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NGC 6822 is a nearby (∼490 kpc) non-interacting low-metallicity (0.2 Z ⊙) dwarf galaxy which hosts several prominent H  ii regions, including sites of highly embedded active star formation. In this work, we present an imaging survey of NGC 6822 conducted with the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) onboard JWST. We describe the data reduction, source extraction, and stellar population identifications from combined near- and mid-infrared (IR) photometry. Our NIRCam observations reach 7 mag deeper than previous JHKs surveys of this galaxy, which were sensitive to just below the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB). These JWST observations thus reveal for the first time in the near-IR the red clump stellar population and extend nearly 3 mag deeper. In the mid-IR, we observe roughly 2 mag below the TRGB with the MIRI F 770 W and F 1000 W filters. With these improvements in sensitivity, we produce a catalogue of ∼900 000 point sources over an area of ∼6.0 × 4.3 arcmin2. We present several NIRCam and MIRI colour–magnitude diagrams and discuss which colour combinations provide useful separations of various stellar populations to aid in future JWST observation planning. Finally, we find populations of carbon- and oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch stars which will assist in improving our understanding of dust production in low-metallicity, early Universe analogue galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is a keystone species endemic to the Coastal Plain ecoregion of the southeastern United States. Gopher Tortoises excavate extensive burrows that are used by over 60 vertebrate and 300 invertebrate species. Our understanding of burrow commensals has generally been limited to Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) savanna and xeric uplands and shrublands, excluding private, working pine (Pinus spp.) forests that are known to harbor tortoise populations. Therefore, we used passive infrared wildlife cameras to document vertebrate burrow commensals and evaluate differences in composition across burrow classifications (i.e., abandoned, active, and inactive) within a private, working Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) forest located in the Upper Coastal Plain ecoregion of Georgia, USA. Our study showed that the composition of vertebrate commensals did not differ across abandoned, active, or inactive tortoise burrows, indicating that burrows, regardless of classification, may provide a similar suite of resources (e.g., refugia, forage) to vertebrate commensals. Also, we observed numerous species using burrows that typically occur in other landscapes with known tortoise populations (e.g., Longleaf Pine savannah). We encourage continued monitoring of tortoise burrows and other potential refugia within working forests to better understand how these structures contribute to species abundance and persistence within these forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of portable navigation systems (PNS) in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has become increasingly prevalent, with second-generation PNS (sPNS) demonstrating superior accuracy in the lateral decubitus position compared to first-generation PNS. However, few studies have compared different types of sPNS. This study retrospectively compares the accuracy and clinical outcomes of two different types of sPNS instruments in patients undergoing THA. Methods: A total of 158 eligible patients who underwent THA at a single institution between 2019 and 2022 were enrolled in the study, including 89 who used an accelerometer-based PNS with handheld infrared stereo cameras in the Naviswiss group (group N) and 69 who used an augmented reality (AR)-based PNS in the AR-Hip group (group A). Accuracy error, navigation error, clinical outcomes, and preparation time were compared between the two groups. Results: Accuracy errors for Inclination were comparable between group N (3.5° ± 3.0°) and group A (3.5° ± 3.1°) (p = 0.92). Accuracy errors for anteversion were comparable between group N (4.1° ± 3.1°) and group A (4.5° ± 4.0°) (p = 0.57). The navigation errors for inclination (group N: 2.9° ± 2.7°, group A: 3.0° ± 3.2°) and anteversion (group N: 4.3° ± 3.5°, group A: 4.3° ± 4.1°) were comparable between the groups (p = 0.86 and 0.94, respectively). The preparation time was shorter in group A than in group N (p = 0.036). There were no significant differences in operative time (p = 0.255), intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.387), or complications (p = 0.248) between the two groups. Conclusion: An Accelerometer-based PNS using handheld infrared stereo cameras and AR-based PNS provide similar accuracy during THA in the lateral decubitus position, with a mean error of 3°–4° for both inclination and anteversion, though the AR-based PNS required a shorter preparation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key challenges in Multi-Spectral Automatic Diagnostic (MAD) robot design is the precise targeting of narrow-angle cameras on a specific part of the equipment. The paper shows that a low-cost MAD robot, whose navigation system is based on open-source ArduRover firmware and a pair of low-cost Ublox F9P GNSS receivers, can inspect the 8 × 4 degree ultraviolet camera bounding the targeting error within 0.5 degrees. To achieve this result, we propose a new targeting procedure that can be implemented without any modifications in ArduRover firmware and outperforms more expensive solutions based on LiDAR SLAM and UWB. This paper will be interesting to the developers of robotic systems for power equipment inspection because it proposes a simple and effective solution for MAD robots' camera targeting and provides the first quantitative analysis of the GNSS reception conditions during power equipment inspection. This analysis is based on the experimental results collected during the inspection of the overhead power transmission lines and equipment inspections on the open switchgear of different power plants. Moreover, it includes not only satellite, dilution of precision, and positioning/heading estimation accuracy but also the direct measurements of angular errors that could be achieved on operating power plants using GNSS-only camera targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow-burn propellants are crucial for aerospace advancement. This study focuses on the development of slow-burn propellants by replacing a small amount of AP (3–9 %) with various amine-based burning rate suppressants (BRSs). The consistency between thermal analysis and combustion test results indicates a direct link between the main exothermic decomposition process and combustion performance, with changes in onset temperature positively correlated with decreases in combustion parameters. Upon adding 3 % oxamide, the onset temperature of the main decomposition peak in DSC shifted backward by 16.2 °C, significantly higher than the formulations containing ammonium sulfate at 2.6 °C and ammonium oxalate at −0.8 °C. As the content of oxamide further increased from 3 to 9 %, the ignition delay time increased simultaneously by 0.300–1.638 s, atmospheric burning rate decreased by 14.01–45.45 %. These values represent the maximum among formulations with the same content of the BRSs, mainly attributed to its higher heat absorption capacity. • The onset temperature shift of the high-temperature decomposition peak, as the primary energy release phase, is positively correlated with the extent of combustion performance decline. • The introduction of three types of amine-based burning rate suppressants does not affect the light-absorbing properties of the propellants, but significantly influences the ignition behavior. • Infrared cameras have verified that certain particles of ammonium sulfate exit the burning surface alongside the gas before complete decomposition, resulting in a diminished effect on the reduction of the burning rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the ocular effects of exposure to a low‐humidity environment with and without contact lens (CL) wear using various non‐invasive tests. Methods: Fourteen habitual soft CL wearers were exposed to controlled low humidity (5% relative humidity [RH]) in an environmental chamber for 90 min on two separate occasions. First, when wearing their habitual spectacles and then, on a separate visit, when wearing silicone hydrogel CLs that were fitted specifically for this purpose. All participants had adapted to the new CL prior to data collection. Three non‐invasive objective measurements were taken at each visit: blinking rate, objective ocular scatter (measured using the objective scatter index) and ocular surface cooling rate (measured using a long‐wave infrared thermal camera). At each visit, measurements were taken before the exposure in comfortable environmental conditions (RH: 45%), and after exposure to environmental stress (low humidity, RH: 5%). Results: CL wearers showed increased blinking rate (p < 0.005) and ocular scatter (p = 0.03) but similar cooling rate of the ocular surface (p = 0.08) when compared with spectacle wear in comfortable environmental conditions. The exposure to low humidity increased the blinking rate significantly with both types of corrections (p = 0.01). Interestingly, ocular scatter (p = 0.96) and cooling rate (p = 0.73) were not significantly different before and after exposure to low humidity. There were no significant two‐way interactions between correction and exposure in any of the measurements. Conclusions: CLs significantly increased the blinking rate, which prevented a quick degradation of the tear film integrity as it was refreshed more regularly. It is hypothesised that the increased blinking rate in CL wearers aids in maintaining ocular scatter quality and cooling rate when exposed to a low‐humidity environment. These results highlight the importance of blinking in maintaining tear film stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Artificial incubation is essential in the development of poultry production, since it represents the beginning of the production process and the key point in avoiding problems in post-hatching chicks. Humidity and air temperature during the incubation period are essential elements for good embryonic development. Lighting is one of the main environmental elements in control of several physiological and behavioral processes of birds; therefore, it allows the establishment of rhythmicity, the synchronization of several indispensable functions of their body and the stimulation of secretion of several hormones related to growth, maturation and reproduction of birds. LED lamps can produce lights that change color, intensity and distribution, providing an environment closer to the natural one for birds, as it ensures better expression of their behavior. The use of artificial lighting during the incubation phase is a tool that has been studied with the aim of increasing the production rates and hatchability. Using this, this study aims to investigate the effects of the luminous incidence of white and red monochromatic light on the production and metabolism of broiler chicks subjected to low temperatures. A total of 315 eggs of Ross 708 heavy breeders were used. The eggs were distributed randomly, with 35 eggs per tray, totaling 105 eggs per incubator. The treatments were the following: incubation without the use of light; the use of white monochromatic light; and the use of red monochromatic light. The lamps used were of the LED type. The samples were distributed in the factorial completely randomized experimental design with position effect on the tray. Candling, egg weighing, calculating the probability of survival and egg weight loss were performed. Temperatures were recorded using a thermographic camera. At birth, three chicks per tray were euthanized for evaluation: weight with and without yolk residue, gastrointestinal tract biometry, and blood and liver biochemistry. Analyses were performed using the R computational program. It was observed that there was a significant effect of the treatments on the levels of calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, amylase, glucose, urea and glutamate pyruvate transaminase on the biochemical profile of the blood and on the thermographic temperatures of the eggs; the experiment was kept at low temperatures resulting in thermal stress, with an average temperature of 34.5 °C. Therefore, the use of red and white monochromatic light in the artificial incubation process for brown-colored eggs is not recommended, because in the post-hatching phase, it promoted the metabolism dysregulation on the blood biochemical profile to control the differentiation in the wavelength of traditional incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measure of temperature dynamics in induction sealing processes is of paramount importance for the validation of physics-based models. In this work, commonly used commercial tools for temperature measurements, such as thermocouples, pyrometers and thermal cameras, are benchmarked for the characterization of the temperature dynamics occurring in multilayer aluminum foil-based packaging material undergoing relatively fast (i.e., ×100 ms) induction heating transients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the extensive application of infrared object detectors in the safety-critical tasks, it is necessary to evaluate their robustness against adversarial examples in the real world. However, current few physical infrared attacks are complicated to implement in practical application because of their complex transformation from the digital world to physical world. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a physically feasible infrared attack method called "infrared adversarial patches". Considering the imaging mechanism of infrared cameras by capturing objects' thermal radiation, infrared adversarial patches conduct attacks by attaching a patch of thermal insulation materials on the target object to manipulate its thermal distribution. To enhance adversarial attacks, we present a novel aggregation regularization to guide the simultaneous learning for the patch's shape and location on the target object. Thus, a simple gradient-based optimization can be adapted to solve for them. We verify infrared adversarial patches in different object detection tasks with various object detectors. Experimental results show that our method achieves more than 90% Attack Success Rate (ASR) versus the pedestrian detector and vehicle detector in the physical environment, where the objects are captured in different angles, distances, postures, and scenes. More importantly, infrared adversarial patch is easy to implement, and it only needs 0.5 h to be manufactured in the physical world, which verifies its effectiveness and efficiency. Another advantage of our infrared adversarial patches is the ability to extend to attack the visible object detector in the physical world. As a consequence, we can simultaneously perform the infrared and visible physical attacks by a unified adversarial patch, which shows the good generalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has increased in the last decade, using these technologies for many different topics, such as infrastructure inspection or biodiversity monitoring. The main advantages of these systems are its reduced cost and its ability to navigate on hard-accessible areas, what makes it possible to acquire aerial data with a reduced cost. The new technological developments and the progress in the definition of the regulations applicable to these vehicles have allowed the first BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) operations to begin to be carried out at a professional level, which has meant a great advance for the UAV sector. In this field, Telespazio Ibérica SLU is leading a project called GEOSUB, which objective is the development of a UAV integral solution for biodiversity monitoring. The project has two main parts. The first one is the evolution and improvement of a fixed-wing and multicopter UAV, equipped with four different sensors: RGB camera, multispectral camera, thermographic camera, and a LiDAR sensor. The second part focused on the development of a geoinformation processing platform for both the mission planification and monitoring, and the data processing to obtain the final product. This work presents the preliminary results of the project and goes in depth with the developments made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dots have been rapidly developed in the display field, especially as photoluminescent color conversion layers. At the same time, quantum dots have also made increasing research progress in the detection field. We reported a short‐wave infrared sensor based on colloidal quantum dot technology. The photosensitive layer of the sensor uses HgTe colloidal quantum dot material. The detection band is 0.9~1.7um, the resolution is 1280*1024, and the pixel pitch is 15um. Colloidal quantum dot short‐wave infrared sensors get rid of the limitations of the indium pillar flip‐chip bonding process of traditional indium gallium arsenide CMOS short‐wave infrared focal plane sensors. The preparation process is simple, the yield is higher, and the cost is low. Based on the colloidal quantum dot shortwave infrared sensor, we implemented a shortwave infrared camera and characterized its performance parameters, and then we successfully captured shortwave infrared images through the shortwave infrared camera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-assisted automated tape placement systems are currently the state of the art regarding thermoplastic tape placement. Flashlamp heating systems are rather new in this field of application and offer high energy density with low safety requirements and moderate costs compared to laser-assisted automated tape placement systems. In this study, the effect of processing parameters on interlaminar bonding of carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 tapes is investigated using a flashlamp heating system. The temperature during placement is monitored using an infrared camera, and the bonding strength is characterized by a wedge peel test. The bonding quality of the tapes placed between 210 °C and 330 °C at a lay-up speed of 50 mm/s is investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and micrographs are used to investigate the material properties and effects of the processing conditions on the thermophysical properties and geometric properties of the tape. No significant changes in the thermophysical or geometric properties were found. Moisture within the tapes and staining of the quartz guides of the flashlamp system have significant influence on the bonding strength. The highest wedge peel strength of dried tapes was found at around 330 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents experimental and numerical studies of heat transfer during cooling fluid flow in a group of five minichannels 1 mm deep. The main purpose was to determine the heat transfer coefficient on the contact surface between the fluid and the heated wall of the selected minichannel at subcooled boiling. The temperature distribution on the outer surface of the heated plate was measured by means of an infrared camera. Thermal and flow parameters were monitored by an appropriate data-acquisition system. The test section was placed horizontally with fluid flowing above the heated wall. The HFE-649, HFE-7100 and HFE-7200 working fluids were examined in the experiments. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software was used for numerical analysis of heat transfer in the test section. Furthermore, a simplified two-dimensional (2D) model was proposed that designates subcooled boiling heat transfer during fluid flow in a central minichannel. The heat-transfer process in the heated plate and the working fluid was described using indicated partial differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions. The solution to the proposed system of equations led to the solving of two more inverse Cauchy-type problems. The classical Trefftz method (TM) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) combined with the TM allowed for obtaining temperature distributions in the heater and the fluid and consequently, the heat transfer coefficient at the heater–fluid interface from the Robin boundary condition. Comparison of the results from numerical simulation due to Simcenter STAR-CCM+ showed similar temperature distributions at the heated surface. The calculated heat transfer coefficients, by HPM and Simcenter STAR-CCM+, were validated using the 1D approach. Furthermore, the results from simulations in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ in the form of local temperatures of the heater were confronted with experimental data for comparison. Similar results were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study employs the finite element (FE) method to analyze the Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) process of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The numerical modeling of pressure-assisted warm forming of Ti-6Al-4V sheets with combined oil-heating and friction stir rotation-assisted heating of the workpiece is presented in this article. The thermo-mechanical FE-based numerical model took into account the characteristics of the mechanical properties of the sheet along with the temperature. The experimental conditions were replicated in FEM simulations conducted in Abaqus/Explicit, which incorporated boundary conditions and evaluated various mesh sizes for enhanced accuracy and efficiency. The simulation outcomes were compared with actual experimental results to validate the FE-based model's predictive capacity. The maximum temperature of the tool measured using infrared camera was approximately 326 °C. Different mesh sizes were considered. The results of FEM modeling were experimentally validated based on axial forming force and thickness distribution measured using the ARGUS optical measuring system for non-contact acquisition of deformations. The greatest agreement between FEM results and the experimental result of the axial component of forming force was obtained for finite elements with a size of 1 mm. The maximum values of the axial component of forming force determined experimentally and numerically differ by approximately 8%. The variations of the forming force components and thickness distribution predicted by FEM are in good agreement with experimental measurements. The numerical model overestimated the wall thickness with an error of approximately 5%. By focusing on the heating techniques applied to Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet, this comparative analysis underlines the adaptability and precision of numerical analysis applied in modeling advanced manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When optimizing the micro geometry in the development process of a gear set, the deflection behavior under load situations is important to predict the realistic component life span and acoustic behavior. Most common experimental deflection tests are extraordinarily complex and need special preparation of the whole drive unit to be able to measure the deflection precisely. On the other hand, purely simulation approaches need to be validated because the models are getting extensive through many boundary conditions between the different components of the drive unit. To address these challenges, this paper presents a method for measuring the deflection of hypoid gear sets by an evaluation of thermographic contact pattern. This method is based on measuring the contact pattern via a thermographic camera and transferring the optical information of the images into objective parameters to describe the properties of the contact pattern such as position, size and inner temperature. Through experimental study the influence of different load and rotation speed combination on the contact pattern are investigated. With increasing load, the size and the inner temperature of the contact pattern rise and a deflection to the heel is detected for drive and coast flank. Using a linear approach, the load and contact pattern parameters are showing a high correlation (R2 > 0.9) coefficient. Although a higher rotational speed did not show any influence on the positioning of the contact pattern, an increased temperature leads to an enlargement contact pattern size. This is considered as disruptive effect which can be compensated by optimizing segmentation threshold in the image processing. As part of the publication, the experimental results are compared to a loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) conducted with the software BECAL. After optimizing the deflection for LTCA, the results in the different loading points are showing a high agreement in a direct comparison.

The article compares the efficacy of a pulsed thulium YAG laser with a holmium YAG laser for dusting lithotripsy in an in vitro analysis using an optical motion capture system. The study found that the pulsed thulium YAG laser system showed advantages over the pulse-modulated holmium YAG laser system in terms of operative time, laser emission time, total laser energy, and endoscope working distance. However, further clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings, especially in patients with harder and larger stones. [Extracted from the article]

Spatial accuracy in electrophysiological investigations is paramount, as precise localization and reliable access to specific brain regions help the advancement of our understanding of the brain's complex neural activity. Here, we introduce a novel, multi camera-based, frameless neuronavigation technique for precise, 3-dimensional electrode positioning in awake monkeys. The investigation of neural functions in awake primates often requires stable access to the brain with thin and delicate recording electrodes. This is usually realized by implanting a chronic recording chamber onto the skull of the animal that allows direct access to the dura. Most recording and positioning techniques utilize this implanted recording chamber as a holder of the microdrive or to hold a grid. This in turn reduces the degrees of freedom in positioning. To solve this problem, we require innovative, flexible, but precise tools for neuronal recordings. We instead mount the electrode microdrive above the animal on an arch, equipped with a series of translational and rotational micromanipulators, allowing movements in all axes. Here, the positioning is controlled by infrared cameras tracking the location of the microdrive and the monkey, allowing precise and flexible trajectories. To verify the accuracy of this technique, we created iron deposits in the tissue that could be detected by MRI. Our results demonstrate a remarkable precision with the confirmed physical location of these deposits averaging less than 0.5 mm from their planned position. Pilot electrophysiological recordings additionally demonstrate the accuracy and flexibility of this method. Our innovative approach could significantly enhance the accuracy and flexibility of neural recordings, potentially catalyzing further advancements in neuroscientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a far-ultraviolet (FUV) study of 16 star-forming dwarf galaxies (SFDGs) using the Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope. Morphologically, SFDGs are classified as dwarf spirals, dwarf irregulars, and blue compact dwarfs (BCDs). We extracted the star-forming complexes (SFCs) from the sample galaxies, derived their sizes, and estimated the FUV + 24 μ m star-formation rates (SFRs). We also determined the approximate stellar disc mass associated with the SFCs using Infrared Array Camera 3.6 micron images. We derived the specific SFRs (sSFRs), as well as the SFR densities [Σ(SFR)] for the SFCs. We find that the lower Σ(SFR) for each type is different, with the dwarf irregulars having the lowest Σ(SFR) compared with others. However, the median size of the SFCs in the dwarf irregulars is the largest compared with the other two types when compared at roughly the same distance. We have derived the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) on the scale of SFCs for all three classes of SFDGs. We find that although all SFDGs approximately follow the global SFMS relation, i.e. SFR ∝ M *α (where globally α ≈ 1 for low-surface brightness galaxies and 0.9 for SFDGs), on the scale of SFCs the α value for each type is different. The α values for dwarf spirals, dwarf irregulars, and BCDs are found to be 0.74 ± 0.13, 0.87 ± 0.16, and 0.80 ± 0.19, respectively. However, the age of all SFCs approximately corresponds to 1 Gyr. Finally, we find that the outer SFCs in most galaxies except BCDs have a high sSFR, supporting the inside-out model of galaxy growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a multi-nozzle hydrogen burner based on the micromix combustion principle (MCP) and designed to operate under atmospheric pressure and without preheated air was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Previous investigations regarding this type of burner have shown low NO x emissions and no risk of flashback, which are the two main issues when burning pure hydrogen. Numerical models were calculated based on a CFD code, and the burner performance was assessed under various operating conditions, including thermal powers between 5 and 25 kW and excess air ratio between 1.3 and 2. The importance of turbulence-chemistry interaction modelling and differential diffusion effects, particularly for highly diffusive flames such as hydrogen, has been widely addressed. All numerical results were validated with experimental results from a laboratory-scale burner using thermocouple measurements, including the corresponding radiative corrections. An infrared camera was used to detect and study the flame shape under various operating conditions. The turn-down of the multi-nozzle hydrogen burner was extensively analysed, focusing on the penetration depth or, equivalently, the momentum flux ratio as a highly sensitive design parameter. Low Reynolds number flames were also considered, demonstrating a collapse of the MPC under these conditions. These conclusions emphasize the relevance of this parameter in determining the optimal operating conditions and guiding the redesign process. Likewise, the investigation of deviations from optimal settings emphasizes potential applications of this burner design in industrial processes. • Design and characterization of a hydrogen multi-nozzle micromix burner. • Thermography diagnosis of the flame stability: flame merging, shape, size and buoyancy phenomena. • NOx emission assessment for industrial potential application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent objects are encountered frequently in our daily lives, yet recognizing them poses challenges for conventional vision sensors due to their unique material properties, not being well perceived from RGB or depth cameras. Overcoming this limitation, thermal infrared cameras have emerged as a solution, offering improved visibility and shape information for transparent objects. In this paper, we present TRansPose, the first large-scale multispectral dataset that combines stereo RGB-D, thermal infrared (TIR) images, and object poses to promote transparent object research. The dataset includes 99 transparent objects, encompassing 43 household items, 27 recyclable trashes, 29 chemical laboratory equivalents, and 12 non-transparent objects. It comprises a vast collection of 333,819 images and 4,000,056 annotations, providing instance-level segmentation masks, ground-truth poses, and completed depth information. The data was acquired using an FLIR A65 thermal infrared camera, two Intel RealSense L515 RGB-D cameras, and a Franka Emika Panda robot manipulator. Spanning 87 sequences, TRansPose covers various challenging real-life scenarios, including objects filled with water, diverse lighting conditions, heavy clutter, non-transparent or translucent containers, objects in plastic bags, and multi-stacked objects. Supplementary material can be accessed from the following link: https://sites.google.com/view/transpose-dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground‐dwelling invertebrates are vital for soil biodiversity and function maintenance. Contemporary biodiversity assessment necessitates novel and automatic monitoring methods because of the threat of sharp reductions in soil biodiversity in farmlands worldwide. Using infrared camera traps (ICTs) is an effective method for assessing richness and abundance of ground‐dwelling invertebrates. However, the influence that the shooting area of ICTs has on the diversity of ground‐dwelling invertebrates has not been strongly considered during survey design. In this study, data from six ICTs with two shooting areas (A1, 38.48 cm2; A2, 400 cm2) were used to investigate ground‐dwelling invertebrates in a farm in a city on the Eastern Coast of China from 20: 00 on July 31 to 00:00 on September 29, 2022. Over the course of 59 days and 1420 h, invertebrates within 9 taxa, 2447 individuals, and 112,909 ind./m2 were observed from 222,912 images. Our results show that ICTs with relatively large shooting areas recorded relatively high taxonomic richness and abundance of total ground‐dwelling invertebrates, relatively high abundance of the dominant taxon, and relatively high daily and hourly abundance of most taxa. The shooting areas of ICTs significantly affected the recorded taxonomic richness and abundance of ground‐dwelling invertebrates throughout the experimental period and at fine temporal resolutions. Overall, these results suggest that the shooting areas of ICTs should be considered when designing experiments, and ICTs with relatively large shooting areas are more favorable for monitoring the diversity of ground‐dwelling invertebrates. This study further provides an automatic tool and high‐quality data for biodiversity monitoring and protection in farmlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of pulsating jet on the unsteady film cooling performance was studied by experimental and numerical simulation. The FLIR thermal infrared thermal camera was used the measure the adiabatic temperature of the surface. The large eddy simulation was conducted for analyzing the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness at four different jet non-dimensionalized pulsated frequency of St = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. The analysis of the dynamic model decomposition of both the velocity and temperature fields obtained by numerical calculation was performed to obtain the coupling relationship between the flow and heat transfer. Results show that the cooling effectiveness of steady film cooling (St = 0) decreases with the increase of blowing ratio. At low blowing ratio (M = 0.65), the cooling efficiency of the pulsating jet is significantly lower than the steady-state jet. At the blowing ratio of 1.0 and 1.5, the cooling efficiency of the low frequency pulsating jet (St = 0.1) is a little higher than the steady-state jet, indicating that the low frequency pulsation under the high blowing ratio can improve the coverage of the cooling air. At high pulsating frequency (St = 0.3), the cooling effectiveness is obviously declined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there’s a lack of combustion visualization in the combustion control of heating boilers. To understand the combustion of coal in the furnace, only experienced workers can observe it through visual inspection. Using infrared thermal imaging technology to monitor the combustion can realize combustion visualization. This paper analyzed and solved two problems: the installation position and number of infrared cameras, and the infeasible of using infrared cameras observing the combustion condition in the furnace through heat-resistant glass. Monitored parameters such as oxygen content, furnace temperature and smoke exhaust temperature, and monitored the concentration of PM, NOx, and SO2 in the main atmospheric pollutants in the flue gas. After calculation, the air leakage coefficient when the inspection doors are opened for observation is 0.04. This value still includes the sum of air leakage from coal hopper, furnace door, grate side seal, peep holes and other parts. The monitored average emission concentration of PM decreased by 16.28%, from which we can concluded that the use of thermal imaging technology to monitor the combustion in the furnace is conducive to emission reduction. The application of thermal imaging technology implementation of coalfired boiler combustion visualization is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here is described an instrument for ammonia determination utilizing near-infrared laser absorption suitable for high-temperature applications. The laser wavelength is scanned across the ammonia absorption line at 1.512 µm and wavelength-modulation spectroscopy is simultaneously performed to provide robust and accurate measurements. The thermal effects and beam-steering effects are highlighted in the design. An aluminum baffle is employed to alleviate the adverse impact of elevated temperature on the electronic components and evaluated by an infrared thermographic camera. The beam-steering effects were quantitatively assessed through a combination of two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics and ray tracing analysis. Reference standards from 1 to 20 ppm ammonia were used to verify the system performance. The determined ammonia concentrations exhibit good consistency with the reference values, as demonstrated by a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.999. Furthermore, a detection limit of 0.02 ppm was achieved using an integration time of 60 s. Pprecision of 0.11 ppm was achieved using 1 s time resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing effective camera trajectories in virtual 3D environments is a challenging task even for experienced animators. Despite an elaborate film grammar, forged through years of experience, that enables the specification of camera motions through cinematographic properties (framing, shots sizes, angles, motions), there are endless possibilities in deciding how to place and move cameras with characters. Dealing with these possibilities is part of the complexity of the problem. While numerous techniques have been proposed in the literature (optimization‐based solving, encoding of empirical rules, learning from real examples,...), the results either lack variety or ease of control. In this paper, we propose a cinematographic camera diffusion model using a transformer‐based architecture to handle temporality and exploit the stochasticity of diffusion models to generate diverse and qualitative trajectories conditioned by high‐level textual descriptions. We extend the work by integrating keyframing constraints and the ability to blend naturally between motions using latent interpolation, in a way to augment the degree of control of the designers. We demonstrate the strengths of this text‐to‐camera motion approach through qualitative and quantitative experiments and gather feedback from professional artists. The code and data are available at https://github.com/jianghd1996/Camera-control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes Thermal Infrared (TIR) imaging technology to detect hotspots in photovoltaic (PV) modules of solar power plants. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based TIR imagery is crucial for efficiently analyzing fault detection in solar power plants. This research explores optimal operational parameters for generating high-quality TIR images using UAV technology. In addition to existing variables such as humidity, emissivity, height, wind speed, irradiance, and ambient temperature, newly considered variables including the angle of incidence between the target object and the thermal infrared camera are analyzed for their impact on TIR images. Based on the solar power plant's tilt (20°) and the location coordinate data of the hotspot modules, the inner and outer products of the vectors were used to obtain the normal vector and angle of incidence of the solar power plant. It was discovered that the difference between measured TIR temperature data and Land Surface Temperature (LST) data varies with changes in the angle of incidence. The analysis presented in this study was conducted using multiple regression analysis to explore the relationships between dependent and independent variables. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model employed was able to explain 63.6% of the variability in the dependent variable. Further, the use of the Condition Number (Cond. No.) and the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) revealed that the multicollinearity among all variables was below 10, ensuring that the independence among variables was well-preserved while maintaining statistically significant correlations. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed with the actual measured temperature values, while a negative correlation was observed between the TIR image data values and the angle of incidence. Moreover, it was found that an angle of incidence between 15° and 20° yields the closest similarity to LST temperature data. In conclusion, our research emphasizes the importance of adjusting the angle of incidence to 15–20° to enhance the accuracy of TIR imaging by mitigating overestimated TIR temperature values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the fire safety distance of the multiple pool fires is essential to model, manage, and mitigate the fire hazardous scenarios to safeguard the surrounding people, buildings and equipment. In this work, experiments are performed on 0.1 m gasoline double pool fires to calculate the fire safety distances using an infrared imaging technique. The distance (S/D) between the two pool is varied from 0 to 1. The irradiance from the two pools is calculated using the two-dimensional temperature field obtained by an IR camera. The calculated irradiance along the flame axial direction and on the ground is presented in a contour format. The safety distances are also represented as a function of their respective flame lengths. Two threshold heat fluxes: (I) 1.4 kW/m2 and (II) 4.7 kW/m2 which are required for human safety are emphasised in the contour plots for all the configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various pipe production procedures, including the construction of seamless pipes using a shaft with the conical tip in the oil industry, require data on the circumferential strain and stress state of the pipe. A method for measuring the displacement, strain and stress behavior of a pipe ring tensile specimen (PRTS) in the hoop direction is what this study's goal was to develop, as there was a lack of a standardized testing process. For the study, five single S235JRH steel PRTS were tested. In the paper, it is presented how to test S235JRH steel PRTS using a Digital Image Correlation method, Thermal Imaging camera, and 3D scanner. A specially designed steel tool with two D blocks was developed for testing steel PRTS. The strain progression was documented using the 3D Digital Image Correlation method. Using a thermographic camera, an attempt was made to analyze the change in the temperature field of the PRTS during the test. All the specimens were subjected to 3D scanning to verify the cross-sectional geometry of the PRTS after a fracture. Fractures of all Single PRTS occurred in the break zone and almost identical places. The deviation value for the Experimental Ultimate strength value (true stress value) higher than the theoretical Ultimate strength value. Deviation value for the Experimental 0.2% Offset Yield Strength value is higher than the theoretical value. The results of the analysis of cross-sectional dimensions revealed a more significant variation in the thickness of the PRTS compared to its width. A potential area of literature review is the application of a high-resolution thermal imaging camera and the analysis of the stress state of the material using it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice nucleation particles play a crucial role in atmospheric processes; for example, they can trigger ice formation in clouds and thus influence their lifetime and optical properties. The quantification and characterization of these particles require reliable and precise measurement techniques. In this publication, we present a novel droplet freezing instrument to measure the immersion freezing of biotic and abiotic ice-nucleating particles within the temperature range of 0 to - 25 °C. Immersion freezing of the samples is investigated using 384-well PCR plates with a sample volume of 30 µL. Nucleation events are detected with high precision using a thermal camera that records the increase in infrared emission due to the latent heat release. To maximize the thermal contact between the PCR plate and the surrounding cooling unit, we use a gallium bath as a mount for the PCR plate. The instrument was validated relative to a calibrated temperature standard and through reproducibility measurements employing the same suspension. We find that the combination of good thermal connectivity and precise temperature recording enables accurate (± 0.81 °C at - 10 °C) and reproducible (± 0.20 °C) detection of the nucleation temperatures. Consequently, the results that are produced using the MICROtiter-Plate-based instrument for Ice Nucleation detection in GalliUm with an INfrared camera (micro-PINGUIN) are of good quality and the instrument can be used to study the immersion freezing of various ice-nucleating particles. For comparison with already existing instruments, Snomax® (hereafter Snomax) and illite NX suspensions are measured with the new ice nucleation instrument, micro-PINGUIN. Further, we investigated the reproducibility of experiments using Snomax suspensions and found poor reproducibility when suspensions were prepared freshly even if the same batch of Snomax is used. This could be attributed to substrate heterogeneity, aging effects, and dilution errors. The reproducibility of the measurements is greatly improved for Snomax suspensions that are prepared in advance and stored frozen in aliquots. Thus, we suggest the use of suspensions frozen in aliquots for further reproducibility measurements and intercomparison studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to compare rectal temperature (RT) with temperatures measured in the pinna, cornea, medial canthus, gingiva, metacarpal pad and axillary region of cats in a home environment. Animals Studied: Five healthy mixed‐breed cats (two females and three males) owned by a veterinarian were used. Procedures: All temperature measurements were conducted by the owner by using an infrared camera in the same room and initiated with the pinna, followed by the cornea, medial canthus, gingiva and metacarpal pad. Subsequently, axillary temperature (AT) and RT were recorded by a digital thermometer, respectively. The time taken for a single AT and RT measurements was recorded. Results: The average measurement time for RT was 17.34 ± 0.89 s, with a range of 8–32 s, whereas AT measurements took an average of 46.72 ± 1.16 s, with a range of 29–69 s. AT emerged as a superior alternative measurement site compared to others, exhibiting the lowest bias and the highest proportion of readings within the limits of clinical agreement. The mean difference between RT and AT, with 95% limits of agreement for the differences, was −0.26 (−1.13 to 0.61). Conclusions: Anatomical regions were not all interchangeable with the rectum for assessing body temperature (BT), with AT recording the highest level of agreement with RT. When RT is not possible, AT could be considered as an alternative for monitoring BT in clinically healthy cats that live in a home environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An object detection framework using thermal infrared (TIR) cameras is proposed to meet the needs of an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) operating at night‐time and in low‐visibility conditions. The proposed detection framework, referred to as TIR‐YOLO‐ADAS, is an improvement of YOLOX for TIR object detection in ADAS. First, to address the disadvantages of TIR objects, the part of the attention mechanism is designed to enhance the discriminative ability of feature maps in the spatial and channel dimensions. Second, a focal loss function is used as the confidence loss function to enable the framework to focus on detection tasks of difficult, misclassified targets in the process of network training. The results of the ablation experiment on the Forward‐looking infrared (FLIR) thermal ADAS dataset indicate that the proposed framework significantly improves the performance of TIR object detection. Comparative experimental results further show that TIR‐YOLO‐ADAS performs favourably when compared with three representative detection algorithms. To evaluate the practicality and feasibility of the proposed framework in various applications, a qualitative assessment in real road scenarios was conducted. The experimental results confirm that the proposed framework performs promisingly and could be integrated into vehicle platforms as an ADAS module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Abstracts" provides an overview of various applications of thermal imaging in different fields. It discusses the use of vibrational spectroscopy techniques to analyze microplastics and their impact on living organisms, as well as the monitoring of post-exercise recovery in athletes using thermography. The article also explores the application of equine thermography in veterinary medicine and physiotherapy, and the use of thermal imaging of the tongue surface as a screening method for type II diabetes. Additionally, it presents a case study on the use of thermal imaging in assessing the pathophysiology of migraines. The article concludes by discussing the potential of thermal imaging in diagnosing spinal curvatures in children and adolescents, optimizing the pedaling process in cyclists, enhancing breast cancer screening through preliminary cooling, and evaluating thermal effects in aesthetic laser procedures. However, further research is needed to confirm and validate these findings, as the studies mentioned were conducted on small groups of participants. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermal interaction between coaxially fed powder and diode laser, which is extremely complex and difficult to be detected in thermal real-time monitoring by the infrared camera system. In order to analyze the dynamic melting behavior of the powder, a high-speed camera system was established to capture the melting behavior of a single powder coaxially fed into the laser, which can reflect the entire melting process. There is a transition of "solid → solid-liquid two-phase state → liquid state" after a single powder enters the laser, and the duration and thermophysical behavior in different transition stages are not the same. Different states and duration determine distinct heat absorption effects. Based on high-speed camera detection results, the thermophysical behavior in different characteristic stages of the melting process in single powder was studied to develop a mathematical model, which is able to simulate and predict the temperature and state of the powder about to enter the melting pool. The experimental and simulation results show that (1) for a well-tested powder melting process, where the laser power ranges from 100 to 1500 W, the duration of the powder particle's absorption stage is between 4.41 and 18 ms, the duration of the solid-liquid two-phase state is between 0.52 and 2.63 ms, and the duration of the liquid state is between 4.67 and 13.48 ms. (2) The laser power ranges from 100 to 1500 W, and the temperature of the powder particles as they enter the melt pool ranges from 745 to 3200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate medical recordkeeping is important for personal and public health. Conventional forms of on‐patient medical information, such as medical alert bracelets or finger‐markings, may compromise patient privacy because they are readily visible to other people. Here, the development of an invisible, temporary, and easily deployable on‐patient medical recordkeeping system is reported. Information is stored in unique patterns of spatially distributed near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent quantum dots (QDs), which are delivered to the skin using dissolvable microneedle arrays. The patterns are invisible to the naked eye but detectable with an infrared camera, which can extract information with >98% accuracy using automated pattern recognition software. By encapsulating NIR QDs in an FDA‐approved biodegradable polymer, biodegradation rates can be tuned so that the encoded medical information can be conveyed in both a spatial and temporal manner, with some components fading within 100 days and others persisting for 6 months. This may be particularly useful for administering a series of vaccinations or treatments by indicating if enough time has passed for the patient to receive the next dose. Importantly, this system contains no personal information, does not require connection to a centralized database, and is not visible to the naked eye, ensuring patient privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term, automated fish detection provides invaluable data for deep-sea aquaculture, which is crucial for safe and efficient seawater aquafarming. In this paper, we used an infrared camera installed on a deep-sea truss-structure net cage to collect fish images, which were subsequently labeled to establish a fish dataset. Comparison experiments with our dataset based on Faster R-CNN as the basic objection detection framework were conducted to explore how different backbone networks and network improvement modules influenced fish detection performances. Furthermore, we also experimented with the effects of different learning rates, feature extraction layers, and data augmentation strategies. Our results showed that Faster R-CNN with the EfficientNetB0 backbone and FPN module was the most competitive fish detection network for our dataset, since it took a significantly shorter detection time while maintaining a high AP50 value of 0.85, compared to the best AP50 value of 0.86 being achieved by the combination of VGG16 with all improvement modules plus data augmentation. Overall, this work has verified the effectiveness of deep learning-based object detection methods and provided insights into subsequent network improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes molecular and supramolecular concepts for potential application in perovskite solar cells. New air-stable symmetrical imine, with thiadiazole moieties PPL2: (5E,6E)-N2,N5-bis(4-(diphenylamino)benzylidene)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diamine), as a hole-transporting material was synthesised in a single-step reaction, starting with commercially available and relatively inexpensive reagents, resulting in a reduction in the cost of the final product compared to Spiro-OMeTAD. Moreover, camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) in both enantiomeric forms was used to change the HOMO-LUMO levels and electric properties of the investigated imine-forming complexes. Electric, optical, thermal, and structural studies of the imine and its complexes with CSA were carried out to characterise the new material. Imine and imine/CSA complexes were also characterised in depth by the proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1H NMR method. The position of nitrogen in the thidiazole ring influences the basicity of donor centres, which results in protonation in the imine bond. Simple devices of ITO/imine (with or without CSA(−) or CSA(+))/Ag/ITO architecture were constructed, and a thermographic camera was used to find the defects in the created devices. Electric behaviour was also studied to demonstrate conductivity properties under the forward current. Finally, the electrical properties of imine and its protonated form with CSA were compared with Spiro-OMeTAD. In general, the analysis of thermal images showed a very similar response of the samples to the applied potential in terms of the homogeneity of the formed organic layer. The TGA analysis showed that the investigated imine exhibits good thermal stability in air and argon atmospheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first results of a ground-based imaging experiment using a shortwave infrared spectral camera to quantify carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from a coal-fired power plant in Mannheim, Germany. The power plant emits more than 4.9 Mt CO 2 yr -1 and is a validation opportunity for the emission estimation technique. The camera is a hyperspectral imaging spectrometer that covers the spectral range from 900 to 2500 nm with a spectral resolution of 7 nm. We identify CO 2 enhancements from hourly averaged images using an iterative matched filter retrieval using the 2000 nm absorption band of CO 2. We present 11 plume images from 5 d in 2021 and 2022 covering a variety of ambient conditions. We design a forward model based on a three-dimensional, bent-over Gaussian plume rise simulation and compare our observed emission plumes with the forward model. The model depends on the parameters ambient wind velocity, wind direction, plume dispersion, and emission rate. We retrieve the emission rate by minimizing the least-squares difference between the measured and the simulated images. We find an overall reasonable agreement between the retrieved and expected emissions for power plant emission rates between 223 and 587 t CO 2 h -1. The retrieved emissions average 84 % of the expected emissions and have a mean relative uncertainty of 24 %. The technique works at wind speeds down to 1.4 m s -1 and can follow diurnal emission dynamics. We also include observations with unfavorable ambient conditions, such as background heterogeneity and acute observation angles. These conditions are shown to produce considerable biases in the retrieved emission rates, yet they can be filtered out reliably in most cases. Thus, this emission estimation technique is a promising tool for independently verifying reported emissions from large point sources and provides complementary information to existing monitoring techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blending of polyolefins (POs), such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), is a growing area of research, particularly for recycling mixed polyolefin (MPO) waste through flotation sorting techniques. However, understanding the thermomechanical behavior of these recycled blends is challenging due to limitations in the existing characterization methods. This paper introduces a combined experimental and numerical method to accurately assess the complex mechanical behavior of high-density PE, PP, and their blends. We conducted detailed thermomechanical analyses using a high-speed stereo digital image correlation (DIC) system paired with an infrared camera to capture temperature variations alongside mechanical stress and strain. This approach allowed us to correct for distortions caused by necking and to derive accurate stress–strain relationships. We also applied a cutting-edge unified semi-crystalline polymer (USCP) model to simplify the analysis, focusing on the effects of strain rate and temperature, including self-heating and thermal softening phenomena. Our results, which closely match experimental observations of stress–strain behavior and temperature changes, offer new insights into the thermomechanical properties of PO blends, which are essential for advancing their practical applications in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the effectiveness of a convolutional neural network (CNN) in classifying infrared images for security scanning. Infrared thermography was explored as a non-invasive security scanner for stand-off and walk-through concealed object detection. Heat generated by human subjects radiates off the clothing surface, allowing detection by an infrared camera. However, infrared lacks in penetration capability compared to longer electromagnetic waves, leading to less obvious visuals on the clothing surface. ResNet-50 was used as the CNN model to automate the classification process of thermal images. The ImageNet database was used to pre-train the model, which was further fine-tuned using infrared images obtained from experiments. Four image pre-processing approaches were explored, i.e., raw infrared image, subject cropped region-of-interest (ROI) image, K-means, and Fuzzy-c clustered images. All these approaches were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve on an internal holdout set, with an area-under-the-curve of 0.8923, 0.9256, 0.9485, and 0.9669 for the raw image, ROI cropped, K-means, and Fuzzy-c models, respectively. The CNN models trained using various image pre-processing approaches suggest that the prediction performance can be improved by the removal of non-decision relevant information and the visual highlighting of features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Monitoring overnight behavior is important in assessing the overall wellbeing of ex-situ elephant populations, with recumbent rest and stereotypy as key indicators of welfare. However, there have been few studies that address the overnight behavior of singly housed male elephants with a history of stereotypy. We conducted an opportunistic case study of the overnight behavior (i.e., rest and stereotypy) of a singly housed geriatric male Asian elephant at the Oklahoma City Zoo to identify his overnight behavioral rhythms in response to physiological (musth) and environmental changes (habitat access, automatic timed feeders) and guide management strategies. Methods: Infrared cameras were utilized to conduct continuous focal-animal sampling of the elephant's behavior between 20:00 and 08:00 in indoor and outdoor habitats. Sampling occurred from January 2023 to October 2023, with a total of 179 overnight observations. Results: The elephant exhibited recumbent rest for 175.66 ± 6.80 (mean ± SE) minutes per night and was engaged in stereotypy for 175.88 ± 9.68 minutes per night. While there was no significant relationship between stereotypy and the sexual state of musth, musth was associated with reduced durations of recumbent rest. Access to both indoor and outdoor habitats was significantly related to decreased stereotypy compared to indoor-only treatments. Recumbent rest occurred most frequently between 02:00 and 05:00, and stereotypic behavior was most common between 06:00 and 08:00. Contrary to our expectations, automatic feeders did not significantly reduce stereotypy. Discussion: The results of this study provide insight into the behavioral patterns of a geriatric male Asian elephant, demonstrating the importance of implementing an animal-centered approach to enhance animal wellbeing. As the zoo-housed Asian elephant population grows and continues to age, this case study emphasizes the importance of developing comprehensive welfare strategies for the elephants in our care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a numerical model of the cake-baking process, including its heat and mass transfer processes and the phase change process of water, using the enthalpy-porosity method. The specific heat and thermal conductivity of the cake dough were measured as functions of temperature using a differential scanning calorimeter and the hot plate method with a probe, respectively, for a numerical evaluation of the variations in the thermo-physical properties of the cake dough. The internal and upper-surface temperatures of the cake were measured using thermocouples and an infrared camera, respectively. The mass loss of the cake was measured to determine its water content fraction. The commercial computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 19.2 was used to develop the numerical model of cake baking. The experimental and numerical model results were compared quantitatively and showed excellent agreement. In general, the temperature in the central region of the cake was lower than the internal temperature close to the cake pan. The upper-surface temperatures of the cake exceeded 100 °C and tended to increase toward the cake edge. The water content initially decreased linearly with time. Finally, the correlation between the upper-surface temperature and brightness of the cake dough was examined to determine the cake-baking performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is an experimental evaluation of a specific heat capacity as a function of plastic strain for thermo-mechanically rolled pipe material, with application of an infrared thermographic camera. The tensile load tests of samples prepared of L485ME (X70M) steel grade were performed with the use of a strength machine. Based on other known material thermophysical properties, the determination of heat source parameters was conducted with the use of an infrared thermography and with an optimization task solution. A linear regression equation describing the specific heat capacity as a function of plastic percentage elongation for L485ME steel grade was determined. The experimental results of the present study showed a linear increase in the specific heat capacity in the range of the analyzed tensile deformation up to 16%. The presented methodology is suitable for assessment of the material specific heat capacity as a function of strain up to the occurrence of the sample narrowing in a direction perpendicular to the tensile force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, intraoperative computed tomography (CT) navigation has become widely used for the insertion of pedicle screws in spinal fusion surgery. However, conventional intraoperative CT navigation may be impaired by infrared interference between the infrared camera and surgical instruments, which can lead to the misplacement of pedicle screws. Recently, a novel intraoperative CT navigation system, NextAR, has been developed. It uses a small infrared camera mounted on surgical instruments within the surgical field. NextAR navigation can minimize the problem of infrared interference and be expected to improve the accuracy of pedicle screw placement. Methods: This study investigated the accuracy of pedicle screw insertion under NextAR navigation in spinal fusion surgery for lumbar degenerative diseases. The accuracy of pedicle screw placement was evaluated in 15 consecutive patients using a CT grading scale. Results: Screw perforation occurred in only 1 of the total 70 screws (1.4%). Specifically, there was one grade 1 perforation within 2 mm, but no perforations larger than 2 mm. There were no reoperations or neurological complications due to screw misplacement. Conclusions: NextAR navigation can provide high accuracy for pedicle screw insertion and help ensure safe spinal fusion surgery for lumbar degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have detected Lyman-alpha (Ly  α) from bright (⁠|$M_{\small UV}\lesssim -21.5$|⁠) galaxies during the early stages of reionization despite the significantly neutral intergalactic medium. To explain these detections, it has been suggested that z > 7 Ly  α emitters (LAEs) inhabit physical Mpc (pMpc)-scale ionized regions powered by overdensities of faint galaxies; however, systematic searches for these overdensities near LAEs have been challenging. Here, we use Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science JWST /Near Infrared Camera imaging to search for large-scale galaxy overdensities near two very ultraviolet (UV)-bright, z  = 8.7 LAEs in the Extended Groth Strip (EGS) field. We colour select 27 z  = 8.4–9.1 candidates, including the one LAE in the footprint (EGSY8p7). From spectral energy distribution models, we infer moderately faint UV luminosities (⁠|$-21.2\lesssim {M_{\small UV}}\lesssim -19.1$|⁠) and stellar masses of M * ≈ 107.5–8.8 M⊙. All are efficient ionizing agents (⁠|$\xi _{\text{ion}}^{*}\approx 10^{25.5-26.0}$| Hz erg−1) and are generally morphologically simple with only one compact (re ≲ 140 to ∼650 pc) star-forming component. 13 candidates lie within 5 arcmin of EGSY8p7, leading to a factor-of-four galaxy overdensity at ≲5 arcmin (∼1.4 projected pMpc at z ∼ 8.7) separations from EGSY8p7. Separations of 10–15 arcmin (∼2.7–4.1 projected pMpc) are consistent with an average field. The spatial distribution of our sample may qualitatively suggest an R ≥ 2 pMpc ionized bubble encompassing both LAEs in EGS, which is theoretically unexpected but may be possible for a galaxy population four times more numerous than the average to create with moderate escape fractions (f esc ≳ 0.15) over long times (≳ 200 Myr). Upcoming spectroscopic follow-up will characterize the size of any ionized bubble that may exist and the properties of the galaxies powering such a bubble. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse Detonation Engine has been a point of interest in the propulsion industry for some time and the interest has been rising due to its better output and results. But any system can perform its task efficiently based on the efficiency of its control system. In this paper we have presented a comparative study between multiple control systems- one based on Bluetooth technology, the other based on infrared sensor technology and one based on wired electrical system. For the wireless system, the signal received from either of the media is passed to the various sensors and systems connected through an Arduino board that further controls the solenoid valves and ignition system. Primarily, a control system circuit is developed using Arduino board and different sensors to connect the fuel supply and ignition system. In the next stage, Bluetooth sensors are connected using an android app and then an infrared sensor based system is integrated with the Arduino to control the engine and the performance of the two systems are compared. Whereas for wired system, every sub system is controlled through optical wires including the solenoid valves, the injection system and the sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mid‐infrared spectroscopy is often used to identify material. Thousands of spectral points are measured in a time‐consuming process using expensive table‐top instrument. However, material identification is a sparse problem, which in theory can be solved with just a few measurements. Here the sparsity of the problem is exploited to develop an ultra‐fast, portable, and inexpensive method to identify materials. In a single‐shot, a mid‐infrared camera can identify materials based on their spectroscopic signatures. This method does not require prior calibration, making it robust and versatile in handling a broad range of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]