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The K+-doped (Na1−xKx)GdF4:Er3+,Yb3+ upconversion materials were successfully synthesized by solvothermal method. The doping of K+ was testified to have great influences on improving upconversion properties as it directly affects the morphology of the material matrix. In addition, by coating the doped material with a homogeneous shell layer, a newly developed core–shell (Na0.9K0.1)GdF4:Er3+,Yb3+@NaGdF4 nanomaterials were produced. Surprisingly, its light emission intensity was 2 times of that for the uncoated material, although the crystal structure and the emission color of the nanoparticles did not change. The upconversion mechanism has also been studied, and the results show that there is a two-photon mechanism of (Na1−x Kx)GdF4:Er3+,Yb3+. The work provides a new strategy for enhancing the luminescence density of upconversion materials by coating a homogeneous shell after doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study intended to longitudinally explore the prediction effect of immunoglobulin A (IgA) on pulmonary exudation progression in COVID‐19 patients. The serum IgA was tested with chemiluminescence method. Autoregressive moving average model was used to extrapolate the IgA levels before hospital admission. The positive rate of IgA and IgG in our cohort was 97% and 79.0%, respectively. In this study, the IgA levels peaks within 10‐15 days after admission, while the IgG levels peaks at admission. We found that the time difference between their peaks was about 10 days. Viral RNA detection results showed that the positive rate in sputum and feces were the highest. Blood gas analysis showed that deterioration of hypoxia with the enlargement of pulmonary exudation area. And alveolar‐arterial oxygen difference and oxygenation index were correlated with IgA and IgG. The results of biopsy showed that the epithelium of lung was exfoliated and the mucosa was edematous. In severe COVID‐19 patients, the combination of IgA and IgG can predict the progress of pulmonary lesions and is closely related to hypoxemia and both also play an important defense role in invasion and destruction of bronchial and alveolar epithelium by SARS‐CoV‐2. Highlights: The IgA levels peaks within 10‐15 days after admission, while the IgG levels peaks at admission. Adopt the quantitative analysis system, we found the lung involvement area (chest PA & LAT and CT) was peaked in 20‐25 days, which is later than IgA and IgG. IgA&G can be used as a predictor to reflect the degree of lung exudation in critical COVID‐19 patients to evaluate the progress and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This was the first multicentre study assessing the sensitisation patterns in patients with severe asthma by different occupations as well as different regions of China, and aimed to provide evidence for the prevention of sensitised patients with severe asthma. Methods: A total of 676 adults were included and assigned to three cohorts. Cohort A was comprised of severe asthma patients without smoking (n = 454), cohort B comprised severe asthmatic patients who were ex‐smokers (n = 149), and cohort C comprised non‐asthma individuals (n = 73). All study subjects underwent testing of serum sIgE level of house dusts mix (hx2), foods mix (fx5), moulds mix (mx2), tree pollen mix (tx4) and weed pollen mix (wx5) simultaneously. Results: Overall, the positive rates of hx2, fx5, mx2, tx4 and wx5 were 37.6%, 11.9%, 16.6%, 9.0% and 9.5% in severe asthmatic patients, respectively. Comparing cohort A with cohort B, the hx2 positive rates in cohort A were higher in fulltime homemaker (30.0% vs. 0.0%) and medical staff (40.0% vs. 0.0%, P < 0.05). However, the mx2 positive rates in cohort B were higher in businessman (30.0% vs. 7.0%) and the tx4 positive rates in cohort B were higher in drivers (35.7% vs. 0.0%, P < 0.05). The optimal scale analysis showed that severe asthmatic patients who work indoor were more prone to be allergic to house dusts (Cronbach's alpha = 76.4%). Conclusion: Patients with severe asthma in different occupations exhibited different sensitisation patterns. Avoid being contact with house dust and application of indoor air purifier should be considered for severe asthma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the vulnerability of cultural heritage site from over-tourism, this paper develops a resilience evaluation index system to evaluate a cultural heritage site for sustainable tourism development. The system consists of 3 Level I sub-systems, socio-cultural, economic, and ecological ones, and 19 Level II indicators. Using Jiangwan town in China as a case, we calculate the resilience evaluation index during 2010–2014 and investigate the factors explaining the variation of this index over time. The results indicate that the degree of cultural inheritance and protection level of value characteristics are the main resilience determinants. Lastly, specific implications are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Component-Resolved diagnosis (CRD) can help to establish immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization profiles and potential risks and determines whether specific IgE is the result of primary sensitization or cross-reactivity, especially for those who are polysensitized. Methods: We recruited 432 patients with mite-sensitized respiratory allergic diseases to study the co-sensitization and cross-reactivity of the 17 allergen components in Guangdong Province, China, using the CRD method and to describe the potential association between allergen components. Results: Among the 432 patients, serum specific immunoglobulin E of the 17 components were tested by EUROIMMUN system. Der p 1 (81.48%), Der f 2 (77.78%), Der f 1 (74.07%), Der p 2 (66.20%) and Der p 23 (54.63%) were the main sensitized components in patients with mite-sensitized respiratory allergy, while the components of cockroach, crab, and shrimp had a lower positive rate. In the crude extract allergen-positive samples, Der f 2 (91.06%) and Der f 1 (86.72%) were the major sensitized components of Der f, while Der p 1 (94.52%), Der p 2 (78.36%), Der p 23 (63.29%) were the major sensitized components of Der p, And other components of Der p such as Der p 7 (34.25%), Der p 5 (17.81%), Der p 10 (12.05%), Der p 3 (1.92%) were all below 50.00%. Blo t 5 (54.55%) was one of the major components of Blo t. The positive rates of all Bla g components were as follows, rBla g 2 (15.56%) >rBla g 5 (8.89%) >rBla g 4 (4.44%) >rBla g 1 (1.11%). The positive rate of the only available pen a 1 component was 9.43%. Using hierarchical cluster and optimal scale analysis, 17 components can be roughly divided into 5 different sensitization clusters. Also, from the results of the Venn diagram, the allergen component in each cluster has a high proportion of co-sensitization and cross-reactivity. Regardless of age, total IgE levels, and disease type factors, similar sensitization profiles were observed for each component in the same category based on hierarchical clustering analysis. Conclusions: Epidemiological data on allergen components causing allergic symptoms can be further understood using CRD. Der p 1, Der p 2, Der p 23, Der f 1, Der f 2 as the primary sensitizing component of the study cohort. The positive rate for Blo t 5 was 28.01% for all populations and 54.45% for Blo t-positive samples. In addition, CRD allows us to identify more potential allergen associations such as common sensitivities and cross-reactions between component proteins. Based on these results, we suggest that when patients are identified as sensitized to a particular allergen, clinicians can pay more attention to other allergy components that are closely related to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural-urban migrants' citizenization is an important symbol of China's new urbanization. It not only leads to changes in the structure of labor factor and increases in the cost of public service, but also has an overall impact on the economic system. Unlike previous studies that focused purely on cost estimates, the authors of this paper have conducted empirical comparative analysis of rural-urban migrants' citizenization from such two dimensions as costs and benefits. Relying on the panel data of each province of China from 2005 to 2013, measurements have been carried out, with results showing that, for every additional rural-urban migrant, government public service costs will increase by RMB 11,511 (or 11,511 yuan) accordingly. Based on LHR and Zhang Xin (2010)'s computable general equilibrium model, the authors have simulated the impact of rural-urban migrants' citizenization on such economic variables as national economy, sectoral output, government revenue and individual income, etc. The simulation results show that, citizenization will bring tax revenue to grow, secondary and tertiary industries' output to increase, and the country's economic growth and national Gini coefficient to decline. Based on the above empirical results, the authors believed that local governments should not simply perform rural-urban migrants' citizenization as a political task or take one-sided account of the economic resources and public service costs, but should fully recognize the development opportunities brought about by citizenization. Moreover, all levels of governments should also pay attention to those farmers left behind in rural areas, and achieve equalized public services among urban residents, rural residents and rural-urban migrants in the premise of repaying the historical debt owed to "agriculture, rural areas and farmers". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flagstaff Urban Trails System (FUTS) is a city-wide network of non-motorized, shared-use pathways that are used by bicyclists, walkers, hikers, runners, and other users for both recreation and transportation. FUTS totals 79.2 km in Flagstaff~ the Flagstaff government approved the first plan in 1988, and FUTS Trail Priority Evaluation 2011 outlined the evaluation criteria, trail rankings and ranking results The new FUTS Master Plan shows about 130-km planned trails, and creates an ultimate trail system about 210 km. FUTS management organization and Transportation Tax Program is the key to keep the successful works of FUTS. Status quo of China National Trails System (CNTS) is reviewed as: scenic areas have relatively sound trail systems, but there is no any standard system; green corridors within the urban and rural system become popular, but there is no connection system. The development of China National Trails System can be promoted in 3 aspects: establishing national trails system, planning and design trails comprehensively, stressing daily operation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Extracting lithium from salt lake by using natural energy resources. • Piezoelectric catalysis has been applied in the field of lithium extraction. • The whole process meets environmental requirements. Lithium is a crucial strategic resource that plays a pivotal and instrumental role in facilitating the advancement of new energy technologies. The rapid growth of the renewable energy industry has resulted in a critical shortage of lithium salt supplies. The extraction of lithium from saline lake brine is characterized by its low energy consumption and cost-effectiveness, making it a prominent area of research in the field. However, the development and widespread application of lithium extraction technology under natural settings have tremendous relevance for lithium extraction in this region because of the severe natural environment and limited industrial base in the majority of saline lake areas. In this paper, zinc oxide with piezoelectric properties was prepared using hydrothermal method, and it was combined with lithium iron phosphate through sintering method to create a piezoelectric adsorbent capable of responding to mechanical energy. The adsorbent can capture wave energy in the saline lake and generate polarized electrons to accelerate theredox process, resulting in selective lithium ion adsorption. After 48 h of reaction with a 20 % zinc oxide loading and a sintering temperature of 200℃, the capacity of the piezoelectric adsorbents for lithium increased to 35.27 mg/g, as shown by experimental results. This study proposes a novel method for extracting lithium directly from saline lake brines under natural conditions, as well as a new application of piezoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Rabies deaths were 13,743.44 (95% uncertainty interval: 6019.13-17,938.53) in 2019. • The global disease burden of rabies had declined over the past 30 years. • The disease burden of rabies was closely related to the sociodemographic index level. Rabies is an acute lethal infectious disease caused by a lyssavirus infection. In 2018, the World Health Organization proposed a global strategic plan to end human rabies deaths by 2030. However, systematic studies on the global rabies disease burden and epidemiological trends are scarce. We extracted the disease burden and epidemiological data of rabies worldwide in the preceding 30 years from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and performed a comprehensive analysis. In 2019, the incident cases of rabies worldwide were 14,075.51 (95% uncertainty interval: 6124.33-21,618.11), and the number of deaths was 13,743.44 (95% uncertainty interval: 6019.13-17,938.53), both of which were lower than that in 1990. With the improvement of the sociodemographic index, the incident cases, the number of deaths, age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized incidence death rate, and disability-adjusted life years of rabies all showed downward trends. Adolescents and adults aged <50 years represented the majority of rabies cases worldwide. The global disease burden of rabies has declined over the past 30 years. Furthermore, the disease burden of rabies was closely related to the sociodemographic index level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing is advancing rapidly and gaining widespread adoption across various industries. Although ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) hold significant promise, their tendency to agglomerate in photosensitive resins presents a challenge, obstructing the UV-curing process in 3D printing. In response to this, we have innovatively developed a PUA-based functional photosensitive resin for 3D printing, which incorporates highly dispersible Organosilicon@ZnO-NPs. These nanoparticles exhibit smaller sizes and a more uniform distribution, achieved through the spray sedimentation method. Using Digital Light Processing (DLP), the resin demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 75.188 MPa (a 96.34 % improvement), a flexural modulus of 2223.276 MPa (a 71.81 % improvement), as well as high-precision 3D-printed material. The material also exhibited efficient broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties (99.64 % against E. coli and 98.93 % against S. aureus) and strong UV-shielding performance (97.32 % UV-blocking rate). Mechanistically, the improvement in mechanical properties is attributed to the role of Organosilicon@ZnO-NPs, which function similarly to an amine chain extender. This allows them to establish a robust hydrogen bonding network within the PUA-based photosensitive resin and react with free –NCO groups in the system. The antimicrobial and UV-shielding effects stem from the combined actions of Organosilicon@ZnO-NPs, which disrupt bacterial cell membranes, release Zn2⁺ ions, and scatter and absorb UV light. This study paves the way for novel applications of ZnO-NPs in UV-curing 3D printing, opening new avenues for innovation. [Display omitted] • High-pressure nano-sprayer optimizes ZnO-NPs preparation, yielding small, uniform, narrow-PDI, energy-efficient particles. • Organosilicon@ZnO-NPs enhance UV light curing H-bond network, improving 3D-printed materials' mechanical, thermal stability, and antibacterial/UV-resistant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the contribution of China's power sector transformation to global CO 2 emission reduction and the potential for this sector to achieve peak carbon, we used a hybrid input–output model to explore the direct CO 2 emissions of six power sectors classified by generation methods and their impact on CO 2 emission by the non-power sector based on the total power sector output (electricity generation). We then used structural decomposition analysis to explore the drivers. From 2012 to 2021, the total indirect CO 2 emissions of China's power sector grew from 138.59 Mt to 158.79 Mt (the share in the carbon footprint increased from 3.7% to 3.9%), an increase of 14.6%. Over the period from 2012 to 2021, the power structure effect consistently reduced direct and indirect CO 2 emissions. Policy scenario simulations showed that 12 scenarios for 2035 are expected to achieve peak carbon in China's power sector. The transition of China's power sector to cleaner energy will contribute greatly to global CO 2 reduction in all sectors. In scenarios APS-DER-LD and APS-DER-HD, where the power structure effect was strongest, China and other countries will simultaneously experience large decreases in carbon emission, with decreases of 43.5 and 36.6%, respectively. • Power-sector CO 2 emission modeling let us quantify non-power sector emission. • The non-power sector can be classified based on its outputs to the power sector. • China's power sector's indirect CO 2 emission increased by 20.20 Mt from 2012 to 2021. • Simulations showed China's electricity transition can achieve peak CO 2 before 2035. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), various quota entities are facing challenges, including high costs and limited flexibility within a non-collaborative, single green certificate market mechanism. To address these issues, we developed a cross-provincial collaborative transaction model that considers both the green electricity and the green certificate markets. It consists of five sub-models: a green electricity production net revenue maximization sub-model, a green electricity consumption net benefit maximization sub-model, a green electricity and green certificate market categorization sub-model, a cooperative game sub-model for green electricity and green certificate buyers and sellers, and a cooperative benefits allocation sub-model. The roles of each province (i.e., green electricity and certificate buyers and sellers), along with the optimal green electricity generation, green certificate trading volume, and cost of achieving RPS objectives for each province, can be determined by utilizing the first four sub-models. Ultimately, the cooperative benefit allocation sub-model promotes cooperation among the provinces. To validate the model's effectiveness, we chose five representative provincial-level regions of China for empirical analysis. We found that the cooperative mode decreased the cost by 238.554 × 108 CNY (15.9%) compared with each province independently achieving RPS targets in a non-cooperative mode. Moreover, cooperation increased green electricity generation by 447.94 × 108 kWh (13.3%). The cooperative mode will therefore encourage provincial governments to formulate cooperative strategies for achieving RPS objectives, ultimately reducing implementation costs and increasing flexibility and effectiveness. • We formulated cooperative strategies to achieve Chinese provincial RPS targets. • We introduced green electricity and green certificate trading mechanisms. • Empirical analysis showed lower costs for cooperatively achieving RPS targets. • Cooperation between areas rich in renewable energy and developed areas is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mugwort, timothy, and birch are commonly spread pollen allergens across China. Although several studies have described the rates of sensitization to mugwort, timothy, and birch in China, most of them just on specific whole-allergen extracts but little was known about the co-sensitization characteristics of its allergen components. This study aimed to explore the patterns of sensitization to mugwort, timothy, birch, and their major allergen components. Serum specific IgE (sIgE) levels of allergen components of mugwort, timothy, birch, and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) were detected in 160 patients whose serum showed positive results to at least one of mugwort, timothy, and birch allergens via EUROBlotMaster system. Skin prick testing was utilized to assess the allergic reaction of grass, weed, and tree allergens. Latent class analysis was used to identify underlying patterns of sensitization to a series of allergen components and their corresponding extracts. 88.8% of patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma were positive for mugwort-sIgE, 30% for timothy-sIgE, and 32.5% for birch-sIgE. By using the LCA model, three sensitization patterns as "Mugwort, Art v 4, Bet v 2 and Phl p 12 co-sensitized", "Timothy, mugwort, and CCD co-sensitized", "Mugwort and Art v 1 co-sensitized" were revealed based on optimal statistical fit in this study. Compared with other clusters, participants in "Mugwort, Art v 4, Bet v 2 and Phl p 12 co-sensitized" pattern were associated with higher sensitization rates of common grass and tree pollens allergen. The spearman's coefficient between CCD and timothy was larger than the corresponding values of CCD with mugwort or birch. CCD and profilin, as minor allergens in pollens, were associated with other pollen sIgE false positives presumably due to cross-reactivity. Patients sensitized with profilin had a significantly higher risk of sensitization to other pollens. • The prevalence of sensitization to weed pollens achieves the highest level, followed by grass and tree pollens. • The spearman's coefficient between CCD and timothy is large than corresponding values of CCD with mugwort or birch. • Profilin and CCD are highly cross-reactive and responsible for skin test reactions to many pollen sources. • In this study, three sensitization patterns were revealed in people who had a positive response to at least one of mugwort, timothy, and birch. • This study provides new insights into better interpretation of multiple allergen sensitization characteristics in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Propose the importance of SARS-COV-2 specific antibody detection. • Suggests the importance of complementarity between nucleic acid test and antibody. • Provide a reference for the current diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has rapidly spread, resulting in considerable casualties and serious economic loss worldwide. Disease severity and related symptoms markedly vary among individuals. A large number of patients present atypical symptoms, which represent a big challenge for early diagnosis and prompt infection source isolation. Currently, COVID-19 diagnosis predominantly depends on nucleic acid tests (NAT) for SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens, but this method presents a high rate of false negative results. Therefore, serum antibody measurement has been rapidly developed as a supplementary method with the aim of improving diagnostic accuracy. Further, serum antibody levels might help to identify the infection stage, asymptomatic carriers, and patients with diverging severities and to monitor convalescent plasma therapy. In the current review, we aim to present comprehensive evidence to clarify the utility of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients as a reference for use in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a balanced panel dataset of 272 prefecture-level cities from 2000 to 2022, this paper systematically investigates the impact of the carbon emissions trading system on green total factor productivity and its underlying mechanisms from an integrated perspective of overall, dynamic, and spatial dimensions. The findings reveal that (1) the carbon emissions trading system significantly enhances regional total factor productivity, primarily by optimizing resource allocation efficiency and strengthening regional competitiveness. (2) From a dynamic perspective, the policy effect exhibited a U-shaped relationship: from 2013 to 2018, green total factor productivity was suppressed due to underdeveloped market mechanisms and the policy environment; after 2018, with market maturation and policy stabilization, the policy effects improved significantly. (3) Spatial effect analysis indicates that the emissions trading system positively influences pilot regions but generates a siphon effect on nonpilot regions, leading to regional performance divergence, although the overall impact remains positive. (4) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the policy has more pronounced effects in regions with higher carbon intensity, stricter environmental regulations, better infrastructure, and richer resource endowments, reflecting significant regional disparities in policy effectiveness. This study provides empirical evidence and theoretical insights to optimize carbon trading policies and achieve regional green development., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The salt metathesis reaction involving a diamine-based antimony chloride precursor with sodium arsaethynolate in the presence of PMe 3 leads to the formation of stibanyl-functionalized PMe 3 -arsinidene ( 2 ). Detailed analyses through single-crystal X-ray diffraction and density functional theory of 2 confirm the presence of covalent Sb-As bonds and reveal its polarized nature with a multiple-bond character. In contrast to the formation of complex 2 , substituting PMe 3 with xylyl isocyanide or 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene ( I i Pr ) produces an isocyanide-arsinidene adduct ( 3 ) and an I i Pr -arsaketene complex ( 4 ), respectively. Furthermore, the related reactions of precursor 1 with sodium phosphaethynolate yield both a stibanyl-phosphaketene ( 5 ) and a stibanyl-functionalized I i Pr -phosphaketene adduct ( 6 ).