Search

Security messages, as a form of information security awareness training, are designed to encourage individuals to make an informed security decision, reducing their susceptibility to online victimization. To date, no known study has assessed the effectiveness of security messages or whether the effectiveness of these messages varies based on the recipients' characteristics. Using a randomized controlled trial, this study tests the efficacy of security messages on reducing SMiShing victimization, then assesses whether thoughtfully reflective decision-making (TRDM) moderates the effect of these messages on victimization by launching simulated attacks against participants of the study. Findings reveal that neither security messages nor TRDM directly affect SMiShing victimization. However, security messages effectively prevent victimization when the message recipient has higher TRDM levels. The interaction between TRDM and security messages demonstrates the relevance of criminological theory and the importance of interdisciplinary scholarship in understanding how human behavior influences the effectiveness of cybersecurity practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pervasive online availability of health information has revolutionized how individuals seek medical advice. With a simple search, individuals can access vast amounts of information about their symptoms, medical conditions, and treatments. This has led to the emergence of a phenomenon known as "cyberchondria," which refers to excessive searching for health information online. While seeking health information can improve health literacy, cyberchondria can have negative consequences, such as increased distress and healthcare utilization. This bibliometric study explores the literature of cyberchondria and online health information seeking behavior in order to inform professional practice in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate whether the filibuster stimulates public debate and discussion within Congress, as its advocates argue, or whether, instead, it discourages legislators from devoting time and attention to bills they know will not pass, as its critics attest. To do so, we exploit multiple sources of variation in the filibuster, measures of legislative discussion, and identification strategies. In the preponderance of analyses, we observe null effects. Where significant differences are observed, they nearly always suggest that a strengthening (weakening) of the filibuster coincides with a reduction (increase) in the volume of floor speeches or time devoted to legislative affairs. Whatever benefits the filibuster may confer, they do not appear to include enhanced discussion on the floors of Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reducing malnutrition through food supplementation is a critical component of the WHO End Tuberculosis (TB) strategy. A results-based financing (RBF) initiative in Madhya Pradesh, India—called Mukti—introduced an intensive nutrition intervention, including home visits, counseling, food basket distribution, and assistance in obtaining government benefits. Phase 1 of the program (Dhar District), implemented by ChildFund India (ChildFund) and funded by USAID, coincided with the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. Under an RBF reimbursement scheme, ChildFund was paid based on treatment retention for 6 months and weight gain of 6 kg for adults. Methods: The evaluation used a mixed methods approach. Qualitative components included interviews with key informants and focus groups with program participants. Quantitative components included an analysis of program data (i.e., patient demographics, receipt of program services, and weight gain). An impact analysis of retention in treatment used data from a government database. A difference-in-differences model was used to compare results from baseline data and the program period for Dhar District to similar data for the adjacent Jhabua District. Results: The program was well implemented and appreciated by patients and providers. Patients received an average of 10.2 home visits and 6.2 food baskets. While all age and sex groups gained weight significantly over their 6-month treatment period, there was no program impact on treatment retention. Seventy-six percent of patients achieved both outcome goals. And though average program costs were under budget, ChildFund experienced a loss in the results-based financing scheme, which was covered by USAID to continue program expansion. Conclusions: Implementing a nutrition supplementation and education program for TB patients in India is feasible. The intervention improved weight gain despite COVID-19-related lockdowns. The Mukti program did not impact treatment retention, which was already high at baseline. Program costs were modest, but the results-based financing reimbursement scheme resulted in a loss for the implementer. Overall, the RBF model led to an increased focus on outcomes for program staff and other stakeholders, which led to more efficient service delivery. Future research should examine total costs (including donated staff time) more extensively to determine the cost-effectiveness of Mukti and similar interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My research career began focused on age-as-deficit; then, when studying productive aging, I moved to an age-as-asset perspective. I have come to another understanding of later life: deficits and assets exist within older adults and within the older population. We must tell the full and accurate story of aging and eliminate artificial limits curtailing engagement in life. Real limits exist as our bodies grow old; but powerful artificial limits are created by physical and social structures, policies, organizational practices, attitudes, expectations, and internalized beliefs about aging. If we eliminate artificial limits, we might handle real limits better, both individually and as a society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to understand the context of suicide in master's level counselling courses in Australia. The sample comprised courses accredited by the Australian Counselling Association (ACA) and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA). A mixed methods content analysis was used to identify the explicitness of suicide in these courses and identify themes that emerged during the analysis. The sample consisted of 405 units of study contained in 26 courses. Suicide was explicit in 23 units in 17 courses. Suicide content was overshadowed by cultural diversity, ethics, morality and philosophy, research and self‐awareness, which was explicit in all 26 courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present photometric and spectroscopic data for the nearby Type I supernova (SN Ia) 2019eix (originally classified as an SN Ic), from the day of its discovery up to 100 days after maximum brightness. Before maximum light, SN 2019eix resembles a typical SN Ic, albeit lacking the usual O i feature. Its light curve is similar to the typical SN Ic with decline rates (Δ M 15, V = 0.84) and absolute magnitude M V = −18.35. However, after maximum light, this SN has unusual spectroscopic features, a large degree of line blending, significant line blanketing in the blue (λ < 5000 Å), and strong Ca ii absorption features during and after peak brightness. These unusual spectral features are similar to models of subluminous thermonuclear explosions, specifically double-detonation models of SNe Ia. Photometrically, SN 2019eix appears to be somewhat brighter with slower decline rates than other double-detonation candidates. We modeled the spectra using the radiative-transfer code TARDIS using SN 1994I (an SN Ic) as a base model to see whether we could reproduce the unusual features of SN 2019eix and found them to be consistent with the exception of the O i feature. We also compared SN 2019eix with double-detonation models and found them to best match the observations of SN 2019eix, but failed to reproduce its full photometric and spectroscopic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoice is a popular visual participatory action research method for participants to identify strengths and opportunities for change in their community by taking, discussing, and displaying photographs. Although Photovoice has been used in educational research, the literature of its use in higher education in the U.S. is limited and individual participant experiences with Photovoice projects are seldom scrutinized. Moreover, qualitative methods are broadly under-utilized among universities in the U.S. for evaluating the quality and effectiveness of university accreditation principles and practices. This article explores the usage of a virtual (online) Photovoice project among university faculty, administrators, staff, and students to document the institutional learning core competency of ‘personal, professional, and community responsibility’ at an open-access comprehensive public university in the American Pacific Northwest. We describe the project’s methods and processes, and elucidate participants’ motivations for participation and their experiences in the project. We make recommendations for future use of Photovoice in this capacity, particularly via a Zoom virtual videoconferencing platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence from cerebrospinal fluid samples and post-mortem brain tissue from individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and rodent models indicates that the meninges have a key role in the inflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms underlying progressive MS pathology. The subarachnoid space and associated perivascular spaces between the membranes of the meninges are the access points for entry of lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages into the brain parenchyma, and the main route for diffusion of inflammatory and cytotoxic molecules from the cerebrospinal fluid into the brain tissue. In addition, the meningeal spaces act as an exit route for CNS-derived antigens, immune cells and metabolites. A number of studies have demonstrated an association between chronic meningeal inflammation and a more severe clinical course of MS, suggesting that the build-up of immune cell aggregates in the meninges represents a rational target for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, understanding the precise cell and molecular mechanisms, timing and anatomical features involved in the compartmentalization of inflammation within the meningeal spaces in MS is vital. Here, we present a detailed review and discussion of the cellular, molecular and radiological evidence for a role of meningeal inflammation in MS, alongside the clinical and therapeutic implications. Growing evidence indicates a central role for meningeal inflammation in driving multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. In this Review, the authors summarize current knowledge regarding structural, cellular and molecular changes to the meninges in MS and discuss the clinical and therapeutic implications. Key points: The meninges are an immunologically active tissue barrier, and they represent an intrathecal immunological niche that compartmentalizes chronic inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Lymphoid neogenesis is an aberrant process observed in the meninges in post-mortem tissue from a substantial proportion (about 40%) of individuals with progressive MS, with diffuse meningeal inflammation being observed in most of these individuals. Increased diffuse or compartmentalized meningeal inflammation is associated with a 'surface-in' gradient of cortical cell pathology, including subpial demyelination and significant neuronal loss. Combined high levels of meningeal inflammation and subpial cortical damage correlate with severe and rapid disease progression. Meningeal inflammation represents a potential new therapeutic target to halt disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BMS-932481 was designed to modulate ɣ-secretase activity to produce shorter and less amyloidogenic peptides, potentially averting liabilities associated with complete enzymatic inhibition. Although it demonstrated the intended pharmacology in the clinic, BMS-932481 unexpectedly caused drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in a multiple ascending dose study characterized by dose- and exposure-dependence, delayed onset manifestation, and a high incidence of hepatocellular damage. Retrospective studies investigating the disposition and probable mechanisms of toxicity of BMS-932481 are presented here. These included a mass balance study in bile-duct-cannulated rats and a metabolite profiling study in human hepatocytes, which together demonstrated oxidative metabolism followed by biliary elimination as the primary means of disposition. Additionally, minimal protein covalent binding in hepatocytes and lack of bioactivation products excluded reactive metabolite formation as a probable toxicological mechanism. However, BMS-932481 and 3 major oxidative metabolites were found to inhibit the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) in vitro. Considering human plasma concentrations, the IC50 values against these efflux transporters were clinically meaningful, particularly in the high dose cohort. Active uptake into human hepatocytes in vitro suggested the potential for hepatic levels of BMS-932481 to be elevated further above plasma concentrations, enhancing DILI risk. Conversely, measures of mitochondrial functional decline in hepatocytes treated with BMS-932481 were minimal or modest, suggesting limited contributions to DILI. Collectively, these findings suggested that repeat administration of BMS-932481 likely resulted in high hepatic concentrations of BMS-932481 and its metabolites, which disrupted bile acid transport via BSEP and MRP4, elevating serum biomarkers of liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the #SdScandal : the backroom and public fracas surrounding an article on epistemic racism in classic securitization theory that we authored. It argues that what the #SdScandal illustrates is that disciplinary whiteness in international relations has been upheld not despite, but in part through, the 'critical turn'. Using textual analysis as well as cyber-ethnographic and auto-ethnographic methods, it details how post-positivist knowledge-frames sometimes become vehicles for the rehabilitation of racial-colonial concepts, and how white femininities and novel tender masculinities can be evoked in the defence of institutional hierarchies. That such gendered shifts in disciplinary whiteness (seem to) depart from old-guard 'white man's IR' (per Lake, 2016) only increases their efficacy in securing the status quo. The article further contextualizes this argument about international relations within the broad backlash against resurgent claims for racial justice both inside and outside the academy. It identifies political-intellectual convergences, not only between orthodox and some critical thought, but between right-wing and some self-identified liberal, leftist and/or feminist scholars, especially around the supposed threat of 'cancellation' of scholars and scholarship. Examining what critics of the #SdScandal called threats of retribution against this journal, it argues that at stake are issues of editorial independence and academic freedom, and, more broadly, contending visions of how to pursue anti-racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coade stone has played a significant role in architectural and ornamental design since its inception in the early 18th century. It is well known that earlier, experimental, architectural stoneware products existed, but few of these have been studied in detail scientifically, and only one major analytical study of Coade stone has appeared in the literature. This paper presents a new spectroscopic analysis of Coade stone along with that of a newly discovered sample from Oxnead Hall in Norfolk where it known that Sir Clement Paston experimented with artificial stone in the late 16th century. The results demonstrate that it is possible to differentiate between the two variants on the basis of both the raw materials used and the different phases formed in their production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does geographic variation in personality across the United States relate to COVID‐19 vaccination rates? To answer this question, we combined multiple state‐level datasets: (a) Big Five personality averages (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness; Rentfrow et al., 2008), (b) COVID‐19 full‐vaccination rates (CDC, 2021a), (c) health‐relevant demographic covariates (population density, per capita gross domestic product, and racial/ethnic data; Webster et al., 2021), and (d) political and religiosity data. Analyses showed openness as the strongest correlate of full‐vaccination rates (r = 0.51). Controlling for other traits, demographic covariates, and spatial dependence, openness remained significantly related to full‐vaccination rates (rp = 0.55). Adding political and religiosity data to this model diminished openness effects for full‐vaccination rates to non‐significance (rp = 0.26); however, extraversion emerged as a significant correlate of full‐vaccination rates (rp = 0.37). Although politics are paramount, we suspect that states with higher average openness scores are more conducive to novel thinking and behavior—dispositions that may be crucial in motivating people to take newly‐developed vaccines based on new technologies to confront a novel coronavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recognition that traditional phthalate plasticizers readily migrate from a polymer matrix into which they have been incorporated, have become widespread environmental pollutants and pose risks to human health, the development of new, effective, nontoxic, nonmigrating plasticizers has gained urgency. A focus has been the generation of plasticizers from renewable, inexpensive, nontoxic biobased precursors. Many small molecule plasticizers have been prepared from readily-available bioprecursors. However, the most promising are branched oligomeric materials. Fully compatible oligomeric plasticizers do not migrate from a polymer matrix. Highly branched materials are effective in increasing free volume and display good plasticizing impact. Using new technology that permits the generation of hyperbranched poly(ester) without gelation and with control of molecular weight and endgroup identity, oligomeric materials have been prepared from the nontoxic biomonomers, glycerol and adipic acid. The monomers are readily available at modest cost. The oligomers may be obtained in a simple one-step process and function as very effective plasticizers for polymeric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the pedagogical benefits that emerged from the pandemic period for adult learners was that teachers, in addition to supporting institutions, were more willing to consider and introduce technological innovations to the learning experience. For 2 years, teachers and institutions had no choice. Unanticipatedly, some of these innovative strategies also engaged and empowered otherwise hesitant instructors and marginalized adult learners. This article briefly introduces categories of instructional technology tools that emerged from this period to help democratize adult learning—giving all adults opportunities to be heard, manage anxiety and introverted tendencies, to work with others, and to inform learning decisions for instructor and student alike, etc. These practices are briefly contextualized and referenced within the field using both Michael Moore's Theory of Transactional Distance and Garrison, Anderson and Archer's Community of Inquiry theoretical framework. The four categories of instructional technology tools featured in this article include: (1) Annotation (social) tools; (2) Backchanneling tools; (3) Collaboration tools; and (4) Polling (student response systems) tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Wearable activity trackers with real-time feedback and goal-setting features are being incorporated into programs to increase physical activity among childhood cancer survivors. This analysis describes the adoption and use of a Fitbit® Flex™ among adolescent-aged survivors of childhood cancer without incentives, reminders, or interventions to encourage use. Procedures: Cancer survivors aged 13–18 and ≥2 years from therapy received a Fitbit Flex with instructions to wear it daily. Researchers downloaded participants' daily total steps and active minutes for 1 year. Participants were classified as consistent (≥5 days/week for >4 weeks during the first 12 weeks) or inconsistent users, and comparisons between user types were made. Longitudinal use of the Fitbit and participants' 1-year acceptability evaluations are described. Results: Overall, 67.1% (47/70) of survivors enrolled, and Fitbit data were available for 36 participants. Initially, 30.6% (11/36) were consistent users. Consistent users had lower body mass index z-scores at enrollment (0.4 ± 0.7 vs. 1.2 ± 0.9; p = 0.01), but were otherwise comparable with inconsistent users. Over time survivors' use declined; at 12 months, only one participant was using his or her Fitbit. Survivors who completed a survey (n = 22) reported their Fitbit helped them self-monitor their exercise (72.7%, 16/22) and lead a more active lifestyle (63.6%, 14/22), but found it challenging to charge and not lose, forget about, or break the device. Conclusions: In the real-world setting, only a small subset of adolescent-aged survivors will initially consistently use a Fitbit and their interest diminishes over time. To maximize engagement, interventions incorporating wearable activity trackers likely need to include additional behavior change strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Interest in artificial intelligence (AI) has reached an all-time high, and health care leaders across the ecosystem are faced with questions about where, when, and how to deploy AI and how to understand its risks, problems, and possibilities. Observations: While AI as a concept has existed since the 1950s, all AI is not the same. Capabilities and risks of various kinds of AI differ markedly, and on examination 3 epochs of AI emerge. AI 1.0 includes symbolic AI, which attempts to encode human knowledge into computational rules, as well as probabilistic models. The era of AI 2.0 began with deep learning, in which models learn from examples labeled with ground truth. This era brought about many advances both in people's daily lives and in health care. Deep learning models are task-specific, meaning they do one thing at a time, and they primarily focus on classification and prediction. AI 3.0 is the era of foundation models and generative AI. Models in AI 3.0 have fundamentally new (and potentially transformative) capabilities, as well as new kinds of risks, such as hallucinations. These models can do many different kinds of tasks without being retrained on a new dataset. For example, a simple text instruction will change the model's behavior. Prompts such as "Write this note for a specialist consultant" and "Write this note for the patient's mother" will produce markedly different content. Conclusions and Relevance: Foundation models and generative AI represent a major revolution in AI's capabilities, ffering tremendous potential to improve care. Health care leaders are making decisions about AI today. While any heuristic omits details and loses nuance, the framework of AI 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 may be helpful to decision-makers because each epoch has fundamentally different capabilities and risks. This Special Communication examines the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) over the years, and how developments with AI can help decision-makers improve health care while also recognizing its risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, despite ongoing efforts from the descendent community, the EnRichmond Foundation a white-led organization, purchased Evergreen and East End cemeteries, two Black cemeteries in Richmond, Virginia. Citing the decline of the cemeteries and its importance to national history, the Foundation focused on bringing resources to the space. However, the foundation’s before-after narrative of an elite home to luminaries and a lack of perpetual care leading to its deterioration put the fault on Black Richmonders themselves, instead of the decades of exclusion and violation of public and private actors. This paper centers “place” as a way to examine the role of the context and meaning—specifically that of Black joy and celebration and racialized violations that must be interrogated and addressed for meaningful state and private planning to occur. We assert that Evergreen and East End merely make clear the ways that planners move forward, regardless of intention, in ways that ignore the meanings of space, the ways that conditions are produced and the importance of community-based power in determining the future of these spaces. We argue that planning practice needs to engage with the meaning of space and understand it as deeply woven into planning practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dogs that bite or show aggression towards humans are a worldwide problem. Whilst many dog–human relationships are valuable and bring much happiness, when the relationship breaks down and results in an aggressive encounter, the consequences are, at best, unpleasant for all those involved. It is commonly believed that the early experiences of dogs may contribute to their behaviour as adults. We reviewed and synthesised the scientific evidence surrounding this belief in order to establish what it tells us about the importance of early life experiences with regard to minimising the possibility of dogs developing aggressive responses to humans as adult animals. We found evidence in support of the potential importance of the following risk factors: the source of the animal, the age at which it was rehomed, the reason for the acquisition, the experience level of the owner, the animal's socialisation experiences, the consistent husbandry and management practices, the training, the sex ratio of the litter and the history of dogs that display aggression in the pedigree. Human-directed aggression by domestic dogs is a major worldwide public health problem. The causes of aggression are complex, and research in this area often has to balance ecological validity with pragmatic controls; accordingly, it often does not meet the thresholds for quality typically used in reviews applying a classical "evidence-based" approach. Here, we propose a method of literature assessment that makes the "best use" of available evidence to identify and synthesise evidence relating to the most likely risk factors reported in the scientific literature. We used a systematic review process to initially identify relevant literature relating to potential early life experience (i.e., in the first six months of life) risk factors in the dog for human-directed aggression in the adult animal. Fourteen papers met our initial screening process and were subsequently analysed in detail, with data extracted and effect sizes calculated where possible. This highlighted the potential importance of the source of the animal, the age at which it was rehomed, the reason for the acquisition, the experience level of the owner, the animal's socialisation experiences, the consistent husbandry and management practices, the training, the sex ratio of the litter and the history of dogs that display aggression in the pedigree as risk factors. Taken together, it seems that early experiences which limit the ability to develop effective coping strategies and routines may be particularly important. We provide guidance for the future standardised reporting of risk related to human-directed aggression by dogs to allow greater synthesis of the literature in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A painted stone reredos in the Priory Church of St Cuthbert, Worksop, Nottinghamshire, UK, was analysed before recent conservation to determine the pigment scheme employed. The screen was created by the eminent British architect Sir George Gilbert Scott in the middle decade of the 19th Century. The results help inform the wider range of palettes employed by British architects and craftspeople working in the 19th and early 20th centuries which have previously been little studied. The pigments generally were high-quality vermilion (red), chrome yellow (yellow), and ultramarine (blue), and several alternatives were also evident such as red lead and haematite for red, bone black, and carbon black for black. Lightening and darkening agents were incorporated as lead white, barytes, and carbon, and pigment mixtures were used to achieve the colours dark blue-red, and green. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To develop a brief teamwork measure and determine how teamwork relates to provider experience, burnout, and work intentions. STUDY DESIGN: Survey of clinicians. METHODS: We analyzed data from Optum's 2019 biannual clinician survey, including a validated burnout measure and measures of provider experience and intent to stay. A 6-item measure of team effectiveness (TEAM) focused on efficiency, communication, continuous improvement, and leadership. Construct validity was assessed with content, reliability, and correlation with burnout. Generalized estimating equations with robust SEs determined relationships among TEAM score, provider experience, and intent to stay, controlling for demographics, clustering, and practice factors. RESULTS: Of 1500 physicians and advanced practice clinicians (1387 with complete data; response rate 56%), there were 58% in primary care; 57% were women, and 38% identified as Asian, Black/Hispanic, or another race/ethnicity other than White non-Hispanic. Burnout was present in 30%. The Cronbach α was excellent (0.86), and TEAM correlated with the validated burnout measure (adjusted odds ratio [OR] of lower burnout with high TEAM score, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.19-0.40; P < .0001). Clinicians with TEAM scores of at least 4 were more likely to have positive provider experiences (79% favorable vs 24% with low TEAM score; P < .001), had lower burnout rates (17% vs 44%%; P < .001), and more often intended to stay (93% vs 65%; P < .001). TEAM index score was strongly associated with provider experience (adjusted OR, 11.72; 95% CI, 8.11-16.95; P < .001) and intent to stay (adjusted OR, 7.24; 95% CI, 5.34-9.83; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The TEAM index is related to provider experience, burnout, and intent to stay, and it may help organizations optimize clinical work environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandy, gravelly or stony soils with low nutrient supply or plant available water are common in the table grape growing regions of South Africa. A field study was carried out to determine if an ameliorant recycled from waste glass could enhance the nutrient and water supply during the establishing phase of table grapes. Two grades of ameliorant, i.e. fine and coarse, were incorporated into the soil before the grapevines were planted. No ameliorants were applied to the control. After planting, the grapevines were irrigated by using 2.1 L/h drippers. To establish whether the ameliorants could compensate if less water is applied, the same treatments were applied under 1.2 L/h drippers. In general, the grapevines responded positively to the higher irrigation volumes, irrespective of ameliorant application. Where higher irrigation volumes were applied, the ameliorants did not have any positive effect on soil chemical or grapevine nutrient status compared to the control. This showed that the ameliorants were chemically inert under the given conditions. The ameliorants also did not improve grapevine water status, vegetative growth, yield or juice characteristics. Likewise, the ameliorants could not compensate for any measured aspect of grapevine performance where less irrigation was applied. In general, the ameliorants did not meet the expectations. Considering the additional costs of the ameliorant application, and the lack of positive grapevine responses, this practice cannot be justified under the given, or comparable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfire spread models that couple physical transport and chemical kinetics sometimes simplify or neglect gas-phase pyrolysis product oxidation chemistry. However, empirical evidence suggests that oxygen (O2) is available for gas-phase and solid-phase combustion within the flaming reaction zone. This study addresses outstanding questions of O2 availability by directly measuring O2 concentrations near fuel surfaces within spreading fuel bed fires for the first time. Temporally and spatially resolved O2 concentrations within laboratory fires were investigated using uniform fuel beds of medium density fiberboard (MDF) and cardboard (CB) combs at various packing ratios (β) and angles. Minimum O2 concentration reached approximately 2–5 mol% for most fuel beds of higher β (> 0.010), while some fuel beds of low β (≤ 0.010) exhibited higher minimum O2 concentrations up to 8 mol%. Flame rate of spread, residence time, and minimum O2 were found to vary with β and were influenced by bed angle within a given β. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to assess O2 availability impacts on flaming and smoldering fuel consumption rates. Negligible impacts were observed for initially unburned fuels at ambient O2 concentrations of ≤ 10 mol%, but O2 availability had significant impacts on char oxidation rates at all tested concentrations. A one-dimensional diffusion model of O2 availability at char surfaces for near-particle O2 concentrations tested and measured in TGA and fuel bed experiments revealed a strong dependence of O2 availability on mass flux from the particle. The results of this work provide new insights regarding O2 availability and inert assumptions for fire spread models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Objectives: To compare gymnastics-related injuries between former collegiate gymnasts who did and did not report components of the female athlete triad (Triad) during college, including disordered eating or menstrual irregularity. We hypothesized that athletes reporting these 2 triad symptoms would have higher rates of time loss injury and injuries requiring surgery. Design: Retrospective case–control. Setting: Online survey. Patients: Four hundred seventy former collegiate gymnasts. Interventions: Athletes completed online survey distributed through social media. Main Outcome Measures: Participants were grouped based on self-reported menstrual irregularity and disordered eating during college. We compared time loss injuries, injuries resulting in surgery, and injury locations between the groups using χ2 analyses. Results: Seventy percent (n = 328) of participants in this study reported a time loss college injury without surgery, and 42% (n = 199) reported an injury during college that required surgical treatment. A significantly greater proportion of gymnasts with only disordered eating reported a time loss gymnastics injury (without surgery) compared with those who reported only menstrual irregularity during college (79% vs 64%; P =0.03). A significantly greater proportion of the disordered eating–only group reported a spine injury compared with the menstrual irregularity–only group (P = 0.007) and the group who reported neither menstrual irregularity nor disordered eating (P = 0.006). Conclusions: College gymnasts who experienced disordered eating were more likely to experience a nonsurgical time loss injury while in college, as well as spine injury compared with those with menstrual irregularity. Sports medicine providers should be aware of the association between injuries and individual components of Triad in gymnasts beyond bone stress injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic discrimination can have adverse consequences on individuals, organizations, and society at large. This paper provides an overview of the manifestation of this phenomenon in philosophy, psychology, and academia. It also discusses various research methods and techniques to combat linguistic bias and promote linguistic justice while highlighting weaknesses in current research and offering future directions for investigation. The authors highlight the need for expanding the study of marginalized languages worldwide and advocate for researchers to test ideological claims, increase replicability, and employ new approaches to studying linguistically marginalized languages and populations. Ultimately, this overview article aims to inspire future researchers to take multifaceted, multidisciplinary approaches to combat linguistic discrimination. The authors recommend that institutions of higher education and funding bodies play a critical role in promoting linguistic inclusivity in academia through language support, multilingualism, language-inclusive pedagogy, funding and scholarships, language and culture immersion programs, interdisciplinary collaboration, partnerships with local communities, evaluation and revision of language policies. These efforts can help decrease the consequences of linguistic discrimination and have positive impacts on academia and society through language inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth participatory action research (YPAR) centers the experiences of young people as experts in issues impacting their lives. The process of engaging in YPAR has potential to create positive outcomes for youth researchers, including skills associated with empowerment. As such, YPAR is a valuable method for building community power and capacity for change. Little is understood about the process by which empowerment happens through YPAR, including how youth develop a sense of themselves as changemakers and the indicators that an empowering space and process have been created. The current study identified components of youth empowerment rooted in the experiences of young people who were involved in YPAR. Data were collected through an initiative between university researchers and three community-based organizations. The project included development of three YPAR teams with a total of 15 youth and young adult researchers. Data for this study were drawn from post-project focus groups and observation tools that were completed at each YPAR team meeting. Using a theory-driven coding structure for empowerment, the researchers used an iterative qualitative analysis process to identify key indicators of empowerment that emerged from the data. Examples of how they manifested provide valuable insight to community practitioners as well as community-engaged researchers as they work to support community leadership and power building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignancy-associated bowel obstruction (MBO) is a potential sequela of advanced gynecologic cancers, adversely impacting both quality of life and prognosis. The Henry score (HS) was developed in a gastrointestinal cancer-predominant population to predict 30-day mortality. We aim to characterize MBO in gynecologic cancers and assess the utility of the HS in this population. This is a retrospective review of patients with gynecologic cancer and MBO admitted to a single academic institution from 2016 to 2021. The primary outcome is to characterize malignant small and large bowel obstructions in primary and recurrent gynecologic cancer using readmission and mortality rates. Secondary outcomes are to assess the Henry score and inpatient MBO management. 179 patients totaling 269 were admissions identified, most commonly affecting patients with ovarian cancer. The majority (89.4%) were managed non-operatively while 10.6% were managed surgically. No significant differences were observed in survival for medical versus surgical management. Thirty-day mortality increased with increasing HS (0%, 0–1; 14.3%, 2–3; 40.9%, 4–5). Over 1/3 (34.1%) of patients were readmitted for recurrent or persistent MBO. Goals of care conversations were documented for 56.8% of patients with HS 4–5. Mortality rates across the entire cohort were high—20.1% and 60.9% had died by 1 and 6 months, respectively. Survival rates following an initial MBO admission are poor. The HS has utility in gynecologic cancers for assessing 30-day mortality and may be a useful tool to aid in the management and counseling of patients with gynecologic cancer and MBO. • Higher Henry scores were associated with increased 30-day mortality for this cohort of solely gynecologic cancer patients • There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival for surgical versus medical management of MBO • Median survival was poor for patients with MBO during first line treatment and in the recurrent cancer setting [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study near-vector spaces over a commutative F from a model theoretic point of view. In this context we show regular near-vector spaces are in fact vector spaces. We find that near-vector spaces are not first-order axiomatisable, but that finite block near-vector spaces are. In the latter case we establish quantifier elimination, and that the theory is "controlled" by which elements of the pointwise additive closure of F are automorphisms of the near-vector space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical presentation (using PCSS), mechanism of injury, and recovery time of concussions sustained by gymnasts. A retrospective chart review was performed at Boston Children's Hospital: Sports Medicine Clinic. Patients were identified with the words 'gymnastics' and 'concussion.' Male and female gymnasts were included if they sustained a concussion during gymnastics training or competition and were between the ages of 6–22 years old. Sex, age, injury site, diagnosis, mechanism of injury, and time to presentation are described. Patients were compared during different types of gymnastics events for overall symptom burden, and individual symptom severities. A total of 201 charts were assessed over a 6-year period and 62 patients met inclusion criteria. Floor exercise was the most common event at the time of injury. Loss of consciousness occurred in 20% of injuries. There was no significant association between the type of event and PCSS upon initial clinical visit (p = 0.82). A total of 13 gymnasts returned to the clinic for a subsequent injury after their concussion (Table 3). Gymnasts are at risk for sport-related concussions. Most gymnasts reporting to a tertiary care center with the diagnosis of concussion sustain their injuries during floor exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. There is concern regarding use of the phrase 'committed suicide', given its connotations of immorality. Limited research has examined influences on people's use of this phrase. The current studies examined whether portraying a suicide as highly immoral affects perceptions of the phrase 'committed suicide'. Method. Undergraduate participants in western Canada read a suicide vignette in which the suicide was depicted either neutrally or as sinful (Study 1, N = 188) or as either altruistic or vengeful (Study 2, N = 204). They then judged, from the perspective of the deceased person's family, the preference for statements employing 'committed suicide' or 'died by suicide' (Study 1) or the acceptability of statements employing 'committed suicide', 'ended her[his] life', 'took her[his] own life', or 'died by suicide' (Study 2). Results. In Study 1, 'committed suicide' statements received higher preference judgments for the scenario depicted as sinful. In Study 2, phrases alternative to 'committed suicide' received higher acceptability ratings for the altruistic scenario. Discussion. We consider limitations of our work, directions for future research on the language of suicide, and implications of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nares Strait, the waterway that separates northwest Greenland from Ellesmere Island, is a major pathway along which sea ice leaves the Arctic, including the planet's oldest and thickest sea ice that is experiencing an accelerated loss. Ice arches that develop during the winter at the Strait's northern or southern terminus can remain stable for months at a time during which the transport of sea ice ceases. The Arctic's most productive polynya, the North Water (NOW) or Pikialasorsuaq (West Greenlandic for 'great upwelling') forms at the Strait's southern end. There is evidence that a warming climate and the concomitant thinning of Arctic sea ice is weakening the arches and it has been proposed that this may impact the stability of NOW and the complex ecosystem that it sustains. Here we employ a categorization of recent winters with respect to the presence or absence of ice arches to explore their impact on sea ice along the Strait and over the NOW. We find that winters during which a southern ice arch is absent are associated with a reduced and thinner ice cover along the Strait with ice conditions over the NOW similar to that during winters with a southern arch. In winters, without a southern arch, there is also an acceleration of the winds along the Strait that contributes to the presence of reduced ice cover. Ocean color remote sensing data suggests that current levels of primary productivity over the NOW are independent of the presence or absence of an ice arch. The results suggest more research is needed to assess the stability of the NOW, with respect to reduced ice cover and primary productivity, in a future where ice arches cease to form along Nares Strait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: To understand how zoo animals perceive their environment, managers evaluate their stress response through behavioral and glucocorticoid analyses. Here, we measured how seven, zoo-housed (Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA) southern three-banded armadillos (Tolypeutes matacus) perceived their habitats using non-invasive sampling of both physiological (via fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, FGMs) and psychological (via foraging behavior) indicators. We offered them depletable food patches with various patch and environmental modifications. Food remaining in a patch represents the animal's giving-up density (GUD). High GUDs are a response to increased risk; the animal does not feel comfortable and safe to forage. Before, during, and after foraging experiments, feces was collected to examine FGMs. We found that there was no relationship between GUDs and FGMs. However, results varied greatly among individuals, and each individual's results remained consistent across experiments. Armadillos did not respond to patch modifications but did forage more when the cover substrate was increased. When species do not have dynamic and variable behaviors, as is the case with this species, the evaluation of their perception of the environment can be difficult. For this reason, GUDs and FGMs are practical to offer zoo-housed animals, provide valuable information for zoo managers on husbandry modifications and serve as enrichment for the animal. To monitor adrenocortical activity in zoo-housed species, we propose using physiological and behavioral indicators that are non-invasive and practical to implement. We explore this model in the southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus; armadillo), which is a near-threatened species commonly found in zoos. We aimed to (1) deploy food patches to quantify foraging behavior (via giving-up densities, GUDs); (2) determine the effects of food patch and environmental modifications on individuals' GUDs and adrenocortical activity (via fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, FGMs); and (3) examine the relationship between GUDs and FGMs. Three males and four females received food patches under varying experimental conditions at the Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago, IL, USA). Fecal samples were collected before, during, and after foraging experiments to examine FGMs. Armadillos did not respond to patch modifications but did forage more when given increased cover. Individual mean FGMs and GUDs were highly variable, and individuals had consistent FGM and GUD ranks across experiments. FGMs and GUDs did not vary across the experiments nor did they relate to each other. Armadillos and species with a limited behavioral repertoire (i.e., constant movement) can benefit from this multi-trait model to determine the effect of environmental modifications on individuals and provide meaningful information about adrenocortical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether there is evidence for racial and gender bias in the voting patterns of contestants on Survivor, a reality-television zero-sum game in which contestants compete for up to 39 days to win $1 million. Among 731 contestants across 40 seasons, we found evidence of racial and gender bias at multiple stages of Survivor. Compared with men, women were more likely to be voted out of their tribe first and were less likely to make it to the individual-competition stage of the game (i.e., the "merge"). They were also less likely to win Survivor. Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) contestants, compared with White contestants, were more likely to be voted out of their tribe first and were less likely to make it to the individual-competition stage of the game. These findings suggest a systemic bias in favor of White men and against women of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strongman presidency presents an acute threat to democracy. Two logics underpin its emergence, both of which implicate the administrative state. Under the first, presidents have sought to deploy the vast resources of the administrative state in pursuit of power and legacy. This logic is symmetric, shaping the behavior of Republican and Democratic presidents alike. The second logic, however, sets them apart. Because most of the administrative state is the embodiment of progressive values, Democratic presidents have approached presidential power in ways that are largely compatible with its well‐being, whereas Republican presidents have laid claim to increasingly extreme powers in order to retrench and sabotage it. Layered on the first, this asymmetric logic is the main driver of the strongman presidency—and, ultimately, a major threat to American democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kaikōura Earthquake ruptured a complex network of at least 20 faults in the northeastern South Island, with variable geometries, slip and slip rates. Ground shaking and surface fault rupture generated a tsunami, thousands of landslides, and many dammed rivers. The earthquake damaged farmland, buildings and infrastructure in the northeastern South Island and Wellington regions, closing critical transport networks for over a year. This special issue presents a collection of 12 papers on the earthquake. These papers cover a range of topics, including, the geometries and paleoearthquake histories of faults that ruptured, seismic hazards, the tsunami and coastal geomorphology, together with the societal impact and communication of the earthquake. They incorporate our understanding of the earthquake 5–6 years since it occurred. Despite an unprecedented amount of data and thousands of published papers referring to the earthquake, many key questions remain. These include: is the Hikurangi subduction interface capable of producing great earthquakes beneath the northeastern South Island? Why did the Hope Fault not accommodate significant slip in the earthquake? Has the earthquake changed the seismic hazard in central Aotearoa New Zealand? Addressing these questions will improve understanding of seismic processes and hazards helping to build resilience to future earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and resilience are two wellestablished outcomes following trauma exposure, but little work has examined the unique associations between these outcomes and factors across the social ecology. This theoretically grounded study assessed how individual, relational, and contextual social ecological factors relate to PTSS and resilience. Participants included 606 college students (18-25 years, Mage = 20.79, SD = 1.86; 82.51% Female; 56.60% White, 29.37% Black or African American, 5.78% Asian, 8.25% Other races) with exposure to at least one traumatic event. Two hierarchical linear regression models examined associations between individual (i.e., emotion dysregulation, anger severity), relational (i.e., family support, friend support), and contextual (i.e., community cohesion, community disorder) factors, and PTSS and resilience. At the individual level, higher emotion dysregulation was associated with higher PTSS and lower resilience; anger severity was not related to either outcome. At the relational level, more friend support was negatively associated with PTSS. Friend and family support were positively related to resilience. At the contextual level, community cohesion was positively associated with resilience, but not PTSS, and community disorder was unrelated to both outcomes. Findings demonstrate unique factors across the social ecology that differentially relate to PTSS and resilience. Variables at all three ecological levels were associated with resilience, whereas only individual and relational variables were related to PTSS. Replication with longitudinal data could inform treatments for trauma-exposed individuals that may mitigate PTSS and bolster resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torres v. Madrid is a seminal Supreme Court decision that was decided during the 2021 Supreme Court term. Torres centered on whether a woman who was shot in the back by the police but managed to escape was seized under the Fourth Amendment. This was a decision that garnered widespread attention because it was decided during a national reckoning with police violence following the George Floyd protests. The Court ultimately held that Ms. Torres was seized the instant the bullet punctured her body. This was a win for the civil rights groups as it allowed Ms. Torres to pursue a remedy, but the decision did not go far enough. This Note focuses on a special class of seizures called attempted and “touchless” seizures, and argues that recognizing both attempted and touchless seizures under the Fourth Amendment will open the door to redressing a broader range of police misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite broad consensus about multicultural experience's benefits, there is a lack of research on the antecedents to multicultural experiences. Research has indicated that awe shifts attention away from the self toward larger entities, which could include elements of other cultures. Methods: Four studies (N = 2915) tested whether trait, daily, and induced awe promoted multicultural experience. Results: Studies 1–2 (adolescents, young, middle, and older adults) showed that trait awe predicted greater multicultural identity and experience independent of other positive emotions and openness. Study 3 (students & adults in U.S. & Malaysia) demonstrated that daily awe predicted more daily multicultural experience independent of yesterday's multicultural experience. These results were explained by trait and daily curiosity. Study 4 (adults) found that induction of awe increased state multicultural identity and experience via state curious emotions and then state curious personality. Conclusion: We found that experiencing more awe can be a tool for enhancing the multicultural experience. The discussion focuses on the implications for future research on awe and multicultural experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Previous research has established the impact of psychiatric symptoms on social functioning, while there is a paucity of research examining how social functioning relates to personal recovery, an individual's self-assessment of their mental health recovery. This study examined the mediating effect of social engagement, interpersonal communication, and satisfaction with support in the relationship between distinct psychiatric symptom clusters and perceived mental health recovery. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, both patient self-report and provider assessment data were collected for 250 patients with serious mental illness (SMI) across four mental health service sites. Parallel mediation analytic models were used. Results: Interpersonal communication partially mediated the relationship between positive and negative symptom clusters and personal recovery. Satisfaction with social supports partially mediated the relationship between excited symptoms and personal recovery. Both interpersonal communication and satisfaction with social supports partially mediated the relationship between general psychological distress and depressive symptoms and personal recovery. Collectively, social functioning mediators explained nearly half of the relationship between general psychological distress and excited symptoms and personal recovery and nearly all of the relationship between positive symptoms and personal recovery. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Clinical providers working with persons with SMI should regularly assess social functioning in addition to assessing psychiatric symptoms and personal recovery factors and should incorporate social skills education into SMI group and individual treatments. Social functioning as a target of treatment may be especially beneficial for patients who are dissatisfied with other interventions or feel they have experienced the maximum benefit from treatment and are seeking additional methods to support personal recovery. Impact and Implications: Social functioning such as interpersonal behavior and satisfaction with support partially mediated the impact of psychological symptom presentation on patient-perceived mental health recovery. Clinicians should regularly assess social functioning and incorporate evidence-based practices that serve to enhance interpersonal functioning into treatment for individuals with SMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bereavement is a universal experience common within the higher education student population. The present study aimed to understand the experiences and support needs of bereaved Australian university students. In semi-structured interviews, 12 students (10 women, 2 men; Mage = 38.13, SD = 15.37) shared their experiences of bereavement while studying. A thematic analysis resulted in three themes: Relationships between study and bereavement, Navigating the university system, and What students need. The findings highlighted varying levels of support accessed and level of need, which were influenced by the circumstances of the student and the loss, mode of study, personal resources, and perceptions of the university system's ability to help. The findings highlight the need to develop and communicate clear policies and procedures so that bereaved students are supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer risk continues to increase post menopause. Anti-estrogen therapies are available to prevent postmenopausal breast cancer in high-risk women. However, their adverse effects have reduced acceptability and overall success in cancer prevention. Natural products such as hops (Humulus lupulus) and three pharmacopeial licorice (Glycyrrhiza) species have demonstrated estrogenic and chemopreventive properties, but little is known regarding their effects on aromatase expression and activity as well as pro-proliferation pathways in human breast tissue. We show that Gycyrrhiza inflata (GI) has the highest aromatase inhibition potency among these plant extracts. Moreover, phytoestrogens such as liquiritigenin which is common in all licorice species have potent aromatase inhibitory activity, which is further supported by computational docking of their structures in the binding pocket of aromatase. In addition, GI extract and liquiritigenin suppress aromatase expression in the breast tissue of high-risk postmenopausal women. Although liquiritigenin has estrogenic effects in vitro, with preferential activity through estrogen receptor (ER)-β, it reduces estradiol-induced uterine growth in vivo. It downregulates RNA translation, protein biosynthesis, and metabolism in high-risk women's breast tissue. Finally, it reduces the rate of MCF-7 cell proliferation, with repeated dosing. Collectively, these data suggest that liquiritigenin has breast cancer prevention potential for high-risk postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article describes a unilateral extracranial dentigerous cyst containing five dental structures in a 3‐year‐old Warmblood filly that caused drainage from below the left pinna and behavioural changes due to pain. Initial diagnosis was made using radiographs and further diagnostic imaging in the form of computed tomography was used for effective surgical planning. This highlighted the proximity of the cyst to the calvarium. All the structures were surgically removed using an osteotome and mallet. During surgery, a defect was made in the calvarium leading to a small haemorrhage, which was successfully controlled. The external auditory canal was accidentally entered during the procedure; closure was achieved and no postoperative infection was experienced. The structures were histologically confirmed to be dental in origin. On telephone and photographic follow‐up, the horse showed excellent cosmetic results, with no neurological or motor deficits and complete resolution of clinical signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the experiences of older adult volunteers who pivoted from in-person tutoring to letter writing and online tutoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sixty-one older adult volunteers were surveyed in the beginning and end of the school year about their experiences, including their perceived benefits, challenges, and feedback on the pandemic transition. Eleven of the surveyed volunteers participated in focus groups at the end of the school year. Perceived benefits included having a positive impact on a child's life and meaningful engagement during the pandemic, and perceived challenges included difficulty engaging students and lack of control over learning environments. The participants also suggested increasing opportunities for informal interactions with staff and students, technology training, and peer support between volunteers. There was agreement that the remote volunteering experience was not a substitute for in-person tutoring, but it was better than no volunteering at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scant research has investigated the illicit online ecosystem that enables the sale of stolen data. Even fewer studies have examined the longitudinal trends of the markets on which these data are bought and sold. To fill this gap in the literature, our research team identified 30 darknet markets advertising stolen data products from September 1, 2020, through April 30, 2021. We then developed python web scrapers to systematically extract information pertaining to stolen data products on a weekly basis. Using these data, we calculated the number of vendors, listings, sales, and revenue across the markets and at the aggregate, ecosystem level. Moreover, we developed a data-driven market classification system drawing from ecological principles and dominant firm theory. Findings indicate that markets vary in size and success. Although some markets generated over $91 million in revenue from stolen data products, the median revenue across markets during the observational period was only $95,509. Variability also exists across markets in respect to the number of vendors, listings, and sales. Only three markets were classified as financially successful and stable (i.e., dominant firms). We argue resources should be allocated to target markets fitting these criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurement is essential for evaluation of liver disease. We validated a novel rapid point‐of‐care (POC) test for ALT1 against laboratory ALT. Methods: Stored plasma samples from adults with chronic liver disease (Test cohort n = 240; Validation cohort n = 491) were analysed using the BioPoint® antigen immunoassay POC ALT1 lateral flow test, which provides quantitative ALT results (Axxin handheld reader) or semi‐quantitative results (visual read, cut off 40 IU/ml). The accuracy of POC ALT1 to detect ALT > 40 IU/L was determined by ROC analysis. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, treatment eligibility (EASL criteria) was determined using POC ALT1 and compared to laboratory ALT. Results: POC ALT1 test had good accuracy for laboratory ALT > 40 IU/L: AUROC 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89–0.96) in the Test cohort and AUROC 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88–0.95) in the Validation cohort. POC ALT1 cut off of 0.8 for ALT > 40 IU/L maximised sensitivity (97%) and specificity (71%) in the Test cohort (42% laboratory ALT > 40 IU/L) and yielded PPV 84% and NPV 91% in the Validation cohort (19% laboratory ALT > 40 IU/L). Semi‐quantitative POC ALT1 had good accuracy for laboratory ALT in the Validation cohort (AUROC 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81–0.99; sensitivity 77% and specificity 93%). Combined with HBV DNA and transient elastography, both quantitative and semi‐quantitative POC ALT1 tests had good accuracy for excluding hepatitis B treatment needs (sensitivity 96%, specificity 78% and NPV 99%). Conclusion: The POC ALT1 test had good accuracy for elevated ALT levels and for determining treatment eligibility among people with chronic hepatitis B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists extensive variation in eye size. Much work has provided a connection between light availability and differences in eye size across taxa. Experimental tests of the role of the light environment on the evolution of eye size are lacking. Here, we performed a selection experiment that examined the influence of light availability on shifts in eye size and the connection between eye size and phototactic (anti‐predator) behaviour in Daphnia. We set‐up replicate experimental populations of Daphnia, repeatedly evaluated phenotypic shifts in eye size during the ~50‐day experiment, and performed a common garden experiment at the end of the experiment to test for evolutionary shifts in eye size and behaviour. Our phenotypic analyses showed that eye size rapidly diverged between the light treatments; relative eye size was consistently larger in the low versus high light treatments. Selection on eye size was also modified by variation in density as increases in Daphnia density favoured a larger eye. However, we did not observe differences in eye size between the light treatments following two generations of common garden rearing at the end of the experiment. We instead observed strong shifts in anti‐predator behaviour. Daphnia from the low light treatment exhibited decreased phototactic responses to light. Our results show that decreased light relaxes selection on anti‐predator behaviour. Such trends provide new insights into selection on eye size and behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]