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The past two decades have witnessed a high national importance to financial inclusion around the world. This paper intends to explore the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction and income inequality in the world, high, middle, and low-income countries. For this purpose, a new composite financial inclusion was constructed with three dimensions for finding various macroeconomic variables affecting the level of financial inclusion for 122 economies, including 32 from high-income, 38 from upper middle income, 38 from lower middle income, and 14 from low-income countries. Then the impact of financial inclusion, on poverty and income inequality, for the world and then for high, middle, and low-income countries was investigated. The estimates reveal that rule of law significantly affects financial inclusion for the world, high, middle, and low-income countries. But age dependency ratio influences the financial inclusion only for our full sample. However, population density significantly decreases financial inclusion just in the full sample and Upper middle-income countries. Education completion impacts significantly financial inclusion just in upper middle income. While literacy has a higher impact on financial inclusion in high-income countries. The findings also indicate that financial inclusion is significantly correlated with lower poverty for the full sample. The link between financial inclusion and income inequality has been found for high-income countries and lower-middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVES: Unmet medical need is defined as the perceived need for medical service that is not received. Although the association between unmet medical needs and working hours has been explored before, the combined effect of household income has not been investigated thus far. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the differential association between working hours and the risk of unmet medical needs according to household income. METHODS: A total of 7047 participants enrolled in the Korea Health Panel data 2011–2014 were considered. The analytical method used in this study was a generalized estimating equation model that accounted for repeated measured participants. By controlling for time-invariant individual-fixed effects, we identified the relationship between long working hours and the risk of unmet medical needs. RESULTS: The association between long working hours and the risk of unmet medical needs differed according to household income. In the highest quintile of household income, the risk of unmet medical needs was 1.58-fold higher among those who worked >52 hours per week than among those who worked 30–52 hours per week. However, this association was not significant in the lowest quintile group. CONCLUSIONS: The current study implies that financial hardship might be a more fundamental health hazard than working longer hours among the low-income group. Future policies should consider not only limiting working hours but also compensating workers’ income to adequately protect low-income workers from the health risks associated with long working hours.

It is widely known that the Global Innovation Index reports are of unique value for research purposes. The aim of this work is to provide a panel data file with all pillars of the Global Innovation Index from 2011 until 2022, covering all available economies (149 in total) by income level. After the secondary data was gathered, it was reshaped in an exhaustive process that involved directly importing it from databases or manual insertion. Based on successive Global Innovation Index reports and World Bank data, this work attempts to provide a whole set of data on the incomes of world economies by using Gross Domestic Product per capita based on purchasing power parity (constant 2017 international $ and current international $) and Gross National Income per capita in current U.S. dollars (Atlas method). A descriptive analysis is also provided of data and inferences drawn based on the income differences between economies. The data compilation shared here has a singular relevance as it makes a large amount of structured information easier to access. Moreover, data from subsequent years or even from new entries of economies in the Global Innovation Index reports could be added to the data file. As a practical implication, this work should be considered a reliable tool for quantitative research directly or indirectly related with innovation topics (policies, ecosystems, technologies, programmes, among others), as it reduces the time-consuming process of gathering data.

Background: This systematic review was conducted to map the literature on all the existing evidence regarding individual and ecological determinants of maternal mortality in the world and to classify them based on the income level of countries. Such a systematic review had not been conducted before. Methods: We conducted an electronic search for primary and review articles using "Maternal Mortality" and "Determinant" as keywords or MeSH terms in their Title or Abstract, indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google with no time or geographical limitation and also hand searching was performed for most relevant journals. STROBE and Glasgow university critical appraisal checklists were used for quality assessment of the included studies. Data of the determinants were extracted and classified into individual or ecological categories based on income level of the countries according to World Bank classification. Results: In this review, 109 original studies and 12 review articles from 33 countries or at global level met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were published after 2013. Most literature studied determinants of low and lower-middle-income countries. The most important individual determinants in low and lower-middle-income countries were location of birth, maternal education, any delays in health services seeking, prenatal care and skilled birth attendance. Household-related determinants in low-income countries included improved water source and sanitation system, region of residence, house condition, wealth of household, and husband education. Additionally, ecological determinants including human resources, access to medical equipment and facilities, total fertility rate, health financing system, country income, poverty rate, governance, education, employment, social protection, gender inequality, and human development index were found to be important contributors in maternal mortality. A few factors were more important in higher-income countries than lower-income countries including parity, IVF births, older mothers, and type of delivery. Conclusion: A comprehensive list of factors associated with maternal death was gathered through this systematic review, most of which were related to lower-income countries. It seems that the income level of the countries makes a significant difference in determinants of maternal mortality in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concerns on the need to moderate the unceasing surge in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions believed to be detrimental to the environment and wellbeing of the human race have generated concerted efforts from governments and policymakers worldwide. Among many other factors, fossil fuels which remain the most consumed energy resource have been identified as the primary culprit to demeaning life expectancy. To this end, this study probes how income mediates between fossil fuels and carbon emissions to promote life expectancy in selected oil-abundant African economies from 1980 to 2019. The roles of human capital through investment in education are considered in the current inquiry. The empirical evidence is anchored on second-generation tests comprising cross-sectional dependence, slope homogeneity, and Westerlund cointegration tests. The empirical model is estimated based on advanced panel techniques comprising cross-sectional dependence autoregressive distributed lag model, common correlated effects mean group, augmented mean group, and quantile regression. Findings from the study reveal that fossil fuels and carbon emissions reduce life expectancy. Besides, income level promotes healthy life expectancy while equally subduing the negative impacts of fossil fuels on it. Additionally, the life-improving roles of human capital are empirically confirmed. Based on the findings, withdrawing the subsidies on fossil fuels and making aggregate income inclusive are among the key policies formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide after breast cancer. The high incidence of cervical cancer is due to delays in diagnosis and patients coming in with advanced cancer conditions; it is necessary to have cervical cancer screening so that it is not too late in treatment. One cervical cancer screening that can be done is the visual inspection with the acetic acid (VIA) method. Based on the existing phenomena, not all women of childbearing age want to do the VIA examination because they feel ashamed, lack knowledge regarding the importance of VIA, fear feeling sick during the examination, and lack of husband's support. This study aims to determine the relationship between income level and husband's help with participation in cervical cancer screening using the VIA method in women of childbearing age. This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample is women of childbearing age, which meets the sample criteria by using simple random sampling of as many as 120 respondents. The instrument used is a questionnaire and data analysis using Chi-square. The results showed a relationship between the level of income and the husband's support with participation in cervical cancer screening using the VIA method at WUS in Tandun I District, with p-values of 0.010 and 0.028 (p-value <0.05). The conclusion is that an increase in income or the provision of material support and the husband's support can make his wife carry out an IVA examination. Therefore, it is hoped that what should give an increase in income or the provision of materials support and a husband's license to the wives of couples of childbearing age to prevent cervical cancer and reduce cervical cancer mortality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, the Appalachian economy in the United States was scarcely discussed in the literature. No studies were devoted to local economic development after the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease in 2019. This paper fills the literature gap by empirically examining how the Appalachian economy transitioned under the influence of the pandemic. Using county-level data from the Appalachian Regional Commission between 2019 and 2022, the study investigates how the Appalachian economy regressed during the pandemic. Transitioning economy indices were calculated for 420 local counties by comparing their composite index values before and after the outbreak of the pandemic. Regressions were run to estimate the influences of the unemployment rate, per capita income, and the poverty rate. During the pandemic, the unemployment rate consistently had the largest impact on the Appalachian counties' composite index value and the least effect on the poverty rate. The results suggest that the most effective strategy is for the government to reduce the local unemployment rate to improve the economic ranking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the impact of income level on household beverage consumption, analyzes the consumption trends of sugar-sweetened beverages and sugar-free beverages in households, explores the future changes in the beverage consumption market pattern, and predicts the possible impact of the sugar industry on the development of sugar substitutes based on the beverage consumption data of Kantar Consumer Index in China from 2015 to 2017. The research results show that, firstly, there is an "inverted U-shaped" relationship between income level and household consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, which indicates that as income rises, household consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages tends to increase and then decrease. Secondly, income level has a positive effect on the household consumption of sugar-free beverages. Finally, in the future stage, with the further growth of income and the promotion of a healthy China, a large amount of sugar substitutes will be added to beverages instead of the original sugar, and the relationship between sugar and sugar substitute consumption will change from complementary to substitution. The findings of this paper have implications for encouraging food and beverage suppliers to produce "healthy", "nutritious" and "innovative" low-sugar products to meet the health needs of residents and ensure the healthy and orderly development of the sugar industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased in low- and middle-income countries and in marginal areas of developed countries . In Spain, it grew by 3.42% from 1993 to 2020. In the Canary Islands, the increase was even greater., Objectives: The main one was to evaluate the possible relationship of the income level with DM, different markers of metabolic control and the use of Primary Care services, in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (LPGC). Secondary ones are to determine the prevalence of DM in the city of LPGC, to describe the sociodemographic characteristics, the use of Primary Care services of the population with DM, the level of registry of variables related to metabolic control and the main process indicators and intermediate results of the metabolic control in the population with DM in the city of LPGC., Material and Method: All patients with DM over 14 years of age, living in LPGC as of 12/31/22 were included. Data were collected from the electronic medical records of the Canarian Primary Care Service, the National Institute of Statistics and the National Tax Agency., Results and Conclusion: The overall prevalence of DM was 11.39%. The mean age of participants was 67.06 years (SD=13.86), lower in men than in women. The groups with low or moderate income accounted for more than 40% of the prevalence each, while those with high income barely accounted for 10%. Higher income levels corresponded to lower use of health resources and registration of metabolic variables, while decreasing income levels were associated to higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, worse lipid and glycemic profiles and higher risk of diabetic foot. The middle-income group showed the highest prevalence of pathological/uncertain diabetic retinopathy, lower glomerular filtration and higher LDL levels., (Copyright © 2024 SEEN and SED. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This systematic review assessed the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing interpersonal communication between family physicians and patients with chronic diseases., Methods: We searched three databases (Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane) for published empirical studies reporting interpersonal communication between adults with chronic conditions and their family physicians. Gender, sex, race or ethnicity, low levels of literacy and/or health knowledge, and lower level of education or income were the factors of interest. Pairs of independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and appraised quality of the studies using MMAT-2018. We conducted descriptive and content analyses with a narrative synthesis., Results: From 7579 identified deduped studies, we included 12 with a total of 22266 participants. Suboptimal interpersonal communication in several domains was more incident amongst ethnic minorities (p < 0.01) and individuals with lower language proficiency (p < 0.05)., Discussion and Conclusion: Studies used sex and gender interchangeably. The classifications of racial and ethnic origin, income, and education levels were inconsistent. Our findings suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors can affect deleteriously in-encounter interpersonal communication., Practice Implications: This review might help guide a communication curriculum for medical students and increase awareness of potential health inequalities pathways in clinical practice., Registration Number: CRD42023411895 (PROSPERO platform)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Low back pain is a severe global health problem. To face this issue, testing interventions using rigorously performed randomized controlled trials is essential. However, it is unclear if a country's income level is related to the quality of trials conducted., Objective: To compare the frequency and methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of physical therapy interventions for low back pain conducted in countries with different income levels., Methods: This meta-epidemiological study retrieved trials from the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The methodological quality was evaluated using the 0-10 PEDro scale. Then we calculated the mean differences with a 95 % confidence interval and performed an ANOVA test with Bonferroni correction to compare the PEDro scores between income groups., Results: We included 2552 trials; 70.4 % were conducted in high-income countries. The mean (standard deviation) PEDro score of all trials was 5.5 (0.03) out of 10. Trials from low- or lower-middle-income countries had lower methodological quality than those from upper-middle- and high-income countries, but the mean difference was small (-0.6 points (95 % CI -0.9, -0.3), and -0.7 points (95 % CI -1.1, -0.5) respectively)., Conclusion: Income level influences the methodological quality of trials of physical therapy intervention but is not the only factor. Implementing strategies to improve the methodological rigor of trials in patients with low back pain is necessary in all countries, regardless of income level., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors have no competing interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Our study aimed to identify the social domains that pose the greatest barriers to managing and supporting pwCF, particularly in relation to income levels., Methods: To identify associations between income and health outcomes in pwCF in our center the shorter form of the survey "Your Current Life Situation" (YCLS) was used in face-to-face interviews. Participants were also asked to complete the validated Turkish versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) to assess depression and anxiety, respectively., Results: In total, 282 pwCF were included in this study. 51.1 % were female (n = 144), mean (±SD) age was 13.8 (±8.7) years and 75 % (n = 211) were <18 years old. The median (IQR) values of pwCF; FEV 1pp (percent predictive) 83 % (41-97), BMI (body mass index) 17 kg/m 2 (15∼20), BMI z-score -0.1 (-1∼0.3). Of the pwCF in the study 89 % (n = 251) had an income below the poverty threshold and 21 % (n = 60) of them had an income below the hunger threshold. The results of YCLS survey showed that the highest level of insecurity was in the social domain (68.5 %, n = 193); this was followed by health and clinical care (62.1 %, n = 173), financial (37.9 %, n = 106), and food insecurity (37.2 %, n = 103). All individuals experiencing housing insecurity stated that they had requested help from local organisations., Conclusion: The study highlights the substantial socioeconomic challenges faced by pwCF, a significant majority live below the poverty threshold and experience high levels of social and health insecurity, underscoring the need for comprehensive support systems to address these issues., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess differences in the effects of income level on the primary and secondary prevention of stroke in the Chinese population., Material and Methods: This was a population-based study using data from a China Kadoorie Biobank survey that began in 2004 in 10 geographical regions. Community residents ( n = 512,715) aged 30-79 years were recruited. Stroke was determined by the self-reporting of a doctor's diagnosis, and participants with a high risk of stroke were identified using the model developed in the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China study., Results: The final numbers of people included in this study were 8,884 with stroke and 218,972 with a high risk of stroke. The participants' income level was positively associated with high levels of physical activity and the consumption of a healthy diet, but negatively associated with the control of alcohol consumption (all p < 0.05). In addition, positive associations were observed between the control of smoking and the use of antiplatelet and antihypertensive medication for primary prevention (all p < 0.05), but there was a negative association with the control of blood pressure ( p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Low-income individuals were less likely to control smoking and their diet and use preventive medications, while high-income individuals were less likely to control their alcohol consumption and blood pressure. Moreover, medication use was low for both primary and secondary prevention in high-income individuals., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Termedia & Banach.)

The presence of Islamic insurance is an alternative, in order to avoid conventional insurance which is considered to have elements of usury, maytsir, gharar and zholim. In the era of economic disruption, Islamic insurance players and customers are waiting for the direction of strategic policies from the government as regulator and facilitator. The formulation of a sharia insurance development strategy policy begins with analyzing the obstacles to developing sharia insurance in Indonesia. These constraints mean that the number of sharia insurance customers in Indonesia is not maximal. These obstacles include the lack of socialization and promotion, inadequate use of technology, lack of product and service development, lack of knowledge, and the existence of conventional insurance. Based on these constraints, strategies for developing sharia insurance in Indonesia that can be carried out include maximizing socialization and promotion, maximizing the use of technology, developing products and services, increasing literacy, and market penetration. This research is aimed at analyzing the constraints and development strategies of Islamic insurance using a mathematical method, namely the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method, so that policy recommendations are supported by scientific studies. Furthermore, in this study the ANP method was adopted in a survey design involving a number of respondents. The heterogeneity of the assessments of a number of respondents is expected to provide a more rational alternative. The results of the analysis using the ANP method are priority constraints in order to get more attention and priority strategies that can be used to formulate policies to make them more focused.

Recently, livestock suffered from low production due to environmental issues that need researchers’ emphasis. Hence, the current study investigates the impact of socio-economic conditions such as income and education level, energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and economic growth on livestock production in Indonesia. The study has taken secondary data from a secondary source like World Development Indicators (WDI) from 1987 to 2020. The article also used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to check the relationships among the variables used in the study. The findings exposed that the socio-economic conditions such as income and education level, energy consumption, and economic growth have a positive while CO2 has a negative linkage with livestock production in Indonesia. This article provides guidelines for new researchers while investigating this area in the future and also provides help to policymakers in developing policies related to resolving livestock production issues.

Population aging is a fundamental national condition that runs through China in the 21st century. The aging degree of rural areas in China is high, but the government-sponsored retirement plans have difficulty in meeting the retirement living needs. Guiding rural residents to save for retirement is the main way to alleviate the economic pressure of retirement life in rural areas. This paper uses data from the CAFF50 Survey to examine the impact of income level and income uncertainty on the retirement saving behavior of rural residents. Different from existing literature, this paper categorizes the retirement saving behavior into three aspects: “retirement saving decision”, “retirement saving amount”, and “retirement saving way choice”. The results show the following: (1) Income level has a positive impact on the retirement saving decision, saving amount, the choice of real estate, and a negative impact on the choice of bank savings. (2) Income uncertainty has a positive impact on retirement saving decision, the choice of stock and fund, and a negative impact on the choice of bank savings, but the impact of income uncertainty on the amount is not significant. (3) There is an interaction effect between income level and income uncertainty on the impact on retirement saving amount, bank savings choice, and real estate choice. Based on the above conclusions, we think that it is necessary to increase fiscal subsidies and tax incentives, optimize retirement financial products, provide retirement financial education, and increase the participation enthusiasm of rural residents in retirement savings.

The effects of corruption and income on environmental degradation is well established in the literature. However, little attention has been given to how the control of corruption affects the environmental quality at different levels of income. This study examines the interaction effect of the control of corruption and income on environmental quality in Africa over the period from 1996 to 2017. Using a Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) with fixed effects, the results revealed that both the control of corruption and income level increase CO2 emissions while their interaction term reduces CO2 emissions. This implies that the interaction effect of the control of corruption and income level mitigates carbon emissions. Particularly, the marginal effect of the control of corruption on CO2 emissions decreases as income level increases. Furthermore, renewable energy consumption has a negative and significant effect on CO2 emissions. The effect of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions is positive and significant, which validates the pollution haven hypothesis. These results are heterogeneous across the quantile distribution of CO2 emissions. Based on these findings, our study suggests the need for the government and policymakers to stimulate income levels as a prerequisite for achieving sound and effective environmental policies in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between dietary habits, income levels and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in Turkish female university students who are living with their family or in the dormitory. Materials and Methods: This work was a cross-sectional pilot study conducted during December 2016–January 2017 in Istanbul Yeni Yuzyıl University. A survey was administered to 100 female students, 60 living with their family and 40 in dormitories. Income level was determined based on TURKSTAT 2015 percentiles. T2DM risk was determined using the Finnish Diabetes Association Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Form (FINDRISC). Food frequency questionnaire and 24 h dietary recall results were analyzed by the diet analysis software Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi (BeBiS), specially developed for Turkey. Results: Results indicated inadequacies and imbalanced nutrition among female college students overall. Notably, there was a statistically significant higher diet quality for the students living with their families compared to those living in dormitories. Income level was consistently positively associated with better nutritional outcomes, while negatively associated with T2DM risk, but interestingly, only in the case of students living in the dormitory and not for those living with family. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that financial status, rather than living in the dormitory versus with family, is positively associated with increased T2DM risk as assessed via FINDRISC among Turkish female college students. This study's results indicate a potential need for educational programs and nutritional support for students, particularly those living away from family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China’s deepening aging and the increasing burden of household elderly care may adversely affect consumption, as how to promote household consumption while maintaining the health of the elderly is a practical problem faced by China in the process of deepening reform. Based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the effect of long⁃term care insurance policy on household consumption is evaluated using the difference⁃in⁃differences method. The results find that long⁃term care insurance policy has a significant positive effect on household consumption; the heterogeneity test shows that urban and east⁃central regions are more affected by the policy than the control group and the effect tends to expand. Further study finds that the mediating effect clearly reveals the transmission mechanism of “long⁃term care insurance policy— household income level—household consumption”. This paper identifies the mechanisms and transmission paths between long ⁃term care insurance policy and household consumption, which helps bring into play the health and economic effects of long⁃term care insurance and provide valuable references for further deepening the reform of the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lack of adequate exercise threatens human health, weakening human capital accumulation. The relationship between exercise and income has become the focus of attention in health economics. In terms of reducing body weight and improving physical fitness, diet and physical exercise are intertwined and become effective ways to shape a healthy state. Based on individual-level survey data from China, this study quantified the economic returns of habitual exercise behavior by using an endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) to eliminate selection bias. The study shows that (1) participants in the group with regular exercise behavior increased their income by 3.79% compared with those not exercising regularly; (2) for the group with no regular exercise behavior, regular exercise increased their income by 13.36% compared with those not exercising regularly. Additionally, empirical evidence shows that both drinking and smoking can significantly increase individual income, despite unhealthy habits. These results suggest that the habit of regular physical activity plays a vital role in increasing individual income and improving overall national health, and the effect of individual behavior on income is affected by national culture. The outcomes are empirical evidence for the Chinese government to promote Healthy China Action and support developing countries worldwide to enable habitual exercise, stimulating a policy of exercise behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective - The penetration rate of financial planning is still considered low according to a few studies done by our regulatory bodies in Malaysian and a few scholars and researchers. Therefore, the novelty of this research is ingrained in a study to explore the factors influencing working adults' awareness of individual financial planning. The possible factors included financial literacy, education level, and income level. Secondly, a critical discussion on the literature review that was done by the previous researchers regarding both the dependent variable and independent variables will be performed. Methodology/Technique -- On the other hand, a quantitative study approach is employed in this study. Hence, the targeted population is working adults, with data collected through a convenient sampling approach with a minimum sample size of 120 respondents. Additionally, the questionnaire was distributed through a digital survey. Finding -- Moreover, the analysis methods adopted in this study included validity tests, reliability tests, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics. According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between financial literacy and awareness of personal financial planning among working adults in Penang. In other words, financial literacy represents a significant predictor for the dependent variable. Novelty -- However, the other two independent variables are insignificant predictors of the awareness of personal financial planning among working adults in Penang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tipping can be traced to Tudor England in the sixteenth century. This act transformed into a custom, spreading to many countries. However, tipping is observed differently from one country to the other and thus is not homogeneous from a global perspective. The act of tipping is thought to be motivated by various predictors, which were studied and are thought to influence peoples’ tipping behaviour. They include gender, income level, religion, nationality, hospitality exposure, alcohol consumption and the weather conditions of the day. The study applied a cross-sectional survey design and was carried out in Kenya during from December 2019 to February 2020 in eight star-rated hotels. A questionnaire was applied in this study. The study has results showing that data is distributed close to the mean values. Further, the study results show that the independent variable explains 78.4% of the variability in the tipping practice. Thus the variable of “Patronage frequency” gave the strongest significant and unique contribution in explaining the dependent variable (B = 0.515, Sig. = 0.000, t = 15.363). However, religion gave the weakest unique and non-significant contribution (B = 0.013, Sig. = 0.770, t = 0.293). For hotel restaurants to achieve high levels of tipping, there is a need to adjust these predictors depending on the effect of each on the outcome variable. Thus, the study established a significant relationship between the determinants of tipping and the tipping practices in the sampled star-rated hotels in Kenya.

Indonesia is committed to implementing a sustainable development agenda by considering its quality and maintaining economic growth by improving public education and regional income. This study aims to estimate the relationship between education and regional income level with the environmental quality of Indonesian provinces. By applying the descriptive analysis and panel data regression, it is observed that regions with a high-level level of education and income are likely to have low environmental quality, which shows that education level has a negative relationship with environmental quality. In contrast, income level has no relationship with environmental quality. The empirical estimation revealed that higher education and regional income correlate with a lower level of environmental quality. It implied that the regional development in Indonesia has been at the cost of environmental degradation. It advised establishing an incentive and disincentive mechanism for economic actors to utilize energy resources and environmentally friendly production technology and bring the country into a sustainable development direction.

Background: Few studies have examined the associations among social cohesion, physical activity, and obesity in older adults. This study explored the influences of social cohesion and leisure-time physical activity on obesity in older adults, and tested whether these relationships varied by race/ethnicity and income level. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of adults in the 2013 National Health Interview Study (NHIS) who were over 65 years of age (N = 7714) was used. Logistic regressions were performed to examine the impacts of social cohesion and physical activity on obesity, and the relative risks (RR) were reported. Results: The median age was 73 years old, and 59.8% of respondents were female; 23.8% met the recommended level of moderate physical activity. Neighborhood social cohesion was not associated with obesity for older adults. Meeting the recommended level of vigorous physical activity was related to a lower probability of obesity only for older Hispanic adults (RR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.50), while older adults were less likely to be obese if they met the recommended level of moderate physical activity. Conclusions: Increasing the level of physical activity may profoundly reduce the probability of obesity for older adults. Moreover, the results implied the need for future physical activity interventions for minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal income tax (PIT) is one of the most important taxes in Ukraine due to its economic, social and political role. With its help, one can regulate the investment process, the level of real incomes and maintain stability in society. However, the potential of this tax in Ukraine is not fully used. The purpose of the study is to identify the main problems of PIT and further directions of its implementation as an instrument of social policy. Laffer’s tax theory, on the dependence of economic efficiency of taxation on lower tax rates and the degree of progressiveness of taxes, was taken as a conceptual line of research. Consideration of world trends in the practice of PIT allowed tracing its evolution and choose the methods of its optimization that are acceptable for Ukraine. The use of comparative and statistical analyses, grouping, structural modeling method, index method and systematization of results allowed formulating the author’s version of the income taxation reform in Ukraine. The introduction of a progressive taxation scale should take into account the quality of tax administration, the availability of tax benefits, deductions and loans, the amount of fines, and public perception of the tax system in addition to quantitative results. The proposed family taxation, based on the differentiation of taxpayers by their marital status, actual solvency through the introduction of family rates and the establishment of progressive rates of personal income tax, will fully implement the principle of social justice in the distribution of income.

Financing risk is a condition of uncertainty that affects the success of a business to gain profit. Meanwhile, profitability is the ability to generate profits based on the capital owned. This study aims to analyze the risk and profitability of financing in the tapioca agro- industry using an interest-free calculation basis. The data used are primary data from field observations at the center of tapioca agro-industry in Ciluar, Bogor Regency, and secondary data from literature studies. The analysis is carried out by calculating the risk of loss and profitability of financing using the assumption of an acceptance rate of 10% of the total capital and when the level of acceptance falls -10% of the total capital owned. Furthermore, a comparison is made between tapioca agro-industries that use an interest-bearing financing scheme and an interest-free financing scheme which includes variables of risk of loss, income level, and profitability level. The research results prove that the bigger the loan used, the greater the risk to be borne. Another finding, interest-free financing in the tapioca agro- industry has a higher rate of return and income than interest-bearing financing

El rechazo hacia las personas pobres como fenómeno ha existido siempre, pero es en las sociedades actuales, donde se está visibilizando cada vez más, e incluso, ya tiene nombre propio: aporofobia. En el presente estudio se analizan las actitudes aporófobas de la población según la concepción de pobreza que tengan, y se estudia la influencia de la ideología política y del nivel de ingresos en dichas actitudes. El proceso de recogida de información se ha realizado a través de una encuesta online diseñada para la investigación dirigida a los y las residentes en Granada. Los resultados obtenidos, por el análisis de correspondencias, han permitido observar interdependencia de las principales variables de nuestro estudio, donde queda en evidencia que tanto la ideología política como el nivel de ingresos influyen en las actitudes aporófobas de la población.

Research on riverine microplastics has gradually increased, highlighting an area for further exploration: the lack of extensive, large-scale regional variations analysis due to methodological and spatiotemporal limitations. Herein, we constructed and applied a comprehensive framework for synthesizing and analyzing literature data on riverine microplastics to enable comparative research on the regional variations on a large scale. Research results showed that in 76 rivers primarily located in Asia, Europe, and North America, the microplastic abundance of surface water in Asian rivers was three times higher than that in Euro-America rivers, while sediment in Euro-American rivers was five times more microplastics than Asia rivers, indicating significant regional variations (p < 0.001). Additionally, based on the income levels of countries, rivers in lower-middle and upper-middle income countries had significantly (p < 0.001) higher abundance of microplastics in surface water compared to high-income countries, while the opposite was true for sediment. This phenomenon was preliminarily attributed to varying levels of urbanization across countries. Our proposed framework for synthesizing and analyzing microplastic literature data provides a holistic understanding of microplastic disparities in the environment, and can facilitate broader discussions on management and mitigation strategies. [Display omitted] • Constructed a framework for large-scale regional river microplastic analysis. • Integrated microplastic data from 76 rivers mainly in Asia, Europe, North America. • Detected regional variation in microplastics in bulk water and volume methods. • Contrasted microplastic pattern in water and sediment: Asia vs. Euro-America. • Observed higher in mid-income water, more prevalent in high-income sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the stochastic properties of the US real estate market in the long term (1987–2023). For this purpose, we rely on fractionally integrated methods to fill the gap left by studies focusing on possible cointegration that use linear unit root tests. Both original and log transformed data of house price indices have been used with and without taking inflation into account. Even though several studies mentioned mean reversion in the short term, in the long term the real estate market shows a clear pattern of high persistence and no reversion to the mean. The effect of inflation seems to add correlation to real prices and conversely, an increase in the integration factor. Structural breaks reveal that recent values of this integration factor are greater, thus prices are becoming more persistent. • Analysis of the stochastic properties of the US real estate market (1987-2023) with fractionally integrated methods • The real estate market prices shows a clear pattern of high persistence and no reversion to the mean • Inflation seems to add correlation to real prices and conversely, an increase in the integration factor • Structural breaks reveal that recent values of the integration factor are becoming explosive (d>2) in nominal price series • Recent values of real time series show are d<2, but the I(2) null hypothesis cannot be rejected in the confidence interval [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background--The existing forestry financial system hasn't enough support for the forestry industry, and the digital financial inclusion can help farmers alleviate the difficulties of forestry production, thereby increasing farmer's income. ⑵ Methods--Select 2000 valid sample data from 40 counties that match the data in the collective forest tenure reform monitoring database compiled by Shaanxi, Hunan, Liaoning and Fujian in 2018 and the China Digital Financial Inclusion Index (PKU-DFIIC) database compiled by Peking University in 2018, combined with OLS regression and quantile regression, to analyze the income effect of digital financial inclusion, and use regression methods to analyze the mediating role of household borrowing in the impact of digital financial inclusion on farmers" forestry income. (3) Results--①Digital financial inclusion significantly promotes farmers forestry income at a significant level of 1%, and the influence coefficient is 9. For residents in rural areas, living standards and economic development levels are weaker than urban residents, and the generality of digital finance has brought benefits to most farmers, which greatly increases the possibility of forestry production, and has also promoted farmers willingness to expand forestry production scale and diversification, guiding farmers to eliminate concerns about funds. At the same time, the liquidity, affordability, creditability and convenience of the degree of digital financial inclusion, are key factors in promoting the increase in farmers' forestry income. ②Under 0. 25 points, the influence of digital financial inclusion on farmers" forestry income is not significant. Under 0. 50 and 0. 75 points, digital financial inclusion significantly promoted farmers forestry income at 1% level. This shows that there are differences in the promotion of farmers" income on different income levels, and digital financial inclusion has a significant effect on the promotion of upper-middle-income level farmers, while there is no significant impact on farmers income of low-income levels. Therefore, the applicability and availability of digital financial inclusion must be strengthened, which ensures the balanced development of the digital financial inclusion in rural areas. ③Household credit has certain intermediary role. Farmers' microcredit significantly promotes forestry income at the level of 5%. The development of digital financial inclusion provides farmers with financial services, reducing the threshold of capital lending, which promotes the increase in farmers" forestry income. ⑷ Conclusions and Discussions--The development of digital financial inclusion provides available financial services for farmers, reduces the threshold of capital lending, and alleviates farmers" credit restrictions, thus promoting the increase of farmers" forestry income. First, special financial services departments or financial services groups should be established within township and village organizations to strengthen the publicity and knowledge dissemination of digital financial inclusion and improve farmers" financial literacy and awareness. Second, we can formulate different service policies and strategies for different income groups. Governments can promote Internet financial innovative services among middle-high income farmers, simplify service links, improve the efficiency of lending and optimize resource allocation. Third, governments are supposed to actively play a guiding and supporting role, increasing investment in education, relying on investment in education to improve the quality of labor, focusing on training professional and technical talents, thereby improving the efficiency of forestry production. Governments are expected to cultivate new forestry management entities, attract college students to return home and start businesses, and encourage young technical personnel to build rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deceptive online content represents a potentially severe threat to society. This content has shown to have the capability to manipulate individuals' beliefs, voting and activities. It is a demonstrably effective way for foreign adversaries to create domestic strife in open societies. It is also, by virtue of the magnitude of content, very difficult to combat. Solutions ranging from censorship to inaction have been proposed. One solution that has been suggested is labeling content to indicate its accuracy or characteristics. This would provide an indication or even warning regarding content that may be deceptive in nature, helping content consumers make informed decisions. If successful, this approach would avoid limitations on content creators' freedom of speech while also mitigating the problems caused by deceptive content. To determine whether this approach could be effective, this paper presents the results of a national survey aimed at understanding how content labeling impacts online content consumption decision making. To ascertain the impact of potential labeling techniques on different portions of the population, it analyzes labels' efficacy in terms of income level, political party affiliation and online usage time. This, thus, facilitates determining whether the labeling may be effective and also aids in understating whether its effectiveness may vary by demographic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that in order to make significant progress in the purpose of common prosperity of all people and achieve the goal of common prosperity, we must focus on increasing the wealth of low-income groups. In order to get rid of poverty, the rural labors usually have strong willingness to take their entrepreneurship, which is often hardly realized due to lack of funds. Traditional financial institutions have no incentive to support such small business, especially considering the risk in lending money to rural labor force. As a new financial model developed by the Internet, does digital finance have significant effects on solving their difficulties? How can digital finance improve the income of those entrepreneurs who have migrated from rural to urban? This paper focuses on these issues. First, this paper theoretically explains the effect and shows the impacting path of digital finance on the income of rural immigrant population. Then, based on the digital financial indexes of Peking University and the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2018 of the National Health Commission, this paper empirically studies the impact and the impacting path of digital finance on the income of rural immigrant population. Considering the fact affected by the development of digital finance in the different types of entrepreneurial behavior, this paper compares the rural immigrant population into two groups according to the current division of entrepreneurial types: survival entrepreneurship and development entrepreneurship. Considering that there would also be a reverse causality problem, this paper constructs instrumental variables by using the distance between the cities where rural immigrant entrepreneurs are located and the provincial capital, and the distance between the cities where rural immigrant entrepreneurs are located and the center of Hangzhou. This paper also uses Heckman two-step method to solve the endogenous problem caused by sample self-selection. Then, by using quantile regression method, this paper also makes a comparison on whether the regional digital finance development influences the entrepreneurship of rural immigrant population at different income levels. The results show that digital finance can effectively improve the income of rural immigrant entrepreneurs, and play a positive role in narrowing the income gap between different groups of rural immigrant entrepreneurs. Depth and breadth of digital finance can increase the income of entrepreneurs who are rural immigrant population. Second, the development of digital finance has more significantly impact on the income of rural immigrant population groups who are middle-income entrepreneurs compared with those high-income rural immigrant entrepreneurs. In addition, this paper finds that digital finance improves income of rural immigrant entrepreneurs by reducing the capital constraints, promoting more transformation in the field of entrepreneurship, expanding the scales of employment and enhancing their risk preference. This paper also discusses whether personal characteristics of entrepreneurs have a moderating effect on the impact of digital finance on entrepreneurial income. The results show that if the person who take entrepreneurships has higher human capital, deeper social integration ability and cognition in risk management, the effect of digital finance on increasing the entrepreneurial income of the rural immigrant population will be more effective. Finally, based on the conclusions, this paper gives some policy suggestions. First, we should constantly construct our Internet infrastructure, which is the preconditions for developing digital finance and expanding the coverage of digital finance. Second, we should focus on how to use digital finance in alleviating capital constraints in rural immigrant population, and adopt both online and offline ways to support the entrepreneurship. Third, digital financial services should be used carefully in order to reduce digital financial risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between hearing impairment and nutrition has been extensively investigated; however, few studies have focused on this topic in working-age adults by income level. Herein, we aimed to determine the differences in hearing impairment among working-age adults by income level and identify the nutritional factors that affect hearing loss in various socioeconomic groups. Seven-hundred-and-twenty participants had hearing impairment, while 10,130 had normal hearing. After adjustment for propensity score matching, income and smoking status were identified as significant variables. By assessing the relationship between hearing impairment and nutrient intake by income level using multiple regression analyses, significant nutrients differed for each income category. Carbohydrate and vitamin C levels were significant in the low-income group; protein, fat, and vitamin B1 levels were significant in the middle-income group; and carbohydrates were significant in the high-income group. Income was significantly associated with hearing impairment in working-age adults. The proportion of individuals with hearing impairment increased as income decreased. The association between hearing impairment and nutritional intake also differed by income level. Our findings may enable the establishment of health policies for preventing hearing impairment in working-age adults by income level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value added tax that added to the domestic products and services. It is also well-known as Value Added Tax (VAT) in other countries. In the last few decades, VAT had spread rapidly throughout the world neither in developed or developing economies. The spread of VAT is due to the first adoption by European Union (EU). There later International Monetary Fund (IMF) become a main character in spreading VAT in developing and transitional economies (DTE). The present research work assesses the impact of Goods and Services Tax (GST) towards salaried class employees in Sarawak. The data for the study was collected through a set of questionnaires that distributed to the respondents. The analysis of the result showed the, re is significant effect on the income level and purchasing power towards GST burden, and there was no significant effect on cost of living and economy boosting. A suggestion was made on the GST tax rate, which reduce to 4% in case it is reintroduce by Government as it can increase government source of revenue as well as reduce the GST burden towards the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative relationship between fertility and income is well known to economists and demographers. Developed countries have experienced a remarkable decline in their fertility rate as they have become richer. Lifestyle choices can affect a woman's ability to conceive. Tobacco use and heavy drinking is associated with an increased risk of ovulation disorders, and being overweight or significantly underweight can inhibit normal ovulation. Our research is focused on evaluating the main risk factors that influence female fertility. We assembled a country-specific dataset on birth rate and socio-economic factors for 171 countries, using data integrated from publicly available data sources. The regression model shows that the negative factor with the greatest impact on female fertility is represented by the level of income per capita. The negative effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, and body weight on female fertility are also demonstrated, but with a lower impact compared to the average income per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous advancement of economic globalization, the rapid growth of investment abroad by emerging economies has become an important part of international capital flows. By building dynamic panel models using 1993–2016 data from 49 emerging economies, this study investigate the effects of exchange rate factors and economic development levels on investment by emerging economies. The findings are as follows. First, exchange rate changes and exchange rate flexibility had significant effects on investment abroad by emerging economies. Second, for emerging economies with different income levels, there are significant differences in factors affecting foreign investment. The impact of exchange rate changes, exchange rate flexibility, and the interaction between the two on a country's foreign investment is related to the country's income level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the existing literature on financial inclusion by examining the determinants of financial inclusion and studying the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction and income inequality in European countries. We investigate the impact of financial inclusion on poverty and income inequality in 30 European countries during 2004-2019 based on a composite financial inclusion index (FII) constructed by using principal component analysis (PCA). Then we assess the impact of financial inclusion, on poverty and income inequality, by employing the fixed effect method. The estimates reveal that, for the European countries, GNI per capita, population density, inflation, and internet users have a positive and significant impact on financial inclusion across all the regressions. Rule of law has a positive impact on financial inclusion, and the age dependency ratio has a negative impact on financial inclusion. The findings also indicate that financial inclusion is significantly correlated with lower poverty for the full sample. Lastly, the present study supports the role of financial inclusion in reducing income inequality in European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study was to examine the influence of demographic factors on the adoption of innovative mobile banking services in Tanzania. It utilized Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT) to ascertain the importance of situation-based demographic factors. A survey was conducted with 416 customers of a leading bank in Tanzania. The study applied self-administered questionnaires completed by the respondents who had agreed to participate. The data were analyzed using a combination of descriptive and multivariate analyses. The descriptive results revealed that the majority of respondents used mobile banking once to three times a week to check their balance, download a mini-statement, pay different bills, transfer funds from their account to a mobile telecom network, and buy airtime. The regression results further showed a positive and significant relationship between level of income and education attainment on the one hand and the adoption of mobile banking on the other. The study argues that promotional practices and awareness-raising campaigns are needed to capture the demographic profiles of customers in order to encourage them to adopt mobile banking. Theoretically, the study has shown the relevance of applying the situation-based theory to the adoption of innovative technologies as regards banking services in Tanzania. It also broadens our understanding of the importance of demographic factors that have received little attention from the dominant socio-psychological theories.

This study contributes to the existing literature on financial inclusion by examining the determinants of financial inclusion and studying the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction and income inequality in European countries. We investigate the impact of financial inclusion on poverty and income inequality in 30 European countries during 2004-2019 based on a composite financial inclusion index (FII) constructed by using principal component analysis (PCA). Then we assess the impact of financial inclusion, on poverty and income inequality, by employing the fixed effect method. The estimates reveal that, for the European countries, GNI per capita, population density, inflation, and internet users have a positive and significant impact on financial inclusion across all the regressions. Rule of law has a positive impact on financial inclusion, and the age dependency ratio has a negative impact on financial inclusion. The findings also indicate that financial inclusion is significantly correlated with lower poverty for the full sample. Lastly, the present study supports the role of financial inclusion in reducing income inequality in European countries.

Background: The towering peaks of the Himalayas lie in troves of captivating hill destinations, especially in India. Each destination aims to provide tourists with unique experiences and breath-taking landscapes. Understanding the tapestry of factors that weave the allure of these destinations and draw visitors from diverse backgrounds remains intriguing., Method: This study delves into the socio-demographic tapestry of Himalayan hill destination selection, unraveling the complex interplay of demographic characteristics, social influences, and individual motivations that shape tourists' choices., Results: This study aims to answer why different tourists have different travel choices and what factors are the drivers behind such choices. The results show that destination selection factors are similar irrespective of respondents' socio-demographic variabilities; however, for a few factors, the results are reversed., Conclusion: The study has implications for policymakers and the limitations of the research discussed at the end., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2024 Badoni M et al.)

Background: In South Korea, the cancer incidence rate has increased by 56.5% from 2001 to 2021. Nevertheless, the 5-year cancer survival rate from 2017 to 2021 increased by 17.9% compared with that from 2001 to 2005. Cancer survival rates tend to decline with lower socioeconomic status, and variations exist in the survival rates among different cancer types. Analyzing socioeconomic patterns in the survival of patients with cancer can help identify high-risk groups and ensure that they benefit from interventions., Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze differences in survival rates among patients diagnosed with six types of cancer-stomach, colorectal, liver, breast, cervical, and lung cancers-based on socioeconomic status using Korean nationwide data., Methods: This study used the Korea Central Cancer Registry database linked to the National Health Information Database to follow up with patients diagnosed with cancer between 2014 and 2018 until December 31, 2021. Kaplan-Meier curves stratified by income status were generated, and log-rank tests were conducted for each cancer type to assess statistical significance. Hazard ratios with 95% CIs for any cause of overall survival were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models with the time since diagnosis., Results: The survival rates for the six different types of cancer were as follows: stomach cancer, 69.6% (96,404/138,462); colorectal cancer, 66.6% (83,406/125,156); liver cancer, 33.7% (23,860/70,712); lung cancer, 30.4% (33,203/109,116); breast cancer, 91.5% (90,730/99,159); and cervical cancer, 78% (12,930/16,580). When comparing the medical aid group to the highest income group, the hazard ratios were 1.72 (95% CI 1.66-1.79) for stomach cancer, 1.60 (95% CI 1.54-1.56) for colorectal cancer, 1.51 (95% CI 1.45-1.56) for liver cancer, 1.56 (95% CI 1.51-1.59) for lung cancer, 2.19 (95% CI 2.01-2.38) for breast cancer, and 1.65 (95% CI 1.46-1.87) for cervical cancer. A higher deprivation index and advanced diagnostic stage were associated with an increased risk of mortality., Conclusions: Socioeconomic status significantly mediates disparities in cancer survival in several cancer types. This effect is particularly pronounced in less fatal cancers such as breast cancer. Therefore, considering the type of cancer and socioeconomic factors, social and medical interventions such as early cancer detection and appropriate treatment are necessary for vulnerable populations., (© JinWook Lee, JuWon Park, Nayeon Kim, Fatima Nari, Seowoo Bae, Hyeon Ji Lee, Mingyu Lee, Jae Kwan Jun, Kui Son Choi, Mina Suh. Originally published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance (https://publichealth.jmir.org).)

Microfinance and mobile money have recently become very popular globally. There is hardly a country in the world that is not using the benefits of microfinance and mobile banking. Digitization increasingly intensify their use. However, the different degree of development of economies and digitalization level determinate the use of these categories in the various regions and in the countries with different income levels. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to explore whether there are statistically significant differences in the level of microfinance and mobile money between regions, but also between grouped countries based on different income levels. The research is based on the various available data and indicators regarding microfinance and mobile money that are used as observation in the one-way ANOVA analysis. The analysis indicates significant differences in the level of microfinance and mobile money according to the income levels of the countries. Namely, the countries with higher level of income have higher level of microfinance and mobile money. Also, no evidence was found of differences in microfinance levels between the regions proposed for testing as groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tipping can be traced to Tudor England in the sixteenth century. This act transformed into a custom, spreading to many countries. However, tipping is observed differently from one country to the other and thus is not homogeneous from a global perspective. The act of tipping is thought to be motivated by various predictors, which were studied and are thought to influence peoples' tipping behaviour. They include gender, income level, religion, nationality, hospitality exposure, alcohol consumption and the weather conditions of the day. The study applied a cross-sectional survey design and was carried out in Kenya during from December 2019 to February 2020 in eight star-rated hotels. A questionnaire was applied in this study. The study has results showing that data is distributed close to the mean values. Further, the study results show that the independent variable explains 78.4% of the variability in the tipping practice. Thus the variable of "Patronage frequency" gave the strongest significant and unique contribution in explaining the dependent variable (B = 0.515, Sig. = 0.000, t = 15.363). However, religion gave the weakest unique and non-significant contribution (B = 0.013, Sig. = 0.770, t = 0.293). For hotel restaurants to achieve high levels of tipping, there is a need to adjust these predictors depending on the effect of each on the outcome variable. Thus, the study established a significant relationship between the determinants of tipping and the tipping practices in the sampled star-rated hotels in Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]