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Diplôme : Dr. Ing.; Mayotte, petite île française de l’Océan Indien, est engagée dans un processus conséquent de mise aux normes juridiques, économiques et sociales dans l’objectif d’obtenir le statut de Département. Ce processus a engendré la formation d’un environnement institutionnel pluriel, composé à la fois de règles émanant du cadre légal français et de règles locales d’origine africaine et musulmane. Il a également induit de profondes mutations socioéconomiques, tant au niveau local en augmentant le niveau de vie des ménages, qu’au niveau régional en engendrant une immigration illégale massive en provenance des îles voisines des Comores. Plus de 45 000 Comoriens – soit 25% de la population – résident aujourd’hui sur l’île et y occupent une position ambiguë. Les migrants comoriens partagent avec les Mahorais la même histoire et des références communes en termes d’organisation sociale, mais leur statut illégal et leurs conditions de vie précaires leur confèrent une place à part dans la société locale. La thèse s’intéresse aux modalités d’accès à la terre et au travail dans le secteur agricole mahorais. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser l’impact de l’environnement institutionnel et des relations sociales sur les arrangements agraires. Notre analyse, ancrée dans une démarche compréhensive et basée sur des entretiens, s’appuie sur des intuitions théoriques issues de la “Vieille” et de la Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle. Dans le contexte mahorais, propice au développement du marché du travail et du marché du faire-valoir indirect, notre recherche souligne la prédominance des arrangements non-marchands et identifie les conditions sociales et institutionnelles qui limitent cette marchandisation. Elle s’intéresse ensuite aux déterminants du choix d’un arrangement pour les employeurs/propriétaires fonciers, exclusivement mahorais, et les travailleurs/tenanciers, majoritairement comoriens. En troisième lieu, elle caractérise les effets des relations sociales nouées entre migrants mais, également, entre migrants et Mahorais, sur les modalités d’accès à l’accès à la terre et au travail. Enfin, dans une situation où le caractère illégal des pratiques prévient a priori tout recours au système légal métropolitain, la recherche se focalise sur les conditions de garantie des engagements et les processus de résolution des litiges.

Бахур, О. И. Уголовно-правовая борьба с незаконной миграцией : автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук : специальность 12.00.08 Уголовное право и криминология; уголовно-исполнительное право / Бахур Олег Иванович ; Учреждение образования "Академия Министерства внутренних дел Республики Беларусь". - Минск, 2006. - 21 c. Целью исследования является разработка теоретических и прикладных проблем уголовно-правовой борьбы с незаконной миграцией (уголовно-правовая характеристика преступлений, посягающих на установленный порядок миграции, формулирование научно-обоснованных рекомендаций по совершенствованию уголовного закона и практики его применения в сфере борьбы с незаконной миграцией). В ходе выполнения диссертации использовались общенаучные и специальные методы, изучались архивные уголовные дела. = Purpose of thesis – elaboration of theretical and applied problems of combating illegal migration (criminal and legal characteristics of crimes infringing the established rules of migration, fofming of scientific recommendation as regards inprovement of the criminal law and practice of its enforcement in the field of combating illegal migration). General and specific scientific methods have been used, archives criminal cases were studied.

This chapter will examine the impact of implementing the Schengen visa policy on the eastern borders of the new European Union. As a case study, it looks at patterns of legal and illegal crossings at the Slovak-Ukrainian border, which was to become an external border of an enlarged EU after 1 May 2004. The Slovak-Ukrainian border has been chosen for this research because it is important in comparative terms. It has been subject to a visa regime since June 2000, at which point the borders between Hungary and Ukraine, and Poland and Ukraine, still enjoyed a visa-free regime. Assessing the data collected on the situation at the Slovak-Ukrainian border therefore offers an indication of how future Schengen arrangements will affect Slovakia’s Visegrad neighbours in the enlarged EU. It also suggests some ways of dealing with the potential consequences of such arrangements.

The rapid increase in the number of illegal migrant workers in Japan in the last seven years poses Japanese policy-makers with a dilemma: should Japan capitulate to a domestic labor shortage and outside pressure on its borders and admit foreign laborers legally, or should it maintain its policy of excluding foreign laborers in order to protect Japanese society and economy from the adverse effects of foreign migration? Strong arguments in favor of both sides make an easy choice impossible, but the swelling presence of illegal migrant workers, fostered by strong economic forces, may make an exclusionary policy unworkable and unrealistic.

So, what the devil were the peasants up to? In each of the case studies three broad questions have been addressed. What were the causes and significance of peasants’ ‘misunderstandings’ and embellishments of information on legislation? What do they tell us about their aims and aspirations? And what conclusions can be drawn about peasant mentalite and behavioural patterns? One of the themes of this chapter will be the varieties of life-styles, experiences and backgrounds of people who made up the Russian seigniorial peasantry. These were reflected in a variety of responses and attitudes to legislation. It is not possible, therefore, to produce definitive answers to these questions. The tentative conclusions which can be reached, moreover, may be valid only for that minority of peasants who, on rare occasions in their lives, came into direct contact with official Russia.

Illegal migration from China is contrasted to that from Vietnam to highlight Hong Kong's unique place in such flows. Political upheavals in China, economic recessions and labor shortages in Hong Kong have caused waves of legal and illegal Chinese migration into Hong Kong which have been effectively contained through the vigilance of border patrols, police checks for identity cards, fines on employers of illegals, and cooperation from China. The increased numbers of Vietnamese boat people from 1988 led to a hardening in government and public attitudes, resulting in the reclassification of refugees as illegal migrants. The key difference in Hong Kong's effectiveness at stemming these two illegal migrant streams has been bilateral cooperation, which has been achieved with China but lacking in the case of Vietnam.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses illegal migration to France. France is not the only country where there is a trade in clandestine immigrants, or where there is a gross exploitation by employers of illegal migrant workers, though the African illegal migration into France is the most graphic case. The countries that use immigrant labor in Europe have a minority of illegal migrants. In the USA, they constitute a sizeable majority of the migrant workforce. They are found wherever there are restrictive or discriminatory immigration practices and employers willing to hire clandestine workers. Because of their vulnerability, they are unlikely to become organized or militant, and are ready targets for blackmail or other exploitation. Economic factors are not enough to explain the phenomenon of illegal immigration. Sometimes, workers find that they cannot bring their wives and children to join them legally. These “illegal families” add to the numbers of foreigners living in daily fear of discovery, and social disadvantage is added to this essential insecurity.

Over half of all construction businesses in Kuwait are small firms employing fewer than 10 employees, most of whom are contingent, migrant workers. There is also anecdotal evidence that the practice of employing illegal migrant labour in the Kuwaiti construction industry, particularly amongst sub-contracting firms, is rife. There are disturbing indications that the injury and illness rate amongst construction workers is extremely high. The paper will present the rationale for the proposed study and highlight the characteristics of the Kuwaiti construction industry. A brief review of the literature outlined in the paper will also attempt resolve (or not) the following questions: what are the intersections between the literature on contingent workers and the literature on OHS in the construction industry? In addition, what does the research literature say on the extension to which cultural factors shape employers' practices and attitudes toward employment relations and workplace health and safety? Finally, areas for future research on the topic will he identified and mapped out.