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Mung bean (Vigna radiata) is one of the most important pulse crops, well-known for its protein rich seeds, which growth and productivity are severely undermined by waterlogging. In this study, we aim to evaluate how two promising phytohormones, namely cytokinin (CK) and gibberellic acid (GA3), can improve waterlogging tolerance in mung bean by investigating key morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield-related attributes. Our results showed that foliar application of CK and GA3 under 5-days of waterlogged conditions improved mung bean growth and biomass, which was associated to increased levels of photosynthetic rate and pigments. Waterlogged-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and the consequent elevated levels of malondialdehyde, were considerably reduced by CK and GA3 treatments. Mung bean plants sprayed with either CK or GA3 suffered less oxidative stress due to the enhancement of total phenolics and flavonoids levels. Improvement in the contents of proline and total soluble sugars indicating a better osmotic adjustment following CK and GA3 treatments in waterlogged-exposed plants. Most fundamentally, CK or GA3-sprayed waterlogged-stressed mung bean plants demonstrated an increased tendency of the above-mentioned parameters after the 15-day recovery period as compared to water-sprayed waterlogged-exposed plants. Our results also revealed that CK and GA3 treatments increased yield-associated features in waterlogged-stressed plant. Importantly, both phytohormones are efficient in improving mung bean resistance to waterlogging; however, CK was found to be more effective. Overall, our findings suggested that CK or GA3 could be used for the management of waterlogging-induced damage in mung bean, and perhaps in other cash crops.

The most devastating pandemic of this era coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although it is primarily a respiratory pathogen, it can also result in several extra-pulmonary manifestations includes gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatocellular injury. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), the entry receptor for the causative coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is co-express in the gastrointestinal tract, hepatocyte, and cholangiocytes similar to the respiratory mucosa. The presence of these receptors facilitates the entry into the tissue and causes direct viral tissue damage, which is a proposed mechanism of injury. Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort are common gastrointestinal manifestations, whereas derangement of liver function tests is the most hepatic manifestation in COVID-19. In this article, we reviewed on SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19 regarding gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic manifestation, the mechanisms by which the virus may inflict damage, and their management perspective.

The use of control algorithms in inverter topologies is becoming more attractive for integration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy with a grid. Among the various inverters, the non-isolated inverter topology has gotten a huge attention for fixing the problem of leakage current issue with other inverters. In this paper, a linear control strategy is offered for the grid connected non-isolated PV inverter. The proposed scheme consists of a proportional resonance (PR) controller with lag compensator (LC). This controller offers lower oscillation in output grid current and better steady state performance for the grid-tied PV inverter systems. The analytical comparison of proposed control scheme and the other control strategies are mentioned in this work. The simulation results indicate the improvements of the performance for the proposed controller in terms of reference tracking ability, total harmonic distortion (THD), and the supplied dc bus voltages of the grid-injected PV inverter systems. This proposed controller can enhance the performance of the PV systems by reducing energy consumption during load change and faulty condition.

High frequency transformer (HFT) is being widely used in several modern applications. Most of the conventional HFT uses ordinary winding topology for which the magnetic core saturates without ensuring possible maximum power transfer. To overcome this technical problem, this article proposes a new distributed winding topology (DWT) which can significantly increase the power transfer capability with the same magnetic core and turn number. Before applying the proposed DWT, the magnetic core is optimized in terms of shape and size. Various shapes including toroidal, rounded rectangle, circular shape, hexagonal cross section, square, and rectangular cross-sectional area of the core are considered for analysis. Amorphous alloy based material is considered for magnetic core of HFT for its extraordinary properties. Electrical and magnetic properties of different types of the design for optimization are presented extensively. Finite-element analysis is used by ANSYS/Maxwell for simulation. It is found that, circular shape and rectangular cross-sectional magnetic core with 24-segmented DWT exhibits the best performance. Magnetic analysis shows that, flux density, and field intensity are well distributed in the whole core that restricts the core from being saturated. Finally, the proposed optimized DWT-based HFT is experimentally tested in the laboratory, which transfers 48.37% more electrical power than the conventional one. It is expected that the proposed novel DWT-based HFT would introduce a new design directory to the next generation HFT.

© 1972-2012 IEEE. To maximize renewable energy usage to combat climate change, the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased significantly in developed countries. This can cause serious power quality issues, such as increased voltage imbalance and neutral currents, which severely impact the operation of power systems. Although the power quality issue is not a new problem, it requires an improved strategy for the growing penetration of photovoltaic solar energy and EVs in low-voltage distribution grids and their uncoordinated operation. This article presents a new control strategy to reduce the number of coordinated EVs to mitigate voltage unbalance and compensate for the neutral current. The proposed control strategy consists of two controllers arranged in a hierarchical structure with the central controller at the top layer and the local controller at the bottom layer. It is evident that the proposed control strategy reduces the number of EVs that need to be coordinated, and further, EV coordination is not required if the grid imbalance is less. This new hierarchical control strategy can improve power quality and reduce data processing overhead and computational complexity.

This experiment was carried out to determine the overall prevalence of pigeon diseases and especially emphasized on prevalence of parasitic diseases in study areas. During this study 45 farms were selected which have >20 pair of pigeon for commercial and >10 pair pigeon for traditional farm in the three study area namely Rajshahi, Natore and Pabna district of Bangladesh. The data were collected from different farm within the study area through a questionnaire and interview schedule with the farm owners. During one year of study period a total Out of 3677 pigeon, positive case in cage of external parasites were 722 and internal parasite positives 114 from 263 fecal sample. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal and external parasites in pigeon at northern Bangladesh is obtained. The infestation of lice Columbaecula columbae and fly Pseudolynchia canariensis were observed 18.08% and 1.55% respectively. The present study found two species of ectoparasites lice and fly. Diversity of ectoparasite in birds infestation may be depend on many factors, which may include home range, behavior, size and roosting habit of the host. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigeon are founded that 43.34% in research area. Specific incidence was 22.81% in Ascariasis, 18.63% in Capilariasis and 1.90% in Raillietina parasite in pigeon. Ascaridia colombae is one of the most common (22.81%) helminth species in pigeons in this study. The effect of breed of pigeon observed in present studies the highest in indigenous (63.47%) and lowest exotic (36%) prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite was observed. The specific percentages of Ascariasis, Capilariasis and Raillatina gastrointestinal parasites of pigeon were found 20% & 31.74%; 14% & 30.15% and 2% & 1.58% in exotic & indigenous breed, respectively. In the present study, there is a relation between the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections with the age of the pigeons which showed that high prevalence in adults (50%) and compare to young (22.22%). but it was statistically significant (P>0.05). In relation with farming system the gastrointestinal parasitic incidence of pigeon was observed in modern and tradition farming system, the highest incidence was 71.16% in traditional & lowest 31.14% in modern farming. When observed specifically in Ascariasis, Capillariasis & Raillietina were 16.39% & 37.41%; 13.11% & 31.25% and 1.63% & 2.5% in modern & traditional, respectively. The effect of regions on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigeon was observed in Pabna (68.32%), Natore (57.84%) and Rajshahi (33.33%). The specific percentages of Ascariasis, Capilariasis and Raillatina gastrointestinal parasites of pigeon were 18.18%, 33.33% & 26.31%; 14.54%, 33.33% & 23.38% and 0.606%, 1.66% & 7.89% in Rajshahi, Pabna and Natore, respectively.

© 2017 IEEE. A robust multichannel smartphone spectrometer exploiting multiorder diffraction imaging on a smartphone camera is reported. The instrument utilizes a thin film diffractive element generating multiple orders of diffracted light from a broadband visible source (white LED, λ = 400-700 nm). The smartphone's CMOS camera captures all the diffraction orders simultaneously, producing a 2-D image. Each of these diffraction orders can be utilized as a single optical channel for dedicated samples enabling simultaneous multiple sample analysis. The wavelength distribution along the diffraction direction produces a tunable spectral resolution of δλ ∼1.6 to 3.0 nm/pixel over the bandwidth of Δλ = 300 nm. A customized app processes each diffraction image into spectra. 3-D printing is used to create the entire instrument prototype. As an initial demonstration, simultaneous absorption measurements of reference and sample cells using the first diffraction orders (m = +1 and -1) is shown. Absorption spectra for a laser dye (Rhodamine B) and a pH-responsive buffer (bromothymol blue) are measured. This offers a low cost (

This study was carried out to make a comparison between watermelon and rice production on food security of farmers from Tajumoddin and Charfasson upazilas of Bhola district considering the objectives-to identify food Security status of watermelon and rice farmers, to determine the role of watermelon and rice production on food security of the farmers and to determine the major problems associated with watermelon and rice cultivation. The data was collected between July to September, 2018 from 60 farmers who were selected using stratified random sampling method. In total 60 farmers, at the rate of 15 farmers from Kazikandi, 15 farmers from Sayesthakandi, 15 farmers from Badurah and 15 farmers from Hindupara were randomly selected. Here, 30 farmers were watermelon producers and 30 farmers were rice producers. To collect data, a questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. The collected data were manually edited and coded. Then all collected data were summarized and scrutinized carefully. Data entry was made in computer and analyses were done using the concerned software Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The result of the study revealed that the average total income of watermelon and rice farmers were Tk. 2,84147.00and Tk. 1,75400.00, in Tajumoddin and Tk.2,79519.00 and Tk.2,27790.00 in Charfasson and annual expenditure were Tk. 219733.00 and Tk. 160213.00 in Tajumoddin where Tk.210616.00 and Tk.162280.00 in Charfasson, respectively. The results of profitability analysis of the watermelon and rice cultivation clearly indicated that watermelon production was profitable. Watermelon farmers obtained higher profit than rice farmers in both upazilas. The results of the study revealed that the watermelon farmers in Tajumoddin and Charfasson upazilas are more food secured than rice farmers. It was checked by using recommended minimum calorie requirement (i.e. 2122 kcal). The average per capita calorie intake of watermelon farmers and rice farmers were 2423.18kcal and 2311.07 kcal in Tajumoddin, where 2394.61 kcal and 2338.12 kcal in Charfasson, respectively. Economic, Social, natural, technical and marketing problems

A self-contained smartphone-based colorimetric sensing platform adaptable for multiple analytes is demonstrated. Concurrent variation of multiple optical sensing parameters is addressed using multiple nonlinear regression analysis.

A robust multi-channel smartphone spectrometer is reported by utilizing the multiple diffraction orders of an ordinary diffraction grating.

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd With rapid movement to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gases, there is an increasing trend to use more electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RES). With more EVs integration into electricity grid, this raises many challenges for the distribution service operators (DSOs) to integrate such RES-based, distributed generation (DG) and EV-like distributed loads into distribution grids. Effective management of distribution network imbalance is one of the challenges. The distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) techniques are promising to address the issue of imbalance along with other techniques such as the optimal distributed generation placement and allocation (OPDGA) method. This paper presents a systematic and thorough review of DNR techniques for mitigating unbalance of distribution networks, based on papers published in peer-reviewed journals in the last three decades. It puts more focus on how the DNR techniques have been used to manage network imbalance due to distributed loads and DG units. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to review the research works in the field using DNR techniques to mitigate unbalanced distribution networks. Therefore, this paper will serve as a prime source of the guidance for mitigating network imbalance using the DNR techniques to the new researchers in this field.

© 2019 IEEE. Coordinating electric vehicle (EV) charging offers several possible solutions, e.g., charging or discharging rate, and schedule time to improve performances of the distribution network. But EV charging or discharging schedule can be affected due to the punctuality of EV users and equipment failures. The growing penetration of EVs is expected to affect the distribution network performances (voltage unbalance, neutral current, and voltage) as well as generation scheduling due to EV uncertainties. Most of the proposed EV charging control strategies improve the network performance ignoring comfortability (change charging or discharging rate) and lack of punctuality of EV users. This paper investigates the impact of EV uncertainty on the imbalance of the network in a higher penetrated distribution grid. A centralized control algorithm is proposed to coordinate EVs and DESs service point of connection (SPOC) among phases to mitigate the network imbalance and improve the voltage. Using the proposed control approach, the candidate DES number is reduced to participate, whereas EV users do not require to participate. Results obtained using the proposed control approach shows that the neutral current reduces 82.98%, voltage unbalance up to 99.08% and improve voltage up to 17.08%.

© 2019 IEEE. An octagonal photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) temperature sensor is proposed where graphene/gold and ethanol are used as a plasmonic material and sensing medium, respectively. The proposed PCF based SPR temperature sensor is numerically simulated by finite element method (FEM) based simulation tool and result is processed by using MATLAB environment. Numerical results indicate that the proposed temperature sensor shows the possible maximum wavelength/temperature sensitivity of 1450 pm/°C for graphene plasmonic and 2500 pm/°C for gold plasmonic, calculated using wavelength interrogation method. It is anticipated that the proposed SPR temperature sensor can be reliably applied to monitor the temperature of battery used for electric vehicles (EVs), transformer oil etc.