001), while the honor division group showed a significantly higher intake of creatine monohydrate than the remaining groups (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The handball players showed a moderate consumption of SS, without using substances that were not supported by scientific evidence and opting in most cases for supplements belonging to group A from the AIS classification. Men tended to consume more SS, and SS consumption increased based on competitive level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Scapula dyskinesis and reduced strength of the glenohumeral external rotator muscles are shoulder risk factors. The shoulder joint’s unstabilizing mechanisms can cause a decrease in the strength of the external rotator muscles, an imbalance of the rotator cuff muscles, and scapula dyskinesis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an exercise program on scapula dyskinesis and the strength of glenohumeral rotator cuff muscles in overhead athletes. Materials & Methods The present quasi-experimental study with a control group and preand post-test plan was conducted on 62 female handball players (club-level, 18-25 years old) with scapula dyskinesis from 2021 to 2022 in Hamadan City, Iran. The lateral scapular slide test and hand dynamometers were used to measure scapula dyskinesis and the strength of glenohumeral rotator cuff muscles, respectively. The participants in the intervention group participated in eight weeks of three sessions of an exercise program. Data were measured before and after the intervention and were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Findings According to this test, there is a significant difference between the strength of external rotator muscles (p<0.001) in the intervention and control groups after exercises, so the strength of external rotator muscles and the strength of external/internal rotator muscles ratio (p<0.001) has increased after exercises. Also, scapula dyskinesis after exercises has decreased significantly (p=0.013). Conclusion The exercise program increases the strength of external rotator muscles and the ratio of external/internal rotator muscles and improves scapula dyskinesis in overhead athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An imbalanced adaptation of muscle strength and tendon stiffness in response to training may increase tendon strain (i.e., the mechanical demand on the tendon) and consequently tendon injury risk. This study investigated if personalized tendon loading inducing tendon strain within the effective range for adaptation (4.5%–6.5%) can reduce musculotendinous imbalances in male adolescent handball athletes (15–16 years). At four measurement time points during a competitive season, we assessed knee extensor muscle strength and patellar tendon mechanical properties using dynamometry and ultrasonography and estimated the tendon's structural integrity with a peak spatial frequency (PSF) analysis of proximal tendon ultrasound scans. A control group (n = 13) followed their usual training routine, an intervention group (n = 13) integrated tendon exercises into their training (3x/week for ~31 weeks) with a personalized intensity corresponding to an average of ~6.2% tendon strain. We found a significant time by group interaction (p < 0.005) for knee extensor muscle strength and normalized patellar tendon stiffness with significant increases over time only in the intervention group (p < 0.001). There were no group differences or time‐dependent changes in patellar tendon strain during maximum voluntary contractions or PSF. At the individual level, the intervention group demonstrated lower fluctuations of maximum patellar tendon strain during the season (p = 0.005) and a descriptively lower frequency of athletes with high‐level tendon strain (≥9%). The findings suggest that the personalized tendon loading program reduced muscle‐tendon imbalances in male adolescent athletes, which may provide new opportunities for tendon injury prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most convincing studies about the importance of the cutoff date in relative age effects was when Helsen et al. (2000) showed that a shift in the date directly resulted in a change of birth month distributions in soccer. Over the past four decades, the role of the birth year has also been associated with relative age effects (as reflected in constant year effects). In this investigation, two studies attempted to replicate the shift of birth year distributions caused by a change in birth years in international female handball. In Study 1, the results from the female handball world championship 2017 showed a significant within‐year effect overall and a constant year effect for players born 1988 and after. A second study was conducted with female players from world championships in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. Results demonstrated small effect sizes for most tests. However, there was an unexpected trend toward a constant year effect shift at the age of 28 years. Several hypotheses are presented as an explanation for this trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether adding a set of vibrating foam rollers (VFR) to a regular running‐based warm‐up before a bout of multidirectional repeated sprints provides protective effects against the sprinting‐induced muscle damage. Twenty‐four elite college handball and rugby players participated in this study. After the familiarization visit, the subjects were randomly divided into either the vibration rolling (VFR) or the general warm‐up (GW) group. Before (pretest), post‐24, 48, and 72 h after the muscle‐damaging protocol (15 sets of 30‐m maximal multi directional repeated sprints), plasma creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness, hip flexion passive range of motion (ROM), isometric strength, and hexagon agility was measured. After the VFR, the CK and DOMS were significantly less than GW (p < 0.05). In addition, when compared with the GW, the hamstring isometric strength, hexagon agility, and 0–10 m and 0–30‐m sprint performances showed faster recovery for the VFR (p < 0.05). The VFR protocol had protective effect on multidirectional repeated sprinting‐induced muscle damage markers than GW protocol. Therefore, preconditioning warm‐up activities using VFR can be integrated into a traditional sport‐specific warm‐up protocol for elite athletes before competitions/training may take advantage of this strategy to facilitate muscle recovery. Highlights: Multi directional maximal repeated shuttle sprint exercises result in muscle damage.The VFR was applied on both the hamstrings and quadriceps prior to the sprints resulted in significantly less muscle damage and faster recovery than the GW condition.VFR exhibited immediate protective effects, even for the highly trained athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A handball is one of two technical skills used to dispose of the ball in Australian Football. Previous research has only considered handball effectiveness in the analysis of team performance and there is a need to understand whether there are other more important characteristics of handball execution that explain effectiveness (i.e., performance). 1342 handballs from Australian Football League matches were analysed. Ten characteristic variables were created that represent the context and execution of each handball included in the analysis. A mixed effects generalised linear model was used to evaluate the effect of the (ten) characteristics on handball outcome. Three out of ten characteristics were associated with handball outcome, and these related to the posture of the handballer and the type of defensive pressure applied to the handballer and the receiver of the handball. These findings explain both how to increase handball effectiveness and how to reduce the handball effectiveness of an opposition team. Given the important role of handballing in passing sequences and maintaining ball possession, the practical application of these findings could enhance overall team performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probe thinking is the structure that emerges from the interaction between the student and what he encounters, rather than what he is taught, and thinking that is focused on posing questions and coming up with solutions, the spark that keeps a learner interested. Therefore, the present study was an attempt to investigate the possible effect of probe thinking strategy on the acquisition of some basic offensive skills in handball. A control group and an experimental group were utilized in a pre-post-test design. Following the pre-test, the experimental group received the treatment whereas the control group did not. For the analysis, 20 learners from Cihan University-Erbil, Iraq, were taken into consideration. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the statistical analysis (i.e., Independent samples t-test) in terms of how the two groups performed on the pre- and post-tests. The results revealed that the use of probe questions strategy is effective for the Sports Sciences students to get better results regarding pass-test, dribble-test, and shot-test. The findings of the present study can benefit all the educators and the students as well to have a better performance in practical courses. At the same time, these results can be double-checked for the other sports so that they can be generalized to all the branches of Sports Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate adolescents' experiences with the food selection at the sport arena. Design: Four focus group interviews were conducted with 4–6 participants each. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were coded in NVivo and the analysis was guided by thematic analysis. Setting: Adolescents from handball and football clubs in Oslo and Viken, Norway, participated in the study. Participants: A total of nine boys (11–14 years old) and ten girls (11–14 years old) participated in the study. Results: We identified four main themes: interest for healthy food; experiences with the food selection at the sports arena; factors influencing participants' food choices at the sports arena and expectations related to a healthy food selection at the sports arena. Adolescents across the focus groups experienced the food selection at the sports arena as unhealthy. Price, marketing and availability of unhealthy food were important factors that influenced their food choices at the sports arena. The trainer appeared to motivate the participants to eat healthy. Conclusions: Participants wished for a healthier food selection at the sports arena. Cost of food emerged as a factor that influenced their food choices. Our study also indicates that marketing of unhealthy food and beverages should be restricted, to influence adolescence food choice towards healthier alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to measure the effect of fast play on a handball team's performance by assessing ranking in three European Men's Championships (Euro 2018, 2020, 2022) as a dependent variable. The independent variables indicating fast play were the ranking of the team in the tournament, total fast breaks (TFB) per match played, successful fast breaks (SFB) per match played, total fast throw-offs (TFTO) per match played, and successful fast throw-offs (SFTO) per match played. Analyses for each tournament included descriptive statistics, correlation analyses between team ranking and TFB, SFB, TFTO, and SFTO per match played, and hierarchical regression analyses to identify whether the independent variables could predict team ranking in a tournament. TFB and SFB per match played were statistically significant predictors of tournament placement for all three European tournaments examined. Euro 2018 scored the highest team ranking prediction for both TFB and SFB. However, TFTO and SFTO per match played were not significant predictors of tournament placement in all three tournaments. In conclusion, the TFB and SFB per match played were statistically significant predictors of tournament placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper proprioceptive and neuromuscular control is crucial for the overhead athlete's performance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the shoulder joint position sense (JPS) levels in overhead throwing athletes. The secondary aim was to confront the proprioceptive abilities with glenohumeral adaptive changes and pathologies among athletes. Ninety professional handball players and 32 healthy volunteers were recruited. JPS levels were measured by an electronic goniometer and expressed as values of an active reproduction of the joint position (ARJP) and as error of ARJP (EARJP) in 3 different reference positions for each movement (abduction and flexion at 60°, 90°, and 120°; internal [IR] and external rotation [ER] at 30°, 45°, and 60°). Side-to-side differences revealed significantly better values of EARJP for the throwing shoulders in abduction at 90° and 120°, flexion at 90° and 120°, IR at 60°, and ER at 30° and 60° compared with the nonthrowing shoulders. Handball players showed significantly better proprioceptive levels in their throwing shoulder compared to the dominant shoulder of the control group in abduction at 90° (P =.037) and 120° (P =.001), flexion at 120° (P =.035), IR at 60° (P =.045), and in ER at 60° (P =.012). Handball players present superior shoulder JPS in their dominant throwing shoulder at high range of motion angles when compared to a nonathlete population and to their own nondominant shoulder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The performance of an athlete can be measured based on physical ability, functional anatomy, and sports' characteristics and their physical bio-motor properties. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze speed, agility, and anaerobic capacity after high-intensity interval training based on the Tuja-Shuttle Run exercise model and to determine the appropriate high-intensity interval training model according to the characteristics and intensity of various sports. Methods: This quantitative research employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest group design. The samples were 14 female handball athletes with the age range of 17 - 26 years. The treatment was given 3 times a week for 8 weeks, including high-intensity interval training using the Tuja-Shuttle Run model. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and SPSS version 20.0. Results: According to the paired sample t-test for comparing pretest vs. posttest, there were significant improvements in average speed (3.40 ± 0.86 vs. 3.36 ± 0.78 seconds, P < 0.001), agility (16.76 ± 0.56 vs. 15.51 ± 0.59 seconds, P < 0.001), and anaerobic capacity (1666.65 ± 248.14 vs. 1832.72 ± 340.25 Joules, P < 0.001). Conclusions: High-intensity interval training employing the Tuja-Shuttle Run exercise model significantly increased speed, agility, and anaerobic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present a procedure for automating the scanning process based on a mathematical model for a handheld 3D scanner for shoes used in some indoor sports. The study aims to use inverse kinematics to automate 3d footwear scanning used for indoor sport (handball) using a robotic arm with three joints. A modeling of the robotic arm and final effector was performed, to simulate the minimum and maximum trajectory of the robot arm according to the angles shown based on the mathematical model and inverse kinematics. With an easy-to-use interface and ergonomic design, this 3D scanning solution offers the versatility to scan various objects (such as scanning two shoe models used in indoor sports) and complex surface types. This scanning manner represents the state of the art of 3D scanning solutions as well as a benchmark in the 3D measurement equipment industry. The data obtained as a result of this research provide new directions and solutions for sports shoe scanning for indoor sports based on scanning trajectories preset by inverse kinematics in order to automate the scanning process using a handheld 3D scanner. Based on the mathematical model presented in the paper, automation of the scanning process can be achieved by maintaining the proposed trajectory using an automated arm operating through a control program that can be run on a simple controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)